1. WATER SCENARIO OF THE DEVELOPING WORLD

2. The global view Total Water Total WaterTotal volume of water on earth isabout 1 million km3. The volumeof freshwater is only 2.5% of thattotal volume.Fresh WaterOut of the total volume of freshwater(2.5%)on earth, 98.8% is from ice andgroundwater and 0.3% is of riversand lakes.FreshwaterIn only forty years (1960-2000), global water use has doubled.Ice andGlobally we use 70% of our water Groundwa sources for agriculture and ter(98.8%) irrigation, and only 10% on domestic uses.Rivers and Lakes (0.3%) 3. Global Freshwater reserves are rapidly depleting andthis is expected to significantly impact many denselypopulated areas of the world. Low to middle income developing regions as well ashighly developed countries will face water stress in thefuture, unless existing water reserves are managedeffectively. By 2025, India, China and select countries in Europeand Africa will face water scarcity if adequate andsustainable water management initiatives are notimplemented. 4. WASTE WATERFacts : 2.2 million deaths per year due to waste water consumption. In developing countries, as much of 80% of illnesses are linked to poorwater and sanitation conditions.Reasons : Improper sewage disposal Improper disposal of industrial effluents Excessive pollution Open defecation Radioactive waste leakage Lack of waste treatment plants 5. PATNAS REALITY Patna mainly relies on river Ganga and underground water. Less than 10% of the cities population is connnected to the sewage network. And hence 90% of the cities let their wastes in open drains in same river. This waste water percolates in the ground water which is taken by the government. to pump and supply it to the people. Hence Patna drinks its own untreated sewage water. 6. MEXICOS POLLUTION 815 l/s raw municipal waste untreated dumped into river Hundreds of industries along the bank contribute to pollution High levels of heavy metals like lead, mercury and arsenic are present Respiratory disorders and cancers are caused in the areas nearby 7. MINAMATA INCIDENT 8. YANGTZE RIVER POLLUTION 33.9 Billion tons of industrial waste poured into the river annually 70% of water expected to be polluted in 3-5 years 40% of waste water dumped into river Main source of water for Shanghai 9. OPEN DEFECATION 10. LIST OF THE MAIN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES India China Pakistan Egypt Mexico Nepal Congo Republic Sri Lanka Ethiopia Brazil 11. INDIALocation South AsiaCapital New DelhiArea - 3,287,263 km2 (7thlargest country in the world)Largest city - MumbaiPopulation - 210,193,422people.GDP - Total$4.457 trillionCurrency - Indian rupee(INR) 12. INDIAFreshwater withdrawal : 761 km3/yearSurface water withdrawal : 510 km3/yearGroundwater withdrawal :251km3/year 13. Dams In India: Tehri Dam 14. TEHRI DAM Country India Location Uttarakhand Construction began - 1978 Opening date 2006 Construction cost US$ 1billion Type of Dam Embarkment, earth androck fill Maximum capacity 2,400MW 15. TEHRI DAMADVANTAGES OF THE DAM : Irrigation for 6,70,000 acres 270 Gallons of drinking water to the capital of India, New Delhi 2,400 MW of maximum hydropower generation Clean source of energy Flexible Low power costs Suitable for industrial applications 16. TEHRI DAMDISADVANTAGES : Destroyed fragile ecosystem ofthe Himalayan foothills Dam is located on Seismic Gap Cultural significance More than 1,00,000 people hadto be relocated Nearly 125 villages and thebig, historic Tehri town wassubmerged due to theconstruction of the dam.Sunderlal Bahuguna Is an activist whofought against the construction of thedam for 40 years. 17. TEHRI DAMTehri Town submergance for building the reservoir of the Tehri Dam. 18. CHINALocation : AsiaCapital : BeijingArea : 9,640,821 km2Largest City : ShanghaiPopulation : 1,339,724,852GDP : $11.299 trillion 19. CHINAChina has about 6 percent ofthe worlds freshwater and 9percent the worlds farmlands.Per capita freshwateravailability was 2 079 m3Average annual groundwater resource is828.8 km3 20. Major Dams in China : Three Gorges DamchinaThree Gorges Dam 21. THREE GORGES DAM Country : China Location : Yangtzeriver by the townof Sandouping, in YilingDistrict of Yichang,Hubei province Completed 2006 Construction cost US$26 billion, 180 billionYuan Type of Dam Gravitydam Maximum capacity 21,000 MW 22. THREE GORGES DAMADVANTAGES : 21,000 MW installed capacity Increase in shipping capacity ofYangtze River Largest flood conservatory project Clean source of energy Flexible Low power costs Suitable for industrial application 23. THREE GORGES DAMDISADVANTAGES: Reduction in biodiversity Reduction in the percentage offorested area Harm to the marine life Cultural destruction Relocation of 1.3 million people Increase in Landslides Flooding possibilities 24. THREE GORGES DAM The condition of the river before and after theLandslides along the Yangtze dam was constructed 25. SOME OTHER DAMSAtaturk Dam,Turkey Tarbela Dam,Pakistan 26. SOLUTIONS Rain water harvesting WATER EFFICIENT CROPS Water pollution management Water management through centralized body Water privatization Help from Private sector NGO help Dolphin help 27. Rain Water Harvesting Oldest and Most cost efficient method of waterconservationExample :Saurashtra, Gujarat India 28. Rain Water HarvestingSolution was Rain water harvesting - To Replenish ground water they began recharging their wells bychanneling rain water into them. They began building tanks on the rooftops to store rain water They also began building check dams which resulted in theincrease in the ground water level. The dams were funded by the government and the villagers. Underground tanks and soak pits were constructed. And hence, groundwater and the local river systems werereplenished 29. Present day Saurashtra : 30. Water Efficient CropsCrops must becultivated in areassuited to their waterdemand, availabilityand climaticconditions.Soil type must betested before crop isgrown.Crop grown shouldalso compliment thesoil as well as wateravailibility so that nostress is put on thewater resources of that Example : Punjab, Indiaarea. 31. Water Efficient CropsShift from moreintense crops like riceto less intense andwater consumingcropsLike citrus fruits andcorn.Thereforeconsumption ofwater is reduced.Higher incomegeneration than rice. 32. Water Pollution Management 33. CLEAN UP OF WATER RESOURCES : CHINA 312 Million chinese villagers facing water shortage andcontamination. Cost China 136 billion USD to clean up pollution in2004 alone. Solution is to spend 1 trillion Yuan (125 billion USD)for water security and improving water conditions. 34. Water Pricing Positive effects of Pricing Policy: 1.Reduces demand for water. 2.Increases the supply of water. 3.Reallocation of water across different sectors. Negative effects of Pricing policy: 1.Less water for poor. 2.Urban cannot take sudden price hike. 3.Ailing industries cannot pay. 35. EGYPT: WATER PRICING Drinking water management authorities of eachgovernorate are now part of one big enterprisecentralized in Cairo: a Holding Company for water andpurification. They are subject to the laws of private sectorcompanies, do not receive any governmentsubsidies, and must efficiently deliver theirproduct, water, to a wide customer base. Water is currently sold at less than 23 piasters percubic meter. 36. Help From Various NGO Interaction with local people andunderstanding their problems. Working from the basic level and making achange. Spreading education and awareness. Taking up small projects and workingtowards their goal. Acting like a bridge between thegovernment and the local people for voicingissues related to water. 37. Dolphins In The River GangesThreatened by : Entanglement in fishing gearFor Dolphin oilWater development projectsIndustrial wastes andpesticidesMunciple Sewage dischargeNoise from Vessel trafficOverexploitation of prey The area covered by the River Ganges 38. WWF INITIATIVEPLAN OF ACTION FORCONSERVATION OFDOLPHINS: Reduce the threat byfisheries by catch and habitatdegradation. Encourage local communitiesto use natural fertilizers so asto prevent pollution of theriver. To improve seweragemanagement To reforest the banks of theriver To ban fishing and miningactivities. To educate local people toconserve the dolphin species 39. THANK YOU