World Small Hydropower Development Report 2013&International Goals

Presented by Lara EsserInternational Center on Small Hydro Power under auspices of UNIDO5 March 2014@Green Drinks Hz

Overview

• Background– What is small hydropower?– ICSHP and UNIDO– Millennium Development Goals – Energy access and rural electrification

• Report and Knowledge Platform– Example Eastern Asia / China– Results– Recommendations

What is Small Hydropower?• Small-scale renewable technology• Rural electrification, remote areas• On-grid or off-grid• Run-of river type or reservoir-type• Power = Head x Flow x Gravity

Source: Kangmei

ICSHP

Small Hydropower Turbine Types

Pelton Banki Francis Crosssflow

• Net Power = Gross Power x Efficiency• Generation of electricity is the conversion of one form of power to another • Water power – rotational power – electrical power

Source: Wikimedia Commons

ZAMBIA, 1 MW, 2012 commissioned, mini-grid

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, community contribution

SHP definition of up to 10 MW installed capacity or country definition. It’s not only about technology…

Source: http://www.iitr.ac.in/departments/AH/pages/Publications_Downloads+Standard_and_Guidelines.html

SOUTH AFRICANUPLANET

AFGHANISTANSource: NUPLANET

Source: http://www.iitr.ac.in/departments/AH/pages/Publications_Downloads+Standard_and_Guidelines.html

Source: http://www.iitr.ac.in/departments/AH/pages/Publications_Downloads+Standard_and_Guidelines.html

International Center on Small Hydro Power (ICSHP)

• International technology center under auspices of UNIDO, based in Hangzhou

• Proposal to establish international network (INSHP) - 1992

• Granted consultative status with UNIDO - 1998

• First ever international institution established in China

Promote SHP Development Worldwide

• Demonstration bases in Gansu, Zhejiang, 2x Hunan

• Regional centers in Nigeria and India• Lighting up Rural Africa (e.g. Zambia)

ZAMBIA, SHIWANGANDU

Promote SHP Development Worldwide

• Refurbishment projects in Federated States of Micronesia and DPR Korea

DPR KOREA

UNIDO• Partner for prosperity• Poverty reduction through productive activities• Trade capacity building• Inclusive and sustainable industrial development (green

economy/green industry)• Renewable energy and energy efficiency are needed to

improve energy security

Director General LI Yong

Millennium Development Goals

http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/mdgoverview.html

http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/

1 Eradicate Extreme Poverty & Hunger

Proportion of people living on less than $1.25 a day, 1990 & 2010 (Percentage)

The MDG target has been met, poverty rates have been halved between 1990 and 2010, but 1.2 billion people still live in extreme poverty.

The Millennium Development Goals Report 2013

7 Ensure Environmental Sustainability

• Global emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) have increased by more than 46% since 1990.

Emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), 1990 and 2010 (Billions of metric tonnes)

More than 2.1 billion people and almost 1.9 billon people, respectively, have gained access to improved water sources and sanitation facilities since 1990.

Energy Access

• 2.7 billion must rely solely on traditional biomass to meet their energy needs (IEA, 2011)

• 1.3 billion people do not have access to electricity (IEA, 2011)

• UN estimates that of those with access to electricity, 1 billion have poor quality electricity or can only obtain it intermittently from unreliable grid networks (AGECC, 2010)

The Future We Want – Rio+20 2012 – Int’l Year ofSustainable Energy 4 All• Ensure universal access to

modern energy services by 2030.

• Double share of RE in the world’s energy mix by 2030.

Our common future• Heads of State and Gov with ‘full

participation’ of civil society• Eradicate poverty • Mainstream sustainable

development*• Energy plays critical role in dev

– Energy key input into production

• Address access to sustainable modern energy services

– in particular for the poor – make financial resources

available

• Use appropriate policies & strategies

– Use appropriate energy mix

* Promote economic, social & env aspects & recognize interlinkages

• Microgrids can result in unit prices under USD1/month

• Nepal: 1,500 households, 54% decrease in kerosene use after connection to a micro-hydro powered grid, household income increased by 52% from 1996 to 2005. Significant reduction in mortality rate of children under 5 and maternal mortality rates.

Haiti: rural householdsav 10USD on kerosene +candles, 4 USD/month on cell-phone battery charging

Bangladesh: 1/2 liter kerosene every night,11USD/month

20-45 USD/kWh for kerosene lighting if CFL or LED equivalent

60-115 USD/kWh for cell-phone charging (depends on size of battery)

Other Global Reports

WSHPDR 2013

• First global assessment on small hydropower usage and potential for policymakers, SHP stakeholders, investors

• Joint undertaking of ICSHP and UNIDO

• Covering 20 regions 152 countries/ territories• >60 contributing organizations and experts

• Main findings (SHP definition: up to 10 MW)– 148 countries/territories use SHP– 4 have potential but no installed capacity yet– Installed SHP capacity (2011/2012): >75 GW– Global SHP potential: 173 GW

• Knowledge plaform live since 12 February 2014

SMALLHYDROPOWER WORLD

www.smallhydroworld.org

• Installed electrical capacity

• Next 20-30 years energy mix 1st coal, 2nd hydro

• Hydro 220 GW– 400 GW by 2030– 450-500 GW by 2050

• Rural electrification increased – from 61% at village

level in 1978 to 99.74% in 2008

China has benefitted from SHP

• More than 300 million people in 1/3 of all counties, and covering half of all the territories in China, have access to electric power due to SHP

• Based on 50 MW definition, largest SHP potential in the world is in China

• By 2012, approximately 45,799 SHP stations with a total installed capacity of about 65.68 GW and an annual output of over 217,300 GWh.

• Pre-1990: plants mainly funded by the central and local governments

• After late 1990s: gradual transition away from govts and towards corporate enterprises and private ownership – Chinese investment system

started to be reformed through a combination of govt guidance and market mechanisms

– Rapid development of the economy, caused power supply shortages

SHP Ownership

• Since early 1970s: ‘Self-construction, self-management and self-consumption’ policy

• Value added tax (VAT) for SHP has, since 1994, stood at 6% (vs 17% tax for large hp stations)

• 12th FYP (2011-2015) and its objectives1. Fully complete the National Planning of New Rural Electrification i.e. to

invest 43.52 billion Yuan (about US$7 billion) to build SHP plants in 300 new rural electrification counties, with a planned new installed capacity of 5,156 MW (output of 19.16 TWh).

2. Implement tasks covered by Hydropower for Fossil Fuel Power Plan (2009–2015) which aims to solve, through firewood substitution, the fuel concerns of 6.78 million rural residents and to protect a forest area of 1,593,333 hectares, by constructing 1,022 SHP stations with an installed capacity of 1,705.6 MW.

3. Carry out small (rural) hydropower efficiency and capacity expansion projects. A total investment of 3.75 billion yuan (about US$600 million) has been planned for the refurbishment of 620 rural hydropower stations with a total capacity of 880 MW (2011-2012), i.e. recover and renew some 1.1 GW capacity.

SHP Policy (and Barriers)

The story behind the numbersIn

stal

led

capa

city

in M

egaw

att

20 UN regions

Low installed capacity

High installed capacity

Mediuminstalled capacity

Cap

acity

in M

egaw

att

Low installed capacity ≤150 MW

Low installed capacity

• Potential <800 MW

• Electricity access

• SHP relatively new concept

• Hydrological data collection

• Climate change impacts

• Network with focal points (ECREEE)

• Island regions - energy security

Low installed capacity ≤150 MW

NIGERIA, WAYA DAM

Cap

acity

in M

egaw

att

Medium installed capacity 150 MW - 3,000 MW

800

Medium installed capacity

Medium installed capacity 150 MW - 3,000 MW

• Potential <9,000 MW

• Electricity access

• Linguistic barrier - Central Asia

• Gross potential - Eastern Africa

• SHP supported in 1970s-80s

• Technical capacity varies

• Micro-/pico-hydropower

BOLIVIA

Cap

acity

in M

egaw

att

800

High installed capacity >3,500 MW

High installed capacity

High installed capacity >3,500 MW• Potential 300 MW to 20,000 MW

• Old plants need refurbishment

• Environmental mitigation

• Innovative SHP solutions

• RE targets and planned capacity additions

• Limited potential

• Complex administrative procedures

• Government support of SHP

Southern AfricaMiddle Africa Western Africa Northern Africa

CaribbeanPICTs

1. Improved hydrological data collection

2. Update SHP assessments

3. Increase local capacity to conduct feasibility studies, construction, operation and maintenance

4. Create network of regional focal points

Take-away messages

Southern AfricaMiddle Africa Western Africa Northern Africa

CaribbeanPICTs

Central AsiaWestern AsiaEastern EuropeAustralia &

NZ

South-Eastern AsiaCentral AmericaSouth America

5. Regional network of professional mechanical workshops for local equipment demand and maintenance

6. Screen SHP plants that need upgrade, identify dams for multipurpose

7. Implement regulations onwaterways to avoid conflictbetween agriculture, fishery, electricity production and biodiversity

Southern AfricaMiddle Africa Western Africa Northern Africa

CaribbeanPICTs

Eastern AsiaSouthern Asia

Northern Europe Western EuropeSouthern EuropeNorthern America

Central AsiaWestern AsiaEastern EuropeAustralia &

NZ

South-Eastern AsiaCentral AmericaSouth America

8. Improve collaboration among agencies responsible for water resources, environment and electricity

9. Identify non-conventional sites based on technical innovation

10.Simplify administrative procedures for SHPon existing infrastructure

11. Continue and expand coordination, collaboration and knowledge sharing among regional and international organizations

12. Facilitate transition from pilot projects to programs through South-South and triangular cooperation among developing countries, developed countries and international organizations for technology transfer, capacity building and financing

Acknowledgement

Editorial Board

ICSHP Secretariat

UNIDO Secretariat

Country and Regional Authors

Contributors

Peer Reviewers

Questions?

International Center on Small Hydro Power (ICSHP)Hangzhou, China

www.smallhydroworld.org

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