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ii

Preface The Textbook Society, Karnataka, has been engaged in producing new textbooks according to the new syllabi which in turn are designed on NCF - 2005 since June 2010. Textbooks are prepared in 12 languages; seven of them serve as the media of instruction. From Standard 1 to 4 there is the EVS, mathematics and 5th to 10th there are three core subjects, namely, mathematics, science and social science.NCF - 2005 has a number of special features and they are: connecting knowledge to life activities. learning to shift from rote methods. enriching the curriculum beyond textbooks. learning experiences for the construction of knowledge. making examinations flexible and integrating them with classroom

experiences. caring concerns within the democratic policy of the country. making education relevant to the present and future needs. softening the subject boundaries-integrated knowledge and the joy of

learning. the child is the constructor of knowledge. The new books are produced based on three fundamental approaches namely, Constructive approach, Spiral approach and Intergrated approach. The learner is encouraged to think, engage in activities, master skills and competencies. The materials presented in these books are integrated with values. The new books are not examination oriented in their nature. On the other hand they help the learner in the all round development of his/her personality, thus help him/her become a healthy member of a healthy society and a productive citizen of this great country, India. Mathematics is essential in the study of various subjects and in real life. NCF 2005 proposes moving away from complete calculations, construction of a framework of concepts, relate mathematics to real life experiences and cooperative learning. Many students have a maths phobia and in order to help them overcome this phobia, jokes, puzzles, riddles, stories and games have been included in textbooks. Each concept is intoduced through an activity or an interesting story at the primary level. The contributions of great Indian mathematicians are mentioned at appropriate places. WeliveinanageofScienceandTechnology.Duringthepastfivedecadesmanhasachieved great things and realized his dreams and reached pinnacle of glory. He has produced everything to make life comfortable. In the same way he has given himself to pleasures and reached the stage in which he seems to have forgotten basic sciences. We hope that at least a good number of young learners take to science in higher studies and become leading scientists and contribute their share to the existing stock of knowledge in order to make life prosperous. Ample opportunity has been given to learners to think, read, discuss and learn on their own with very little help from teachers. Learning is expected to be activity centered with the learners doing experiments, assignments and projects. 7th standard Social Science Textbook has been prepared based on the prescribed syllabus. And all the features of NCF 2005 and KCF 2007 have been included in the Text Book. This new Text Book has given importance to enhance the creativity of students by including activities. Many projects are included to help students to gain knowledge. This Text Book has been written in such a way that students need not memorise historical dates and other information. The Textbook Society expresses grateful thanks to the Chairpersons, Writers, Scrutinisers, Artists, Staff of DIETs and CTEs and the Members of the Editorial Board and Printers in helping the Textbook Society in producing these textbooks.

Prof. G.S. MudambadithayaCo-ordinator

Curriculum Revision and Textbook PreparationKarnataka Textbook Society

Bengaluru, Karnataka.

Nagendra KumarManaging Director

Karnataka Textbook SocietyBengaluru, Karnataka.

iii

Chairperson's Note ‘Yesterday, today and tomorrow are inseparable parts of the present’ so says greatAllamaprabhu.Historyflowslikeaninvisibleriver.Nowandthenitshowsitselfinitsmortalandsometimesinaninfiniteform.Itmayappearasindividuals,hap-pening or in the form of certain values. The entire social fabric of the world is split into factions such as religions, colour, gender, language, the rich, the poor and raise its ugly heads in different identities. People have begun creating history of their own throughvariousformsofconflictingdetails.Asaresultofthistendencyhistoryisnot allowed to grow in all its true realities. Being a part of history, man has been try-ing to create new branches of this great tree of history. On the other hand history is like a chain in which every link represents a generation and these generations go on adding to the existing ones. As a result of this, we have to recognize that history has become a complex discipline. Basically history is a continuum. We can master our competence to understand History only by constant and deep study.

History is as vast as Time. In this book we deal with the continents of Asia, Eu-rope and America. We have yet to study the various features of Africa, South America andAustralia.Alotofresearchworkshavebeengoingonindifferentfieldsofhumanendeavor and it is a challenge at least to give a bird’s-eye-view of the results of these research works in our textbooks. Though we follow the spiral approach, our course becomeshighlyscientificandintricate.

The VII syllabus deals with Asia and Europe. We have made an earnest effort to acquaint the learners with the details of special geographical features of these conti-nents. Indian History has been dealt with in greater detail keeping in mind the latest researchfindingsinvariousaspectsofhistory.Asthesyllabusisvast,naturallythepages have become more. It was a problem for writers to decide the depth and extent of details of the materials to be presented in the book.

We faced another problem while designing the book. It was how to present the sensitive issues such as religions, castes and gender. Ours is a multifaceted society. The learners at this level are sensitive to such issues. Therefore we have made a sin-cere and an objective effort to help learners realize the learning objectives to the best of our ability.

We would like to share the following points with classroom teachers• The VII textbook is a continuation of V and VI standard textbooks. Therefore teach-

ers have to keep in mind the portions covered in classes V and VI• Portion to be covered is indicated using icons at the beginning and end of each

chapter. Information given in the boxes is not to be tested in the examination. Box items come under the ‘going beyond the syllabus’, part of the curricular.

• At the beginning of each chapter a list of competencies to be master by the stu-dents is given. It is for the guidance of teachers. They have to see that learners have to master the competencies.

• Teachers are expected to bring to the notice of the chief coordinator, the good pointsanddeficiencieswellintimesothatdeficienciesmaybesetrightinthenextedition of the textbook. We welcome such suggestions from parents as well.

• Our grateful thanks to all those who have helped us in preparing this textbook.

Dr. AswathanarayanaChairperson

Textbook Preparation Committee

iv

Textbook Committee

Chairperson : Dr. Aswathanarayana, Associate Professor, History Dept., Gnanabharathi Campus Bengaluru Universcity , Bengaluru 560056.Members : Sri M.N. Katti, Lecturer In Geography, Govt P.U. College, B.P.Vadiya Road, Basavanagudi, Bengaluru-560026 Sri N. Ningaraju, Lecturer, Govt P.U.College, Yalahanka, Bengaluru Sri Y. Ramakrishna Rao, Lecturer In Political Science, Govt. P.U.College, Ermalu Bada Post, Udupi Dist-574119 Sri S.B. Kadakoladavar, Asst. Teacher, Vidyaranya P.U. College,High School Section, Dharawad-1 Smt K.V. Shilpa, Asst. Teacher, Higher Primary School,Channaiahna Kote, Viraj Pet Taluq, Madikeri(D) Artist : Sri Taranath Kairangal, Drawing Teacher, Govt. High School, Manchikolnad, Bantwal Tq. D.K. Dist.Scrutinizers : Sri Raghavendra Prabhu M., Associate Professor, History (Retd.), Dambel, Ashoknagar, Mangaluru. Sri K.R. Manjunath,., Principal, M.E.S. P.U.College, T.T.M Layout,BengaluruEditorial Committee : Dr. M.V.Srinivas, Professor of History (Retd.), H.Road, Rajarajeshwarinagar, Bengaluru. Dr. R.L.M. Patil, Professor of Political Science (Retd.). 1105 Poornaprajnanagar, Uttarahalli, Bengaluru. Dr. Eshwarappa, Head of Dept. of Geography, Bengaluru University, Bengaluru.Marathi Translation Committee : Sri P.K.Muchandikar, C.R.P., Belgundi Tal, Belagavi. Sri. S.D.Pakhare A.M Govt. M.H.P.S Kadoli, Tal Belagavi. Sri. M.M Kunte A.M.Ushatai Gogate Girls High School , Belagavi. Sri. B.R. Patil Retd. H.M, Tal Belagavi . Chief Co-ordinator : Prof. G.S. Mudambadithaya, Co-ordinator, Curriculum Revision and Textbook Preparation, Karnataka Textbook Society, Bengaluru.Guidance : Sri Nagendra Kumar Managing Director, Karnataka Textbook Society, Bengaluru.

Smt C. Nagamani, Deputy Director, Karnataka Textbook Society, Bengaluru.Programme Co-ordinator : Smt S.N. Leelavathi, Senior Asst. Director, Karnataka

v

Textbook Revision Committee

Chairman-in-Chief :Prof. Baraguru RamachandrappaState Textbook Revision Committee, Karnataka Textbook Society,Bengaluru.

Chairperson :Dr. T.R ChandrashekarConsultant, 4th Finance Commission, 3rd Floor, Kaneuja Bhavan, Race course Road, Bengaluru-1.

Members :Dr. BasavarajAssistant Professor (Department of Political Science)University of Tumakuru, Tumakuru.

Dr. N.R. HadapadaLecturer in Geography, Sri Channabasaveshwara Pre-university College, B. Aralikatte, Hubballi Taluk, Dharwad District.

Sri. H.G. RajeshLecturer, Govt. Pre-university College, Dodderi,Bengaluru South Taluk.

Sri. P.M. KaginkarAssistant Master, Govt. High School, Changavara, Sira Taluk,

Tumakuru District.

Smt. Rajalakshmi. S.Assistant MistressGovt. Pre-university College (High School Section), Srirampuram, Bengaluru North District.

Smt. Shahina BegumAssistant MistressStree Samaja, Sheshadripuram Highschool, Bengaluru North District.

Artist :Sri. D.N. VenkateshDrawing Teacher, GHS, Uramara, Kasalagere, Mandya District.

vi

High Power Revision Committee Members

Dr. M.S. Talwar#777, ‘Jenugudu’5th Block, Banashankari 6th Stage, Metkalpalya, Bengaluru-60.Dr. Amaresh Yatagal,Assistant Professor,Dept. of History and Archaeology, Rani channamma University, P.G. Centre,Toravi, Vijayapura - 586105Dr. N. NandeeshwaraPrincipalS.M.R. P.U College, Kallambella, Sira Taluk,Tumakuru Dist - 572125.Sri. Manjunath AyliHistory Lecturer,Government Pre-University College,Police Colony, Raichur - 584101.Chief Advisors :Sri. H.N. GopalakrishnaManaging Director,Karnataka Textbook Society,Bengaluru.Sri. K.G. RangaiahDeputy Director,Karnataka Textbook Society,Bengaluru.Programme Co-ordinator :Smt. S. N. LeelavathiSenior Asst. Director,Karnataka Textbook Society,Bengaluru.

TranslatorsSri. P.K. MuchandikarGovt.M.H.P.S. BenkanhalliTal & Dist Belagavi, 591108

Sri. S.D. PakhareC.R.P. HindalgaTal & Dist Belagavi, 591108

Sri. J.S. Mali Head Master Govt. M.H.P.B.S. Kurli Tal. ChikodiDist. Belagavi 591241

Sri. I.S. PatilC.R.P. YallurTal & Dist Belagavi 590005

vii

About the Revision of TextbooksHonourable Chief Minister Sri Siddaramaiah who is also the Finance Minister

of Karnataka, in his response to the public opinion about the new textbooks from standard I to X, announced, in his 2014-15 budget speech of constituting an expert-committee, to look into the matter. He also spoke of the basic expectations there in, which the textbook experts should follow: “The textbooks should aim at inculcating socialequality,moralvalues,developmentofpersonality,scientifictemper,criticalacumen, secularism and the sense of national commitment”, he said.

Later, for the revision of the textbooks from class I to X, the Department of Education constituted twenty seven committees and passed an order on 24-11-2014. The committees so constituted were subject and class-wise and were in accordance with the standards prescribed. Teachers who are experts in matters of subjects and syllabi were in the committees.

There were already many complaints, and analyses about the textbooks. So, a freehand was given in the order dated 24-11-2014 to the responsible committees to examine and review text and even to prepare new text and revise if necessary. Eventually, a new order was passed on 19-9-2015 which also gave freedom even to re-write the textbooks if necessary. In the same order, it was said that the completely revised textbooks could be put to force from 2017-18 instead of 2016-17.

Many self inspired individuals and institutions, listing out the wrong information and mistakes there in the text, had sent them to the Education Minister and to the TextbookSociety.Theywererectified.Beforerectificationwehadexchangedideasby arranging debates. Discussions had taken place with Primary and Secondary Education Teachers’ Associations. Questionnaires were administered among teachers to pool up opinions. Separate meetings were held with teachers, subject inspectors and DIET Principals. Analytical opinions had been collected. To the subject experts of science, social science, mathematics and languages, textbooks were sent in advance and later meetings were held for discussions. Women associations and science related organisations were also invited for discussions. Thus, on the basis of inputs received from various sources, the textbooks have been revised where ever necessary.

Another important aspect has to be shared here. We constituted three expert committees. They were constituted to make suggestions after making a comparative study of the texts of science, mathematics and social science subjects of central schools (NCERT), along with state textbooks. Thus, the state text books have been enriched based on the comparative analysis and suggestions made by the experts. The state textbooks have been guarded not to go lower in standards than the textbooks of central schools. Besides, these textbooks have been examined along side with the textbooks of Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra states.

Anotherclarificationhastobegivenhere.Whateverwehavedoneinthecom-mittees is only revision, it is not the total preparation of the textbooks. Therefore, the structure of the already prepared textbooks have in no way been affected or dis-torted. They have only been revised in the background of gender equality, regional representation, national integrity, equality and social harmony. While doing so, the curriculum frames of both central and state have not been transgressed. Besides, the aspirations of the constitution are incorporated carefully. Further, the reviews of the committees were once given to higher expert committees for examination and their opinions have been inculcated into the textbooks.

Finally, we express our grateful thanks to those who strived in all those 27 com-mittees with complete dedication and also to those who served in higher committees. Atthesametime,wethankallthesupervisingofficersoftheTextbookSociety,whosincerely worked hard in forming the committees and managed to see the task reach it’s logical completion. We thank all the members of the staff who co-operated in this venture. Our thanks are also to the subject experts and to the associations who gave valuable suggestions.

H.N. Gopalakrishna Managing Director

Karnataka Textbook Society (R) Bengaluru.

Prof. Baraguru Ramachandrappa Chairman-in-Chief

State Textbook Revision Committee (R) Bengaluru.

viii

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gm.eHo$ 1510 Cå‘ÎmwarZMm amÁ¶H$Vm© J§JamO H$Sy>Z {edZg‘wÐ {H$„m Vmã¶mV KoVbm Z§Va am¶MyaMm {H$„m qOHy$Z KoVbm. {dOmnyaÀ¶m gwbVmZmH$Sy>Z Jmodm qOHy$Z KoÊ¶mgmR>r nmoVw©{JOmZm ‘XV Ho$br. gm.eHo$ 1513 ‘Ü¶o CX¶{Jar {H$„m, gm.e.

5

1518 ‘Ü¶o H$qbJMm amOm JOnVr àVmnéÐMm nam^d H$ê$Z Ë¶mMr amOYmZr H$Q>H$ qOHy$Z KoVbr Am{U JOnVrMr ‘wbJr OJÝ‘mo{hZr {hÀ`mer b¾ Ho$bo.

gm.e 1522 ‘Ü¶o Am{Xbemhr amOm Bñ‘mB©b Am{Xb ImZH$Sy>Z am¶Mya nwÝhm

Vmã¶mV KoVbo. nwT>o Jwb~Jm©, ~rXa {H$„o qOHy$Z KoVbo. ~hm‘Zr amÁ¶mÀ¶m àYmZmbm

6

S>m§~yZ R>odyZ amOnyÌmbm gmoS>dyZ {~XaÀ¶m qghmgZmda ~g{dbo. Ë¶m‘wio H¥$îU Xodam¶mZo

¶dZ amÁ¶ "à{Vð>mnZmMm¶©' hr nXdr YmaU Ho$br. gm. eHo$ 1529 ‘Ü¶o H¥$îUXodam¶

‘aUmÀ¶m doir {dO¶ZJa gm‘«mÁ¶ Mmar {Xeobm {dñVmabobo hmoVo. {dO¶ZJaÀ¶m

amOYmZrbm ^oQ> {Xbobm S>mo‘tJmo no¶g ¶mZo Ago åhQ>bo H$s "H¥$îUXodam¶ hm gm¡å¶

(‘¥Xÿ) ñd^md ì¶{º$‘ËdmMm, gÑT> e[aamMm hmoVm.'

a¸$g V§JS>rMo ¶wÕ

H¥$îUXodam¶mZ§Va AÀ¶wVam¶ (gm.e. 1530-1542) Am{U gXm{edam¶

(gm.e. 1543-1565) ¶m§Zr amÁ¶ Ho$bo. gXm{edam` AOyZ bhmZ Agë¶m‘wio

amÁ¶H$ma^mamMr g§nyU© O~m~Xmar H¥$îUXodam¶mMm OmdB© Aa{dSy> d§emMm am‘am` ¶m§Zo

KoVbr. ¶mMo amOH$s¶ YmoaUm‘wio {dO¶ZJaÀ¶m gm‘«mÁ¶mÀ¶m {dñVmamgh lr‘§Vr

àmá Ho$br hmoVr. Ë¶m~amo~a d¡è¶m§Mr g§»¶mhr dmT>br hmoVr.

X»IZÀ¶m gwbVmZm§Mo amÁ¶ Xþ~©b Pmbo hmoVo. ‘XVrgmR>r ~mob{dboë¶m am‘am¶mZo

¶mMm ’$m¶Xm KoV {dOmnya Am{U Jmodi H$m|S>¶mMm àXoe qOHy$Z KoVbm. hoM ¶wÕmMo

‘yi H$maU hmoVo. {dO¶ZJa gm‘«mÁ¶mMo d¡^d Am{U g‘¥Õr nmhÿZ gwbVmZm§À¶m ‘ZmV

Ûof d ‘Ëga {Z‘m©U Pmbm. Ë¶m‘wio gwbVmZmZr Amnbo amOH$s¶ ^oX^md {dgê$Z

EH$Ì Ambo.

23 OmZodmar 1565 amoOr X»IZÀ¶m gwbVmZm§Mo EH$ÌrV g¡{ZH$ Am{U {dO¶ZJaMo

g¡{ZH$ ¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o H¥$îUm ZXrÀ¶m Vramda Pmboë¶m a¸$g V§JS>r ¶wÕm‘Ü¶o am‘am¶mMm

dY Pmbm. {dO¶r gwbVmZm§Zr {dO¶ZJaMr byQ> Ho$br. aUm§JUmVyZ nbm¶Z Ho$bobo

am‘am¶mMo nwÌ {Vé‘b Am{U d|H$Q> ho noZwH$m|S>bm niyZ Jobo. nwT>o noZwH$m|S>, M§Ð{Jar

d eodQ>r dobya hr amOYmZr H$ê$Z Aa{dSy> d§eOmZr gm.e. 1570 Vo 1646 n¶ªV

amÁ¶H$ma^ma Mmb{dbm ¶m ¶wÕmMm n[aUm‘ Agm Pmbm H$s H$Zm©Q>H$ ‘Ü¶o åh¡gyé,

Ho$iXr, {MÌXþJ©, ¶bh§H$m Am{U gwanya BË¶mXr gm‘§VamOo ñdV§Ì Pmbo.

7

{dO¶ZJaMr gm§ñH¥${VH$ XoUJr

amÁ¶H$ma^ma : {dO¶ZJa gm‘«mÁ¶mMm amÁ¶H$ma^ma ~{bï> Ho$qÐH¥$V hmoVm.

{dH|$ÐrH¥$V amÁ¶H$ma^ma nÕVr A§‘bmV hmoVr. amÁ¶H$ma^mamV amOmbm ghmæ¶

H$aÊ¶mgmR>r {d{dY ‘§Ìr, {d{dY àm§VmMo goZmnVr hmoVo. amÁ¶H$ma^mamÀ¶m

Ñï>rZo gm‘«mÁ¶mMo àm§Vm‘Ü¶o, àm§VmMo ^mJm‘Ü¶o, ^mJmMo ZJam‘Ü¶o, ZJamMo

IoS>çm‘Ü¶o d§ena§naoZo Ambobo A{YH$mar (CXm:nmQ>rb Hw$bH$Uu B.) amÁ¶H$ma^ma

nhmV hmoVo.

amOm hm Ý¶m`mb¶mMm à‘wI hmoVm. àm§Vm‘Ü¶o àm§Vm{YH$mar Ý¶m¶ XoV hmoVo. åhUyZ

O‘rZrÀ¶m CËnÞmVyZ 1/6 ^mJ g§J«h H$aV hmoVo. ¶mgh dm{UÁ¶ H$a, ì¶mnmar H$a,

añVo H$a, ~mOma H$a, {Z¶m©V H$a, {~XmJr, XoU½¶m BË¶mXr amÁ¶mÀ¶m CËnÞmMr gmYZo

hmoVr.

{dO¶ZJaÀ¶m H$mimV nm¶Xi, KmoS>Xi, hÎmrXi Am{U ~§XÿH$ Ymar hr g¡Ý¶mMr

à‘wI A§Jo hmoVr. Aa~r KmoS>o ho {dO¶ZJaMo AmH$f©U Pmbo hmoVo.

gm‘m{OH$ pñWVr : {dO¶ZJaÀ¶m H$mimV g‘mOm‘Ü¶o ~mb{ddmh, gVrMr nÕV

Am{U XodXmgr nÕV ApñVËdmV hmoVr. gm‘mÝ¶Uo EH$ nËZrËd H$m¶Xm AgyZhr lr‘§V

Am{U amOo bmoH$ ~hþnËZrËd AZwgaV hmoVo. ór¶m§Zm Jm¡admMo ñWmZ hmoVo. {Xdmir

Am{U Xgam ho gU gd©OU ‘moR>çm AmZ§XmZo (CËgmhmZo) gmOao H$aV hmoVo. Xgam gU

amO Xa~mamV gmOam hmoV Ago.

Am{W©H$ pñWVr: eoVr hm ~hþVoH$ bmoH$m§Mm n«‘wI ì¶dgm¶ hmoVm. mV, Om|Yim,

D$g Am{U H$mnyg hr ‘w»¶ {nHo$ hmoVr. {dO¶ZJaÀ¶m amOmZr Vbmd, H$mbdo,

{dhrar ~m§YyZ eoVrbm CÎmoOZ {Xbo. {dO¶ZJa ho Am§Vaamï´>r¶ ì¶mnmamMo H|$Ð ~Zbo

hmoVo. ^mV, ImXr H$mnS>, bmoI§S>, {hao, gmIa, H$ñVwar, M§XZ, ‘gmë¶mMo nXmW©

BË¶mXr {Z¶m©V H$aV hmoVo. KmoS>o, aoe‘r H$nS>o, ‘I‘br H$nS>o B. Am¶mV H$aV hmoVo.

8

{dO¶ZJa ho {hè¶m§À¶m ì¶mnmamgmR>r Am§Vaamï´>r¶ ì¶mnmamMo H|$Ð Pmbo hmoVo. H$mnS>

{dUZo hm à‘wI hñV CÚmoJ hmoVm. ^Q>H$i, hmoÞmda, ‘§Jiyé hr à‘wI ~§XamMr ehao

Pmbr hmoVr. hmoU AWdm dah hr gmoÝ¶mMr ZmUr hmoVr. ZmÊ¶m§À¶mdaVr XodXodVm§Mr

{MÌo hmoVr.

gm{hË¶: {dO¶ZJa gm‘«mOmÀ¶m H$mimV g§ñH¥$V, VobJy Am{U H$ÞS> gm{hË¶ g‘¥Õ

Pmbo. {dÚmaÊ¶ ¶m§Zr "e§H$a {dO¶' Am{U "gd© Xe©Z g§J«h' ¶m H¥$VtMr g§ñH¥$V

^mfo‘Ü¶o aMZm Ho$br. {dÚmaÊ¶mMo ^mD$ gm¶ZmMm¶© ¶m§Zr "doXmW© àH$me' Am{U

"Am¶wd}{XH$ gwYm{ZYr' J«§WmMr aMZm Ho$br. {dO¶ZaÀ¶m amOmZr Am{U n[admamVrb

gXñ¶mZr gwÕm gm{hË¶mMr {Z{‘©Vr Ho$br. Ë¶m§À¶m‘Yrb J§JmXodr ¶mZr "‘Yyam {dO¶‘'

ZmdmMr H¥$Vr, àm¡T> Xodam¶Zr "gwYm{ZYr' ¶m ‘hmZmQ>H$mMr, H¥$îU Xodam¶mZr "Om§~ydVr

H$ë¶mU', "‘Xmbgm M[aÌ‘' "ag_§Oar' BË¶mXr H¥$VtMr aMZm Ho$br. Hw$‘maì¶mgmZr

H$ÞS> ^mfoV "JXÿJrZ ^maV', aËZH$ma dUu¶mMo "^aVoe d¡^d', Mm‘agm§Mr "n«^wqbJ

{bbm' BË¶mXr aMZm à‘wI AmhoV. ^r‘ H$dtMo "~gd nwamU' BË¶mXr {dae¡d

gm{hË¶mMr g‘¥Õr Pmbr.

VobJw ^mfoVrb gm{hË¶mbm àmoËgmhZ {Xë¶m‘wio H¥$îUXodam¶m§Zm "Am§Y« ^moO'

hr nXdr {‘imbr. H¥$îUXodam¶ ñdV… H$dr hmoVo. VobJw ^mfo‘Ü¶o Ë¶m§Zr "Am‘wº$

‘më¶X' gm{hË¶mMr aMZm Ho$br. H¥$îUXodam¶mÀ¶m Xa~mamVrb Aï>{X½JO à{gÕ

hmoVo. A„gmZr noÔÊUm, Z§Xr {Vå‘ÊUm, lrZmW, gwaÊUm, VoZmbr am‘H¥$îU BË¶mXrZm

Aml‘ {Xbm hmoVm.

Y‘© g{hîUwVm : {dO¶ZJaMo amOo gd©Y‘© g{hîUy hmoVo. Ë¶m§Zr amOYmZr ‘Ü¶o ‘erXr

~m§Yë¶m hmoË¶m. ~wH$am¶ ¶mZo O¡Z Am{U d¡îUd ¶m§À¶m‘Yrb Ym{‘©H$ H$bh bjmV

KoD$Z gd©Y‘© g{hîUwVoMm nwañH$ma Ho$ë¶m~Ôb gm.e. 1368 ‘Yrb ldU~oiJmoi

9

¶oWrb {ebmboI gm§JVmo. {¼íMZ, ‘wñbr‘, ¶hþXr, qhXÿ H$moUrhr Agbm Var {dO¶ZJa

gm‘«mÁ¶mV {ZpíM¨VnUo OrdZ OJy eH$Vmo. amOo gdm©Zm ‘mZgÝ‘mZ (Jm¡ad) XoV hmoVo.

Ago H¥$îU Xodam¶mÀ¶m H$mimV {dO¶ZJabm ^oQ> {Xboë¶m ~m~m}gZo åhQ>bo Amho.

H$bm Am{U dmñVy {eën : {dO¶ZJa gm‘«mÁ¶mÀ¶m H$mimV ~m§Ybobr Xodmb¶o,

B‘maVr Am{U ‘yVvMr {eënH$bm ¶m§Mm Aä¶mg H$éZ à{gÕ H$bm B{VhmgH$ma ngu~«m¡Z

åhUVmo H$s {dO¶ZJamVrb dmñVy{eën e¡br hr "Ðm{dS> e¡brVrb loð> {dH$grV'

ñdê$nmMr Amho.

hOma am‘ñdm‘r Xodmb¶, h§nr

¶m H$mimVrb Xodmb¶o H$R>rU Aem XJS>mnmgyZ ~m§Ybobr AmhoV. h§nrMo

{dê$nmj Xodmb¶mMm H$ë¶mU ‘§S>n, hOma am‘ ñdm‘r Xodmb¶, [dÇ>bñdm‘r

Xodmb¶, H¥$îUñdm‘r Xodmb¶, MwZIS>rV ~m§Ybobo H$‘b ‘hb, e¥§Joar {dÚme§H$a

Xodmb¶, hr à‘wI AmhoV. ^ì¶ ìham§S>m, C§M {eIao (Jmonwa), {demb H$ë¶mU ‘§S>n,

g^m ‘§S>n, dg§V ‘§S>n B. {dO¶ZJa gm‘«mÁ¶mÀ¶m H$mimVrb Xodmb¶m§Mr bjUo

hmoVr.

10

{dÚme§H$a Xodmb¶, e¥§Joar

H$mihñVr, lre¡b, {VénVr, {MX§~a‘, lra§J‘, Hw§$^H$moU‘, H$m§Mr BË¶mXr

{R>H$mUr {dO¶ZJaÀ¶m H$mimVrb dmñVw{eëno {XgyZ ¶oVmV.

AO§R>m ¶oWrb bonmjr Xodmb¶mV {dO¶ZJaÀ¶m H$mimVrb {ednwamUmVrb {MÌo H$moabobr AmhoV. h§nr ¶oWrb {dê$nmj Xodmb¶mÀ¶m H$ë¶mU‘§S>nmÀ¶m darb N>mdUrda XemdVma Am{U H$ë¶mUbm g§~§YrV Ñî¶o gmH$mabobr AmhoV.

h§nr ¶oWrb XJS>r aW, Zaqgh Am{U JUnVr ¶m§À¶m ‘yË¶m© {dO¶ZJa H$mimVrb

EH$mXJS>mV V¶ma Ho$boë¶m {eënH$bm CR>mdXma {XgVmV. H$Zm©Q>H$ g§JrV åhUyZ

n[aMrV Agbobo Xm{jUmË¶ g§JrV ¶m H$mimV OZgm‘mÝ¶ bmoH$mn¶ªV nmohMbo hmoVo.

nwa§Xa Xmg Am{U H$ZH$Xmg ¶m§Zr g§JrV joÌmbm ‘hmZ ¶moJXmZ {Xbobo Amho.

11

_moharMm JUoe, h§nr CJ«Zaqgh h§nr

h§nr ¶oWrb XJS>r aWmMo {MÌ

12

H$mbJUZm (gm.eHo$){dO¶ZJa gm‘«mÁ¶mÀ¶m amÁ¶H$ma^mamMm H$mi 1336–1565

g§J‘ d§e 1336-1485

h[aha 1336–1357

~wH$am¶ 1357–1377

Xþgam (àm¡T>) Xodam¶ 1424-1446

gmiwd d§e 1485-1505

Vwiwd ZagZm¶H$ 1491-1503

Vwiwd d§e 1505-1567

H¥$îUXodam¶ 1509-1529

a¸$g V§JS>rMo ¶wÕ 23 OmZodmar 1565.

Aä`mg

I. Imbr {Xboë¶m [aH$må¶m OmJm ¶mo½¶ eãX ^ê$Z nyU© H$am.

1) lrb§Ho$À¶m amOm§Zm hadyZ ................ {‘i{dbobm Xþgam (àm¡T>)

Xodam¶mMm goZmZr ................. hmo¶

2) H¥$îUXodam¶mZo JOnVr àVmnéÐmMr ‘wbJr ................ {hÀ¶mer

{ddmh Ho$bm.

3) {dO¶ZJa gm‘«mÁ¶mV dah ................ ZmUr hmoVr.

4) {dO¶ZJa gm‘«mÁ¶mV gd©Y‘m©Vrb bmoH$ {ZpíM¨VnUo OrdZ OJy eH$VmV

Ago gm§JUmam {dXoer àdmgr .............. hmo¶.

5) Ðm{dS> e¡brhr {dO¶ZJa dmñVy{eënmMo loð> {dH${gV ñdê$n Amho Ago

gm§{JVbobm H$bm B{VhmgH$ma ................ hmo¶.

13

II. Imbr {Xboë¶m àíZm§Mr EH$m dm³¶mV CÎmao Úm.

1) {dO¶ZJa gm‘«mÁ¶mMm g§ñWmnH$ H$moU?

2) {dO¶ZJa gm‘«mÁ¶mV H$moUH$moUË¶m d§eOmZr amÁ¶ Ho$bo?

3) g§J‘ d§emVrb à{gÕ amOm H$moU?

4) {dO¶ZJa gm‘«mÁ¶mVrb AË¶§V loð> amOm H$moU?

5) a¸$g V§JS>rMo ¶wÕ Ho$ìhm Pmbo?

6) {dO¶ZJa gm‘«mÁ¶mÀ¶m CËnÞmMr gmYZo H$moUVr?

7) {dO¶ZJa gm‘«mÁ¶mV H$moUH$moUVo gU gmOao H$aV hmoVo?

8) {dO¶ZJa gm‘«mÁ¶mVrb à‘wI {nHo$ H$moUVr?

9) H¥$îUXodam¶mÀ¶m aMZm§Mr (H¥$VrMr) Zmdo {bhm.

10) {dO¶ZJabm ^oQ> {Xboë¶m {dXoer àdmem§Mr Zmdo {bhm.

11) {dO¶ZJaÀ¶m H$mimVrb à‘wI Xodmb¶o H$moUH$moUVr?

III. Imbrb àíZm§Zm JQ>m‘Ü¶o MMm© H$ê$Z CÎmao {bhm.

1) H¥$îUXodam¶mÀ¶m {Xp½dO¶m~Õb ‘m{hVr {bhm.

2) {dO¶ZJaÀ¶m H$mimVrb gm{hË¶ H¥$VrMr ¶mXr H$am.

14

IV. Imbrb A ¶mXr g§~§YrV ~ ¶mXrVrb {df¶ AmoiIyZ OmoS>çm Owidm.

A ~

J§JmXodr Am§Y«^moO

Xþgam Xodam¶ ‘Ywam {dO¶‘

H¥$îUXodam¶ {dÚme§H$a Xodmb¶

l§¥Joar JOm{YnVr

H¥$Vr.

1) {dO¶ZJamVrb ñ‘maH$m§Mo ’$moQ>mo O‘dyZ Ë¶m§Mo {ddaU {bhm.

2) {dO¶ZJa H$mimVrb ‘yVu{eënm§Mr {MÌo O‘dyZ {ddaU {bhm.

3) nwa§XaXmg Am{U H$ZH$Xmg ¶m§Mr EH$XmoZ H$sV©Zo g§J«h H$ê$Z JQ>m‘Ü¶o

Jm¶Z H$am.

4) h§nrbm e¡j{UH$ ghbrbm Om. ghbr Z§Va Vw‘Mo AZw^d {Z~§Y ê$nmV

{bhm.

15

nmR> 2 ~h‘Zr Am{Xb emhr

nmR>mMm n[aM¶ H$Zm©Q>H$mÀ¶m B{VhmgmV {dO¶ZJa gm‘«mÁ¶mMr ñWmnZm gm.e. 1336 ‘Ü¶o

Pmbr. Ë¶mZ§Va 3 Am°Jï> 1347 amoOr àW‘ ‘wñbr‘ d§emMo ~h‘Zr gm‘«mÁ¶ ApñVËdmV Ambo. ~h‘Z KamÊ¶mMr ñWmnZm A„mD$ÔrZ hgZ J§Jy ¶mZo Ho$br. ~h‘Zr gwbVmZ Am{U {dO¶ZJaMo amOo ¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o dma§dma ¶wÕo hmoV hmoVr. H$mimà‘mUo A{YH$mamgmR>r ~h‘Zr amÁ¶mV A§V…H$bh hmoD$Z gm.e. 1527 À¶m gw‘mamg ¶m KamÊ¶mMr {d^mJUr hmoD$Z nmM ~h‘Z emhr KamUr ApñVËdmV Ambr. Ë¶mVrb {dO¶nyaMr ({dOmnya) Am{Xb emhr à‘wI hmoVr. ¶m KamÊ¶mVrb à‘wI gwbVmZm§À¶m H$m¶m©{df¶r n[aM¶ {Xbm Amho. ¶m ~amo~aM gm{hË¶, H$bm, dmñVw{eën ¶m§Zm OmXm ‘hËd {Xbo hmoVo.

¶m nmR>mV ~h‘Zr amÁ¶mMm gwbVmZ {’$amoO ehm Am{U à{gÕ ‘w»¶‘§Ìr ‘h‘X JdmZ ¶m§À¶m H$m¶m©~Õb dU©Z Ho$bo Amho. ¶mgh ~h‘Zr amÁ¶mÀ¶m à‘wI moJXmZm~Õb dU©Z Ho$bo Amho.

gm‘Ï¶}1) {’$amoOehm Am{U ‘h‘X JdmZ ¶m§À¶m ¶moJXmZmMr ‘m{hVr H$ê$Z KoUo.2) ~h‘Zr gwbVmZm§Mo gm{hË¶, H$bm Am{U dmñVw{eën H$bobm {Xbobo

¶moJXmZ AmoiIUo.3) ZH$memda ~h‘Zr amÁ¶mbm g§~§YrV ‘w»¶ Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWio AmoiIUo.4) {dO¶nya Am{XbemhrVrb à‘wI gwbVmZm§À¶m ~Õb g‘OyZ KoUo.5) H$bm, gm{hË¶ Am{U {eënH$bo ~m~V g‘OyZ KoUo.

{dO¶ZJa gm‘«mÁ¶mÀ¶m gwédmVrÀ¶m H$mimVM ¶m amÁ¶mÀ¶m CÎmaobm ~h‘Zr gm‘«mÁ¶mMr ñWmnZm 1347 ‘Ü¶o Pmbr. ¶mMr ñWmnZm A„mD$ÔrZ hgZ J§Jy ~h‘Zehm ¶mZo Ho$br. ¶mnydu ~h‘Z hm {X„rMm gwbVmZ ‘h§‘X ~rZ VwKbH$À¶m g¡Ý¶mV H$m‘ H$arV hmoVm.

16

~h‘Zr gwbVmZ (gm. e. 1347 Vo 1527)

~h‘Zr amÁ¶ gÜ¶mÀ¶m H$Zm©Q>H$, ‘hmamï´> Am{U Am§Y« àXoe (Vob§JU) À¶m H$mhr ^mJmV gm‘mdbobo hmoVo. H¥$îUm ZXr amÁ¶mMr X[jU gr‘m hmoVr. àma§^r H$b~wJu Ë¶mZ§Va ~rXa hr ¶m§Mr amOYmZr Pmbr. H¥$îUm ZXrÀ¶m CÎmaobm ~h‘Zr amÁ¶ d X[jUobm {dO¶ZJa gm‘«mÁ¶ hmoVo. VmOwÔrZ {’$amoOehm hm ~h‘Zr d§emVrb à{gÕ gwbVmZ hmoVm.

17

VmOwÔrZ {’$amoOehm (gm. e. 1397-1422)

hm Ý¶m¶dmXr, CXma Am{U Xod^º$ hmoVm. Hw$amUmÀ¶m à{V V¶ma H$ê$Z Ë¶mà‘mUo

ñdV…Mo OrdZ OJÊ¶mg gwédmV Ho$br. boIH$ åhUyZ ~hþ^mfm{dÚm nma§JV àmá

{’$amoObm ^y{‘Vr Am{U Y‘©emómMr ‘m{hVr hmoVr. Ë¶mZo AZoH$ n§{S>VmZm, H$drZm,

H$bmd§VmZm Ë¶mÀ¶m Xa~mamV Aml¶ XoD$Z Ë¶m§Mm Jm¡ad Ho$bm. Ë¶mZo Xm¡bVm~mX

(‘hmamï´>) ¶oWo AmH$me {Z[ajU H|$ÐmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. ¶mZo amOYmZr H$b~waJrMo

gm¢X¶© dmT>{dbo. {edm¶ Amnë¶m ZmdmZo {^‘m ZXrÀ¶m H$mR>r "{’$amoOm~mX' ZmdmÀ¶m

ZdrZ ZJamMr {Z{‘©Vr Ho$br. ¶mÀ¶m H$mimV amÁ¶mV Amboë¶m gw’$sg§V ~§XoZdmO

¶m§Zm H$mhr Jmdo BZm‘ åhUyZ {Xbr. ~§Xam§À¶m {dH$mgmbm {deof àmYmÝ¶ {Xbo.

¶mÀ¶mnmgyZ {dXoer ì¶mnmamg àmoËgmhZ {‘imbo.

‘h‘§X JdmZ (gm.e. 1463-1481)

~h‘Zr amÁ¶mÀ¶m B{VhmgmV BVa gwbVmZmnojm OmñV à{gÕr ‘h§‘X JdmZ

¶m§Zm {‘imbr. n{e©¶Z ‘yi Agboë`m {Vgè¶m ‘h§‘XZo gwbVmZmMm ‘w»¶‘§Ìr åhUyZ

{ZñdmW© godm ~Omdbr.

à‘wI ~h‘Zr gwbVmZA„mD$ÔrZ hgZ J§Jy ~h‘Z ehm, {’$amoO ehm, Ah‘X ehm, Am{U Vrgam

‘h§‘X ehm.

H$m‘{Jar* ‘h§‘X JdmZZo {dO¶ZJa gm‘«mÁ¶mH$Sy>Z hþã~ir, ~oiJmdr Am{U Jmodm

àXoe Vmã¶mV KoVbm.* amÁ¶mMm H$ma^ma Bñbm‘ {Z¶‘mZm AZwgê$Z hmoVm.* Ë¶mZo ‘hgyb Am{U nmoñQ> H$Moar CÎm‘[aË¶m Mmb{dë¶m.* Ë¶mZo O{‘ZrMm H$a, O{‘ZrMo CËnÞ Am{U nmÊ¶mMr gw{dYm ¶mda AmYm[aV

H$a R>a{dbm hmoVm. H$a ’$º$ amoI aH$‘oÀ¶m ê$nmVM Jmoim Ho$bm OmV hmoVm.

* bmoH$m§Zm ÌmgXm¶H$ Agbobo H$a aÔ Ho$bo.

18

* ñdV… {dÛmZ Agboë¶m ‘h§‘X JdmZZo ~rXa ‘Ü¶o ‘Xagm (‘hm{dÚmb¶)

ñWmnZm Ho$br. Ë¶mZo Bñbm‘ Y‘© Am{U H$m¶Xm {ejUmbm àmoËgmhZ {Xbo.

¶oWo IJmob emók, J{UV, B{Vhmg B. AÜ¶¶Z Mmby hmoVo. {dÚmÏ¶m©Zm

‘mo’$V {ejU Am{U {dÚmWudgVrJ¥hm§Mr gmo` hmoVr. ‘Xagm§À¶m

J«§Wmb¶m‘Ü¶o gw‘mao 3000 nwñVHo$ hmoVr.

* EHy$UM ~h‘Zr amÁ¶mMm ‘h§‘X JdmZ hm loð> amÁ¶H$Vm© hmoVm. EdT>o

AgyZgwÕm amÁ¶mMo gaXma JdmZmÀ¶m H$m¶m©~Õb ‘Ëga dmQy>Z KoV hmoVo.

AmV‘Ü¶o Mmbbobm hm H$bh eodQ>r Ë¶mÀ¶m ‘¥Ë¶ybm H$maUr^yV R>abm.

JdmZmÀ¶m g‘mYrda "{ZñdmWu JdmZmMm IyZ Pmbm' Agm C„oI Amho.

gm§ñH¥${VH$ ¶moJXmZ

{ejU: ~h‘Zr gwbVmZmZr Bñbm‘ {dÚmä¶mgmbm A{YH$ àmoËgmhZ {Xbo. Hw$amU

nR>U hm EH$ {ejUmMm mJ hmoVm. ¶m§À¶m H$mimV H$b~waJr, ~rXa, E{bMnya Am{U

Xm¡bVm~mX BË¶mXr Bñbm‘ Y‘m©Mr {dÚm H|$Ðo Pmbr hmoVr. Ym{‘©H$ {ejU ‘{eXr‘Ü¶o

d ‘Xagm‘Ü¶o {Xbo OmV hmoVo. Jar~m§gmR>r Am{U AZmWm§gmR>r ‘Xagm ‘Ü¶o ‘mo’$V

OodU d ahmÊ¶mMr gmo¶ Am{U {dÚmWu doVZ {‘iV hmoVo. emim§‘Ü¶o Hw$amU, VH©$emó

Am{U gw’$s n§WmMr VËdo {eH${dV hmoVo.

gm{hË¶: ~h‘Zr gwbVmZmZo gm{hË¶H$mam§Zm, H$drZm, {dÛmZmZm, boIH$mZm amOml¶

{Xbm hmoVm. gwbVmZ Agbobo {’$amoO ehm, Xþgam ‘h§‘X ehm Am{U ‘h§‘X JdmU ho

boIH$, ‘§Ìr Am{U H$dr hmoVo. ¶m§À¶m H$mimV n{e©¶Z, Aao{~H$, CXÿ© gm{hË¶mMm {dH$mg

Pmbm. ~§XoZdmO ZmdmMo à{gÕ gw’$s g§V Am{U J«§WH$ma ¶m H$mimVrbM hmoVo. ¶m§Zr

Am{U BVa {dXoer {dÛm§ZmZr {dH$grV Ho$bobr ^mfm "XIZr' åhUyZ à{gÕ hmoVr. nwT>o

{hM ^mfm CXÿ© ^mfoÀ¶m {dH$mgmgmR>r H$maUr^yV R>abr.

19

dmñVy{eën: ~h‘ZrMm B{Vhmg hm dmñVw{eën H$bogmR>r à{gÕ Amho. Ë¶m§Zr

H$bw~aJr, ~rXa Am{U BVa ñWimZm ~m§Yboë¶m B‘maVrV qhXÿ ‘wñbr‘ e¡br {XgyZ

¶oVo. hr XIZr e¡br åhUyZ n[aMrV Amho. ~h‘ZrZr {Z‘m©U Ho$bobr n{hbr B‘maV

åhUOo H$b~waJrMr "Om‘m ‘erX' hmo¶. hr ‘h‘X ehm ¶m§Zr ~m§Ybr. bhmZ bhmZ

Kw‘Q>mZr ~m§Ybobo ¶oWrb g^m§JU AmH$f©H$ Amho. H$b~waJrÀ¶m Odi gwbVmZmMr

g‘mYr Amho. Vr ‘moR>çm AmH$mamMr g‘mYr Amho. ~§XoZdmO g‘mYr hr AmUIr EH$

à‘wI hmo¶.

~rXaMr gmoimIm§~ ‘erX Am{U {H$ëë`mÀ¶m AmVrb gw§Xa amO‘hb à{gÕ

Amho. ¶m B‘maVr Ab§H$ma, {eënH¥$Vr, bmH$S>mMo H$moard H$m‘ ¶m§Zr g‚m AmhoV.

~rXaÀ¶m Odi Agboë¶m Aïw>aÀ¶m ~mam g‘mYr gw§Xa AmhoV.

~h‘Zr H$mimVrb AË¶§V n«‘wI H¥$Vr åhUOo JdmZMr ‘Xagm hmo¶. Ë¶mMr bm§~r

242 ’y$Q>, é§Xr 222 ’y$Q>, C§Mr 56 ’y$Q> AgyZ 3 ‘Obr Aer aMZm Amho. nmM

eVH$m§À¶m AJmoXaMr ‘Xagm B‘maV Amnbm ‘mJrb B{Vhmg AmOhr gm§JVo.

~rXaMm {H$„m

20

Om‘m ‘{eX, H$b~waJr

~§XoZdmO g‘mYr, H$b~waJr

21

JdmZmMr ‘Xagm, ~rXa

emhr KamUo

‘h§‘X JdmZZ§Va ~h‘Zr amÁ¶ OmñV H$mi {Q>H$bo Zmhr. {Vgè¶m ‘h§‘X Z§Va

A{YH$mamda Ambobo> gwbVmZ Xþ~©b, Ag‘W© hmoVo. ¶mÀ¶mZ§Va CÎmam{YH$mar Agbobm

‘h§‘X bhmZ hmoVm. amÁ¶mVrb EH$Vm {Q>H${dÊ¶mg Ag‘W© R>abm. ¶m d§emMm gwbVmZ

H$mbr‘„m ehm ¶mÀ¶m ‘aUmZ§Va ~h‘Zr amÁ¶ nmM emhr KamÊ¶m‘Ü¶o {d^mJbo Jobo.

1) {dO¶ZJaMr ({dOmnya) Am{Xb emhr.

2) ~rXaMr ~arX emhr.

3) Jmodi H$m|S>¶mMr Hw$Vw~ emhr.

4) Ah‘X ZJaMr {ZOm‘ emhr.

5) {damaMr B‘mX emhr.

22

{dO¶nya ({dOmnya) Mr Am{Xb emhr (gm. e. 1489-1686)

¶wgy’$ Am{Xb ImZ gm.e. 1489-1510

Bñ‘mB©b Am{Xb ImZ gm.e. 1510-1534

n{hbm B~«mh‘ Am{Xb ehm gm.e. 1535-1558

n{hbm Abr Am{Xb ehm gm.e. 1558-1580

Xþgam B~«mh‘ Am{Xb ehm gm.e. 1580-1626

‘h§‘X Am{Xb ehm gm.e. 1626-1656

Xþgam Abr Am{Xb ehm gm.e. 1656-1672

{gH§$Xa Am{Xb ehm gm.e. 1672-1686

¶wgy’$ Am{Xb ImZ hm {dO¶nya Am{Xb emhr KamÊ¶mMm g§ñWmnH$ hmo¶. hm CÎm‘ amÁ¶H$Vm© Am{U Y‘©g{hîUwVmdmXr hmoVm. ¶mÀ¶mZ§Va Xþgam B~«m{h‘ Am{Xb ehm A{YH$mamda Ambm.

Xwgam B~«m{h‘ Am{Xb ehm (gm.e. 1580-1626)

Xþgam B~«m{h‘ hm {dO¶nyaÀ¶m loð> gwbVmZmn¡H$s EH$ hmo¶. ¶mÀ¶m H$mimV

amÁ¶mÀ¶m ZwgË¶m gr‘mM dmT>ë¶m ZmhrV Va g‘¥Õrhr dmT>br hmoVr. ì¶mnma Am{U

Am{W©H$ ì¶dhma dmT>bo hmoVo. ¶mbm "OJX²>Jwé ~mXehm' hr nXdr hmoVr. B~«m{h‘ hm

Y‘©g{hîUy hmoVm. AZoH$ qhXÿ H$dr VgoM g§JrVH$mam§Zm Aml¶ {Xbm hmoVm. ñdV:À¶m

amO‘hmbmVrb XÎm ‘§{XamMr XþéñVr H$ê$Z nyOoMr ì¶dñWm Ho$br. qhXÿ-‘wñbr‘

gm§ñH¥$VrH$ EH$VogmR>r B~«m{h‘Zo ~aoM l‘ KoVbo. "{H$Vm~-B-Zdag' ZmdmMo EH$

CXÿ© nwñVH$ {b{hbo. VgoM qhXÿ g§JrV ‘wgb‘mZm‘Ü¶o OZ{à¶ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r à¶ËZ

Ho$bo. ¶m g§JrVmÀ¶m H¥$Vr qhXÿ XodVm gañdVr, JUnVr, ¡ad BË¶mXrÀ¶m ñVwVr nmgyZ

gwê$ hmoVmV. Vmo ñdV… EH$ CÎm‘ g§JrVH$ma hmoVm. ^ì¶ B‘maV "B~«m{h‘ amoOm' ¶mZoM

~m§Ybo.

23

B~«m{h‘ amoOm, {dO`nya

~rXaMr ~arX emhr (gm.e. 1489-1619)

~h‘Zr amÁ¶mMr {d^mJUr Pmë¶mZ§Va X»IZMo ~rXa Am{U Ë¶mÀ¶m g^modVmbMm

àXoemda ~rXaÀ¶m ~arX emhr KamÊ¶mZo amÁ¶ Ho$bo. Im{g‘~arX hm ~arX KamÊ¶mMm

g§ñWmnH$ hmo¶. ¶mÀ¶mZ§Va ~rXada amÁ¶ Ho$bobo B~«m{h‘ Am{U Ë¶mMm ^mD$ Im{g‘

ho Ag‘W© hmoVo. ¶m§À¶m dV©UwH$s‘wio ~arX emhr KamÊ¶mbm CÎmaVr H$im bmJbr.

Aemdoir {dO¶nyaÀ¶m B~«m{h‘ Am{Xb ehmZo ~rXa Vmã¶mV KoVbo. Aem àH$mao ~arX

emhr amÁ¶ B~«m{h‘À¶m {dO¶nya amÁ¶mV {dbrZ Pmbo.

JmodiH$m|S>m Mr Hw$Vw~ emhr (gm.e. 1512-1687)

IwbrHw$Vw~ ehm ¶mZo ñdV§Ì JmodiH$m|S>m amÁ¶mMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. ¶mZo XrK©H$mi

CÎm‘ amÁ¶ Mmb{dbo. gm.e. 1543 ‘Ü¶o Ë¶mÀ¶mM EH$m ‘wbmZo Ë¶mMm dY Ho$bm.

B~«{h‘ ¶mbm qhXÿ Y‘m©~Õb AË¶§V ghmZw yVr hmoVr. ¶mÀ¶m Xa~mamV amÁ¶H$ma^ma Mmb{dÊ¶mgmR>r ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV qhXÿMo A{YH$mar hmoVo. Ë¶mZo Amnë¶m amOYmZr Agboë¶m JmodiH$m|S>¶mMo EH$ gw§XaZJa {Z‘m©U Ho$bo. gm.e. 1589 À¶mdoir B~«m{h‘Zo Amnbr amOYmZr JmodiH$m|S>¶mhÿZ h¡Ðm~mXbm Zobr. B~«m{h‘ Z§Va Ambobo AãXþ„m Hw$Vw~ ehm, A~wb hgZ BË¶mXr gwbVmZ Ag‘W© Agë¶m‘wio JmodiH$m|S>m ‘m|JbmZm eaU Jobo.

24

Ah‘X ZJaMr {ZOm‘ emhr (gm.e. 1490-1636)

gm.e. 1490 ‘Ü¶o OwÞaMm àm§Vm{YH$mar Agbobm {ZOm‘emhr d§emMm ‘„rH$ Ah‘X ¶mZo ñdV§Ì Ah‘XZJa amÁ¶mMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. ¶mZo Xm¡bVm~mX Vmã¶mV KoD$Z amÁ¶mMm {dñVma Ho$bm. ¶mÀ¶mZ§Va ~whm©Z, hþgoZ {ZOm‘ ehm, ‘wV©Om ho ZmdmbmM gwbVmZ hmoVo. Mm§X~r~rÀ¶m ‘aUmZ§Va Ah‘XZJa nVZ nmdbo. eodQ>r ‘moJbamOm ehmOhmZÀ¶m H$mimV Ah‘XZJa g§nyU©nUo ‘moJb gm‘«mÁ¶mV gm.e. 1637 ‘Ü¶o {dbrZ Pmbo.

{~amaMr B‘mX emhr (gm.e. 1490-1580)

~h‘Zr gm‘«mÁ¶mÀ¶m nVZmZ§Va AmpñVËdmV Amboë¶m nmM X[jU gwbVmZm§À¶m amÁ¶mn¡H$s {~amaMr B‘mX emhr KamUo Amho. hm ~rXaÀ¶m CÎmaobm dYm©, VnVr, noZJ§Jm Am{U d¡ZJ§Jm ZÚm§À¶m ‘Yrb àXoe Amho. ’$Vm-C„m ¶mZo gm.e. 1490 ‘Ü¶o ¶m KamÊ¶mMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. ¶mMr amOYmZr EbrMnya hmoVr. "B‘mX-Cb- ‘wëH$' hr ’$Îmm-C„mMr nXdr hmoVr. gm.e. 1504 ‘Ü¶o Ë¶mÀ¶m ‘aUmZ§Va Ë¶mMm ‘wbJm A„m-CX-XrZ B‘mX ehm A{YH$mamda Ambm. Vmo g‘W© gwbVmZ Pmbm Zmhr. Z§Va ¶mMm ‘wbJm X[a¶m B‘mX ehm A{YH$mamda Ambm. ¶mÀ¶m H$mbmdYrVM OdiÀ¶m amÁ¶m~amo~a {~ama ¶wÕ gwê$ Pmbo.

X[a¶m B‘mX ehm ¶mÀ¶m ‘aUmZ§Va Ë¶mMm ‘wbJm ~mbH$ ~wahmZ ehm A{YH$mamda Ambm. ¶mÀ¶m H$mimV amÁ¶ H$ma^mamMo gd© A{YH$ma Ë¶m§Mm dOra (goZmnVr) Vwemb ImZ ¶mÀ¶m hmVr Jobo. nwT>o {dama amÁ¶ {dO¶nya gwbVmZm§À¶m Vmã¶mV Joë¶m‘wio {dama amÁ¶mMm eodQ> Pmbm.

Am[Xb emhrMr H$m‘{Jar

{dO¶nyaÀ¶m Am{XbemhrZr gw‘mao 200 dfm©À¶m amÁ¶H$ma^mam‘Ü¶o {ejU, gm{hË¶, g§JrV, {MÌH$bm Am{U H$bm d dmñVw{eën joÌmV ^ard H$m_[Jar Ho$br Amho.

{ejU: Am{Xb emhr ho {ejU ào_r Am{U nmbH$ hmoVo. ¶m§Mr {ejU{ZVr

Bñbm‘ g§ñH¥$Vr dmT>{dUmar hmoVr. ‘erX, ‘Xagm (H$m°boO) {ejUmMr H|$Ðo hmoVo. ¶oWo

25

kmZ, Y‘©, H$m¶Xm, H$mì¶, Ab§H$ma emó B. {eH$dV hmoVo. ¶m e¡j{UH$ g§ñWmZr

amOml¶ KoVbm hmoVm.

gm{hË¶: Am{Xb emhrZr gm{hË¶ joÌmbm {Xbobo ¶moJXmZ ‘hËdnyU© Amho. H$mhrOU ñdV… H$dr Agë¶m‘wio gm{hË¶ joÌmbm Cƒ lr‘§Vr àmá Pmbr hmoVr. n{e©¶Z, Aao{~H$, CXÿ©, H$ÞS> ^mfo‘Ü¶o AZoH$ gm{hË¶ H¥$VtMr aMZm Pmë¶m.

n{e©¶Z H$dr : ’o$arñVm "VmarI-B ’$[añVm' Am{U "JwbeZ-E- B~«m{h‘'

CXÿ© H$dr : AãXÿbZ "B~«m{h‘ Zm‘m'

‘w„m ZòVr : ‘A{bZm‘’

H$ÞS> H$dr : Vmoado¶ Zahar H$dr : "VmoIo am‘m¶U'

g§JrV: ¶wgy’$ Am{Xbehm Am{U Xþgam B~«m{h‘ Am{Xb ehm ‘hmZ g§JrVH$ma hmoVo. B~«m{h‘ Am{Xb ehmMr "{H$VmZ-E-Zdag' hr H¥$Vr g§JrV joÌmVrb loð> H¥$Vr Pmbr Amho. ¶mZo g§JrV emim ñWmnZ Ho$br. amO d§emVrb Am{U lr‘§VdJm©Vrb {ó¶mZm g§JrVm‘Ü¶o AmdS> hmoVr.

dU© (a§JrV) {MÌH$bm: Xþgam B~«m{h‘ hm {MÌH$boMm moº$m hmoVm. ¶mZo Xa~mamV AZoH$ n{e©¶Z H$bmH$mamZm Aml¶ {Xbm hmoVm. Ë¶m§Mm amOdmS>m, ‘{eXtÀ¶m q^Vr, darb N>mdUrda ’w$bo, PmS>o, dobr BË¶mXr {ZgJ© {MÌo gw§Xa Aer aoImQ>br AmhoV. hr a§JrV {MÌo Ë¶mH$mimVrb bmoH$m§À¶m Amem, AmdS>, na§nam OmonmgÊ¶mgmR>r Cn¶moJr R>abr.

H$bm Am{U dmñVw{eën: H$Zm©Q>H$À¶m dmñVw{eën B{Vhmgm‘Ü¶o {dO¶nyaÀ¶m Am{XbemhrÀ¶m aMZmZm ‘hËdmMo ñWmZ Amho. Ë¶m§À¶m aMZm åhUOo {H$„o, amOdmS>o, ‘{eXr Am{U g‘mYr B. hmoV. Ë¶mZr {Z‘m©U Ho$bobr ñ‘maHo$ hr B§S>mo-Bñbm‘rH$ e¡br‘Ü¶o AmhoV.

A) {H$„o: {dO¶nyaÀ`m {H$„¶m§Mr aMZm {d{eï> àH$maMr AgyZ 96 Kw‘Q>,

({H$ëë`m§À¶m ndir daVr ~m§Ymd¶mMo Kw‘Q>) 6 ‘hmÛma AmhoV.

26

~) amOdmS>o

JJZ ‘hb: JJZ ‘hbMr {Z{‘©Vr B~«m{h‘ Am{Xb ehmZo gm.e. 1620 ‘Ü¶o Ho$br. Jmonya Agbobr hr JJZ ‘hb VrZ ‘Obr Amho.

‘ohVa ‘hb: hm gwÕm VrZ ‘Obr amOdmS>m Amho. ¶mMr gwÕm {Z{‘©Vr Xþgam B~«m{h‘ Am{Xb ehmZo Ho$br. ho A{V gwú‘ H$bmH¥$VrgmR>r à{gÕ Amho. ¶m~amo~a Agma ‘hb ‘Ü¶o a§Jr~oa§Jr {MÌo Agboë¶m Imoë¶m AmhoV.

Aga ‘hb, {dO`nya

JJZ ‘hb, {dO¶nya

27

H$) ‘{eXr Owå‘m (Om‘r) ‘erX ¶mMr {Z{‘©Vr Abr Am{Xb ehmZo Ho$br. hr ^ì¶Aer

‘erX àmW©Zm ^dZ ¶m ZmdmZo AmoiIVmV. hr ^ì¶ B‘maV Ab§H$marV ZgyZ AË¶§V gmÜ¶m gai nÕVrZo ~m§Ybobr Amho. hr H$bm ñ‘maH$m§À¶m‘Ü¶o EH$ ZdrZ e¡br åhUyZ AmoiIVmV.

B~«m{h‘ amoOm: ¶mMr {Z{‘©Vr {dO¶nya ‘Ü¶o Xþgam B~«m{h‘ Am{Xb ehmZo Ë¶mMr nËZr VmO~oJ‘À¶m AmR>dUrgmR>r {Z‘m©U Ho$br. ¶m‘Ü¶o B~«m{h‘ Am{U Ë¶mÀ¶m Hw$Qy>§~r¶m§À¶m gXñ¶m§À¶m g‘mYr AmhoV.hm maVmVrb EH$‘od amoOm Amho. ¶mMo "X[jU ^maVmVrb XIZr VmO‘hb' Ago dU©Z Ho$bo Amho.

EH$m C§M Aem H$Å>>çmda g‘mYr Am{U ‘erX ~m§Ybobr AgyZ, g^modVr CÚmZ (~mJ) Am{U g§ajH$ q^VrZr ¶wº$ aMZobm amoOm Ago åhUVmV

JmobKw‘Q> : ‘h§‘Xmbm amoOmnojmhr ‘moR>r dmñVy ~m§Ym¶Mr hmoVr. åhUyZM Ë¶mZo {dO¶nya‘Ü¶o JmobKw‘Q> ho g‘mYr ‘§{Xa gm.e. 1656 ‘Ü¶o ~m§Ybo. ¶m dmñVyÀ¶m ‘Ü¶mda {demb Agm Kw‘Q> Amho. Kw‘Q>mÀ¶m AmVrb ^mJmV (Whispering Gallery) "Hw$O~wOUmam g‚mm' Amho. hm Ë¶mdoiÀ¶m Vm§{ÌH$ H$m¡eë¶mYmarV ~m§Ybobm Amho. "JmobKw‘Q>' hm OJmVrb Xþgè`m H«$‘m§H$mMm Kw‘Q> AgbmVar maVmVrb n{hë¶m H«$‘m§H$mMm ‘moR>m Kw‘Q> Amho. hr dmñVy OJmVrb AmíM¶m©n¡H$s EH$ Amho.

JmobKw‘Q>, {dO¶nya

28

‘w„I ‘¡XmZ Vmo’$, {dO¶nya

Om‘m ‘erX, {dO¶nya

BVa à‘wI ñ‘maHo$: ~mam H$‘mZ, ~S>o H$‘mZ, AmZ§X‘hb, Cnbr~wê$O, VmO {dhra, Mm§X ~mdS>r BË¶mXr BVa à‘wI ñ‘maHo$ AmhoV.

H¥$Vr1) ~h‘Z emhr Am{U Am{Xb emhrÀ¶m dmñVw{eënm§Mr {MÌo (’$moQ>mo) g§J«h.

H$ê$Z {ddaU {bhm d Amb~‘ V¶ma H$am.2) ^maVm‘Ü¶o Agboë¶m qhXÿ, {¼íMZ, Am{U ‘wñbr‘ g§ñH¥$VrMr Xodmb¶o,

MM© Am{U ‘erXr d BVa ñ‘maH$m§Mr {MÌo (’$moQ>mo) g§J«h H$ê$Z Amb~‘ V¶ma H$am.

H$mb JUZm (gm‘mÝ¶ eH$)

~h‘Zr amÁ¶mÀ¶m H$m¶©H$mi : 1347 nmgyZ 1527

~rXa‘Ü¶o ‘XagmMr ñWmnZm : 1461

Am{Xb emhrMm H$m¶©H$mi : 1489 nmgyZ 1672

B~«m{h‘ amoOmMr {Z{‘©Vr : 1626

JmobKw‘Q>Mr {Z{‘©Vr : 1656

29

Aä`mg

I. [aH$må¶m OmJr ¶mo½¶ eãX ^am.

1) ~h‘Zr gm‘«mÁ¶mMr .................... ‘Ü¶o ñWmnZm Pmbr.

2) H$b~waJr ................. gwbVmZm§Mr amOYmZr hmoVr.

3) {’$amoO ehm gwbVmZZo {^‘m ZXrÀ¶m H$mR>mda ............. ZJamMr {Z{‘©Vr

Ho$br.

4) ‘h‘X JdmZZo .............. ¶oWo ‘Xagm ~m§Y{dbr.

5) ~arX emhr KamÊ¶mMm g§ñWmnH$ .............. hmoVm.

6) JmodiH$m|S>çmMm g§ñWmnH$ ............... hmoVm.

7) B‘mXemhr KamÊ¶mÀ¶m g§ñWmnH$ ................ hmo¶.

II. Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao EH$m dm³¶mV {bhm.

1) ~h‘Zr KamÊ¶mMm g§ñWmnH$ H$moU?

2) ‘h‘X JdmZ H$moU hmoVm?

3) gmoimIm§~ ‘erX H$moR>o Amho?

4) Am{Xbemhr gwbVmZm‘Ü¶o gd© loð> H$moU?

5) X{jU ^maVmVrb VmO‘hb åhUyZ H$moUË¶m ñ‘maH$mbm åhUVmV?

6) JmobKw‘Q> H$emgmR>r à{gÕ Amho?

7) OJX²>Jwê$ ~mXehm hr nXdr H$moUmbm hmoVr?

30

III. Imbrb àíZm§Mr JQ>mV MMm© H$ê$Z CÎmao {bhm.

1) ‘h‘X JdmZMo H$m¶© gm§Jm.

2) nmM emhr KamÊ¶m§Mr Zmdo {bhm.

3) Xþgam B~«m{h‘ Am{Xb ehm Y‘© g{hîUwVoMm nwañH$Vm© hmoVm ¶mMr MMm©

H$am.

IV. Imbrb A ¶mXrbm g§~§YrV ~ ¶mXmVrb {df¶ AmoiIyZ {bhm.

A ~

Am{Xb emhr Ah‘XZJa

Hw$Vy~ emhr {~ama

{ZOm‘ emhr {dO¶nya

B‘mX emhr ~rXa

~arX emhr JmodiH$m|S>m

31

nmR> 3 ^º$sn§W Am{U gw’$s na§nam

nmR>mMm n[aM¶

X{jU Am{U CÎma ^maVm‘Ü¶o Amùdma, Xmg Am{U CÎma ^maVm‘Ü¶o g§V,

gw’$s g§V ^º$s n§WmZo g‘mOm‘Ü¶o OmJ¥Vr {Z‘m©U Ho$br. ¶m nmR>m‘Ü¶o ^º$s n§WmMm

Ame¶, AW© Am{U bjUo gm§{JVbobr AmhoV. X{jU ^maVm‘Yrb Am§S>mi,

A¸$‘hmXodr, H$ZH$Xmg, nwa§XaXmg, {eewZmi ear’$ ¶m§Mm n[aM¶ {Xbm Amho.

VgoM CÎma ^maVmVrb H$~raXmg, JwéZmZH$, VwigrXmg, ‘ram~mB©, lrM¡VÝ¶ Am{U

gw’$s g§Îmm§Mm n[aM¶ {Xbm Amho. {d{^Þ Y‘m©À¶m bmoH$m§‘Ü¶o ^º$s n§Wm§Zr gmÜ¶

Ho$bobr EH$ê$nVm VgoM ñWm{ZH$ ^mfm g‘¥Õ ~Z{dÊ¶mgmR>r Ho$boë¶m ¶moJXmZmMo

{ddaU Ho$bo Amho.

gm‘Ï¶}

1) gm‘m{OH$ g‘mZVogmR>r ^º$sn§WmZr {Xboë¶m CnXoem§Mm AW© g‘OmdyZ

KoUo.

2) XmganX Am{U g§Vm§À¶m {eH$dUr g‘OmdyZ KoD$Z AmË‘gmV H$aUo.

3) gw’$s g§Vm§Zr {Xbobo {d{eð> CnXoe {dÚmÏ`m©Zm g‘OmdUo.

^maV hm AZoH$ g§ñH¥$Ë¶m§Zr ZQ>bobm EH$ Xoe Amho. ¶m Amnë¶m Xoem‘Ü¶o OmV

ì¶dñWm, A§YlÕm, VËd{hZ AmMaU g‘mOmV ê$T> hmoVo. gm‘mÝ¶ bmoH$m§Zm ‘moj

åhUOo ‘¥JOimgmaIo hmoVo. Ë¶mgmR>r Vo ¶mo½¶ ZmhrV Aer YmaUm ‘Ü¶¶wJmVrb

g‘mOmV hmoVr. Aem n[apñWVr‘Ü¶o CX¶mbm Ambobo H$mhr ^º$s n§W Am{U gw’$s

na§naoÀ¶m g§Vm§Zr Ym{‘©H$ d gm‘m{OH$ gwYmaUogmR>r nwT>mH$ma KoVbm. Ë`mZr d¡pídH$

~m§Yì¶mbm ‘hËd XoD$Z, ‘moj {‘i{dÊ¶mgmR>r ^º$s hmM CÎm‘ ‘mJ© Amho Ago

gm§{JVbo. ¶m g§àXm¶mbm ^º$s n§W åhUVmV.

32

^º$s åhUOo Xodmbm eaU OmUo hmo¶. ^º$s hm g§ñH¥$V eãX ^yO ¶m YmVynmgyZ

Ambm Amho. ^yO åhUOo kmZ Agm AW© hmoVmo.

^º$s n§WmMo gma

1) ^º$sn§W Cƒ-{ZM ¶m ^oX^mdmMo I§S>U H$aVmo, g‘mZVoMr {eH$dU XoVmo.

2) ^º$s n§WmVrb g§Vm§Zr VËdhrZ AmMaUmbm {damoY Ho$bm.

3) ¶m g§VmZr bmoH$m§À¶m EH$VogmR>r H$m¶© Ho$bo.

4) AZoH$ Xod ZgyZ Xod EH$M Amho. Y‘© åhUOo ào‘ Am{U ‘mZdgodm hmo¶

Ago gw’$sg§VmZr gm§{JVbo.

X{jU ^maVmVrb ^º$s na§namAm§S>mi

Am§S>mi

V{‘iZmSy>‘Yrb {dîUy^º$ 12 Amùdmamn¡H$s "Am§S>mi'

EH$ hmo¶. {dîUy {MÎmm§Mr ‘mZbobr ‘wbJr hr "Am§S>mi'.

{dîUy {MÎmXoIrb EH$ Amùdma hmoVo. ¶m§Zm no[a¶mùdma ¶m

ZmdmZo AmoiIbo OmVo. Amùdmam§Mo ‘yi Zmd JmoXmXodr. Vr

H¥$îU ^º$ hmoVr. lr {d„rnwÎmwa‘Yrb H¥$îUXodñWmZm‘Ü¶o

¶m§Mo dS>rb ’w$bm§Mm hma ~ZdyZ Xodmbm An©Z H$arV hmoVo.

Am§S>mi ¶m§Mo H¥$îUmda ’$ma ào‘ hmoVo d H¥$îUmbm Vr Amnbm nVr ‘mZV hmoVr. ¶mZr

"{Vê$ßn‘¡' ZmdmMm J«§W aMyZ Xodmbm g‘{n©V Ho$bm. V{‘iZmSy> ‘Ü¶o "{Véßn‘¡' À¶m

àMmam‘Ü¶o ¶m§Zr ’$ma à{gÕr {‘i{dbr. Amùdmam§À¶m‘Vo gd© {dîUy^º$ g‘mZ,

Ë¶m§Mr OmV {dMmaUo åhUOo Kmoa nmn H$aUo hmo¶.

33

A¸$‘hmXodr

A¸$‘hmXodr

12 ì¶m eVH$mVrb dMZ Midir‘Ü¶o ^mJ KoVbobr KmS>gr ‘{hbm åhUOo A¸$‘hmXodr hmo¶. H$ÞS> dMZ gm{hË¶mbm ¶m§Zr {Xbobr XoUJr hr AË¶§V ‘mobmMr Amho. {ed‘mo½Jm {Oëh¶mÀ¶m CSy>VS>r‘Ü¶o A¸$‘hmXodr ¶m§Mm OÝ‘ Pmbm. ¶m§Mo dS>rb {Z‘©beoÅ>r d AmB© gw‘Vr. bhmZ- nUmnmgyZM Ë¶m {ed^º$s‘Ü¶o X§J Agm¶À¶m. MÞ‘{„H$mOw©Zm§Zm Ë¶m Amnbm nVr ‘mZV hmoË¶m. O~aXñVrZo A¸$‘hmXodr ¶m§Mo b¾ AmB© dS>rbm§Zr amOHw$‘ma H$m¡{eH$ ¶m§À¶m ~amo~a bmdbo. Jwé, qbJ d O§J‘ godo‘Ü¶o ì¶Ë¶¶ ¶oV Agë¶mZo A¸$‘hmXodrZr amO^moJmMm Ë¶mJ Ho$bm. dóË¶mJ H$ê$Z Kam~mhoa nS>ë¶m. ~gdoídamZr ñWmnZ Ho$boë¶m AZw^d ‘§Q>n ‘Ü¶o H$mhr {Xdg amhrë¶m. VoWo "MÞ‘{„H$mOw©Z' ¶m YmaU Zm‘mZo AZoH$ dMZm§Mr aMZm Ho$br. gd© ^º$ bmoH$m§Zm A¸$‘hmXodr~Õb Anma Jm¡ad d AmXa hmoVm. H$ë¶mUhÿZ lre¡bbm OmD$Z eodQ>Mm H$mhr H$mi Ë¶m lre¡b‘Ü¶o ì¶VrV Ho$bm. AIoa H$Xir dZm‘Ü¶o Ë¶m§Mm ‘¥Ë¶y Pmbm.nwa§Xa Xmg (gm. e. 1480-1564)

nwa§XaXmg

H$ÞS> Xmg gm{hË¶mVrb loð> ì¶º$s åhUOo nwa§Xa Xmg hmo¶. nwa§Xa Xmg ¶m§Mm OÝ‘ nwa§XaJS>‘Ü¶o Pmbm. Ë¶m§Mo ‘wi Zmd lr{Zdmg Zm¶H$, dS>rb daXßn Zm¶H$ d AmB© {bbmdVr. nwa§Xa Xmgm§Mr nËZr bú‘r~mB© AË¶§V Ym{‘©H$ ór hmoVr.

H§$Oyg Am{U ZmñVrH$ Ago lr{Zdmg Zm¶H$ XodmÀ¶m n[ajo‘Ü¶o nam{OV hmoD$Z Amnë¶m g§nÎmrMm Ë¶mJ H$ê$Z na‘oídam§À¶m Zm‘ñ‘aUm‘Ü¶o brZ Pmbo. {H$V©Z H$arV AZoH$ Jmdm§Mm àdmg H$arV H¥$îUXodam¶m§À¶m g§ñWmZm‘Ü¶o Jobo. VoWo ì¶mgam¶m§Zr ¶m§Zm {Xjm

34

{Xbr d "nwa§Xa' Ago Zm‘H$aU Ho$bo. AemVèhoZo Vo nwa§XaXmg Pmbo. nwa§Xa Xmgm§À¶m nXm‘Ü¶o ‘mZdr ‘wë¶m§Mm A§V^m©d Amho. ¶mZr Amnë¶m {H$V©ZmVyZ OmVr nÕVrMo I§S>Z Ho$bo. ¶m‘Ü¶o VËd, ZrVr d g§JrV ¶m§Mm g§J‘ nhmd¶mbm {‘iVmo. ¶m§Zm "H$Zm©Q>H$ g§JrV {nVm‘h' åhUyZ AmoiIVmV. "nwa§Xa {dÇ>b' ¶m YmaU Zm‘mZo AZoH$ {H$V©Zm§Mr aMZm Ho$br. "Xmg åhUOo nwa§XaXmg' Aer ñVwVr Ë¶m§Mo Jwé ì¶mgam¶mZr Ho$br.

H$ZH$Xmg (gm.e. 1508-1606)

H$ZH$Xmg

Xmg gm{hË¶mVrb loð> {H$V©ZH$ma H$ZH$Xmg ¶m§Mm OÝ‘ gw‘mao gm.e. 1508 ‘Ü¶o hmdoar {Oëh¶mVrb ~§H$mnya Vmby³¶mVrb ~mS> Jmdm‘Ü¶o Pmbm. ¶m§Mo ‘yi Zmd {Vå‘ßnm. dS>rbm§Mo Zmd {~aßnm Am{U AmB©Mo Zmd ~ƒå‘m hmoVo. ho eyadra AgyZ EH$ CËH¥$ï> H$dr XoIrb hmoVo. ~mS> JmdÀ¶m eoOmarb 78 Jmdmbm ZmS>Jm¡S> (nmQ>rb) Am{U ‘w»¶ Zm¶H$ åhUyZ H$m¶© H$arV hmoVo. ¶mZm gmoZ§ {‘imë¶m‘wio H$ZH$ Ag§ Zmd Ambo Agmdo Aer H$Wm Amho. H$m¡Qw>§~rH$ OrdZmV d¡am½¶ àmá H$éZ ì¶mgam¶m§Mo {eî¶ Pmbo. nwT>o Vo H$ZH$Xmg åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmD$ bmJbo. ¶mZr AZoH$ {H$V©Zm§Mr aMZm Ho$br. "Am{X Ho$ed' ho Ë¶m§Mo YmaU Ho$bobo Zmd. H$m{JZoboÀ¶m Am{X Ho$ed XodmMo Vo CnmgH$ hmoVo. ¶m§Zr Amnë¶m {H$V©ZmVyZ A§YlÕoMo I§S>Z H$ê$Z ^Jd§VmH$S>o OmÊ¶mMm ‘mJ© bmoH$m§Zm Xe©{dbm. Amnë¶m H$sV©ZmVyZ ¶mZr OmVr nÕVrMr {dS>§~Zm ‘m§S>br Amho.

H$ZH$Z qH$S>r (H$ZH$XmgmMr {IS>H$s): CSy>nrÀ¶m Xodmb¶m‘Ü¶o VoWrb

nwamo{hVmZr H$ZH$XmgmZm àdoe {Xbm Zmhr. H$ZH$Xmgm§Mr ^º$s nmhÿZ lrH¥$îU

npíM‘m{^‘yI hmoD$Z {IS>H$s‘YyZ H$ZH$XmgmZm Xe©Z {Xbo Aer Am»`m{¶H$m Amho.

H$ZH$XmgmZr h[a^º$sgma, ZiM[aÌo, am‘Ü¶mZ M[aVo Aem eQ²>nXr H$mì¶m§Mr aMZm

Ho$br. VgoM ‘mohZ Va§{JZr ZmdmMr H¥$Vr Ë¶m§Zr aMbr.

35

{eewZmi ear’$

{eewZmi ear’$

{eewZmi ear’$ ho n{hbo H$ÞS> ‘wñbr‘ AZw^dr H$dr hmoVo. ¶m§Zm "H$Zm©Q>H$ H$~ra' åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo. {eewZmi ¶m Jmdm‘Ü¶o 1819 ‘Ü¶o ¶m§Mm OÝ‘ Pmbm. ¶m§Mo dS>rb B‘m‘ gmho~ d AmB© h‚m‘m. ear’$ ¶m§Zm bhmZnUmnmgyZM qhXÿ ‘wñbr‘ XmoÝhr Y‘m©Mr Mm§Jbr ‘m{hVr hmoVr. ‘wëH$s narjm nmg hmoD$Z H$mhr H$mi {ejH$ åhUyZ godm ~Omdbr. Jwé JmoqdX ^Å> ¶m§À¶mH$Sy>Z {Xjm KoD$Z AZoH$ VËdnXm§Mr aMZm Ë¶mZr Ho$br. Ë¶m§À¶m nXm‘Ü¶o [adm¶V² (‘moha‘ nX) AmhoV. Ym{‘©H$ ZrVrnX, AbmdrnX, gdmb-Odm~ nX AmhoV. {eewZmi‘Ü¶o ¶m§Mr g‘mYr Amho. qhXÿ-‘wñbr‘ bmoH$ ¶m§Mm AmXa H$aVmV. OmVr Y‘© ¶m§Mr Mm¡H$Q> Amobm§Sy>Z ¶mZr ‘mZdr ‘yë¶m§Mr OmonmgZm Ho$br.

3.2 CÎma ^maVmVrb ^º$s na§nam

$H$~raXmg (gm.e. 1398-1518)

H$~raXmg

^º$sn§Wm‘Yrb à{gÕ g§V H$~ra ho am‘mZ§Xm§Mo {eî¶ hmo`. ¶m§Zr qhXÿ-‘wñbr‘ Y‘m©‘Ü¶o g‘añ¶Vm AmUÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ Ho$bm. dmamUer‘Yrb {dZH$a ‘wñbr‘ g‘mOmVrb {Zê$ Am{U {Z‘a ¶m Xm§nË¶mMm ‘mZbobm ‘wbJm hmoVm. OmVr nÕVr, AdS>§~amMo OrdZ, ~«m÷U loð>Vm, Ym{‘©H$ Ag‘mZVm ¶m§Mo I§S>Z Ho$bo. A„m Am{U am‘ hr EH$mM XodmMr XmoZ Zmdo AmhoV Ago gm§{JVbo. H$~raXmg åhUVmV qhXÿ Am{U ‘wñbr‘ bmoH$ åhUOo EH$mM ‘mVrnmgyZ ~Zbobr ‘S>H$s hmo¶. ‘r am‘ Am{U A„mMm ‘wbJm Amho Ago H$~ra åhUV. XohX§S>, Cndmg, {VW©`mÌm, n{dÌ ñWmZmnmgyZ AmnU Xodmbm àgÞ H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. nU n{dÌ ^º$sZo ‘mÌ AmnU Xodmbm àgÞ

36

H$ê$ eH$Vmoo. H$~raXmg Amnbr {eH$dU bmoH$m§Zm AW© hmoB©b Ago "Xmooho' (XmoZ AmoitMr H$drVm) À¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ {Xbr. ¶m§À¶m AZw¶m¶mZm H$~ran§Wr åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo.

JwéZmZH$ (gm.e. 1469-1539)

JwéZmZH$

Jwé ZmZH$ erI Y‘m©Mo g§ñWmnH$ hmo`. ¶m§Mm OÝ‘ gÜ¶mÀ¶m nm{H$ñVmZmVrb n§Om~‘Yrb Vid§S>r Jmdm‘Ü¶o 1469 gmbr Pmbm. dS>rbm§Mo Zmd ‘ohVmH$by (H$mbyM§X) Am{U AmB©Mo Zmd V¥ám hmoVo. JwéZmZH$ ¶m§Zr qhXÿ-‘wñbr‘ Y‘m©Vrb g‘mZ {dMmam§Zm bmoH$m‘Ü¶o R>mgyZ ‘m§S>bo. J§«W gmho~ ¶m {eIm§À¶m n{dÌ J«§Wm‘Ü¶o OnOr ZmdmZo AmoiIbo OmUmar JrVo AmhoV. XodmMo Zm‘ñ‘aU H$aUo d Mm§Jbo H$m¶© H$aÊ¶mbm {eIn§W ‘hËd XoVmo. {ó-nwéfm‘Yrb

g‘mZVo~Õb Omoa XoD$Z gm§{JVbo Amho. JwéZmZH$ ho AË¶§V AmpñVH$ hmoVo. {dídm‘Ü¶o Xod EH$M Amho Ago R>mgyZ gm§{JVbo. ’$gdUwH$, N>i, Mmoar, qhgm H$ê$ Z¶o, Jwé H$Sy>Z ^º$s d ^º$s ‘mJm©Zo ‘wº$s {‘i{dVm ¶oVo Ago gm§{JVbo. ‘yVunyOm, OmVnÕVr, gVrnÕVr Aem gm‘m{OH$ A{Zð> àWm§Mm Ë¶m§Zr {damoY Ho$bm. maV «‘U H$aVmZm Vo H$Zm©Q>H$bm XoIrb Ambo hmoVo. Ë¶m§Zr dmñVd Ho$boë¶m ~rXa‘Yrb ImobJQ> ñWimbm ZmZH$ Pam (JmoS> nmÊ¶mMm Pam) åhUyZ g§~moYVmV.

VwigrXmg

VwigrXmg (gm.e. 1532-1623)

CÎma maVm‘Yrb º$s ‘mJm©Mo à{VnmXZ H$aUmè¶mn¡H$s VwigrXmg AJ«JÊ¶ g§V hmoVo. ~«m÷U Hw$Qw>§~m‘Ü¶o OÝ‘boë¶m VwigrXmgmZr qhXr gm{hË¶mbm {Xbobr XoUJr ‘mobmMr Amho. ¶mZr "am‘M[aV ‘mZg' ¶m J«§WmMr aMZm Ho$br. qhXr gm{hË¶mVrb hr loð> H¥$Vr Amho. CÎma ^maVm‘Ü¶o "Vwigr am‘m¶U' åhUyZ hr H¥$Vr à{gÕ Amho. am‘^º$ VwigrXmgmZr X¡d^º$s, n[aewÕ OrdZ, {àVr, ào‘, ghZ{ebVm, CXma ^mdZm bmoH$mÀ¶m ‘Zm‘Ü¶o ê$O{dbo.

37

‘ram~mB© (gm.e. 1498-1569)

‘ram~mB©

"H${b¶wJmVrb amYm' ¶m ZmdmZo à{gÕ Agboë¶m

‘ram~mB© ^maV XoemVrb EH$ ‘hmZ {H$V©ZH$ma hmoË¶m.

Ë¶m§Mm OÝ‘ amOñWmZmVrb aOnyV amOKamÊ¶mV Pmbm.

amOm aVZqgJ ¶m§Mr ‘wbJr {‘am~mB©Mm ‘odmS>À¶m

amOHw$‘mam~amo~a {ddmh Pmbm. ~mbnZmnmgyZM

AmÜ¶mpË‘H$ AmoT> Agë¶m‘yio nyOm, Ü¶mZ Am{U

{H$V©Zm‘Ü¶o doi ì¶VrV H$arV hmoË¶m. ¶m§À¶m H¥$îU

^º$sbm gmgyMm H$R>moa {damoY hmoVm. ¶m ÌmgmZo {‘am~mB©Zo amO^moJmMm Ë¶mJ H$ê$Z lr

H¥$îUmÀ¶m joÌm‘Ü¶o åhUOo d¥§XmdZmbm Joë¶m. Ë¶m§Zr aMboë¶m {H$V©Zm‘Ü¶o ^º$s, ào‘

^ê$Z Amog§S>V hmoVo. {JarYa Jmonmb ho Ë¶m§À¶m ^Jd§VmMo Zmd hmoVo. Ë¶m§À¶m eoH$S>mo

ÔZm‘wio {_am~mB© OZ‘mZgmV AOam_a Pmë`m.

M¡VÝ¶ (gm.e. 1485-1533)

M¡VÝ¶

M¡VÝ¶ ¶m§Mm OÝ‘ npíM‘ ~§Jmb ‘Yrb Zd{Ûn (ZmS>r¶m)

¶oWo gm.e.1485 ‘Ü¶o Pmbm. dS>rb OJÞmW {‘lm d AmB©

g{MXodr hmo¶. {díd§~a ho M¡VÝ¶ ¶m§Mo nwduMo Zmd hmoVo ¶m§Mo Jwé

B©ídarnwar hmo¶. M¡VÝ¶ Amnë¶m d¶mÀ¶m 25 ì`m dfu g§gmamMm

Ë¶mJ H$ê$Z gÝ¶mg ñdrH$mabm. OmVrôXmMm {Vd« {damoY Ho$bm.

‘wº$sgmR>rMm EH$‘od ‘mJ© åhUOo º$s hmo¶ Aer {eH$dU Ë¶mZr

{Xbr. M¡VÝ¶ ¶m§Zr maVâ {VW©¶mÌm Ho$br Am{U ào‘mMm g§Xoe

{Xbm. ào‘, ~§YwVm Am{U XmZ{ebËd ho M¡VÝ¶m§À¶m CnXoemMm gmam§e Amho. gÜ¶mMo

haoH¥$îU n§W ¶m§À¶mnmgyZ à^m{dV Pmbo Amho. M¡VÝ¶ ¶mZm lr H¥$îUm§Mm AdVma

‘mZUmar ~§Jmb‘Yrb OZVm Ë¶m§Zm "M¡VÝ¶ ‘hmà^y' åhUyZ g§~mo{YV AgV.

38

^º$s n§Wm§Mo n[aUm‘

* ^º$s g§V ho qhXÿ-‘wñbr‘ ¶m§À¶mVrb g‘mZVm amIÊ¶mg H$maUr^yV Pmbo.

* ^º$s g§VmZr bmoH$m§À¶m ñWm{ZH$ ^mfoV gm{hË¶mMr aMZm Ho$br. Ë¶m‘wio

^maVr¶ ^mfm g‘¥Õ Pmë¶m.

gw’$s na§nam

qhXþ§À¶m‘Ü¶o H$~ra, H$ZH$Xmg, lr M¡VÝ¶ Aem g§Vm§Zr Y‘©OmJ¥Vr Ho$br. Ë¶mà‘mUo

‘pñb‘m§À¶m‘Ü¶o gw’$s g§Vm§Zr Y‘©OmJ¥Vr Ho$br. qhXÿ-‘wñbr‘ ¶m§À¶m EH$VogmR>r PQ>bo.

gw’$s n§WmMm CX¶ Aao{~`m‘Ü¶o hmoD$Z ^maVm‘Ü¶o àdoe Pmbm.

gw’$s hm eãX "gm’$' ¶m eãXmnmgyZ Ambm Amho. gm’$ åhUOo ewÕ AWdm

ñdÀN> Agm AW© hmoVmo. gmYo bmoH$ar H$nS>o KmbUmè¶m {dMmad§VmZm gw’$s åhUVmV.

gw’$s n§Wmbm Hw$amU ‘wiAmYma Amho.

gw’$s n§WmMo gma

1) Xod EH$M AgyZ Vmo gd© eº$s‘mZ Amho. AmnU gd© Ë¶mMr ‘wbo AmhmoV.

2) Mm§Jë¶m H$m‘mbm ‘hËd {Xbo Amho.

3) gd© ‘mZd g‘mZ AmhoV.

4) OmVr nÕVrMm {damoY Ho$bm Amho.

H$mbnaËdo ¶moJ, doXm§V Am{U ~m¡Õ Y‘m©À¶m ‘Vm§À¶m qMVZmZo, gw{’$g§V à^m{dV

Pmbo. Y‘© åhUOo ào‘, ‘mZdmMr godm ho gw’$sg§Vm§Mo ‘yi VËd Amho.

39

{ZOm‘wÔrZ Am¡{b¶m

ho maVmMo à‘wI gy’$s g§V hmo¶.

¶mZr {X„r ‘Ü¶o amhÿZ Jar~rMo OrdZ

ì¶VrV Ho$bo. JdVmÀ¶m H$mS>¶mMr

‘{eXr ho Ë¶m§À¶m CnH«$‘mMo H|$Ð

ñWmZ hmoVo. {X„rÀ¶m gwbVmZmZr XmZ

åhUyZ {Xboë¶m JmdmMm ¶mZr Ë`mJ

Ho$bm. amOH$maUmnmgyZ Xÿa am{hbo. Ë¶m§Zm ^oQ>m¶bm Amboë¶m ^º$mZm gX²>JwU Am{U

H$ê$UoMo (X¶oMo) g§Xoe XoV hmoVo.

»dmOm ~§XoZdmO

~§XoZdmO ho à{gÕ {MñVr gy’$s g§V hmo`. ho {X„rÀ¶m Zm{gê${ÔZ ¶m§Mo {eî¶

hmoVo. ~§XoZdmO åhUOo eaU ¶oUmè¶m§Mo ajU H$aUo Agm AW© hmoVmo. JogwXamO Ago

¶m§Mo Xþgao Zmd hmoVo. JogwXamO åhUOo "bm§~ Ho$gmMm' Agm AW© hmoVmo. ¶m AJmoXaMo

Zmd g¡¶X ‘h§‘X hþg¡Zr hmoVo. ¶m§Zm g§ñH¥$V, Aa~r, nmagr, XIZr (CXÿ©) Aem AZoH$

^mfm AdJV hmoË¶m. ho H$b~waJr ¶oWo am{hbo. amOm {’$amoO ehm ¶m§Mm Iyn Jm¡ad

H$aV hmoVo. ¶m§Zr XIZr ^mfo‘Ü¶o gm{hË¶mMr aMZm Ho$br. AmOXoIrb H$b~waJrÀ¶m

X½`m©‘Ü¶o ¶m§À¶m gm{hË¶mMo ^m§S>ma nmhÿ eH$Vmo. H$b~waJr‘Ü¶o àË¶oH$ dfu ¶m§Mm

Cê$g MmbVmo.

{MñVr n§W

gy’$s n§Wm‘Ü¶o {MñVr hm EH$ à‘wI JQ> hmoVm. ¶mMr ñWmnZm ‘wB{Z{ÔZ {MñVr

¶mZr Ho$br. ¶mZr AO‘oabm ¶oD$Z VoWoM Amnë¶m H|$ÐmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. Xod^º$s,

Jwégodm, gÝ‘mJm©Zo MmbUo hr {MñVr AZw¶m¶m§Mr bjUo hmoVr. {MñVtZm qhXÿ-‘wñbr‘

¶mVrb EH$Vo ~Õb H$miOr hmoVr. ¶mZr bmoH$m§À¶mgmR>r ñWm{ZH$ ^mfoVyZ J«§WaMZm

Ho$br. Am½è`mMo ’$Îmonya ¶oWrb gbr‘ {MñVr à{gÕ hmoVo.

40

g{b_ {MñVrMo WS>Jo, AmJ«m

bmhmoa (AmOMo nm{H$ñVmZ) : eoI B©ñ‘mBbAO‘oa : »dmOm ‘moBZw{ÔZ {MñVr{X„r : {ZOm‘wÔrZ Am¡{b¶mAH$m©Q> : Q>rny ‘ñVma Am¡{b¶mH$b~waJr : »dmOm ~§XoZdmO

H$mbJUZm (gm.e.)

{ZOm‘wÔrZ Am¡{b¶m 1238 Vo 1325

H$~raXmg 1440 Vo 1518

JwéZmZH$ 1469 Vo 1539

nwa§XaXmg 1480 Vo 1564

lr M¡VÝ¶ 1485 Vo 1533

{_am~mB© 1498 Vo 1569

H$ZH$Xmg 1508 Vo 1606

VwigrXmg 1532 Vo 1623

41

Aä`mg

I. ¶mo½¶ eãXmZo [aH$må¶m OmJm ^am.

1) A¸$‘hmXodr ¶m§À¶m dMZmMo YmaU Zmd ................ hmo¶.2) nwa§Xa Xmg ................... g§ñWmZm‘Ü¶o hmoVo.3) "Am{XHo$ed' ho ................. ¶m§Mo YmaU Zmd Amho.4) H$Zm©Q>H$Mo H$~ra Ago ................¶mZm åhUVmV.5) M¡VÝ¶ ¶m§Mo nyduMo Zmd ............... hmoVo.6) gw’$s g§V »dmOm ~§XoZdmO ¶m§Mo Xþgao Zmd ............... hmoVo.

II. Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dm³¶mV CÎmao {bhm.

1) Am§S>mi ¶m§Mo nyduMo Zmd H$m¶?

2) A¸$‘hmXodr ¶m§Mm OÝ‘ H$moR>o Pmbm?

3) H$Zm©Q>H$ g§{JVmMo {nVm‘h H$moU?

4) H$ZH$Xmgm§À¶m AmB© dS>rbm§Mo Zmd H$m¶?

5) àW‘ H$ÞS> ‘wñbr‘ H$dr H$moU?

6) {eIm§Mm n{dÌ J«§W H$moUVm?

7) H$br¶wJmVrb amYm Ago H$moUmbm g§~moYbo OmVo?

8) gw’$s nXmMm AW© {bhm.

9) ^maVmVrb gw’$s g§Vm§Mr Zmdo {bhm.

10) {MñVr n§WmMr ñWmnZm H$moUr Ho$br?

III. XmoZ AWdm VrZ dm³¶mV CÎmao {bhm.

1) H$~ra XmgmZr Ho$bobo CnXoe {bhm.

2) JwéZmZH$ ¶m§Mr {eH$dU {bhm.

3) ^º$s n§WmMo n[aUm‘ {bhm.

4) gy’$s n§WmMo gma {bhm.

42

IV A JQ>mVrb g§~§{YV ~ JQ>mVrb {df¶m§er OmoS>r Owidm.

A ~

JwéZmZH$ gy’$sg§V

M¡VÝ¶ erI Y‘©

{ZOm‘wÔrZ Am¡{b¶m H${b¶wJmMr amYm

{_am~mB© haoH¥$îU n§W

MMm© H$am.

^º$s g§Vm§À¶m {eH$dUr ~Õb MMm© H$am.

CnH«$‘

1) ^{º$g§V§mMr ^md{MÌo ‘m{hVrgh g§J«h H$am.

2) lr M¡VÝ¶, JwéZmZH$, {_am~mB©, VwigrXmg, H$~ra, gyaXmg, Am{U gy’$s

g§Vm§Mo OrdZ M[aÌ dmMm.

3) {_am~mB©Mr ^OZo EoH$m.

4) B§Q>aZoQ>dê$Z gy’$sg§Vm§Mo {dMma g§J«hrV H$am. ^maVmVrb AZoH$ Y‘m©Vrb

g‘mOmda Ë¶m§Mm nS>bobm à^md Am{U AmÎmmMm g‘mO ¶m {df¶mda MMm©

Am¶mo{OV H$ê$Z EH$ nmZ Ahdmb {bhm.

43

nmR> 4 Zm¶H$ nmioJma Am{U ZmS>à^y

nmR>mMm n[aM¶

{dO¶ZJaÀ¶m nVZmZ§Va H$mhr XeH$mV H$Zm©Q>H$ ‘w»¶ VrZ ^mJmV {d^mJbm Jobm. Vo åhUOoM {dO¶nya, Ho$iXr Am{U åh¡gwê$. {dO¶nya amÁ¶mÀ¶m nVZmZ§Va H$Zm©Q>H$mMm ~hþVoH$ ^mJ ‘moJb Am{U ‘amR>¶m§À¶m A{YnË¶mImbr Ambm. ¶m‘Ü¶o Amnbo amÁ¶ ñdV§ÌnUo gm§^miyZ Ho$iXr Am{U ‘¡gwê$ amOmZr {dO¶ZJaMr na§nam Amnmnë¶m àXoemV Mmby R>odbr. BVHo$M ZmhrVa {MÌXþJ©, ¶bh§H$m (~|Jiyé), gwanya BË¶mXr goZm {d^mJ {Z‘m©U Pmbo.

¶m nmR>mV Ho$iXrMo Zm¶H$, {MÌXþJ©Mo Zm¶H$, gwanyaMo Zm¶H$ Am{U ¶bh§H$mMo ZmS>à^y ¶m§À¶m H$m¶m©Mr ‘m{hVr {Xbobr Amho.

gm‘Ï¶}

1) ‘moR>o ì¶§H$Q>ßnm Zm¶H$ Am{U {edßnm Zm¶H$ ¶m§Mo H$m¶© g‘OyZ KoUo.

2) amZr MÞå‘mMr draJmWm g‘OyZ KoUo.

3) Ho$iXrÀ¶m Zm¶H$m§Mr naY‘© g{hîUyVoMm Jm¡ad g‘OyZ KoUo.

4) {MÌXþJ©À¶m nmMì¶m ‘XH$ar Zm¶H$mMo em¡¶© d H$m¶m©~Õb ‘m{hVr {‘i{dUo.

5) gyanyaMo ZmëdS>r d|H$Q>ßnm Zm¶H$ ¶m§À¶m H$m¶m©Mr AmoiI H$ê$Z KoUo.

6) gwanyaÀ¶m Zm¶H$m§Zr gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌmbm {Xboë¶m `moJXmZmMr ‘m{hVr {‘i{dUo.

7) ¶bh§H$mMo ZmS>à^y Agbobo n{hbo H|$noJm¡S>m Am{U Xþgao H|$noJm¡S>m ¶m§Mo H$m¶© g‘OyZ KoUo.

44

Ho$iXrMo Zm¶H$ (gm.e. 1499-1763)

Zm¶H$ {dO¶ZJa gm‘«mÁ¶mÀ¶m A{YnË¶mImbr AZoH$ bhmZ bhmZ amOo hmoVo.

¶mZm Zm¶H$ AWdm nmioJma åhUV. ho Zm¶H$ Amnë¶m Vmã¶mV Agboë¶m gr‘m§Mo

ajU H$aV. åhUyZ Ë¶m§Zm "nmio¶nÅz>' åhUV. Zm¶H$m‘Ü¶o Ho$iXr Am{U {MÌXþJmªMo

Zm¶H$ ho à‘wI hmoVo.

{dO¶ZJaÀ¶m H$mimV {ed‘mo½Jm {Oëh`mV Ho$iXr amÁ¶mMr ñWmnZm gm.e.

1499 ‘Ü¶o Pmbr. nwT>o Vo ñdV§Ì ~Zbo. Ho$iXrÀ¶m Zm¶H$mZr H$Zm©Q>H$Mr {H$ZmanÅ>r

d ‘bZmS> àXoemda amÁ¶H$ma^ma Ho$bm.

Ho$iXr g§ñWmZ {demb Am{U g§nÞ hmoVo. {ed‘mo½Jm, X{jU H$ÞS>, CSw>nr,

Ho$aiMo H$mgaJmoS>, H$moS>Jy, hmgZ, Vw‘Hy$é, {MÌXþJ©, YmadmS> Am{U CÎma H$ÞS> ¶m

^mJmMm Ho$iXr amÁ¶mV g‘mdoe hmoVm.

‘moR>o ì¶§H$Q>ßnm Zm¶H$ (gm.e. 1582-1629) ì¶§H$Q>ßnm Zm¶H$ Ho$iXr amOm‘Ü¶o

AË¶§V à{gÕ hmoVm. ¶mÀ¶m H$mimV Ho$iXr g§nyU© ñdV§Ì Pmbo. ¶mZr {H$ZmanÅ>r darb

M§Ð{Jar ZXrn¶ªV {dO¶ g§nmXZ Ho$bm. C„miMr amUr Aã~H$mÀ¶m ‘XVrZo ‘§Jiyé‘Ü¶o

nmoVw©JrOm§Mm nam^d Ho$bm. {dOmnyaÀ¶m AmXrbehmÀ¶m g¡Ý¶mMm nam^d H$ê$Z hmZJb

¶oWo {dO¶ñV§^ C^mabm. Ë¶mZo gd© Y‘m©Zm àmoËgmhZ {Xbo.

{edßnm Zm¶H$ (gm.e. 1645-1660)

{edßnm Zm¶H$ hm Ho$iXrMm à{gÕ amOm hmoVm. ¶mZo {H$ZmanÅ>rdarb nmoVw©JrOmH$Sy>Z

{H$„m qOHy$Z "npíM‘ g‘wÐmMm amOm' hr nXdr YmaU Ho$br. amÁ¶mÀ¶m ajUmgmR>r

~oH$b, M§Ð{Jar (Ho$ai) Am{U ‘§Jiyé B. {R>H$mUr gwa{jV {H$„o {Z‘m©U Ho$bo. Y‘m©da

lÕm Agboë¶m {edßnmZo Amnbo gm‘Ï¶© dmT>{dÊ¶mgmR>r AZoH$ ¶k Ho$bo.

45

ì¶mnma d¥ÕrgmR>r Jmoì`mÀ¶m ì¶mnmè¶mZm Amnë¶m amÁ¶mV ¶oD$Z ì¶mnma H$aÊ¶mg

àmoËgmhZ {Xbo. Jmoì¶mMo {¼ñVr eoVr‘Ü¶o {ZnyU hmoVo. Ë¶mZm Amnë¶m amÁ¶mV ñWbm§VarV

hmoÊ¶mg O‘rZ, n¡go XoD$Z àmoËgmhZ {Xbo.

{edßnm Zm¶H$mMr {gñVy {edßnm Zm¶H$mZr bmJy Ho$boë¶m ‘hgyb ì¶dñWobm

"{gñVy' Ago åhUVmV. ¶mnÕVrà‘mUo O{‘ZrMr CËnmXZ j‘Vm bjmV KoD$Z Ë¶mdê$Z

‘hgyb R>adbm OmV Ago. CËnÞmÀ¶m 1/3 ^mJ ‘hgyb ê$nmV g§J«{hV Ho$bm OmV

Ago. Aem H«$‘~Õ ‘hgyb ì¶dñWobm "{edßnm Zm¶H$mMr {gñVy' Ago åhUVmV.

¶m‘wio S>m|Jami Agboë¶m ^mJmMm {dH$mg Pmbm.

amUr MÞå‘mOr (gm.e. 1671-1696) {edßnm Zm¶H$Z§Va Ë¶m§Mr gyZ amUr

MÞå‘mZo amÁ¶ Mmb{dbo. {VZo ‘moJbm§À¶m g¡Ý¶mbm nidyZ bmdyZ {edmOr ‘hmamOm§Mm

‘wbJm amOmam‘bm g§ajU {Xbo. H$ÞS> amÁ¶mMr em¡¡¶©, Ë¶mJmMr ‘yVu MÞå‘mZo åh¡gyéÀ¶m

g¡Ý¶m~amo~a ¶wÕ Ho$bo.

Ho$iXr amOmZr Xodmb¶m§Mr, ‘R>m§Mr VgoM H$mamJ¥hmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. B¸o$arMo

AKmooaoída Xodmb¶ {eënH$bogmR>r à{gÕ Amho. ‘R> AÞN>Ì Am{U {ejUmMr H|$Ðo

hmoVr. gd© Y‘mªZm ^anya XmZ {Xbo. MÞ‘mOrZo ‘§JiyamV MM©gmR>r O‘rZ {Xbr.

‘¡gwê$ amÁ¶m~amo~a gVVMr ñnYm© Am{U Am§V[aH$ ¶wÕm‘wio Ho$iXr amÁ¶ Xþ~©b

~Zbo. nwT>o h¡XaZo Vo qOHy$Z KoVbo.

46

H$mbJUZm (gm.e.)

* Ho$iXr amÁ¶mMm H$m¶©H$mb : 1499-1763

* ‘moR>o ì¶§H$Q>ßnm Zm¶H$ : 1586-1629

* {edßnm Zm¶H$ : 1645-1660

* amUr MÞ‘mOr : 1671-1696

* h¡Xa AbrZo Ho$iXrMm nam^d Ho$bm : 1763

I] [aH$må¶m OmJm ¶mo½¶ eãXmZo ^am.

1) nmoVw©JrOmZm ha{dÊ¶mgmR>r ‘moR>çm d|H$Q>ßnm Zm¶H$mbm ‘XV Ho$bobr C„miMr amUr ....................hmo`.

2) amUr MÞå‘mZr ‘moJbmZm nidyZ bmdyZ ............. bm g§ajU {Xbo.

II] Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dm³¶mV CÎmao {bhm.

1) Ho$iXrÀ¶m B{VhmgmV npíM‘ g‘wÐmMm amOm Ago H$moUmbm åhUVmV?

2) Jmoì¶mÀ¶m {¼íMZmZm {edßnm Zm¶H$mZo H$go àmoËgm{hV Ho$bo?

3) {gñVy åhUOo H$m¶?

4) amUr MÞå‘mOr H$moU hmoË¶m?

III] XmoZ qH$dm VrZ dm³¶mV CÎmao Úm.

1) ‘moR>çm d|H$Q>ßnm Zm¶H$mMo H$m¶© H$moUVo?

2) Ho$iXrÀ¶m Zm¶H$mZr Ho$boë¶m H$m‘{JarMr ‘m{hVr {bhm.

{MÌXþJ©Mo Zm¶H$

{MÌXþJ©À¶m Zm¶H$mZm H$Zm©Q>H$mÀ¶m B{VhmgmV ‘moR>o ñWmZ Amho. Ë¶m§Zr 16 ì¶m

eVH$mnmgyZ 18 ì¶m eVH$mn¶ªV amÁ¶H$ma^ma Ho$bm.

13 Zm¶H$mZr 211 dfm©n¶ªV ¶m g§ñWmZmda amÁ¶ Ho$bo. ‘§Ìr {V‘ßnm Zm¶H$

(gm.e. 1568-1589) hm ¶m g§ñWmZMm n{hbm amOm hmo¶. n{hbm H$ñVwar a§Jßnm

47

Zm¶H$ (gm.e. 1603-1652), H$ñVwar {M¸$ÊUm Zm`H$ (gm. e.1675-1686) {~ƒw

JVr ^a‘mßnm Zm¶H$ (gm.e. 1689-1721) ‘moR>m ‘XH$ar Zm¶H$ (gm.e. 1721-

1749) BË¶mXr à{gÕ amOo hmoD$Z Jobo.

amOm dra ‘XH$ar Zm¶H$ (gm.e. 1754-1779)

hm {MÌXþJ©À¶m Zm¶H$mn¡H$s AË¶§V à~i Am{U à{gÕ amOm hmoVm. d¶mÀ¶m Ho$di

12 ì¶m dfu Vmo qghmgZmda ~gbm. ‘XH$arZo ~è¶mM ¶wÕm‘Ü¶o h¡Xa Abrbm ghmæ¶

Ho$bo hmoVo. na§Vw VargwÕm h¡Xa Abr ‘XH$ar Zm¶H$mÀ¶m em¡¶m©Mm ‘ZmVë¶m ‘ZmV

‘Ëga H$arV Ago. Ë¶mZo {MÌXþJ©À¶m gmV nXar {H$ëë`mbm doT>m KmVbm. nU Vmo mar

{H$„m qOH$Uo h¡Xabm e³¶ Pmbo Zmhr. Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶mÀ¶m g¡{ZH$mZr {H$ëë¶mV àdoe

H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m Jwá ‘mJm©Mm emoY bmdbm. nhmaoH$ar ZgVmZm Ë¶m ‘mJm©Zo {H$ëë¶mV àdoe

H$aÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ Ho$bm. Ë¶mdoir nhmaoH$è¶mMr nËZr Amoã~ìdm {hZo ~mOybm Agboë`m

‘wgimZo AZoH$ eÌy g¡{ZH$mZm R>ma Ho$bo. AmOgwÕm Amnë¶mbm {MÌXþJ© {H$ë¶mÀ¶m

npíM‘obm "Amoã~ìdmMr qIS>' nhmd¶mg {‘iVo.

ñdV…bm nam^yV Z ‘mZVm h¡Xa AbrZo nwÝhm EH$Xm {MÌXþJ©bm doT>m {Xbm. ¶§H$a

¶wÕ Pmbo. ¶m ¶wÕmV ‘XH$arMm nam^d Pmbm. ‘XH$arÀ¶m amOdQ>r ~amo~a {MÌXþJ©À¶m

Zm¶H$m§Mm d§e g§nwï>mV Ambm.

{MÌXþJ© hm EH$ S>m|Jar AmH$f©H$ {H$„m Amho. g‘H|$ÐrV gmV VQ>mZr ~§XrñV Amho.

Ë¶mÀ¶m AmV H$mhr Xodmb¶o d Vbmd AmhoV. {MÌXþJ©À¶m Zm¶H$mZr AZoH$ Xodmb¶m§Mr

{Z{‘©Vr Ho$br. ^a‘gmJa Am{U ^r‘g‘wÐ hr Obme¶o Ë¶m§Mr XoUJr Amho. Amnë¶m

em¡¶© d gmhgmgmR>r Vo à{gÕ hmoVo.

48

H$mbJUZm (gm.e.)

{Vå‘ÊUm Zm¶H$ : 1568-1589

{~ƒwJÎmr ^a‘ßnm Zm¶H$ : 1689-1721

‘moR>o> ‘XH$ar Zm¶H$ : 1721-1749

amOm dra ‘XH$ar Zm¶H$ : 1754-1779

Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dm³¶mV CÎmao {bhm.

1) ‘Îmr {Vå‘ÊUm Zm¶H$ H$moU hmoVm?

2) amOm dra ‘XH$ar Zm¶H$ ¶m~Õb {Q>nm {bhm.

3) AmoZHo$ Amoã~dmMo AmnU AmOhr ñ‘aU H$m H$aVmo?

4) {MÌXþJ©À¶m Zm¶H$mZr {Z‘m©U Ho$boë¶m Vbmdm§Mr Zmdo {bhm.

gwanyaMo Zm¶H$

¶mX{Jar {Oëh¶mVrb gwanya ho H¥$îUm Am{U ^r‘m ZÚm§À¶m ‘Ü¶o dgbobo hmoVo.

gm.e. 1636 nmgyZ 1858 n¶ªV EHy$U 12 Zm¶H$ amOmZr amÁ¶H$ma^ma Mmbdbm.

"JÈ>r{nÈ>Zm¶H$' hm ¶m KamÊ¶mMm g§ñWmnH$ hmo¶. Ë¶m§Mo nyd©O {dOmnyaÀ¶m g¡Ý¶m‘Ü¶o

hmoVo. {dO¶ZJaÀ¶m AdZVrZ§Va doJdoJù`m JQ>mV {d^mJbo Jobo.

Ë¶mZ§Va {dO`nyaÀ¶m AmXrbehmÀ¶m gm§JÊ¶mdê$Z "dmJrZJoar' ¶oWo Amnbm

amÁ¶H$ma^ma gwê$ Ho$bm. {nVm§~ar ~har {nÅ>Zm¶H$ (gm.e. 1687-1726) ¶mZo 1707

‘Ü¶o gwanyaMr {Z{‘©Vr H$aV Ë¶mbm amOYmZrMm XOm© {Xbm.

Ë¶mZ§Va {~«Q>re Am{U h¡Ðm~mXÀ¶m {ZOm‘mZr EH$‘V H$ê$Z ho g§ñWmZ Amnë¶m

A{YnË¶mImbr KoVbo. amOm H¥$îUßnm Zm¶H$ Z§Va Ë¶mMm ‘wbJm amOm ZmëdS>r d|H$Q>ßnm

Zm¶H$ (gm.e. 1843-1858) hm A{YH$mamda Ambm. Ë¶mMdoir CÎma maVm‘Ü¶o àW‘

ñdmV§Ì g§J«m‘ (gm.e. 1857) Mr Pi gwanyabm ¶oD$Z YS>H$br. ZmëdS>r d|H$Q>ßnm

Zm¶H$Zo X{jU ^maVmVrb gd© amOmZm EH$Ì H$ê$Z {~«Q>rem§À¶m {déÕ bT>Ê¶mg g‚m

Ho$bo. Aa~, amo{hb ¶mZmgwÕm g¡Ý¶mV g‘mdoe H$ê$Z KoVbm.

49

EdT>oM Zìho Va g¡Ý¶mbm à{ejU XoÊ¶mg gwê$dmV Ho$br. hr gd© ‘m{hVr {~«Q>re

A{YH$mar "Wm°Z© {hb' bm {‘imë¶mda 24 {S>g|~a 1857 amoOr Ë¶mZr H°$ßQ>Z H±$~b

¶mZm nÌ {bhÿZ VmVS>rZo H$madmB© H$aÊ¶mMm AmXoe {Xbm.

{~«Q>rem§À¶m g¡Ý`mMm EH$ JQ> 1858 ‘Ü¶o gwanya ‘Ü¶o Kwgbm. XmoÝhr JQ>m‘Ü¶o

MH$‘H$ CS>mbr. amJmZo bmb hmoD$Z gwanyaMo g¡Ý¶ ñQy>AQ>©da Mmb H$ê$Z Jobo. VgoM

Ë¶mMr hmS>o ‘moS>br. Ý¶y~oarbm R>ma ‘mabo. BH$S>o ZmëdS>r d|H$Q>ßnm Zm¶H$ {deof Ago

Aa~ amo{hbMo g¡Ý¶ AmUÊ¶mg h¡Ðm~mXbm Jobm. {VH$S>o {~«Q>re gwanya‘Ü¶o Kygbo.

Ë¶m§Zr gwanyaMm nam^d H$ê$Z Amnë¶m Vmã¶mV KoVbo. h¡Ðm~mX‘Ü¶o {’$aUmè¶m ZmëdS>r

d|H$Q>ßnm Zm¶H$§mMr ‘m{hVr dZnVu amOmH$Sy>Z EoHy$Z h¡Ðm~mX {ZOm‘Mm àYmZ‘§Ìr

gmbmaO§JZo {~«Q>remH$Sy>Z ñdV…bm ’$m¶Xm hmoB©b. ¶m CÔoemZo {~«Q>rem§Zm gmW {Xbr.

{~«Q>rem§Zr ZmëdS>r d|H$Q>ßnm Zm¶H$bm qgH$Xam~mX ¶oWo ~§Xr ~Zdbo. Z§Va Mm¡H$er

Ho$br d ‘¥Ë¶yX§S>mMr {ejm {Xë¶mMo ZmQ>H$ Ho$bo.

[~«Q>re ‘oS>mog Q>obaÀ¶m ‘mJUr nÌmà‘mUo Cƒm{YH$ma Agbobm JdZ©a OZabZo

amÁ¶mÀ¶m ‘¥Ë¶y X§S>mMr {ejm aÔ H$ê$Z 4 df} VS>rnmaMr {ejm gwZmdÊ¶mV Ambr.

Ë¶mbm ‘Ðmg OdiÀ¶m M§JbnoQ> {H$ëë¶mV R>odÊ¶mgmR>r KoD$Z OmV AgVmZm añ¶m‘Ü¶o

{dlm§VrgmR>r Wm§~bobo AgZmZm Mm¡Ï`m d|H$Q>ßnm Zm¶H$mbm {~«Q>remZr YmoŠ`mZo Jmoir

‘mê$Z R>ma Ho$bo. VgoM Ë¶mZo AmË‘hË¶m Ho$ë¶mMr ImoQ>r ~mV‘r nga{dbr. Ë¶mZ§Va

{~«Q>remZr h¡Ðm~mX {ZOm‘mbm gwanya ho ^oQ>rXmIb {Xbo. Ë¶mnwT>rb gd© g§ñWm{ZH$mZr

{ZOm‘mÀ¶m A{YnË¶mImbr H$m¶© Mmb{dbo. eodQ>r 17 gßQ>|~a 1948 VmaIobm h¡Ðm~mX

{ZOm‘ ho g§ñWmZ ^maVmV {dbrZ Pmbo VoìhmM gwanya gwÕm ^maVmV {dbrZ Pmbo.

50

gwanya Zm¶H$m§À¶m amOH$s¶ M[aÌmà‘mUoM Ë¶m§Zr gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌmbmgwÕm Amnbr

EH$ doJir XoUJr {Xbobr Amho. Ë¶mZr AZoH$ bmoH${hV H$m¶©H«$‘ am~{dë¶m‘wio Vo

AmOhr OZgm‘mÝ¶m§À¶m ‘Zm‘Ü¶o AmhoV. Vir, {dhrar, Xodmb¶o, amOdmS>o, {H$„o

B. {Z‘m©U Ho$bo. AZoH$m§Zm Ohm±Jrar {Xbr. EdT>oM ZgwZ Amnbo Hw$bX¡dV {VénVr

d|H$Q>am‘Z Am{U Jmonmbñdm‘rÀ¶m amoOÀ¶m nyOogmR>r CËgdmgmR>r OhmJrar, VgoM

^y‘r BZm‘ åhUyZ {Xbobr Amho. ¶m§À¶m H$mimV AZoH$ H$bmH$ma, Jm¶H$, {MÌH$ma,

{eënH$ma gm{h[Ë¶H$ Aml¶mbm hmoVo. AZoH$ ‘m¡ë¶dmZ gm{hË¶ H¥$VtMr {Z{‘©Vr ¶mM

H$mimV Pmbr. Vo gd©Y‘© g‘^md OnV hmoVo. {MÌH$bo‘Ü¶o gwanyaÀ¶m Zm¶H$ KamÊ¶mbm

à‘wI ñWmZ hmoVo. VoWrb {MÌH$boZo V§Ì Am{U Cƒ ñWmZ àmá Ho$bo hmoVo. _¡gyéMr

gm§àXm{¶H$ H$bmH¥$Vr, {dO¶ZJaÀ¶m e¡brMr {MÌo hr {dO`nwa AmXrbehmÀ¶m

KamÊ¶mnojm gwanyaÀ¶m {MÌH$boMo doJioM d¡{eð>¶ hmoVo.

b§S>ZMo H$bm g§J«hmb¶, B§½b§S>Mr {d{dY ehao, {X„r, ‘w§~B©, h¡Ðm~mXMo àmMrZ

dñVwg§J«hmb¶ Am{U gmbmaO§J dñVy g§J«hmb¶‘Ü¶o Aem H$bmH¥$Vr nhm¶bm {‘iVmV.

H$mbJUZm

* gwanya Zm¶H$m§Mm H$mbI§S> : 1636-1858

* {nVm§~ar ~har {nÈ>Zm¶H$ : 1687-1726

* Mm¡Wo d|H$Q>ßnm Zm¶H$ : 1843-1858

* gwanyaMm A§V : 9 ’o$~«wdmar 1948

* gwanya g§ñWmZ ^maVmV {dbrZ Pmbo : 17 gßQ>|~a 1948

51

I. Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dm³¶mV CÎmao {bhm.

1) gwanya g§ñWmZMm g§ñWmnH$ H$moU?

2) gwanyaMr amOYmZr H$moUr {Z‘m©U Ho$br?

II. Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao JQ>mV MMm© H$ê$Z {bhm.

1) Mm¡Ï`m d|H$Q>ßnm Zm¶H$mÀ`m H$m¶m©Mr {Q>nm {bhm.

2) gwanya Zm¶H$m§À¶m gm§ñH¥${VH$ `moJXmZm~Õb {bhm.

¶bh§H$m ZmS>à^y

¶bh§H$m ¶m KamÊ¶mMm g§ñWmnH$ aU^¡aoJm¡S>m ho hmoVo. Ë¶mÀ¶mZ§Va O¶Jm¡S>m,

{JÈ>oJm¡S>m, H|$nZ§OoJm¡S>m Aem H$mhr à‘wImZr amÁ¶H$ma^ma gm§^mibm. ¶m KamÊ¶mVrb

bmoH${à¶ amOm åhUOo ‘moR>o H|$noJm¡S>m ho hmoVo. Ë¶m§À¶m‘wioM ¶bh§H$mMo ZmS>à^y ho

H|$noJm¡S>m KamUo åhUyZ à{gÕ Pmbo. ho {dO¶ZJaMo goZm{YH$mar hmoVo. nwT>o 16-18

ì¶m eVH$mn¶ªV ~|Jiyé. am‘ZJa, Vw‘Hy$é Am{U AI§S> H$mobma {OëømVrb H$mhr

^mJmda amÁ¶ Ho$bo. ~|Jiyé hr ¶bh§H$m ¶m§Mr amOYmZr Agë¶mZo ¶bh§H$m ZmS>à^y

AgoM g§~moYÊ¶mV Ambo. Z§Va ~|Jiyé d ‘mJS>r ô¶m Ë¶m§À¶m amOYmÝ¶m Pmë¶m.

n{hbm H|$noJm¡S>m (gw‘mao gm.e. 1532-1597) : n{hë¶m H|$noJm¡S>mZo ~|Jiyé

ehamMr ñWmnZm gm.e. 1537 gmbr Ho$br. Ë¶mZo ~|JiyéV {H$„m ~m§YyZ VoWyZ

amÁ¶H$ma^ma Ho$bm. ~|JiyéVrb ~gdZJwS>r ¶oWrb ~gd Xodmb¶, hbgyamVrb gmo‘oída

Xodmb¶m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr Am{U Jdr J§JmYaoída Xodmb¶mMm {OUm}Yma Ho$bm. ~|Jiyé‘Ü¶o

AZoH$ Vir {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mMm ‘mZ n{hë¶m H|$noJm¡S>m§Zm OmVmo. Ë¶mn¡H$s H|$nm§~wYr Vio,

Y‘mª~wYr Vio, hbgwê$ Vio VgoM g§n§Jr Vio hr H$mhr hmoV. {edJ§Jm J§JmYaoídamMm

na‘^º$ Agboë¶m nm{hë¶m H|$noJm¡S>mZo Kao, VgoM AJ«hmam§Mr {Z{‘©Vr Ho$br. Y‘©à^w

Agboë¶m H|$noJm¡S>mbm "àOmdËgb' Aer {~ê$Xmdbr hmoVr.

52

Xþgam H|$noJm¡S>m (gw‘mao gm.e.1597-1641) : Xþgam H|$noJm¡S>m hm n{hë¶m

H|$noJm¡S>mMm ‘wbJm hmo¶. ¶mÀ¶m H$mimV {dO¶nwaÀ¶m AmXrb ehm aUXþ„m ImZ `mZo

gm.e. 1638 ‘Ü¶o ~|Jiyé qOHy$Z Amnë¶m Vmã¶mV KoVbo. Ë¶mZ§Va Ë¶mZo Amnbr

amOYmZr ‘mJS>r ¶oWo dgdyZ VoWyZ amÁ¶H$ma^ma Mmb{dbm.

Aem àH$mao ¶m§À¶m dmagmZm ‘mJS>r H|$noJm¡S>m Ago åhUy bmJbo. Xþgè`m H|$noJm¡S>mZo

~|Jiyé ehamVrb Mma Jmonya {Z‘m©U Ho$bo. ¶mÀ¶m H$mimV ~|JiyéMm {dH$mg Pmbm.

‘mJS>r gmdZXþJ©, hþbr¶yé XþJ©, hþÌr XþJ© ¶m {H$ëë¶m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr Ho$br. Amnë¶m

d{S>bmà‘mUoM ¶mZohr ZdrZ IoS>r, Xodmb¶o Am{U Vbmdm§Mr {Z{‘©Vr Ho$br.

Xþgè¶m H|$noJm¡S>mZo ñdV…Mm ‘wbJm ‘å‘S>r H|$noJm¡S>mbm ‘mJS>r àm§V VgoM H|$noJm¡S>mbm

Hw$UrJb hm àm§V {Xbm. _å‘S>r H|$noJm¡S>m (gm.e. 1641-1674) ¶mÀ¶mdoir XþîH$mi

nS>bm hmoVm. åhUyZ H|$ngmJa ¶m Vi`mMr {Z{‘©Vr H$aÊ¶mV Ambr. Bå_S>r _moR>o.

H|$noJm¡S>mZr (gw‘mao gm.e. 1641-1662) hm dra ¶moÕm ZìhVm Va ~hþ mfm n§S>rV ‘mÌ

hmoVm. Ë¶mbm "Zd H${dVm Jw§^nw§^dmUr' Aer nXdr hmoVr. Ë¶mZo amUrgmR>r Hw$UrJb

Am{U hþbr¶yé ¶m {H$ëë¶mV AJ«hma, Vbmd, Xodmb¶ BË¶mXtMr {Z{‘©Vr Ho$br.

nwT>o ¶bh§H$m ZmS>à^y g§ñWmZ åh¡gyé g§ñWmZmV {dbrZ Pmbo.

H$mbJUVZm (gm.e.)

n{hbm H|$noJm¡S>m : 1532-1597

Xþgam H|$noJm¡S>m : 1597-1641

_å_S>r H|$noJm¡S>m : 1641-1674

n{hbm _moR>m H|$noJm¡S>m : 1641-1662

53

‘m{hV Agy Úm

H|$noJm¡S>mZo {Z‘m©U Ho$bobo H$mdby Jmonya ¶oWo AmhoV. CÎmaobm-‘o¼rd¥Îm,

X[jUobm-bmb~mJ, nyd©obm-Abgwé, npíM‘obm-JdrJ§JmYaoída

Aä`mg

I. EH$m dm³¶mV CÎmao {bhm.

1) ¶bh§H$m ZmS>à^y KamÊ¶mMm g§ñWmnH$ H$moU?

2) ~|Jiyé ehamMr ñWmnZm H$moUr Ho$br?

3) ¶bh§H$m ZmS>à^y§À¶m amOYmZrMr Zmdo gm§Jm ? H|$noJm¡S>mMr {~ê$Xmdbr

H$moUVr?

4) Bå_S>r _moR>o H|$noJm¡S>mZr H$moUVr nXdr YmaU Ho$br?

II. XmoZ VrZ dm³¶mV CÎmao {bhm.

1) n{hë¶m H|$noJm¡S>mÀ¶m H$m¶m©Mo dU©Z H$am.

2) Bå_S>r H|$noJm¡S>m~Õb {Q>nm {bhm.

CnH«$‘

¶bh§H$mÀ¶m ZmS>n«^yZr ~|Jiyé VgoM n[agmVrb AZoH$ Vi¶m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr Ho$br.

gÚm OmñV Vbmdm§Mr Amdí¶H$Vm Amho. ¶mda MMm© H$am. gaH$mabm nmR>dm`bm

Ahdmb V¶ma H$am.

54

nmR> 5 _¡gyaMo dS>o¶a

nmRmMm> n[aM¶

¶m nmR>mV ‘¡gyéÀ¶m dS>o¶a KamÊ¶mMm n[aM¶ {Xbobm Amho. Ë¶mZ§Va h¡Xa Abr Am{U {Q>ny gwbVmZ ¶m§Mm n[aM¶ H$ê$Z {Xbobm Amho. ZmëdS>r H¥$îUamO dS>o¶a gmo~V à‘wI dS>o¶am§Mm n[aM¶ {Xbobm Amho. à‘wI {XdmUm§Mr ‘m{hVr {Xbobr Amho.

‘¡gyéMo dS>o¶am§Zr {dO¶ZJaÀ¶m amÁ¶ KamÊ¶mVrb na§nam nwT>o MmbdyZ g‘mO-g§ñH¥$VrMr Anma godm Ho$br Amho. gwXrK© H$mi amÁ¶H$ma^ma H$ê$Z OZVoÀ¶m {dídmgmg nmÌ R>abo hmoVo.gm_Ï`}

1] {M¸$Xodam`Mr H$maH$sX© g_OyZ KoUo.2] h¡Xa Abr Am{U {Q>ny gwbVmZ `mZr {~«{Q>em {déÕ Ho$boë`m bT>mB©Mr

H$maUo d n[aUm_ g_OUo.3] h¡Xa Abr d {Q>ny gwbVmZ `m§Mo `moJXmZ OmUyZ KoUo.4] H¥$îUamO dS>o`a `mMr H$maH$sX© OmUyZ KoUo.5] _¡gyé g§ñWmZmVrb Eo{Vhm{gH$ {R>H$mUo ZH$memda AmoiIUo.

‘¡gyéMo à‘wI dS>o¶a

¶Xþam¶ ‘¡gyé dS>o¶a n{hbm (gm.e. 1399-1423) amOm hmo`. amÁ¶mMo à{VH$ J§S>^oê§$S> hmoVo. dS>o¶am§Mr gwê$dmVrMr amOYmZr lra§JnÅ>U hr hmoVr.

{M¸$Xodam¶ dS>o¶a (gm.e. 1673-1704)

{M¸$Xodam¶

gwê$dmVrÀ¶m amOmn¡H$s {M¸$ XodamO dS>o¶a hm à‘wI amOm hmoVm. Ë¶mZo AZoH$ bmoH${à¶ H$m¶} Ho$br. Ë¶mZo amOYmZrV amÁ¶H$ma^mamgmR>r 18 emIm§Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br. ¶mbmM "AR>am H$Moar' Ago åhUVmV. lra§JnÅ>UmÀ¶m npíM‘obm H$mdoar ZXrda YaU ~m§YyZ eoVrgmR>r nmÊ¶mMr gmo¶ Ho$br. amÁ¶H$ma^mamV IM© H$‘r H$ê$Z OmñV à‘mUmV {ZYr g§J«h Ho$bm. Ë¶m‘wioM "ZdH$moQ> Zmam¶U' hr nXdr YmaU Ho$br.

55

{M¸$ Xodam¶m§À¶m H$mimV ‘¡gyé ho g§nÞ amÁ¶ hmoVo. Ë¶m§À¶m ‘aUmZ§Va Xþ~©i amOo JmXrda Ambo. Ë¶m‘wio XbdmB© ZmdmÀ¶m A{YH$mè¶mZo H$ma^ma Mmb{dbm.

AR>am H$Moar, ‘¡gyé

h¡Xa Abr Am{U {Q>ny gwbVmZ

h¡XaAbr (gm.e. 1761-1782)

h¡Xa Abr

h¡Xa Abr XidmB© Z§XamOmÀ¶m g¡Ý¶mV g‘W© goZmnVr

hmoVm. eya Am{U gmhgr h¡Xa AbrZo ¶wÕmV {dO¶ {‘idV

Amnbo g¡Ý¶~i d g§nÎmr dmT>{dbr. Z§Va ~|JiyéV ‘amR>¶m§Mm

nam^d Ho$bm. Ë¶mgmR>r amOmZo Ë¶mMm Jm¡ad Ho$bm. ‘¡gyé

amÁ¶mV Jm|YimMr pñWVr {Z‘m©U Pmbr hmoVr. amOYmZrV

g¡{ZH$m§Zr ~§S> nwH$mabo. Voìhm h¡XaZo XidmB© Z§XamOmZm {Zd¥Îm

H$ê$Z ñdV… amÁ¶m{YH$mar Pmbm. ¶mà‘mUo ‘¡gyé amÁ¶mV EH$

eº$s embr ì¶º$s nwT>o Ambr. ñdV…bm amÁ¶mMm H$m¶©H$Vm©

Ago åhUV Xþgè¶m H¥$îUXodam¶bm ~§Xr Ho$bo d AmnU amOm Pmbm.

56

A{YH$ma {‘imë¶mZ§Va bJoM amÁ¶mMm {dñVma H$aÊ¶mg gwê$dmV Ho$br. Ho$iXrÀ`m

amÁ`mMm nam^d Ho$bm. VoWrb Anma g§nÎmr bwQ>ÿZ AmUyZ A{W©H$ pñWVr AmUIr

g‘¥Õ Ho$br. Iwn à¶ËZmZ§Va {MÌXþJ©Mm {H$„m Amnë¶m Vmã¶mV KoVbm.

{~«Q>rem~amo~a g§Kf© ì¶mnmamÀ¶m {Z{‘ÎmmZo ^maVmV Amboë¶m {~«Q>remZr H«$‘mH«$‘mZo amOH$s¶ eº$s

{dH$grV Ho$br. h¡XaMm X{jU ^maVmVrb amÁ¶ {dñVma Ë¶m§Zm ghZ Pmbm Zmhr.

Ë¶m‘wioM h¡Xa Abr Am{U {~«Q>re ¶m§À¶mVrb g§Kf© A{Zdm¶© hmoVm.

h¡Xa Abr Am{U Ë¶mMm ‘wbJm {Q>ny gwbVmZ ¶mZr {~«Q>rem{dê$Õ Ho$boë¶m Mma ¶wÕmZm "A±½bmo ‘¡gyé ¶wÕ' qH$dm "‘¡gyé ¶wÕ' Ago åhUVmV.

n{hë¶m A±½bmo ‘¡gyé ¶wÕmV h¡Xa AbrÀ¶m AmH«$‘UmZo {~«Q>rem§Mr ’$ma hmZr Pmbr.

Ë¶m‘wio {Zénm` Pmë¶mZo {~«Q>re Vh H$aÊ¶mg amOr Pmbo. ‘Ðmg ¶oWo Pmboë¶m ¶m

VhmVrb ‘w»¶ ~m~r åhUOo h¡Xa Abr qH$dm {~«Q>re ¶m§À¶mda Oa H$moUr eÌyZo AmH«$‘U

Ho$ë¶mg nañnamZm ‘XV H$aUo hm hmoVm. ¶m Vhm_wio h¡Xa AbrMo _hËd dmT>bo.

H$mhr dfm©Z§Va ‘amR>çm§Zr ‘¡gyéda AmH«$‘U Ho$bo. Ë¶mdoir ‘ÐmgÀ¶m VhmZwgma

{~«Q>re h¡Xa AbrÀ¶m ghmæ¶mbm Z ¶oVm VQ>ñW am{hbo. ¶m‘wio {MS>boë¶m h¡XaZo MS>’$Sy>Z

{~«Q>rem§er ¶wÕ Ho$bo. Ë¶mbmM A±½bmo ‘¡gwéMo Xþgao ¶wÕ Ago åhUVmV. ¶wÕ Mmby

AgVmZmM AZmamo½`m‘wio h¡Xa AbrMm ‘¥Ë¶y Pmbm. nwT>o {Q>ny gwbVmZZo ¶wÕ Mmby R>odbo.

h¡Xa AbrMo H$m¶© : h¡Xa AbrZo Amnë¶m g‘H$mbrZ amOH$s¶m§Zm Mm§JboM

g‘OyZ KoVbo hmoVo. Ë¶mbm {bhrVm dmMVm `oV ZìhVo Var Ë`mbm H$ÞS> g{hV H$mhr

^mfm AdJV hmoË`m. Ë¶mZo ‘¡gwê$ amÁ¶mMm {dñVma Ho$bm. eya ¶moÕm d Xj amOH$maUr

Agboë¶m h¡Xa Abrbm H$Zm©Q>H$mÀ¶m B{VhmgmV n«‘wI ñWmZ Amho. ~|Jiyé ‘Yrb

bmb~mJoMr gwê$dmV ¶mZoM Ho$br.

57

{Q>ny gwbVmZ (gm.e. 1782-1799)

{Q>ny gwbVmZ

h¡Xa AbrMm ‘wbJm {Q>ny hmo¶. Amnë¶m dS>rbm§À¶m ~amo~a ¶wÕmV ^mJ KoD$Z {dO¶ {‘i{dUmam {Q>ny gwbVmZ dra VéU hmoVm. Ë`mZo ñdV…bm gwbVmZ Kmo{fV Ho$bo.

Ë¶mZo dS>rbm§À¶m {ZYZmZ§Va gwÕm ¶wÕ gwê$ R>odbo. Ë¶mdoir {Q>nyÀ¶m ‘XVrbm H$moUr Ambo Zmhr. {Q>ny EH$Q>m nS>bm. VargwÕm Ë¶mZo {~«Q>rem§Zm Vm|S> {Xbo. eodQ>r {~«Q>rem§Zr ‘§Jiya H$ama Ho$bm. Vmo XmoÝhr njm§Zm {hVH$maH$ hmoVm. XmoKmZrhr {O§H$bobm àXoe Á¶mMm Ë¶mbm naV XoD$Z ¶wÕ H¡$ÚmZm ‘wº$ Ho$bo.

AënH$mimV {Q>ny Am{U {~«Q>re ¶m§À¶mV XmoZ ¶wÕo Pmbr. {Q>ny Am{U {~«Q>re ¶m§À¶mVrb Ûof Am{U A{dídmg ¶m ¶wÕmZm H$maUr^yV R>abm.

{Vgè¶m ‘¡gyê$ ¶wÕmV {~«Q>remZr {Q>nyda AmH«$‘U Ho$bo. amOYmZr lra§JnÅ>Ubm doT>m KmVbm. {Q>nyH$S>o Xþgam H$moUVmM ‘mJ© Z Caë¶m‘yio {~«Q>rem~amo~a lra§JnÅ>U ¶oWo em§Vr H$ama Ho$bm. ¶m em§Vr H$amamZwgma Ë¶mMo AY} amÁ¶ [~«Q>rem§Zm {Xbo. ¶wÕmMo n[ahma YZ åhUyZ 330 bj ê$n¶o {Xbo. VgoM Amnë¶m XmoÝhr ‘wbmZm Ë¶m§À`mH$S>o Amobrg R>odbo.

¶wÕmÀ¶m n[aUm‘m‘wio {Q>ny An‘mZrV Pmbm.

{~«Q>remZm maVmVyZ hmH$byZ XoÊ¶mMm g§H$ën Ho$bm.

hrM Mm¡Ï`m ‘¡gwê$ ¶wÕmMr Zm§Xr R>abr. ¶wÕmV

{~«Q>rem§Zr lra§JnÅ>Ubm doT>m KmVbm. {Q>ny dra d¥ÎmrZo

ËdofmZo bT>V AgVmZmM 1799 gmbr ‘aU nmdbm.

{Q>ny "‘¡gwê$Mm dmK' ¶m ZmdmZo à{gÕ Pmbm.

{Q>ny gwbVmZmÀ¶m ‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va ‘¡gwê$ amÁ¶ {~«Q>rem§À¶m

Vmã¶mV Ambo. {~«Q>rem§Zr dS>o¶a KamÊ¶mÀ¶m ‘wå‘S>r

H¥$îUamO dS>o¶a ¶m§À¶mH$S>o ho amÁ¶ gmon{dbo.

VargwÕm ‘¡gwê$ amÁ¶ {~«Q>rem§À¶m A{YnË¶mImbrM

am{hbo.

Aa~r g_wÐ

58

{Q>ny gwbVmZmMo ì¶º$s‘Ëd d H$m¶© : {dkmZ joÌmVrb H$m¶m©~Õb Ë¶mbm CÎm‘ OmU hmoVr. Ë¶mÀ¶mH$S>o CÎm‘ J«§Wmb¶ hmoVo. ~|JiyéMm amOdmS>m, lra§JnÅ>U‘Yrb CÝhmir amOdmS>m (X[a¶m Xm¡bV) {Z‘m©U Ho$bm. amOdmS>¶mÀ¶m {^§Vr, N>ßna Am{U Im§ã¶m§da gw§Xa Zjr AmhoV.

~|JiyéMm amOdmS>m

X[a¶m Xm¡bV, lra§JnÅ>U

• {Q>nyZo amÁ¶mÀ¶m g‘¥ÕrgmR>r ’$ma à¶ËZ Ho$bo. aoe‘r ì¶dgm¶ amÁ¶mV ì¶mnH$

à‘mUmV bmoH${à¶ Ho$bm. ho Ë¶mMo {deof H$m¶© hmo¶. H$mJX V¶ma H$aÊ¶mMm H$maImZm

h[aha‘Ü¶o ñWmnZ Ho$bm. ’o«§$M A{YH$mè¶mÀ¶m ghH$m¶m©Zo Amnbo g¡Ý¶ AË¶mYw{ZH$

59

eómómZr g‚m Ho$bo. lra§JnÅ>U ¶oWo {‘lYmVy§Mm ~§XÿH$ H$maImZm Mmby Ho$bm. {Q>nyZo

am°Ho$Q> dmnamMo V§ÌkmZ {dH${gV Ho$bo ho {deof hmo¶.

• {Q>nyZo H$mhr qhXÿ Xodmb¶mZm XÎmH$ KoVbo. VgoM l§¥Joar ‘R>mbm XoUJr {Xbr.

{Q>nyZo eoVH$è¶m§Zm AZwHy$b H$a AmH$maUr Ho$br. eoVrgmR>r gwb^ hßË¶mMo H$O© CnbãY

H$ê$Z XoV AZoH$ gw{dYm nwa{dë¶m.

• lra§JnÅ>U ¶oWrb h¡XaMr g‘mYr Am{U Owå‘m ‘erX {Q>nyÀ¶m H$mimV {Z‘m©U

H$aÊ¶mV Ambr. ‘{eXrMo {‘Zma AmH$f©H$ AmhoV. ~|Jiyé VgoM lra§JnÅ>U ¶oWo Q>§mH$gmb

{Z‘m©U Ho$br.

Owå‘m ‘erX, lra§JnÅ>U

60

‘wå‘S>r H¥$îUamO dS>o¶a (gm.e. 1799-1831)

_wå_S>r H¥$îUamO dS>o¶a

{Q>ny gwbVmZmÀ¶m ‘¥Ë¶y ~amoa~aM ‘¡gwê$À¶m B{VhmgmVrb dra ¶moÜX²`m§Mo ¶wJ g§nbo. {~«Q>remZr ‘¡gwê$ g§ñWmZ Amnë¶m A{YnË¶mImbr KoD$Z Ë¶mMo Mma ^mJmV {d^mJUr Ho$br. Ë¶mn¡H$s EH$m ^mJmda Ë¶m§Mo {‘Ì ‘amR>o, Xþgè¶m mJmda {ZOm‘, {Vgam ^mJ ñdV…H$S>o R>odbm d {e„H$ am{hbobm EH$ ‘¡gwê$À¶m dS>o¶am§H$S>o gmon{dbm. VgoM ‘wå‘S>r H¥$îUamO dS>o¶a ¶mbm JmXrda ~gdbo. H¥$îUamO nmM dfmªMm ~mbH$ AgVmZmnmgyZ amÁ¶H$ma^ma nyU©æ¶mH$S>o XoV {XdmU åhUyZ Zo‘UyH$ H$aÊ¶mV Ambr.

‘wå‘S>r H¥$îUamO dS>o¶a ¶mZo {ed‘mo½Jm {OëømVrb ZJa ({~XZy) àXoemVrb Pmbobm X§Jm ì¶dpñWV Z hmVmië¶mMo H$maU nwT>o H$ê$Z 1831 ‘Ü¶o Ë¶mbm JmXrdê$Z Imbr CVadbo. VgoM ‘¡gwé g§ñWmZm‘Ü¶o H${‘eZaMm amÁ¶H$ma^ma Mmby Ho$bm.

H${‘eZam§Mm amÁ¶H$ma^ma (gm.e. 1831-1881) ‘mH©$ H$ã~Z (gm.e. 1834-1861)

5. 10 ªÀiÁPïð PÀ§â£ï ‘mH©$ H$ã~Z

‘mH©$ H$ã~Z ¶mZo amÁ¶mVrb amÁ¶H$ma^mamV AZoH$ gwYmaUm Ho$ë¶m. Ë¶mZo amOYmZr ‘¡gwéhþZ ~|Jiyébm ~Xbbr. Ë¶mZo ‘¡gwéMr amÁ¶H$ma^mamÀ¶m Ñï>rZo AZoH$ KQ>H$mV {d^mJUr H$ê$Z Ë¶m§Zm gwn[aQ>|S>a {Xbm. Ë¶m KQ>H$m§Mo {Oëhm VgoM Vmbw³¶mV {d^mJUr H$aÊ¶mV Ambr. Ý¶m¶m§J VgoM nmo{bg XbmMr CÎm‘[aË¶m g§KQ>Zm H$aÊ¶mV Ambr. H$ÞS> mfobm amÁ¶ ^mfoMm XOm© XoÊ¶mV Ambm.

ZdrZ añË`m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr H$aÊ¶mV Ambr. Ë¶mMm n[aUm‘ åhUyZ amÁ¶mVrb gd© à‘wI eham§Mm g§nH©$ ~|Jiyéer H$aÊ¶mV Ambm. 1859 ‘Ü¶o ~|Jiyé VgoM OmobmanoQ>o ‘Ü¶o aoëdo ‘mJm©Mm ew^ma§^ H$aÊ¶mV Ambm. hm ‘¡gwé amÁ¶mMm àW‘ aoëdo ‘mJ© hmo¶. Ë¶mZo 1861 ‘Ü¶o H${‘eZa nXmMm amOrZm‘m {Xbm. Ë¶mÀ¶m ZmdmZoM ~|Jiya ¶oWo H$ã~Z nmH©$ Amho.

61

bwB© ~|Wm‘ ~m¡[a¨J (gm.e. 1862-1870)

bwB© ~|Wm‘ ~m¡[a¨J

bwB© ~|Wm‘ ~m¡[a¨J 1862 ‘Ü¶o n«‘wI H${‘eZa åhUyZ A{YH$ma ñdrH$mabm. Ë¶mZo ‘¡gwê$ amÁ¶mMm g§nyU© amÁ¶H$ma^ma nwZ©g§K{Q>V Ho$bm. Z§XrJ«m‘ ZJa Am{U Aï>J«m‘ amÁ¶H$ma^mamMm n«‘wI ^mJ hmoVm. ¶m ^mJm§Mm à‘wI hm H$‘reZa hmoVm. ^y-H$am‘Ü¶o gwYmaUm H$aÊ¶mV Ambr. Ý¶m¶m§J VgoM nmo{bg ImVo ì¶dpñWVnUo Mmb{dbo.

gmd©O{ZH$ {ejU ImË¶m~amo~a {ejUm‘Ü¶o A‘wbmJ« ~Xb (gwYmaUm) H$aÊ¶mV Amë¶m. 1870 ‘Ü¶o Ë¶mZo H${‘eZa nXmMm amOrZm‘m {Xbm. H${‘eZamZr ‘¡gwê$ amÁ¶mÀ¶m A{^d¥{ÕgmR>r ‘O~yV nm¶m KmVbm.

Xhmdo Mm‘amO dS>o¶a (gm.e. 1881-1894)

Xhmdo Mm‘amO dS>o¶a

1881 ‘Ü¶o {~«Q>rem§Zr Xhmì¶m Mm‘amO dS>o¶abm nwÝhm amÁ¶ gmon{dbo. ¶mbmM nwZXm©Z åhUVmV. Xhmì¶m Mm‘amO dS>o¶aÀ¶m hmVmImbr gr. a§JmMmaby VgoM Ho$. eofmÐr Aæ¶a ¶m§Zr {XdmU åhUyZ amÁ¶H$ma^ma gm§ mibm. Xhmì¶m Mm‘amO dS>o¶aÀ¶m H$mimV àOmà{V{ZYr g^m 1881 gmbr gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Ambr.

ZmëdS>r H¥$îUamO dS>o¶a

ZmëdS>r H¥$îUamO dS>o¶a (gm.e. 1902-1940)

Xhmdo Mm‘amO dS>o¶a H$bH$Ë`mbm AgVmZm Amamo½¶mÀ¶m

VH«$marZo {VWoM Ë¶m§Mo {ZYZ Pmbo. Ë¶m§Mo CÎmam{YH$mar åhUyZ

ZmëdS>r H¥$îUamO dS>o¶a A{YH$mamda Amë¶mda (1895)

Ho$di AmH$am dfmªMo ~mbH$ hmoVo. Ë¶mdoir Ë¶m§Mr AmB©

H|$n Z§O‘ÊUr hr amÁ¶H$ma^ma nhmV hmoVr. 1902 nmgyZ

62

ZmëdS>r ¶m§Zr ñdV… H$ma^mamV bj KmVbo. CÎm‘ {ejU KoVboë¶m ZmëdS>r H¥$îUamO

dS>o¶a ¶m§Zr ‘¡gwé g§ñWmZmbm EH$ AmXe© Ago g§ñWmZ Amnë¶m H$mimV ~Z{dbo.

XÿaÑï>rH$moZ, XrZ-XbrVm§~Xb Ë¶m§Zm H$idi hmoVr. g‘mOmVrb àË¶oH$ KQ>H$mbm

(g‘mOmbm) amÁ¶H$ma^mamV ñWmZ XoÊ¶mgmR>r {‘„a Am¶moJmMr aMZm Ho$br.

ZmëdS>r H¥$îUamO dS>o¶am§Mo à‘wI H$m¶©

* Oo.EZ. Q>mQ>m ¶m§Zm ~|Jiya‘Ü¶o {dkmZ g§ñWm ñWmnÊ¶mg 371 EH$a O‘rZ

Am{U 5 bmImnojm A{YH$ YZ ghmæ¶ {Xbo.

* 1907 ‘Ü¶o Ý¶m¶ {dYm¶H$ g^m ¶mMr ñWmnZm H$ê$Z OZà{V{ZYrÛmao OZVoÀ¶m

g‘ñ¶mda MMm© H$ê$Z Cnm¶ emoYÊ¶mg g§Yr {Xbr.

* gÚmMm ‘¡gwéMm amOdmS>m 1910 ‘Ü¶o ~m§YyZ nyU© Ho$bm.

* H¥$îUamOgmJa (Ho$.Ama.Eg.) YaU ~m§YyZ Ë¶mMm Cn¶moJ H¥$fr A{^d¥ÕrgmR>r

Ho$bm.

* 1911 ‘Ü¶o ‘¡gwé g§nV Aä¶wX¶ n[afX (The Mysore Economic

Conference) gwê$ Ho$br.

* ‘mJmg dJm©Zm gaH$mar godoV {deof à{V{Z{YËd XoÊ¶mMr KmofUm Ho$br d

A§‘bmV AmUbr.

* gd©àW‘ ‘{hbmZm ‘Vm{YH$ma XoÊ¶mg (‘VXmZ H$aÊ¶mg) AZw‘Vr {Xbr.

AemàH$mao ZmëdS>r ¶m§Zr {ejU, bKwCÚmoJ, ~±H$ BË¶mXr joÌm§À¶m àJVrgmR>r

‘mJ©Xe©Z d àoaH$ åhUyZ C^o am{hbo. Ë¶m§À`m XyaÑï>r‘wioM {H«$¶mË‘H$ à{V^md§V

{XdmUm§Mr Zo‘UyH$ H$ê$Z amÁ¶mMr àJVr gmYbr.

Ë¶mn¡H$s ga. E‘. {dídoídaæ¶m, VgoM ga. {‘Om© Bñ‘mB©b ho à‘wI hmoV.

ZmëdS>r ¶m§À¶m ‘¡gwé g§ñWmZmbm ‘hmË‘m Jm§YrOrZr "am‘amÁ¶' Ago åhQ>bo hmoVo.

Ë¶mZm "amOlr' ¶m ZmdmZo ~mobdV AgV. 20 ì¶m eVH$mÀ¶m nydm©Ym©‘Ü¶o ZmëdS>r

H¥$îUamO dS>o¶amgmaIo Xþgao d¡^dg§nÞ g§ñWm{ZH$ ^maVmV H$moUrhr ZìhVo.

63

‘¡gwéMm amOdmS>m nwÝhm Zì¶mZo 1910 ‘Ü¶o ~m§YÊ`mV Ambm. ¶mnyduMm amOdmS>m A¾rÀ¶m ^jñWmZr nS>bm hmoVm. ZdrZ amOdmS>¶mÀ¶m {Z‘m©UmgmR>r Xoe-{dXoemVyZ Hw$eb H$mamJram§Zm ~mobmdÊ¶mV Ambo hmoVo. amOdmS>¶mMo g^m§JU (Xa~ma hm°b) à{gÕ {MÌH$ma amOm a{dd‘m© ¶mZo aoImQbm Amho. H¥$îUamO gmJa (Ho$.Ama.Eg.) YaU ~m§YVmZm ZmëdS>r H¥$îUamO ¶m§Zm Am{W©H$ VwS>dS>m OmUdbm. Ë¶mgmR>r Ë¶mZr amOn[admamVrb gmoÝ¶mMo Xm[JZo ‘w§~B©À¶m {MZrdma noR>oV {dHy$Z Amboë¶m n¡emVyZ YaUmMo H$m‘ nyU© Ho$bo.

‘¡gwéMm amOdmS>m

ga. E‘ {dídoídaæ¶m (gm.e. 1912-1918)

ga. E‘ {dídoídaæ¶m

AmYw{ZH$ ‘¡gwéMo {eënH$ma Am{U {Z‘m©UH$Vm© Aer

CnmYr bm^bobo ga E‘. {dídoídaæ¶m, EH$ à{V^md§V

B§{O{Z¶a åhUyZ 1909-1912 n¶ªV ‘¡gwé g§ñWmZMo ‘w»¶

B§{O{Z¶a åhUyZ H$m‘ nm{hbo. ZmëdS>r H¥$îUamO dS>o¶am§Zr

¶m§Zm 1912 ‘Ü¶o ‘¡gwéMo {XdmU åhUyZ Zo‘UyH$ Ho$br.

¶m§À¶m H$mimV ‘¡gwéMm gd©Vmo‘wIr {dH$mg Pmbm hmoVm.

64

"H$maImZXmar Zgob Va {dZme' hr {dídoídaæ¶m ¶m§Zr {Xbobr à{gÕ KmofUm hmoVr.

^ÐmdVr ¶oWrb gmIa H$maImZm, ‘¡gyéMm dmgmÀ¶m VobmMm H$maImZm, ~|Jiyé‘Yrb

gm~UmMm H$maImZm, H|$Ð H$maImZXmarMr H$m¶©emim, Mm‘S>¶mnmgyZ {d{dY dñVy

~Z{dÊ¶mMm H$maImZm VgoM bmoI§S>mMm H$maImZm gwé Ho$bm. ì`mnma Am{U CÚmoJmbm

àmoËgmhZ XoÊ¶mgmR>r ~|Jiyé‘Ü¶o M|~g© Am°’$ H$m°‘g© A±S> B§S>ñQ´>rOMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ¶mV

Ambr. ì¶mnma Am{U CÚmoJm§À¶m A{^d¥ÕrgmR>r 1913 ‘Ü¶o ‘¡gyé ~±Ho$Mr ñWmnZm

H$aÊ¶mV Ambr. àË¶oH$ XoemVrb àJVr hr OZgm‘mÝ¶m§À¶m {ejUmda Adb§~yZ AgVo.

Ago ga E‘. {dídoídaæ¶m ¶m§Zr OmUbo hmoVo. Ë¶mZr àmW{‘H$ {ejU gº$sMo Ho$bo.

Vm§{ÌH$ {ejUmbm ‘hËd {Xbo. ~|Jiyé‘Yrb hoã~mi ¶oWo H¥$fr emioMr ñWmnZm Ho$br.

1916 ‘Ü¶o ñWmnZm Ho$boë¶m ‘¡gyé {díd{dÚmb¶mMr e¡j{UH$ joÌmV ’$ma ‘moR>r CnbãYr

Amho. 1915 ‘Ü¶o ~|Jiyé‘Ü¶o H$ÞS> gm{hË¶ n[afXoMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ¶mV Ambr.

H¥$îUamO gmJa YaUmÀ¶m {Z{‘©VrMo H$m¶© {dídoídaæ¶m ¶m§À¶m H$mbmdYrV 1932 ‘Ü¶o

nyU© Pmbo. ‘¡gyé-AagrHo$ao, VgoM ~m¡atJnoQ>o-H$mobma aoëdo ‘mJ© KmbÊ¶mV Ambo. ZmëdS>r

H¥$îUamO dS>o¶a ¶m§À¶m AZoH$ ¶moOZm XyaÑï>rH$moZ g‘moa R>odyZ ¶eñdrnUo ga E‘.

{dídoídaæ¶m ¶mZr am~{dë¶m. eodQ>r 1918 ‘Ü¶o {dídoídaæ¶m ¶m§Zr {XdmU nXmMm

amOrZm‘m {Xbm. Ë¶m§Mo CÎmw§J H$m¶© nmhÿZ {~«Q>re gaH$maZo Ë¶m§Zm "ga' hr nXdr {Xbr.

1955 ‘Ü¶o maV gaH$maZo Ë¶m§Zm "^maVaËZ' XoD$Z Ë¶m§Mm Jm¡ad Ho$bm. Agm nwañH$ma

bm^bobo Vo H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb n{hbr ì¶º$s hmoV.

ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°’$ ‘¡gyéH$ÞS> gm{hË¶ n[afX, ~|Jiyé

65

H¥$îUamOgmJa YaU

ga {‘Om© Bñ‘mB©b (gm.e. 1926-1941)

ga {‘Om© Bñ‘mB©b

‘¡gyéMo Xþgao {XdmU Agbobo ga {‘Om© Bñ‘mB©b ho gwÕm AmYw{ZH$ ‘¡gyéMo {Z‘m©Vo åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVmV. Ë¶mZr H$maImZXmarÀ¶m {dH$mgmgmR>r àmoËgmhZ XoD$Z AZoH$ ZdrZ ì¶dgm¶ gwê$ Ho$bo. ~|Jiyé‘Ü¶o qhXþñWmZ EamoZm°Q>r³g {b{‘Q>oS>, H$mM H$maImZm, {MZr ‘mVrÀ¶m ^m§S>çmMm H$maImZm, ~oiJmoi ¶oWo amgm¶{ZH$ IVm§Mm H$maImZm, ‘§S>çm‘Ü¶o gmIa H$maImZm, {ed‘mo½Jm ¶oWo ‘mMrgMm H$maImZm VgoM ^ÐmdVr ¶oWrb nmobmX d H$mJX H$maImZm ¶m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr Ho$br. OŠHw$ar ¶oWo {d‘mZVimMr {Z{‘©Vr Ho$br. AmH$medmUr (ao{S>Amo) H|$Ð ~|Jiyé d ‘¡gyé ¶oWo gwê$

Ho$bo. Ë¶m§Zr IoS>¶mVrb ì¶dgm¶mZm àmoËgmhZ {Xbo. ~XZdmi ¶oWo ImXr CËnmXZmMo H|$Ð ñWmnbo. BadrZ H$mbì¶mMr {Z{‘©Vr H$ê$Z ‘§S>çm {OëhmVrb eoVrbm nmÊ¶mMr ì¶dñWm H$ê$Z {Xbr.

‘¡gyé‘Ü¶o {d{dY ’w$bm§À¶m ~mJm VgoM CÚmZm§Mr {Z{‘©Vr Ho$br. H¥$îUamO gmJa Obme¶mÀ¶m nmR>r‘mJo d¥§XmdZ CÚmZmMr {Z{‘©Vr Ho$br.

66

d¥§XmdZ CÚmZ

~|Jiyé ‘Ü¶o amï´>r¶ ‘mZ{gH$ Amamo½¶ Am{U ZaamoJ eó{M{H$Ëgm g§ñWm

(NIMHANS), H$mobma‘Ü¶o ZaqghamO XdmImZm, {ed‘mo½Jm ¶oWo ‘o½JmZ XdmImZm

VgoM ‘¡gyé‘Ü¶o dmUr{dbmg XdmImÝ`mMr {Z{‘©Vr ¶m§À¶m H$mimV Pmbr.

{ejUmbm àmoËgmhZ XoÊ¶mgmR>r àmW{‘H$ {ejU H$m¶Xm Omar Ho$bm. ImgJr emim§Zm

AZwXmZ XoÊ¶mV Ambo. àm¡T> emim‘Ü¶o H$ÞS> ‘mÜ¶‘mÀ¶m {ejUmbm gwê$dmV H$aÊ¶mV

Ambr. BË¶mXr‘wio ‘¡gyéÀ¶m {dH$mgmV ga {‘Om© B©ñ‘mB©b ¶m§Mo ¶moJXmZ ‘moR>o Amho.

ZmëdS>r H¥$îUamO dS>o¶a ¶m§Mo ghH$mar Agbobo {‘Om© B©ñ‘mB©b ¶m§Zr Ë¶m§À`m XÿaÑï>rVrb

¶moOZm ¶eñdrnUo H$m¶m©pÝdV Ho$ë¶m.

ZmëdS>r H¥$îUamO dS>o¶a ¶m§À¶m ‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va O¶Mm‘amO dS>o¶a JmXrda Ambo. Vo

‘¡gyéMo eodQ>Mo amOo hmoV.

67

^maV ñdV§Ì Pmë¶mZ§Va EH$ê$n ^maVmV ‘¡gyé g§ñWmZ ¶mdo `mgmR>r Ho$.gr. aoÈ>r

¶m§À¶m ZoV¥ËdmImbr amOdmS>çmV gË`mJ«h gwé Pmbm. `m gË¶mJ«hmMo ’$i åhUOo

O¶Mm‘amO dS>o¶a ho EH$ê$n ^maVmV {dbrZ hmoÊ¶mg V¶ma Pmbo. Ë¶mMm n[aUm‘

åhUyZ Ho$.gr. aoÈ>r ¶m§À¶m ZoV¥ËdmImbr 24 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1947 amoOr O~m~Xma gaH$ma

ApñVËdmV Ambo. O¶Mm‘amO dS>o¶a ho ‘¡gyé amÁ¶mMo n{hbo amÁ¶nmb åhUyZ H$m¶©

H$ê$ bmJbo.

H$mbJUZm (gm.e.)

{M¸$XodamO dS>o¶a : 1673-1704

h¡Xa Abr : 1761-1782

{Q>ny gwbVmZ : 1782-1799

n{hbo A±½bmo ‘¡gyé ¶wÕ : 1767-1769

Xþgao A±½bmo ‘¡gyé ¶wÕ : 1780-1784

{Vgao A±½bmo ‘¡gyé ¶wÕ : 1790-1792

Mm¡Wo A±½bmo ‘¡gyé ¶wÕ : 1799

‘mH©$ H$ã~Z : 1834-1861

bwB© ~|Wm‘ ~m¡[a¨J : 1862-1870

Xhmdo Mm‘amO dS>o¶a : 1881-1894

ZmëdS>r H¥$îUamO dS>o¶a : 1902-1940

ga. E‘. {dídoídaæ¶m : 1912-1918

ga. {‘Om© B©ñ‘mB©b : 1926-1941

68

Aä`mg

I. [aH$må¶m OmJm ¶mo½¶ eãXmZo ^am.

1) ‘¡gyé dS>o¶a ¶m§Mr n{hbr amOYmZr .............. hmoVr.

2) Xþgè¶m A±½bmo ‘¡gyé ¶wÕmZ§Va {~«Q>rem§Zr {Q>ny gwbVmZ~amo~a ............. ¶oWo Vh Ho$bm.

3) "‘¡gwéMm dmK' åhUyZ ............. ho à{gÕ AmhoV.

4) {Vgam H¥$îUamO dS>o¶aMo {XdmU .............hmoVo.

5) ‘¡gyé g§ñWmZ‘Ü¶o Ý¶m¶{dYm¶H$ g^m .............. ‘Ü¶o gwê$ Pmbr.

6) ‘¡gyé g§ñWmZMo Jm§YrOr åhUyZ ................ ¶m§Zm AmoiIVmV.

7) "^maVaËZ' hr nXdr {‘imbobm n{hbm H$Zm©Q>H$ dmgr ...............hmo`.

8) BadrZ H$mbì`mMr {Z{‘©Vr ................ ¶m {XdmUmZo Ho$br.

II. Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dm³¶mV CÎmao {bhm.

1) AR>am H$MoarMr ñWmnZm H$moUr Ho$br?

2) X[a¶m Xm¡bV H$moR>o Amho?

3) bmb~mJ CÚmZ H$moR>o Amho? Ë¶mMr gwê$dmV H$moUr Ho$br?

4) {Q>ny gwbVmZÀ¶m ‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va ‘¡gyéÀ¶m qghmgZmda H$moU ~gbm?

5) ‘¡gyé g§ñWmZ‘Ü¶o H${‘eZa amÁ¶H$ma^ma H$emgmR>r A§‘bmV Ambm?

6) ‘¡gyéÀ¶m à‘wI H${‘eZam§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm.

7) nwZXm©Z åhUOo H$m¶?

8) àOmà{V{ZYr g^m Ho$ìhm gwê$ Pmbr?

9) H$ÞS> gm{hË¶ n[afX H$moR>o Amho? Ë¶mMr ñWmnZm Ho$ìhm Pmbr?

10) amOdmS>¶mMm gË¶mJ«hmMo ZoV¥Ëd H$moUr Ho$bo?

69

III. JQ>mV MMm© H$ê$Z CÎmao {bhm.

1) h¡Xa AbrMr H$m‘{Jar H$moUVr?

2) {Vgè¶m ‘¡gyé ¶wÕmMm n[aUm‘ H$m¶ Pmbm?

3) {Q>ny gwbVmZÀ¶m H$m¶m©Mo dU©Z H$am.

4) ZmëdS>r H¥$îUamO dS>o¶a ¶m§À¶m à‘wI H$m¶m©Mr ¶mXr H$am.

5) ga E‘. {dídoídaæ¶m `m§À`m H$m¶m©Mo dU©Z H$am.

IV. OmooS>çm Owidm.

A ~

{M¸$XodamO dS>o¶a amOlr

{Q>ny gwbVmZ ^maVaËZ

ZmëdS>r H¥$îUamO dS>o¶a ZdH$moQ>r Zmam¶U

ga E‘. {dídoídaæ¶m n{hbo amÁ`nmb

O¶Mm‘amO dS>o¶a ‘¡gyéMm dmK

H¥$Vr.

1) ZH$memda ‘¡gyé amÁ¶mMr Eo{VhmgrH$ ñWio AmoiIm.

2) {Q>ny gwbVmZZo naH$s¶m§Mo AmH«$‘U Wm§~dÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ Ho$bm. nU Ë¶mV

Ë¶mbm ¶e Ambo Zmhr? H$m? MMm© H$ê$Z CÎma {bhm.

70

nmR> 6 {X„rMo gwbVmZ

nmR>mMm n[aM¶

11-12 ì¶m eVH$m‘Ü¶o VwH$s©¶m§À¶m g¡Ý¶mZo ^maVmda doimodoim AmH«$‘U Ho$bo.

hr AmH«$‘UoM {X„rÀ¶m gwbVmZmÀ¶m amOdQ>rg (1206-1526) H$maUr^yV R>abr.

¶m nmR>m‘Ü¶o {X„rÀ¶m gwbVmZm§Mm amÁ¶ H$ma^ma, Ë¶m§À¶m H$mimVrb

gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$ pñWVr Am{U dmñVw{eënH$bm, gm{hË¶ ¶m‘Ü¶o Ë¶mZr {Xboë¶m

¶moJXmZ `m g§~§Yr ‘m{hVr XoÊ¶mV Ambr Amho.

gm‘Ï¶}

1. 11-12 ì¶m eVH$mV Pmbobm Eo{Vhm{gH$ CËH$f© {X„rÀ¶m gwbVmZm§À¶m

amÁ¶ ñWmnZog H$maUr^wV R>abm ho g‘OyZ KoUo.

2. gwbVmZm§Mm amÁ¶ H$ma^ma, ^maVr¶ g‘mO, Am{W©H$ d g§ñH¥$Vrda

nS>bobm à^md g‘OyZ KoUo.

3. {X„rÀ¶m gwbVmZm§À¶m H$mimVrb Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWio ZH$memV XmI{dUo.

Amnë¶m Xoemda nydunmgyZ AZoH$ doim naH$r¶mZr AmH«$‘U H$obo. ho naH$s¶

^maVmÀ¶m dm¶ì¶ gahÕrVyZ Ambo hmoVo. g§nVrMr byQ>, amÁ¶mMm {dñVma Am{U Y‘©

àMma hm Ë¶m§Mm AmH«$‘UmMm à‘wI CÔoe hmoVm.

Aa~m§Mo AmH«$‘U maVmda gd© àW‘ Aa~ bmoH$mZr AmH«$‘U Ho$bo. Ë¶mZr 1300

dfm©nydu qgY d ‘wëVmZ àm§V Amnë¶m Vmã¶mV KoVbm d Ë¶m àXoemV Bñbm‘Mm nm¶m

KmVbm. na§Vy Aënem H$mbmdYrVM Aa~m§Mo A{VH«$‘U W§S>mdbo.

VwH$m©Mo AmH«$‘U ¶mZ§Va gw‘mao VrZ eVH$mZ§Va VwH$mªÀ¶m ‘h§‘X JPZr ¶mZo

^maVmda AmH«$‘U Ho$bo. hm A’$Jm{UñWmZmVrb JPZr ZmdmÀ¶m N>moQ>¶mem amÁ¶mMm

71

gwbVmZ hmoVm. Ë¶mZo ^maVmda 17 doim ñdmè¶m Ho$ë¶m‘wio ^maVmVrb AZoH$ Eoíd¶©-

g§nÞ ehao CÜdñV Pmbr. Ym{‘©H$ ñWio Zme nmdbr.

_h§_X JPZr _h§_X Kmoar

‘h§‘X Kmoar: 8 eVH$mnydu A’$Jm{UñVmZÀ¶m ‘h§‘X Kmoar ¶mZo maVmda AmH«$‘U

H$éZ maVmVrb qgY d n§Om~ àm§V Amnë¶m Vmã¶mV KoVbm. Ë¶mZo AmH«$‘U nwT>o Mmby

R>odbo. {X„rMm amOm n¥ÏdramO Mm¡hmZ ¶mZo ‘h§‘X KmoarMm VamB©À¶m n{hë¶m ¶wÕmV

nam^d Ho$bm. XþgÀ¶mM dfu nwÝhm Ë¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o Pmboë`m KZKmoa ¶wÕmV n¥ÏdramOmMm

nam^d Ho$bm d R>ma ‘mabo d {X„rMm gwbVmZ Pmbm.

Jwbm‘ d§e

KmoarZo qOH$bobm àXoe Ë¶mZo Amnbm goZmnVr Hw$Vw~wÕrZ Eo~H$ `mÀ`mH$S>o gmon{dbm. KmoarÀ`m {ZYZmZ§Va Hw$Vw~wÔrZ Eo~H$ {X„rMm gwbVmZ åhUyZ ñdV§Ì H$ma^ma nmhÿ> bmJbm. {X„rMm H$ma^ma Jwbm‘, {IbOr, VwKbH$, gæ¶X Am{U bmoXr ¶m 5 d§emÀ¶m amOmZr Mmb{dbm. ¶mn¡H$s à‘wI d§em~m~V ‘m{hVr {‘idy¶m.

Hw$Vw~wÔrZ Eo~H$ : Hw$Vw~wÔrZ hm gwédmVrbm ‘h§‘X KmoarMm Jwbm‘ hmoVm. Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶mZm "Jwbm‘' d§e åhUVmV. Ë¶mZo eÌwbm qOHy$Z VwH$mªMo amÁ¶ ~iH$Q> Ho$bo. AmnU {‘i{dboë¶m {dO¶mMr AmR>dU åhUyZ {X„r ¶oWrb ‘oham¡br ¶oWo Hw$Vw~{‘Zma ~m§YÊ¶mg gwédmV Ho$br. BëVyZ {‘eZ H$mimV Vmo ~m§YyZ nyU© Pmbm.

72

Hw$Vw~wÔrZ Eo~H$ Hw$Vw~ {‘Zma, {X„r

{X„rÀ¶m gwbVmZm§À¶m H$mimV A{YH$mamMr gwÌo Amnë¶m hmVr KoVbobr EH$‘od

‘{hbm åhUOo gwëVmZm a{O¶m hr hmo¶. hr dram§JUm Amnë¶m amÁ¶mMm Ý¶m¶{ZdmS>m

H$aV nwéfmZm bmOdob Aer aUm§JUo {VZo JmO{dbr. na§Vy ñWm{ZH$ gaXmamZm ‘{hboMo

dM©ñd ghZ Pmbo Zmhr. Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶mZr {VMm dY Ho$bm.

{IbOr d§e

Jwbm‘ d§emZ§Va {IbOr d§e A{YH$mamda Ambm. {IbOr d§emVrb A„mCÔrZ

{IbOr hm à~i gwbVmZ hmoD$Z Jobm. Ë¶mZo amÁ¶mMr gd©gÎmm Amnë¶m hmVr KoVbr.

A„mCÔrZ {IbOr A„mCÔrZZo amÁ¶ H$ma^ma, g¡Ý¶ d Am{W©H$ joÌmV gwYmaUm

KS>dyZ AmUë¶m. AË¶mdí¶H$ dñVy§À¶m ì¶mnmamda {Z¶§ÌU R>odbo. ‘mXH$ nXmWmªMo

godZ Am{U OwJma ¶mMm {ZfoY Ho$bm. Ago H$aUmè¶mZm H«w$anUo X§S> Ho$bm.

g¡Ý¶mMo AmH«$‘U g§nyU© ^maV qOHy$Z Amnë¶m A{YnË¶mImbr AmUmdo Aer A„mCÔrZ {IbOr ¶mMr ‘hËdmH$m§jm hmoVr. gwédmVrbm Ë¶mZo Amnë¶m g¡Ý¶ eº$sÀ¶m Omoamda CÎma ^maVmda Vm~m {‘i{dbm. nwT>o X[jU ^maVmda Vm~m {‘i{dÊ¶mgmR>r Amnbm Jwbm‘ ‘brH$ H$nya ZmdmÀ¶m gaXmambm ‘moR>çm g¡Ý¶m{Zer nmR>{dbo. ‘{bH$ H$nyaZo X{jU ^maVmVrb Mma amÁ¶o qOHy$Z KoVbr d Ë¶m§Mr amOYmZr byQ>br.

73

‘brH$ H$nyaZo qOH$bobr amÁ¶o- ‘hmamï´>mMo ¶mXd (amOYmZr Xod{Jar) Am§Y«mMo H$mH$Vr¶ (dma§Jby) H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb hmo¶gi (Ûma g‘wÐ) Am{U V{‘bZmSy>Mo nm§S>ç (‘XþamB©).

Ë¶mZ§Va H$nyaZo Amnë¶m g¡Ý¶mMo AmH«$‘U nwT>o am‘oída n¶ªV Mmby R>odbo. ¶m Xaå¶mZ Ë¶mZo AZoH$ Xodmb¶m§Mr Anma g§nÎmr byQ>br. YZg§nÎmr ‘moR>çm à‘mUm‘Ü¶o O‘m Ho$br. X{jU ^maVmVyZ {X„rbm BV³¶m OmñV à‘mUmV g§nÎmrMm AmoK ¶mnydu H$Yrhr Jobm ZìhVm.

A„mCÔrZ {IbOr ¶mZr A‘ra Iwómo, A‘ra hgZ BË¶mXr nmaer H$drZm àmoËgmhZ {Xbo. {X„r‘Ü¶o {gar ZmdmÀ¶m {H$„¶mMr {Z{‘©Vr Ho$br. "AbmB© XadmOm' hr Ë¶m§Mr ^ì¶ aMZm hmo¶.

AbmB© XadmOm, {X„r

A„mCÔrZ {IbOrMm eodQ> ’$ma Xþ…IX Pmbm. amOdmS>çmV X§Jm Pmbm. eodQ>r

‘brH$ H$nyaZo A{YH$mamÀ¶m Omoamda A„mCÔrZbm R>ma ‘mabo d ñdV… amOJmXrda

~gbm.

74

VwKbH$

VwKbH$ KamÊ¶m‘Ü¶o ‘h§‘X {~Z VwKbH$ hm à‘wI gwbVmZ hmoD$Z Jobm. hm

AË¶§V {dÛmZ hmoVm. na§Vy AË¶§V amJrQ> d KmB©JS>~S>rZo {ZU©¶ KoV Ago. ì¶dhma

H$m¡eë` H$_r hmoVo. Ago {d{MÌ JyU Ë¶mÀ¶mH$S>o hmoVo.

amÁ¶H$ma^maVrb à¶moJ Amnë¶m amÁ¶H$ma^mamV gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUÊ¶mgmR>r

Ë¶mZo AZoH$ à¶moJ Ho$bo. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o à‘wI åhUOo amOYmZrMo ñWbm§Va amOYmZr {X„r

EodOr ^maVmÀ`m _Ü`^mJr Agboë¶m Xod{Jar ¶oWo Ho$ë¶mg Vo Amnë¶m gm‘«mÁ¶mMo

‘Ü¶dVu {R>H$mU hmoB©b Ago Ë¶mMo ‘V hmoVo. {X„rhyZ 700 ‘¡b Xÿa AgUmè`m Xod{Jarbm

Xm¡bVm~mX Ago Zm‘H$aU H$éZ {X„rVrb gd© bmoH$m§Zr VoWo Omdo Agm gº$sMm AmXoe

{Xbm. na§Vy ñWbm§VamgmR>r Joboë¶m bmoH$m§Mo Anma H$ï> Pmbo. AZoH$ bmoH$ dmQ>oVM ‘aU

nmdbo. Ë¶mZo Ho$bobr MyH$ Ë¶mbm g‘Obr Am{U bmoH$mZm nyÝhm {X„rbm naV Om¶Mo

AmXoe {Xbo. na§Vy ¶m H$ï>mVyZ OJbobo H$mhr WmoS>oM bmoH$ {X„rbm naV OmD$Z nmohMbo.

‘h§‘X {~Z VwKbH$mZo hmVr KoVbobr Xþgar EH$ gwYmaUm åhUOo Mm§XrÀ¶m

ZmÊ¶mEodOr VodT>çmM qH$_VrMr Vm§ã¶mMr ZmUr MbZmV AmUbr. na§Vy Vm§ã¶mMr ZmUr

N>mnÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma gaH$mabmM Amho Aer amOmkm Ho$br Zmhr. n[aUm‘r AZoH$

bmoH$m§Zr Vm§ã¶mMr ZmUr N>mnÊ¶mg gwédmV Ho$br. Ë¶m ZmÊ¶mÀ¶m ~Xë¶mV gaH$mabm

Mm§XrMr ZmUr XoUo gmÜ¶ Pmbo Zmhr. eodQ>r Vm§ã¶mMr ZmUr aÔ H$aÊ¶mV Ambr. EHy$U

bmoH$mH$Sy>Z amOmMr ’$gdUyH$ Pmbr. ¶m à¶moJm‘wio amÁ¶mMr Am{W©H$ pñWVr {~H$Q>

Pmbr. ‘h§‘X {~Z VwKbH$mÀ¶m amÁ¶ H$ma^mambm H§$Q>miboë¶m Ag§Vwð> bmoH$mZr ~§S>

nwH$mabo. qgY bmoH$m§Mo ~§S> ‘moSy>Z H$mT>V AgVmZm Vrd« VmnmZo Ë¶mMm ‘¥Ë¶y Pmbm.

75

VwKbH$mZ§Va gæ¶X Am{U bmoXr d§emÀ¶m amOmZr {X„rda AënH$mb H$ma^ma

Ho$bm. bmoXr d§emMm eodQ>Mm amOm B~«mhr‘ bmoXr ¶mMm ‘moJb amOm ~m~amH$Sy>Z

nm{UnVÀ¶m n{hë¶m ¶wÕmV nam^d Ho$bm. ¶mà‘mUo ‘moJb gm‘«mÁ¶mMm nm¶m KmVbm.

{X„rÀ¶m gwbVmZm§Mo ¶moJXmZ

● amÁ¶H$ma^ma {X„rÀ¶m gwbVmZm§À¶m amÁ¶mV ~hþg§»¶oZo qhXÿ bmoH$ hmoVo.

VargwÕm Ë¶mMm amÁ¶H$ma^ma VwH$s©¶m§À¶m nÕVrZwgma MmbV Ago. g¡Ý¶eº$s hm Ë¶mÀ¶m

amÁ¶mÀ¶m nmR>rMm H$Um hmoVm. g¡Ý¶ eº$sÀ¶m Omoamda gwbVmZ ho {Za§Hw$e gÎmoMo amOo

hmoVo. ~ë~Z hm gwbVmZ ñdV…bm XodmMm à{V{ZYr ‘mZV Ago. Vmo ñdV…bm gd©ñd

g‘OV Ago. {X„rÀ¶m gwbVmZmZm ñWm{ZH$ amOm§À¶m à~i {damoYmbm gVV Vm|S>

Úmdo bmJV Ago.

● A{W©H$ pñWVr eoVH$è¶m§À¶m O{‘Zrdarb H$a AË¶§V {dnarV hmoVo. ‘h§‘X

{~Z VwKbH$mZo Amnë¶m H$mimV O{‘Zrdarb H$a A{YH$ dmT>{dbo hmoVo. Ë¶m{edm¶

Ë¶mZo {ZX©¶nUo Ë¶mMr dgwbrhr Ho$br. n[aUm‘r eoVH$è¶mZr ~§S> nwH$mabo. {dUH$m‘

hm ¶oWrb bmoH$m§Mm à‘wI CÚmoJ hmoVm. ehamV ~m§YH$m‘ ì¶dgm¶ ‘moR>¶m à‘mUmV

MmbV Ago. Ë¶m‘wio AZoH$ bmoH$mZm amoOJma CnbãY hmoV hmoVm. gwbVmZ àm‘w»¶mZo

¶wÕmgmR>r dmnaUmao KmoS>o Am¶mV H$aV AgV.

● dmñVw{eën Am{U gm{hË¶ {X„r gwbVmZmÀ¶m H$mimVrb à‘wI dmñVw{eën

åhUOo à{gÕ Hw$Vw~{‘Zma (71 ‘r.C§M), AbmB© XImOm ho gw§Xa Ûma, H$ìdV-Cb-

Bñbm‘ ‘erX Am{U {gar {H$„m hr hmoV.

76

¶mM H$mimV CXÿ© ^mfm àM{bV Pmbr. A‘ra Iwómo Am{U A‘ra hgZ ho Ë¶m

H$mimVrb à{gÕ n{e©¶Z H$dr hmoV A‘ra Iwómo hm EH$ à{gÕ g§JrVH$ma hmoVm.

V~bm, gVma ¶m g§JrV dmÚm‘Ü¶o Vmo nma§JV hmoVm. Ë¶mZo ñdV…Mr Aer doJir

AmoiI {Z‘m©U Ho$br hmoVr. O¶er ZmdmÀ¶m CX©ÿ H$drZo "nX_mdV²' ho gy’$s H$mì¶

{b{hbo. am‘mZ§X, H$~ra, amB©Xmg, ‘ram ho gd© ¶m H$mimVrb g§V hmoV.

H$mbJUVm (gm.e.)

qgY àm§Vmda Aa~m§Mo AmH«$‘U 712

‘h§‘X JPZrÀ¶m ñdmè¶m 1000 -1026

VamB©Mo ¶wÕ (‘h§‘X Kmoar Am{U n¥ÏdramO Mm¡hmZ ¶m§À¶mVrb) 1191-1192

{X„rÀ¶m gwbVmZm§Mr H$maH$sX© 1206-1526

Hw$Vw~wÔrZ Eo~H$ 1206-1210

a{O¶m gwbVmZm 1236-1240

A„mCÔrZ {IbOr 1296-1316

‘h§‘X {~Z VwKbH$ 1325-1351

nm{ZnVMr bT>mB© Am{U ‘moJb gm‘«mÁ¶mMm CX¶ 1526

ZdrZ eãX.

{‘Zma-C§M Im§~mMo Jmonya

77

Aä`mg

I. [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX {bhÿZ nyU© H$am.

1. n¥ÏdramO Mm¡hmZ `mZo VamB©À`m `wÕmV __________ Mm nam^d Ho$bm.

2. A„mC{ÔZ {IbOrZo {X„rV ___________ {H$ëë`mMr {Z_uVr Ho$br.

3. B~«mhr_ bmoXrMm nam^d ___________ `mZo Ho$bm.

II. Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

1. VamB©À`m Xþgè`m `wÕmV _h§_X KmoarZo H$moUmMm nam^d Ho$bm?

2. Hw$Vw~{_Zma H$moUr {Z_m©U Ho$bm?

3. {X„r gwbVmZm§À`m H$mimVrb H$ma^ma Ho$bobr _{hbm H$moU?

4. X[jU ^maVmda AmH«$_U Ho$boë`m A„mD$ÔrZ {IbOrMm goZmnVr H$moU?

5. ‘h§‘X {~Z VwKbImZo amOYmZr H$moRy>Z H$moR>o ñVbm§VarV Ho$br?

6. _r XodmMm à{V{ZYr Agoo H$moUË`m amOmZo åhQ>bo?

III. JQ>mV MMm© H$éZ CÎmao {bhm.

1. _h§_X JPZrÀ`m ñdmè`m§Mo n[aUm_ {bhm.

2. {X„rda H$moUH$moUË`m KamÊ`mZr amÁ` Ho$bo?

3. Hw$Vw~wÔrZ Eo~H$mMr H$m_[Jar {bhm.

4. A„mCÔrZ {IbOrMr _hËdmH$m§ÀN>m H$m` hmoVr?

5. _h§_X {~Z VwKbH$mZo Ho$bobo à`moJ H$moUVo?

6. {X„rÀ`m gwbVmZmZr dmñVw{eënH$bm d gm{hË`mbm {Xbobo `moJXmZ

H$moUVo?

78

IV. A JQ>mVrb KQ>H$m§Mm ~ JQ>mVrb KQ>H$mer OmoS>çm Owidm.

A ~

O`er AbmB© XadmOm

Xm¡bVm~mX {gVma

AëbmCÔrZ {IbOr nX²_mdV

A_ra Iwómo Xod{Jar

CnH«$‘

1. {X„rÀ¶m gwbVmZm§À¶m H$mimVrb dmñVw{eën H$bm§Mr {MÌo dU©Zmgh g§J«h H$am.

2. ZH$memV {X„r gwbVmZmÀ¶m H$mimVrb Eo{VhmgrH$ ñWio AmoiIm.

79

nmR> 7 ‘moJb

nmR>mMm n[aM¶~m~aZo ^maVmda 1526 ‘Ü¶o AmH«$‘U Ho$bo. {X„rÀ¶m gwbVmZm§Mm nam^d

H$ê$Z ‘moJb gm‘«mÁ¶mMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. ¶m nmR>m‘Ü¶o AH$~a Am{U Am¡a§JOo~mÀ¶m H$ma{H$Xu{df¶r ‘m{hVr XoÊ¶mV Ambr Amho. ¶m~amo~aM ‘moJbm§Mm amÁ¶ H$ma^ma Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ ¶moJXmZmMr ‘m{hVr {Xbobr Amho. eodQ>r ¶m gm‘«mÁ¶mÀ¶m èhmgmbm H$maUr^yV Agbobr H$maUo gm§{JVbr AmhoV. EHy$UM hm XmoZ eVH$m§Mm H$mi à‘wI amOH$s¶ eº$s åhUyZ ‘moJbmZr {‘adbm. gm{hË¶ H$bobm {Xbobo ¶moJXmZ, gm‘«mÁ¶mMm CX¶ Am{U AñV ¶m{df¶r ‘m{hVr {Xbobr Amho.gm‘Ï¶}

1. AH$~amÀ¶m CXma {ZVr Am[U H$m‘{JarMo H$m¡VwH$ H$aUo.2. Am¡a§JOo~mMr g§Hw${MV d¥Îmr, Xoem‘Yrb X§Jo Am{U èhmgmbm H$er H$maUr^yV

Pmbr Vo g‘OyZ KoUo.3. gm{hË¶ Am{U H$bo‘Ü¶o ‘moJb g‘«mQ> H$go lr‘§V hmoVo ho OmUyZ KoUo.4. ‘moJb gm‘«mÁ¶mVrb Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWio ZH$memda AmoiIUo.

^maVmÀ¶m B{VhmgmV VrZ à{gÕ gm‘«mÁ¶o hmoD$Z Jobr. Ë`mn¡H$s n{hbo åhUOo

‘m¡¶© gm‘«mÁ¶, Xþgao Jwá gm‘«mÁ¶, {Vgao åhUOo ‘moJb gm‘«mÁ¶. ‘moJb gm‘«mÁ¶mMr

ñWmnZm ~m~a ¶mZo Ho$br. gwê$dmVrbm Ë¶mZo A’$Jm{UñVmZmVrb H$m~yb ¶m N>moQ>¶m

àXoemda amÁ¶ Ho$bobo hmoVo. g‘¥Õ Aem maVmda AmH«$‘U H$aÊ¶mMr Vmo dmQ>M nhmV

hmoVm.

~m~a : {X„rMo gwbVmZ Xþ~©b Pmë¶m‘wio ~m~aZo {X„rda AmH«$‘U H$ê$Z Vmo

^mJ Amnë¶m A{YnË¶mImbr AmUbm. Var Vmo ¶mdaM g‘mYmZr Pmbm Zmhr.

H$maU ¶oWrb aOnyV Am{U A’$JmU amOmZr Ë¶mbm à~inUo {damoY Ho$bm. dra¶moÕm

Agboë¶m ~m~aZo Amnë¶m ¶wÕH$m¡eë¶ Am{U CÎm‘ eóm§óm§À¶m Omoamda {damoYH$mZm

Y¡¶m©Zo Vm|S> XoD$Z nidyZ bmdbo.

80

~m~aZo {X„r, AmJ«m Am{U AmOy~mOyMm àXoe VrZ ¶wÕm‘Ü¶o qOHy$Z Amnbo gm‘«mÁ¶ ñWmnZ Ho$bo. nU Vmo AënmdYrVM ‘aU nmdbm. Ë¶mZ§Va Ë¶mMm ‘wbJm hþ‘m¶yZ JmXrda Ambm.

hþ‘m¶yZ hþ‘m¶yZZo gwédmVrbm Amnë¶m eÌyZm ¶wÕmV ha{dbo nU A’$JmZMm gaXma

eoa emh gwar ¶mÀ¶mH$Sy>Z Ë¶mbm namO¶ ñdrH$mamdm bmJbm. amÁ¶ J‘mdë¶mZ§Va

Ë`mZo n{e©`mbm nbm`Z H$ê$Z VoWo 15 df©o dmñVì` Ho$bo. A’$JmU Xþ~©b Pmë¶mda

hþ‘m¶yZZo nwÝhm ^maVmda AmH«$‘U H$ê$Z {X„r Vmã¶mV KoVbr. nU Vmo Aënem

H$mbmdYrVM ‘aU nmdbm. AH$~a

AH$~a

hþ‘m¶yZMm ‘wbJm AH$~a hm ^maVmda gm‘«mÁ¶

ñWmnÝ`mMr AmH$m§jm KoD$ZM ^maVmV Ambm hmoVm.

Ë¶mgmR>r Ë¶mZo aOnyV amOmZm ñdV…bm ‘XV H$aÊ`mg

gm§JÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ Ho$bm. Ë¶mn¡H$s H$mhrZr AH$~ambm

gmW {Xbr. na§Vw ‘odmS>Mm amUm àVmnqgh ¶mZo

AH$~ambm {damoYM Ho$bm. Vmo ñdm{^‘mZr VgmM

‘hmeyahr hmoVm. nwT>o Ë¶mÀ`m~amo~aM AH$~amMo

hiXrKmQ> (amOñWmZ) ¶oWo ‘hm^¶§H$a ¶wÕ Pmbo.

¶m ¶wÕmV amUm àVmnqghmMm nam^d Pmbm.

VargwÕm eodQ>À¶m jUmn¶ªV Ë¶mZo Amnbr ‘mZ Imbr dmH$dbr Zmhr.

AH$~amZo nwT>o AZoH$ dfmªMm H$mi g¡{ZH$m§À¶m g§JVrV Kmb{dbm. Ë¶mMm n[aUm‘

åhUyZ JwOamV, ~§Jmb, H$mí‘ra, H$m~yb B. àXoe qOHy$Z ‘moR>çm gm‘«mÁ¶mMr ñWmnZm

Ho$br.

81

AH$~amMr H$m‘{Jar

amÁ¶H$ma^ma AH$~a hm CÎm‘ amÁ¶H$Vm© VgoM {demb ‘Zmo^mdmMm hmoVm. CÎm‘

amÁ¶ Mmb{dÊ¶mgmR>rMo gd© Mm§Jbo JwU Ë¶mÀ¶mH$S>o hmoVo. Vmo H«w$a amÁ¶H$Vm© ZìhVm.

~hþg§»¶ àOm qhXþ Agë¶mZo Ë¶m§Mr ‘Zo qOH$Uo Amdí¶H$ Agë¶mMr OmUrd Ë¶m§Zm

hmoVr. qhXþZm Cƒ nXo {Xbr. ‘§Jmob ‘wñbr‘ amÁ¶ H$Ë¶m©Zr qhXþda bmXbobm "{O{g¶m'

({OpP¶m) H$a VgoM ¶mÌm H$a aÔ Ho$bm. AH$~amZo gVr nÕV ~§X Ho$br. ~mb

{ddmhmbm {damoY Ho$bm. AH$~amMr y-H$a nÕV gd©gm‘mÝ¶mZm ê$Mbr hmoVr. y-H$a

nÕV (‘hgyb nÕV) amOm VmoS>a‘b ¶m ‘§Í¶mZo emoYyZ H$mT>>br d ¶eñdrnUo am~{dbr.

Ym{‘©H$ {ZVr AH$~a ho Ym{‘©H$ g{hîUy hmoVo. ñdV…Mr ZdrZ amOYmZr ’$Vonya

{gH«$s ¶ooWo B~mXV ImZm ZmdmMo EH$ àmW©Zm ‘§{Xa ~m§Ybo. VoWo ‘wñbr‘ n§WmVrb à‘wIm

~amo~a Ym{‘©H$ {dMmam§Mr MMm© Ho$br. qhXþ, O¡Z, ~m¡Õ, nmagr, {¼íMZ BË¶mXr Y‘©

à‘wIm§Zm ¶oWo ~mobmdyZ Ë¶m§Mo {dMma g‘OyZ KoV Ago. ¶m qMVZmMo ’$i åhUOo AH$~amZo

"{XZ-E-B©bmhr' ZmdmMm Zdm n§W ñWmnZ Ho$bm. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o gd© Y‘m©Vrb CÎm‘ A§emMm

ñdrH$ma Ho$bobm hmoVm. Var Ho$di hmVmÀ¶m ~moQ>mda ‘moOÊ¶m BVŠ`m bmoH$m§Zr Ë¶mMm

ñdrH$ma Ho$bm.

H$boMo nmofU AH$~amZo gm{hË¶ H$bobm àmoËgmhZ {Xbo. ’¡$Or A~wb ’$Ob

Am{U {~a~b ho Ë¶m§À¶m Xa~mar Agbobo loð> H$dr hmoV. A‘a g§JrVH$ma VmZgoZ

Ë¶mÀ¶m Xa~mamVrb emo^m dmT>dV Ago. dmñVw{eën Am{U {MÌH$bobmhr AH$~amZo

^anya àmoËgmhZ {Xbo.

AH$~amZ§Va Amboë¶m Ohm±Jra Am{U ehmOhmZ ¶mZr Ë¶mMr ~arMer {ZVr

Adb§~br hmoVr. ehmOhmZZo Am½Œ`mVrb à{gÕ VmO‘hb, {X„rMm ‘moR>m bmb

{H$„m Am{U ^ì¶ amO‘hb ~m§YyZ à{gÕr {‘i{dbr.

82

Am¡a§JOo~

Am¡a§JOo~

ehmOhmZMm ‘wbJm Am¡a§JOo~ hm eodQ>Mm à{gÕ ‘moJb

g‘«mQ> hmo¶. Ë¶mZo 50 dfmªMm gwXrK© H$mi amÁ¶H$ma^ma Ho$bm.

gm‘«mÁ¶mMm AOyZhr {dñVma Ho$bm. VargwÕm Ë¶mMm ’$ma bdH$a

eodQ> Pmbm.

Ym{‘©H$ {ZVr Am¡a§JOo~ hm g§àXm¶dmXr ‘wgb‘mZ hmoVm.

Vmo ‘ÚnmZ, ÚyV d g§JrVmnmgyZ Xÿa hmoVm. Vmo gai{Odr hmoVm.

Am¡a§JOo~mZo AH$~amMr CXma{ZVr gmoSy>Z {Xbr. {OPr`m H$a

nwÝhm bmdbm. ¶m‘wio amOH$s¶ ApñWaVm ngabr.

erIm§Mo X§Jo : Am¡a§JOo~mÀ¶m Y‘© YmoaUmZo erI, ‘amR>m Am{U OmQ>agwÕm

^S>H$bo. erI Jwé VoO ~hmXþa ¶mZm ~§Xr H$aÊ¶mV Ambo. Ë¶mMm ‘wbJm Jwé JmoqdX

qgJ ¶mZo g§nyU© erI g_wXm`mbm dra{Xjm {Xbr. {Xjm KoVboë`mZm qgJ (qgh) Ago

g§~moYÊ¶mV Ambo. Vo n§M "H$' Mo nmbZ H$am¶Mo. H$ åhUOo Ho$e (bm§~ Ho$g),

H§$Jm (H§$Jdm) H¥$nmU ({H$ê$JVr) H$ÀN>o (N>moQ>r {dOma) Am{U H§$H$U (bmoI§S>mMo

H$m§H$U) dmnaV AgV. ho AmMaU erIm‘Ü¶o AmOhr Amho.

X§Jo CÎma ^maVm‘Ü¶o erI Am{U aOnyVmZr Am¡a§JOo~mMm H$S>mSy>Z {damoY Ho$bm. X[jUo‘Ü¶o {edmOr ‘hmamOm§Mm CX¶ Pmbm. hr m§S>Uo (X§Jo) {XK©H$mb MmbV am{hë`mZo Am¡a§JOo~mMr gÎmm, g§nÎmr, g¡{ZH$ Am{U amÁ¶mMm ~amMgm mJ Ë¶mbm J‘dmdm bmJbm. Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶mMr à{Vð>mhr H$_r Pmbr. gm‘«mÁ¶mMo ~aoM àXoe ñdV§Ì Pmbo. X»IZÀ¶m ¶wÕmV Vmo Am{W©H$ Am{U X¡{hH$[aË¶m ~amM IMbm hmoVm. Ë¶m‘wio Vmo X»IZ‘Ü¶oM ‘aU nmdbm. ¶mÀ¶m AñVm ~amo~aM ‘moJbm§Mr amÁ¶mdaMr nH$S> {T>br Pmbr.

83

‘moJbm§Mo gm§ñH¥${VH$ ¶moJXmZ

‘moJbm§Mm amÁ¶H$ma^ma

‘moJb g‘«mQ>mbm gd© ZmJ[aH$ VgoM g¡{ZH$s A{YH$ma hmoVo. Ý¶m¶XmZ H$aVmZm

¶mMm {ZU©¶ hm A§{V‘ Agm¶Mm.

gm‘«mÁ¶mMo àm§V (gwnm), {Oëhm (gaH$ma) Am{U VmbwH$m (naJUm) Ago ^mJ

hmoVo. ZJam‘Ü¶o H$moVdmb ZmdmMm A{YH$mar H$m¶Xm Am{U gwì¶dñWm nhm¶Mm.

‘hgyb nÕV AH$~amMm ‘§Ìr amOm VmoS>a‘bZo ^y-H$a nÕV R>a{dbr hmoVr.

Ë¶m‘wio {nH$mD$> O{‘ZrÀ¶m AmYmamda ‘hgyb O‘m Ho$bm Om¶Mm.

gm{hË¶ ‘moJbmZr n{e©¶Z gm{hË¶mbm {deof àmoËgmhZ {Xbo. AH$~amÀ¶m

Xa~mamV A~wb ’$Ob, {ZOm‘wÔrZ Am{U ~Xm¡Zr ZmdmMo à{gÕ B{VhmgH$ma hmoD$Z

Jobo. AH$~aZm_m hr A~wb ’$ObMr ‘w»¶ H¥$Vr hmo¶. ‘moJb amOHw$‘ma "Xmam ewH$mo'

loð> {dÛmZ hmoVm. Ë¶mZo ^JdV JrVoMo ^mfm§Va Ho$bo. qhXr gm{hË¶mbmhr amOml¶

{‘imë¶mZo Vr g‘¥Õ Pmbr "am‘M[aV‘mZg' hr VwbgrXmgm§Mr à‘wI H¥$Vr ¶mM

H$mimV V¶ma Pmbr.

dmñVw{eën: {X„r ‘Yrb hþ‘m¶yZMr g‘mYr AH$~amÀ¶m gwédmVrÀ¶m H$mimVM

~m§YÊ¶mV Ambr. Ë¶mZo ’$Vonya {gH«$s (AmJ«m Odi) ¶oWo ZdrZ amOYmZr {Z‘m©U Ho$br.

amOYmZrV ì¶ Ago amO‘hb, ‘{eXr Am{U ‘§Q>n Xoe {dXoemVrb àdmem§Zm AmH${f©V

H$aVmV. ¶oWrb Om‘m ‘{eXrMo àdoeÛma (~wb§X-XadmOm) maVm‘Ü¶o A{V C§M Amho.

84

hþ‘m¶yZMr g‘mYr, {X„r

‘moJbm§Mr dmñVw{eënH$bm ehmOhmZÀ¶m H$mimV Amnë¶m AË¶yÀ¶ {eIamda hmoVr. Ë¶mZo Am½Œ`mÀ`m {H$ëë`mV ~m§Ybobm amO‘hb, ‘moVr‘hb AXÿ^yV AmhoV. Am½¶«mV ~m§Ybobm VmO‘hb hm ‘moJbm§À¶m dmñVy{eënH$boMm H$ig R>aVmo. Ë¶mMr amUr ‘w‘VmO {hÀ`m ñ‘aUmW© VmO‘hb ~m§YÊ¶mV Ambm (17 do eVH$). ¶m VmO‘hb ‘Ü¶o ‘w‘VmO Am{U ehmOhmZMr g‘mYr ñWio AmhoV. {X„rMm à{gÕ bmb {H$„m ehmOhmZZoM ~m§Ybm.

{H$„m AmJ«m

85

bmb {H$„m, {X„r{MÌH$bm ‘moJbm§À¶m H$mimV ZdrZ {MÌH$bm g§àXm¶ OÝ‘mbm Ambm. Ë¶mbm

"{MH$Ur' Ago åhUVmV. AH$~amÀ¶m Xa~mamV e§^anojm OmñV {MÌH$ma hmoVo. Ohm§JraÀ¶m Aml¶mImbr {MÌH$bm n[an¹$ Pmbr. ‘mÌ g§àXm¶dmXr Agboë¶m Am¡a§JOo~mZo {MÌH$bobm àmoËgmhZ {Xbo Zmhr.

VmZgoZ

g§JrV AH$~amÀ¶m H$mimV g§JrV H$bobm

àmoËgmhZ XoÊ¶mV Ambo. Ë¶m H$mimVrb g§JrVH$mam§Mo

gmV ^mJmV {d^mJUr H$ê$Z JQ> V¶ma Ho$bo hmoVo.

{Xdgmbm EH$ JQ> AemàH$mao g§JrV g^m Mmbdbr

Om¶Mr. "VmZgoZ' hm AH$~amÀ¶m H$mimVrb A‘a

g§JrVH$ma hmoVm. Ohm§Jra VgoM ehmOhmZÀ¶m

H$mimVgwÕm g§JrVmbm àmoËgmhZ {_imbo. VargwÕm

Am¡a§JOo~mZo g§JrVmMm {ZfoY Ho$bm. nU bmoH$m§À¶m

öX¶mVrb g§JrVmMr AmdS> _mÌ H$_r H$ê$ eH$bm Zmhr.

86

‘moJb gm‘«mÁ¶mMm èhmg

Am¡a§JOo~mÀ¶m H$mimV ‘moJb gm‘«mÁ¶ Xþ~©b Pmbo. Ë¶mMr H$mhr H$maUo Imbrb à‘mUo AmhoV.

* gaXma ^«ï> Pmbo hmoVo.

* qghmgZmMm CÎmam{YH$mar hmoÊ¶mgmR>r ~amM A§VaH$bh ‘mObm hmoVm.

* àm§Vm{YH$mè`m§Zr ¶mMm ’$m¶Xm CR>dV ñdV§Ì amÁ¶H$ma^ma gwé Ho$bm.

* gdm©V ‘w»¶ H$maU åhUOo ^maVmMo Bñbm‘ Y‘m©À¶m amÁ¶mV n[adV©Z

H$aÊ`mg Am¡a§JOo~mbm gd© WamVyZ H$S>mSy>Z {damoY Pmbm.

* erI, aOnyV Am[U ‘amR>¶m~amo~a XrK©H$mi gwê$ Agboë¶m g§Kfm©‘wio

gm‘«mÁ¶mMr eº$s H$‘r Pmbr.

* ¶m H$mimV ZmXraehm ZmdmÀ¶m n{e©¶Z amOmZo {X„rda AmH«$‘U Ho$bo.

Ë¶m bT>mB©V Ë¶mMm {dO¶ Pmbm. ‘moJbmZr 200 dfm©nmgwZ O‘m Ho$bobr

YZ g§nÎmr Ë¶mZo bwQy>Z Zobr. OJà{gÕ H$mohrZya {ham Am{U ehmOhmZMo

‘¶wamgZ (‘¶yaqghmgZ) Vmo KoD$Z Jobm. ‘moJbm§Mm I{OZm Ë¶mZo Imbr

Ho$bm.

H$mbJUZm (gm.e.)

~m~a : gm.e. 1526 - 1530

AH$~a : gm.e. 1556 - 1605

Am¡a§JOo~ : gm.e. 1659 -1707

ZdrZ eãX

{OPr¶m : ‘wgb‘mZ amOmZr àË¶oH$ qhXþZm XaS>moB© bmdbobm H$a.

¶mÌm H$a : {VW© joÌm§Zm ¶oUmè¶m qhXþZm bmdbobm H$a.

87

Aä`mg

I. [aH$må`m OmJm ^am.

1. hiXrKmQ>mVrb bT>mB©V AH$~amZo______________aOnyV amOmMm

nam^d Ho$bm.

2. AH$~amÀ`m ______________`m _§Í`mZo ^y H$a nÕV R>a{dbr.

3. ______________ `m _moJb amOmZo H$bobm àmYmÝ` {Xbo.

4. ______________ `m amOmZo g§JrVmbm {damoY Ho$bm.

II. Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao Úm.

1.‘moJb gm‘«mÁ¶mMm g§ñWmnH$ H$moU hmoVm?

2.AH$~ambm {damoY Ho$boë¶m ‘odmS>À¶m amUm§Mo Zmd {bhm.

3.VmO‘hb H$moR>o Amho? Vmo H$moUr ~m§Ybm?

4.‘moJbmÀ¶m H$mimVrb à‘wI B{Vhmg H$mam§Mr Zmdo {bhm.

III. JQ>mV MMm© H$éZ CÎmao {bhm.

1. B~mXV ImZ ~Õb {Q>nm {bhm.

2. AH$~amÀ`m Ym{_©H$ YmoaUm~m~V {bhm.

3. _m|Jb gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m H$mimVrb dmñVw{eënm ~m~V _m{hVr {bhm.

4. _moJb gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m èhmgmMr H$maUo H$moUVr?

88

IV. OmoS>çm Owidm.

A ~

VwierXmg _`ya qghmgZ

A~wb \$Ob XaS>moB© H$a

ehmOhmZ am_M[aV _mZg

{O{P`m \$Vohnya {gH«$s

AH$~a AH$~aZm_m

V. CnH«$‘

1. ‘moJbm§À¶m dmñVwH¥$VrMr {MÌo ‘m{hVrgh g§J«h H$am.

2. ‘moJb H$mimVrb Eo{VhmgrH$ ñWio ZH$memda XmIdm.

3. AH$~a Am{U Am¡a§JOo~ ¶m§À¶m Ym{‘©H$ {ZVrVrb {damoYm^mg ¶mda MMm©

H$am.

89

nmR> 8 ‘amR>o

nmR>mMm n[aM¶

¶m nmR>mV {edmOrMo ~mbnU, Ë¶m§Mo AmXe©, ‘moJb gm‘«mÁ¶ Am{U {dO`nya amÁ¶m§À¶m nam^dmÀ¶m H$Wm, ‘amR>r gm‘«mÁ¶mMr ñWmnZm, amÁ¶H$ma^ma Am{U Ë¶m§Mo AX²>^yV ì¶{º$Ëd ¶m§Mr ‘m{hVr {Xbobr Amho.gm‘Ï¶©

1. {edmOrMo OrdZ, gmhgr JyU Am{U Ho$bobo H$m¶© g‘OyZ KoUo.2. ZH$memV {edmOrer g§~§{YV Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWio AmoiIUo.

CÎma ^maVm‘Ü¶o ‘moJbm§À¶m dM©ñdmÀ¶m H$mimVM X{jU ^mJmV ‘moJb§mMm

namO¶ H$ê$Z _amR>o gÎmoda Ambo. ‘amR>m KamÊ¶mMm g§ñWmnH$ {edmOr hmo¶.

{edmOr

{edmOr

{edmOrMm OÝ‘ nwÊ`mOdirb {edZoar {H$ëë`mda

Pmbm. {edmOrMo d{S>b ehmOr ^mogbo ho {dOmnyaÀ¶m

Am{XbehmÀ¶m Xa~mar gaXma ¶m Cƒ nXmda hmoVo.

Ë¶m‘wio {edmOrMo nmbZ-nmofU AmB© {OOm~mB©

¶m§À¶mH$S>o Pmbo. Jwê$ XmXmoOr H$m|S>Xod Am{U VmZmOr

‘mbwgao ¶mZr {edmOrbm ¶wÕH$bm, eómó {dÚm

{eH${dbr. àma§^r {edmOrZo ‘amR>çmZm d npíM‘

KmQ>mVrb ‘mdù`mZm EH${ÌV O‘dyZ Ë¶mZm J{Z‘r

¶wÕ{ZVrMo {ejU XoD$Z Amnbo ‘mdio V¶ma Ho$bo.

90

{edmOrMr H$m‘{Jar

{edmOrZo 19 ì¶m dfu {dO`nyaÀ¶m AmXrbehmÀ¶m A{YZ Agbobm VmoaUm {H$„m qOHy$Z KoVbm. Z§Va am¶JS>, qghJS>, àVmnJS> BË¶mXr {H$„o qOHy$Z KoVbo. ¶m‘wio H«$mo{YV Pmboë¶m {dOmnyaÀ¶m Am{XbehmZo {edmOrbm Ordo ‘maÊ¶mgmR>r goZmnVr A’$PbImZbm nmR>{dbo. A’$Pb ImZ d {edmOr g‘moamg‘moa ^oQ>bo. EH$‘oH$mZm AmqbJU XoVodoir A’$PbImZZo {edmOr amOmÀ¶m nmR>rV I§Ora IwngUma BV³¶mV {edmOrZo MnimB©Zo "ì¶mK«ZIm§Zr' Ë¶mMm dY Ho$bm.

{edmOrMr {H$Vu {Xdg|{Xdg ngaV Mmbbr. Vr Am¡a§JOo~mÀ¶m H$mZmn¶ªV nmohMbr. Am¡a§JOo~mZo X»IZ‘Ü¶o Agbobm gaXma em{hñVoImZ ¶mbm {edmOrÀ¶m ~§Xmo~ñVmgmR>r nmR>{dbo. na§Vw {edmOrZoM em{hñVo ImZMm nam^d Ho$bm.

em{hñVoImZmZo nwÊ¶mÀ¶m amO‘hmbmV ‘w¸$m_ Ho$bm. XmoZ df© Pmbr Var Ë¶mbm

{edmOrbm nH$S>Uo e³¶ Pmbo Zmhr. {edmOrZo EHo$ amÌr dof nmbQy>Z ImZ ahmV

hmoVm VoWo h„m Ho$bm. ImZ VoWyZ niyZ OmV AgVmZm {edmOrZo Ë¶mMr ~moQ>o

H$mnbr. em{hñVoImZZo ^¶^rV hmoD$Z nwÊ¶mVyZ nbm¶Z Ho$bo.

{edmOrÀ¶m CnÐdmZo Am¡a§JOo~ g§Vmnbm. Ë¶mZo amOm O¶qgJbm {edmOrda

AmH«$‘U H$aÊ¶mg nmR>{dbo. ¶mdoir amOm O¶qgJMm CÔoe g’$b Pmbm. {edmOrZo

amOm O¶qgJ~amo~a Vh Ho$bm d H$mhr {H$„o ‘moJbmZm {Xbo. Vh Ho$ë¶mZ§Va amOm

O¶qgJ {edmOrbm KoD$Z Am¡a§JOo~mMr ^oQ> KoÊ¶mH$arVm {X„rbm Jobo. Am¡a§JOo~mZo

H$nQ>mZo {edmOrbm H¡$X H$ê$Z Am½Œ`mbm nmR>{dbo. VoWyZ {edmOrZo ¶wº$sZo noR>mè¶mVyZ

gyQ>H$m H$ê$Z KoVbr. VoWyZ Vmo Amnë¶m amÁ¶mV gwIê$n nmohmoMbm.

nwT>rb XmoZ dfm©V {edmOrZo Amnbo ñWmZ nwÝhm ^¸$‘ Ho$bo. VhmV ‘moJbmZm

{Xbobo gd© {H$„o nwÝhm qOHy$Z KoVbo. gwaV ehamda nwÝhm h„m H$ê$Z Anma g§nÎmr bwQy>Z

ñdamÁ¶mV AmUbr.

91

{edmOrMm {H$„m, am¶JS>>

{edmOrMm amÁ¶m{^foH$

{edmOrMm amÁ¶m{^foH$ amOYmZr am¶JS>mda AË¶§V {X_mImV Pmbm. "N>ÌnVr' hr nXdr YmaU Ho$br. Amnbo ñdamÁ¶ "qhXdr ñdamÁ¶' Agë¶mMr KmofUm Ho$br. Z§Va {edmOrZo qOOr, ¶oëbyê$, ‘¡gyé àm§VmMm {demb àXoe qOHy$Z Anma g§nÎmr O‘{dbr. nU ‘amR>çm§Mo ho d¡^d nmhÊ¶mg {edmOr ’$ma H$mi OJbo ZmhrV.

{edmOrMm amÁ¶H$ma^ma

amÁ¶ H$ma^mamgmR>r AmR> àYmZm§Mo EH$ ‘§S>i ñWmnbo hmoVo. ¶m Aï>àYmZ ‘§S>imÀ¶m àYmZ‘§Ìrbm noedm Ago g§~moYZ hmoVo. {edmOr ‘hmamOm§À¶m ‘aUmZ§Va ‘amR>m amÁ¶mV {Z‘m©U Pmbobo amOH$s¶ g§H$Q> noeì¶mZr Xÿa Ho$bo. VgoM CÎm‘ amÁ¶H$ma^ma gm§^mibm. nwT>o ‘amR>m gm‘«mÁ¶ ho noedm åhUyZM CX¶mbm Ambo. ~mimOr {dídZmW, n{hbo ~mOramd Am{U ~mimOr ~mOramd ho ‘amR>m gm‘«mÁ¶mVrb à‘wI noedo hmoVo.

92

ZdrZ eãX:

J{Z‘r H$mdm : eÌwer g‘moamg‘moa ¶wÕ Z H$aVm bnyZ Ho$bobo ¶wÕN>ÌnVr : ‘hmamO

Aä`mg

I. [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX {bhÿZ nyU© H$am.

1. {edmOrMo Jwé ________ ho hmoVo.

2. {edmOrZo ________ À`m ghmæ`mZo A\$Ob ImZmMm dY Ho$bm.

3. Am¡a§Oo~mÀ`m _________ `m gaXmamZo {edmOrMm nam^d Ho$bm.

II. Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao Úm.

1.{edmOrMm OÝ‘ H$moR>o Pmbm?

2.{edmOrÀ¶m AmB© d{S>bm§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm.

3.{dO`nwaÀ¶m gwbVmZmZo {edmOrbm H$m {damoY Ho$bm?

4.em{hñVoImZ H$moU hmoVm?

5.{edmOrMm amÁ¶m{^foH$ H$moR>o Pmbm ? Ë¶mdoir Ë¶mZr H$moUVr nXdr YmaU Ho$br?

6.‘amR>m gm‘«mÁ¶mVrb à‘wI noeì¶m§Mr Zmdo {bhm.

CnH«$‘:-

ZH$memV {edmOrer g§~§{YV ñWio AmoiIm.

93

ZmJ[aH$ emónmR> 9 Amnbo g§{dYmZ

nmR>mMm n[aM¶

¶m nmR>mV g§{dYmZmMm AW©, ‘hËd, aMZm Am{U Ë¶mMr bjUo `m§Mo {Zê$nU Ho$bo Amho.gm‘Ï¶}

1. g§{dYmZmMm AW© Am{U ‘hËd g‘OyZ XoUo.

2. g§{dYmZmÀ¶m àñVmdZoMo ‘hËd g‘OyZ XoUo.

3. ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmMr bjUo OmUyZ KoUoo d àe§gm H$aUo.

4. g§{dYmZmÀ¶m aMZm H$m¶m©V ^mJ KoVboë¶m à{gÕ ì¶º$s~Õb g‘OyZ

KoUo.

5. àOmgÎmmH$ H$ënZm g‘OyZ KoUo.

6. gd©Y‘© g‘^md ¶m VËdmMm Ame¶ OmUyZ {ZË¶ OrdZmV ¶m ‘yë¶m§Mm

g‘mdoe H$aÊ¶mg geº$ hmoUo.

7. g§{dYmZmMm Jm¡ad H$aÊ¶mMr àd¥Vr dmT>{dUo.

g§{dYmZmMm AW© Am{U ‘hËd

g§{dYmZ åhUOo EImÚm XoemZo AZwgabobo ‘wb^yV H$m¶Xo hmo`. hm gaH$maMm

^mJ AgVmo. Ë¶m§Mo A{YH$ma Am{U H$m¶mªMo ñn{ï>H$aU AgVo. g§{dYmZmV ZmJ[aH$m§Mo

h¸$ Am{U H$V©ì¶o ¶m§Mm C„oI AgVmo. g§{dYmZ gaH$magmR>r ‘mJ©Xe©H$ AgVo.

g§{dYmZmMo H$moUrhr Cb§KZ H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr.

g§{dYmZmMo ‘hËd

g§{dYmZmV XoemMo ‘wb^yV H$m¶Xo Agë¶m‘wio Vo ’$ma ‘hËdmMo Amho. Ë¶mbm

gd©OU H$Q>r~Õ amhVmV. amï´>nVr, n§VàYmZ, ImgXma, Ý¶m¶mYre, A{YH$mar dJ©

Am{U XoemVrb gd©OU g§{dYmZmMo nmbZ H$aÊ¶mg H$Q>r~Õ AmhoV.

94

H$m¶Úmg‘moa gd©OU g‘mZ AmhoV ho gwÌ àOoÀ¶m h¸$m§À¶m ajUmbm ‘hËd XoVo.

gaH$maZo H$m¶© H$amd¶mÀ¶m H$m¶m©Zm ‘mJ©gyMr à‘mUo H$m¶© H$aVo.

gaH$maMr A§Jo Agbobr emgH$m§J, H$m¶mªJ Am{U Ý¶m`m§J ¶m§Mr H$m¶©o ‘mJ©XeuV Ho$br AgyZ Ë¶m§À`m ‘Ü¶o AgUmam g‘Ýd¶ gmYÊ¶mgmR>r ‘XV hmoVo.

g§{dYmZ gaH$ma Am{U ì¶º$s ‘Yrb CÎm‘ g§~§Y àñVmdrV H$aVo.

H¥$Vr: S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a ho H$moU? Ë¶mZm AmnU AmO H¥$VkVm nyd©H$ ñ‘aU H$m H$aVmo. MMm© H$am.

^maVmÀ¶m g§{dYmZ aMZm g^m

^maVmÀ¶m g§{dYmZmgmR>r g§{dYmZ aMZm g^m hr {deof g^m V¶ma Ho$br. ¶m gôÀ¶m gXñ¶mZr Ë¶m§À¶m n{hë¶m A{YdoeZZmV S>m°. amOoÝÐ àgmX ¶m§Mr AÜ¶j åhUyZ {ZdS> Ho$br.

g§{dYmZmÀ¶m gôV 299 OU hmoVo. 9 S>rg|~a1946 amoOr Ë¶m§Mo àW‘ A{YdoeZ

Pmbo.

‘gwXm g{‘Vr

g§{dYmZ aMZm gôZo Amnbo H$m¶© JVrerb H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m CÔoemZo H$mhr g{‘Ë¶m§Mr

aMZm Ho$br. VgoM g§{dYmZmMr ‘gwXm àV V¶ma H$aÊ¶mgmR>r g§{dYmZ ‘gwXm g{‘Vr

Zo‘br. ¶m g{‘VrMo AÜ¶j S>m°. ~r. Ama. Am§~oS>H$a hmoVo.

95

•gXñ¶mZr g§{dYmZmMr ‘gwXm àV n[a{ebZ H$ê$Z 2473 XþéñË¶m gwM{dë¶m.

‘gwXm g§{dYmZ Am{U XþéñË¶mda g§{dYmZ aMZm g^oV g{dñVa MMm© Ho$br. ¶m

à‘mUo g§{dYmZmbm A§{V‘ ê$n XoÊ¶mgmR>r gw‘mao VrZ dfm©Mm H$mbmdYr bmJbm.

•S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a 15-8-1947 nmgyZ 26-1-1950 n¶ªV H$m¶Xm ‘§Ìr hmoVo.

^maVmMo g§{dYmZ 26 OmZodmar 1950 amoOr A§§‘bmV Ambo. ¶m g§{dYmZmZo

^maVmbm àOmgÎmmH$ Ago Kmo{fV Ho$bo. Ë¶mÀ¶m AmR>dUrgmR>r Amåhr àË¶oH$ dfu

26 OmZodmar amoOr àOmgÎmmH$ {XZ hm amï´>r¶ gU åhUyZ gmOam H$aVmo. àË¶oH$ dfu

26 Zmoìh|~a amoOr g§{dYmZ {XZ åhUyZ gmOam H$aVmo. H$maU ¶m {Xder H|$Ð gaH$maZo

g§{dYmZmÀ¶m ‘gwXm àVrMm ñdrH$ma H$ê$Z A{YH¥$V ñdê$nmV ñdrH$mabo.

g§{dYmZmÀ¶m ‘mJ©Xeu gwMZoZwgma ^maVmV 1951-52 gmbr ààW‘ {ZdS>UyH$

Pmbr. amÁ¶g^m Am{U bmoH$g^m ¶m XmoZ gXZmV àW‘ bmoH$[Z¶wº$ g§gX (nmb©‘|Q>)

1952 gmbr ApñVËdmV Ambr.

Am‘À¶m g§{dYmZmMr ì¶mVr : maVr¶ g§{dYmZmV 395 H$m¶Xo d 12 n[aÀN>oXm§Mm g‘mdoe Amho.

àñVmdZm

Amnë¶m g§{dYmZmÀ¶m àma§^r g{dñVa àñVmdZm Amho. hr àñVmdZm g§{dYmZmÀ¶m

öX¶mà‘mUo AgyZ Vr ^maVr¶m§Mo AmXe© Am{U AmH$m§jm à{Vq~{~V H$aVo. Ý¶m¶,

ñdmV§Í¶, g‘mZVm, ì¶º$s Jm¡ad, ~§YwËd, amï´>r¶ EH$mË‘Vm ¶m AmXemªMm C„oI ¶m

‘Ü¶o Ho$bm Amho.

96

Amåhr, ^maVmMo bmoH$, ^maVmMo EH$ gmd©^m¡_ g_mOdmXr Y_©{Zanoj bmoH$emhr JUamÁ` KS>dÊ`mMm d Ë`mÀ`m gd© ZmJ[aH$m§g

gm_m{OH$, Am[W©H$ d amOZ¡{VH$ Ý`m`; {dMma, A{^ì`ŠVr, {dûdmg, ûm«Õm

d CnmgZm `m§Mo ñdmV§Í`; XOm©Mr d g§YrMr g_mZVm;

{ZpíMVnUo àmßV H$éZ XoÊ`mMm Am{U Ë`m gdmª_Ü`o ì`ŠVrMr à{VîR>m d amîQ´>mMr EH$Vm Am{U EH$mË_Vm `m§Mo AmûdmgZ XoUmar ~§YwVm àd{Y©V H$aÊ`mMm g§H$ënnyd©H$ {ZYm©a H$éZ;

Am_À`m g§{dYmZg^oVAmO {XZm§H$ 26 Zmoìh|~a 1949 amoOr `mÛmao

ho g§{dYmZ A§JrH¥$V Am{U A{Y{Z`{_V H$éZ ñdV…àV An©U H$arV AmhmoV.

^maVmMo gm§{dYmZCÔo{eH$m

g§{dYmZmMr à‘wI bjUo

Amnë¶m g§{dYmZmbm ñdV…Mr Aer H$mhr bjUo AmhoV.

{b{IV g§{dYmZ - ^maVmMo g§{dYmZ OJmVrb AVr {dñVmarV g§{dYmZ

Amho. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o emgH$m§J, H$m¶mªJ d Ý¶m¶m§J Aem emgZmÀ¶m {d{dY A§J§mMr aMZm,

A{YH$ma Am{U H$V©ì¶m§Mm g‘mdoe Amho. H|$Ð gaH$ma d amÁ¶ gaH$ma ¶mgmR>r EH$M

g§{dYmZ Amho. Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶mMm AmH$ma ‘moR>m Amho.

97

JUamÁ¶ : ^maV ho EH$ àOmgÎmmH$ JUamÁ¶ Agë¶mMo g§{dYmZmZo gwM{dbo Amho. àOmgÎmmH$ JUamÁ`mV H$moUm EH$m amOmMm H$ma^ma MmbV ZgVmo Va àOoH$S>ÿZ {ZdSy>Z Amboë¶m bmoH$à{V{ZYr ‘m’©$V H$ma^ma Mmb{dbm OmVmo. Aer amOH$s¶ ì¶dñWm Agbobm ^maV Xoe hm EH$ àOmgÎmmH$ JUamÁ¶ Amho.

S>m°. amO|Ð àgmX g§{dYmZ g{‘VrMo AÜ¶j ^maVmMo

àW‘ amï´>nVr

S>m°. ~r.Ama. Am§~oS>H$a

g§{dYmZ ‘gwXm g{‘VrMo AÜ¶j

Odmhabmb Zohé ^maVmMo n{hbo n§VàYmZ

‘yb^yV h¸$ d H$V©ì¶o : g§{dYmZm‘Ü¶o ghm ‘yb^yV h¸$ àOobm {Xbo AmhoV. Vo {hamdyZ KoÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma H$moUbmhr Zmhr. Ë¶mM à‘mUo Vgm H$moUVmhr H$m¶Xm H$aÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma H$moUË¶mhr amÁ¶ gaH$mabm Zmhr. ‘yb^yV h¸$m§Mo Cb§KZ Pmë¶mg Ë¶mMo g§ajU H$aÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma Ý¶m¶mb¶mbm Amho. ZmJ[aH$mZr Amnë¶mbm {‘imboë¶m h¸$m§Mm ‘Zmbm dmQ>ob Vgm dmna H$ê$Z gm‘m{OH$ Aem§Vrg H$maUr^yV hmoD$ Z¶o. g§{dYmZm‘Ü¶o ZmJ[aH$m§Zr H$amd¶mÀ¶m AH$am H$V©ì¶m§Mm C„oI Amho.

gd© Y‘© g‘^md (go³¶wb°arO‘): g§{dYmZmZo gd©Y‘© g‘^md Y‘© {ZanojVm ¶m VËdmMm A§{JH$ma Ho$bm Amho. g§{dYmZmË‘H$ gd©Y‘© g‘^mdmbm Y‘© {ZanojVm Ago åhUVmV. ¶m‘Ü¶o OmV, n§W, Y‘© ¶mV ^oX^md ZgVmo. gaH$maZo H$moUË¶mhr àH$maMm njnmV Z H$aVm gd© Y{‘©¶mZm g‘mZ ^mdZoZo nmhUo hmo¶. gaH$maZo H$moUË¶mhr Y‘m©bm amï´>r¶ Y‘© åhUyZ ‘mÝ¶Vm {Xbobr Zmhr. àË¶oH$mbm Amnë¶m Y‘m© à‘mUo d MmbrarVr à‘mUo AmMaU H$aÊ¶mMo ñdmV§Ì {Xbo Amho. gm‘m{OH$ hrVmÀ¶m Ñï>rZo Ym{‘©H$ ñdmV§Í¶mda {Z¶§ÌU R>odÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma gaH$mabm Amho.

ñdV§Ì Ý¶m¶m§J: Amnbr Ý¶m¶ ì¶dñWm emgH$m§J d H$m¶mªJ ¶mnmgyZ ñdV§Ì AgyZ AZoH$ A{YH$ma Ë¶mÀ¶mH$S>o AmhoV. gaH$ma qH$dm g§gX Ý¶m¶ ì¶dñWo‘Ü¶o H$moUË¶mhr àH$maMm hñVjon H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. H$m¶Úmg‘moa gd©OU g‘mZ AmhoV. Ý¶m¶ {‘i{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma gdm©Zm Amho. ¶m VËdm§Mm nwañH$ma Ý¶m¶m§JZo Ho$bm Amho. gdmo©ƒ Ý¶m¶mb¶mMm {ZU©¶ gdm©Zr nmibmM nm{hOo. VmoM A§Vr‘ {ZU©¶ hmo¶.

98

àm¡T> ‘VXmZ nÕV : gd© nm¡T> ‘VXma (18 dfm© darb) ‘VXmZmÛmao bmoH$ à{V{ZYtMr {ZdS> H$aVmV. ¶m nÕVrbm àm¡T> ‘VXmZ nÕV åhUVmV. ZmJ[aH$ H$moUË¶mhr àH$maMm ^oX^md Z H$aVm ‘VXmZ H$aVmV. Voìhm CÎm‘ gaH$ma ñWmnZ hmoVo.

gdm©Zm gm‘m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ gw~Îmm {‘idyZ XoÊ¶mMo Ü¶o¶ R>odboë¶m amÁ¶mbm gwIr H$ë¶mUH$mar amÁ¶ Ago åhUVmV.

gwIr d H$ë¶mUH$mar (doë’o$Aa ñQ>oQ>) amÁ¶mMr ñWmnZm H$aUo hoM ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmMo ‘w»¶ Ü`o` Amho.

{ZdS>UyH$ nÕV : maV hm OJmVrb gdm©V ‘moR>m bmoH$emhr Xoe Amho. Joë¶m ghm XeH$m‘Ü¶o doimodoir gmd©O{ZH$ {ZdSy>UH$m Pmë¶m AmhoV. ¶m H$mimV bmoH$emhrMr ‘wio Imobda ê$Obr AmhoV. ¶m H$m¶© nÕVr ‘Ü¶o H$mhr H$‘VaVm Agë¶m Var hr nÕV g‘mYmZH$maH$ Amho.

ZdrZ eãX : g§{dYmZ ‘gwXm g{‘Vr : g§{dYmZ g{‘Vr ‘Ü¶o g§{dYmZmMm ‘yi H$ƒm ‘gwXm V¶ma H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Zo_Ê¶mV Ambobr Cng{‘Vr hmo¶.

àOmgÎmmH$ : àOoÀ¶m hmVmV gÎmm AgUo hmo¶. Aä`mg

I. JQ>mV MMm© H$ê$Z CÎmao Úm.1. g§{dYmZ åhUOo H$m¶ ?2. g§{dYmZ g{‘VrMo AÜ¶j H$moU hmoVo ?3. S>m°. ~r.Ama. Am§~oS>H$a ¶mZr g§{dYmZ aMZm H$m¶m©V H$moUVo ¶moJXmZ {Xbo ?4. ^maVmbm H$moUË¶m {Xder àOmgÎmmH$ amï´> åhUyZ Kmo{fV H$aÊ¶mV Ambo ?5. àm¡T> ‘VXmZ nÕV åhUOo H$m¶?6. JUamÁ¶ åhUOo H$m¶ ?7. gd©Y‘© g‘^md åhUOo H$m¶ ?

II. MMm© H$am. àñVmdZoV C„o{Ibobr VËdo d AmXe© ¶m g§~§Yr MMm© H$am.

III. CnH«$‘1. Amnë¶m g§{dYmZmZo Amåhmbm h¸$ d H$V©ì¶o {Xbobr AmhoV. h¸$ d

H$V©ì¶o ¶m ‘Ü¶o Vw‘À¶m ‘Vo H$moUVo ‘w»¶ AmhoV ? JQ>mV MMm© H$ê$Z Vw‘Mm A{^àm¶ {bhm.

2. g§{dYmZ aMZm g{‘VrVrb gXñ¶m§À¶m {MÌm§Mm g§J«h H$am.

99

nmR>

10_yb^yV hŠH$ Am{U H$V©ì`o

nmR>mMm n[aM¶ Amnë¶m g§{dYmZmZo ^maVmÀ¶m àË¶oH$ ZmJ[aH$mg {Xboë¶m h¸$ d H$V©ì¶m§Mm

n[aM¶ ¶m nmR>mV {Xbm Amho.gm‘Ï¶}

1. ñdm^m{dH$ h¸$ d ‘yb^yV h¸$ ¶mVrb ’$aH$ g‘OyZ XoUo.2. ^maVr¶ ZmJ[aH$mZm g§{dYmZmZo {Xboë¶m ‘yb^yV ô¸$m§Mm AW© g‘OyZ

XoUo.3. g§{dYmZmZo gm§{JVboë¶m AH$am ‘yb^yV H$V©ì¶o g‘OyZ KoD$Z Vr Amnë¶m

OrdZmV AmMaUmV AmUUo.4. Amnë¶mbm {‘imbobo h¸$ Cn^moJVmZm AS>MU Amë¶mg Vo h¸$ nwÝhm

{‘i{dÊ¶mMo Cnm¶ g‘OyZ KoUo.

h¸$ åhUOo ZmJ[aH$mbm {‘imbobm A{YH$ma hmo¶. ¶m ‘Ü¶o ñdm^m{dH$ h¸$

gwÕm Agy eH$VmV. CXm. OJÊ¶mMm h¸$, Ord ajUmMm h¸$ VgoM Ý¶m¶ g§‘V h¸$

Agy eH$Vrb. CXm. g‘mZVoMm h¸$, {ejUmMm h¸$.

àË¶oH$ ZmJ[aH$mÀ¶m {dH$mgmgmR>r Am{U amï´>mÀ¶m àJVrgmR>r H$mhr h¸$ Am{U

H$V©ì¶o AgbrM nm{hOoV. Ë¶m gmR>rM Amnë¶m g§{dYmZmZo ZmJ[aH$mgmR>r H$mhr

‘yb^yV h¸$ {Xbobo AmhoV.

‘yb^yV h¸$m§Mm AW©

ì¶º$sÀ¶m ì¶º$sËd {dH$mgmgmR>r g§{dYmZmZo {Xboë¶m g§Yr åhUOoM ‘yb^yV

h¸$ Ago åhUVmV. ho ZmJ[aH$mbm {Xbobo g§{dYmZmË‘H$ h¸$ AmhoV. ‘yb^yV h¸$

gm‘m{OH$ OrdZmbm Amdí¶H$ AmhoV. ¶mMo H$moUr C„§KZ H$ê$ Z¶o. ‘yb^yV h¸$mZm

Ý¶m¶mb¶rZ ajU Amho.

100

‘yb^yV h¸$m§Mo àH$ma

g§{dYmZmZo XoemVrb àË¶oH$ ZmJ[aH$mbm ghm ‘yb^yV h¸$ {Xbo AmhoV. Vo nwT>>rb à‘mUo.1. g‘mZVoMm h¸$ 4. Ym{‘©H$ ñdmV§Í¶mMm h¸$2. ñdmV§Í¶mMm h¸$ 5. gm§ñH¥${VH$ d e¡j{UH$ h¸$3. emofUm {déÕ h¸$ 6. g§{dYmZmZwgma Ý¶m¶mb¶mV XmX ‘mJÊ¶mMm h¸$

AmVm ho ghm h¸$ g_OyZ KoD$ 1] g‘mZVoMm h¸$

H$m¶Úmg‘moa gd©OU g‘mZ AmhoV. H$m¶Úmnojm H$moUrhr ‘moR>o Zmhr. gdm©Zm g‘mZ g§ajU {‘imdo Agm g‘mZVoÀ¶m h¸$mMm Ame¶ Amho.

Y‘©, d§e, OmV, qbJ, OÝ‘ñWi ¶m H$maUmdéZ amÁ¶mZr H$moUVmhr njnmV H$é Z¶o. XþH$mZ, CnmhmaJ¥h, ‘Zmoa§OZmMr ñWio ¶oWo àdoemgmR>r H$moUmbmhr {Z~ªY Kmby Z¶o. gmd©O{ZH$ {d{har, Vbmd, añVo Am{U {dlm§Vr ñWim§Mm dmna H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ~§Xr Agy Z¶o. gaH$mar godoV éOy hmoÊ¶mgmR>r gdm©Zm g‘mZ g§Yr Amho. gmd©O{ZH$ àmW©Zm ñWim‘Ü¶o Ë¶m Ë¶m OmVr Y‘m©À¶m ì¶º$sg àdoe d àmW©Zm H$aUog H$moUË¶mhr àH$maMm {Z~ªY AgUma Zmhr.

g_mZVm

101

2] ñdmV§Í¶mMm h¸

g§{dYmZmZo àË¶oH$mbm {Xbobo ñdmV§Í¶mMo h¸$ nwT>rbà‘mUo AmhoV.

1. ^mfU d {dMma ì¶º$ H$aÊ¶mMo ñdmV§Í¶.

2. em§VVoZo g^oV ^mJ KoÊ¶mMo ñdmV§Í¶.

3. g§K g§ñWm ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mMo ñdmV§Í¶.

4. XoemV H$moR>ohr ‘wº$nUo g§Mma H$aÊ¶mMo ñdmV§Í¶.

5. ^maVmÀ¶m H$moUmË¶mhr ^mJmV dmñVì¶ H$aÊ¶mMo ñdmV§Í¶.

6. H$moUVmhr CÚmoJ, ì¶mnma, ZmoH$ar, Y§Xm, ì¶dhma H$aÊ¶mMo ñdmV§Í¶.

^mfU ñdmV§Í`

H¥$Vr : mfU ñdmV§Í¶mÀ¶m ‘hËdm~Õb EH$ MMm©gÌ Am¶mo{OV H$éZ A{^àm¶ g§J«h H$am.

102

ñdmV§Í¶mMm h¸$ EH$ ‘yb^yV h¸$ Agbm Var Ë¶mMm ‘Zmbm ¶oB©b Vgm dmna H$aVm ¶oUma Zmhr. H$mhr g§X^m©V ì¶º$s ñdmV§Í¶mda amÁ¶mZm H$mhr {Z~ªY KmbVm ¶oVrb Ago g§{dYmZmZo gwM{dbo Amho. CXm. ^mfU ñdmV§Í¶ Amho åhUyZ H$moUË¶mhr ì¶º$s ~Õb AdmñVd ~moby Z¶o. Ë¶m§Mr ‘mZhmZr H$é Z¶o.

3] emofUm {dê$Õ h¸$

J[a~m§Mo, {ó¶m§Mo, ~mbH$m§Mo Am{U Xþ~©bm§Mo emofU H$é Z¶o. hmM ¶m h¸$mMm CÔoe hmo¶. Y‘©, OmV, dJ© Am{U qbJmZwgma hmoUmè`m emofUmMm {ZfoY H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H|$Ð Am{U amÁ¶ gaH$maZo AZoH$ H$m¶Xo ApñVËdmV AmUbo AmhoV. CXm. hþ§S>m XoUo d KoUo H$m¶ÚmZo JwÝhm _mZbm Amho. ImUH$m‘, {~S>r V¶ma H$aUo, ’$Q>mHo$ V¶ma H$aUo Aem Anm¶H$mar H$m_mda ‘wbmZm R>odÊ¶mg ‘ZmB© Amho. ~mbH$mZo Mm¡Xm dfm©n¶ªV gº$sZo {ejU KoVbo nm{hOo.

4] Ym{‘©H$ ñdmV§Í¶mMm h¸$

^maVr¶ ZmJ[aH$ Amnë¶mbm AmdS>bobm Y‘© ñdrH$méZ Ë¶mMo {Z¶‘ bjmV KoD$Z Amnë¶m Y‘m©Mo AmMaU H$aÊ¶mMm h¸$ gdm©Zm Amho. gmd©O{ZH$ em§Vr, {eñV, Amamo½¶ Am{U àXÿfUmbm Y¸$m Z bmdVm BVa {Z¶‘ bjmV KoD$Z Amnë¶m Y‘m©Mo AmMaU H$aÊ¶mMm h¸$ gdm©Zm Amho. O~aXñVrZo, ’$gdyZ VgoM A{_f XmIdyZ Y‘mªVa H$é Z¶o Ago g§{dYmZmZo gwM{dbo Amho.

Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`mMm h¸$

103

5] gm§ñH¥${VH$ d {ejUmMm h¸$

Ym{‘©H$ Am{U ^m{fH$ Aën g§»`mH$m§À¶m {hVmMo g§ajU H$aUo hm ¶m h¸$mMm

‘w»¶ CÔoe Amho. àË¶oH$mbm Amnbr ^mfm, {bnr AWdm g§ñH¥$VrMo ajU H$aÊ¶mMm h¸$ Amho. Aëng§»¶m§H$mZm ñdV…Mr e¡j{UH$ H|$Ðo ñWmnZ H$éZ Vr ì¶dpñWV Mmb{dÊ¶mMm h¸$ Amho. ‘mÌ ¶m {ejU g§ñWm amÁ¶ gaH$maÀ¶m {Z¶‘mZwgma Mmb{dë¶m nm{hOoV.

gm§ñH¥${VH$ d {ejUmMm h¸$

6] g§{dYmZmZwgma Ý¶m¶mb¶mV XmX ‘mJÊ¶mMm h¸$

‘yb yV h¸$m§Mo C„§KZ Pmë¶mg ZmJ[aH$ Ý¶m¶mb¶mV XmX ‘mJy eH$Vmo. ¶m h¸$mbm

g§{dYmZmZwgma Ý¶m¶mb¶mV XmX ‘mJÊ¶mMm h¸$ Ago åhUVmV. ¶m Ûmao BVa ‘yb yV

h¸$m§Mo g§ajU hmoD$ eH$Vo.

‘wb^yV h¸$ åhUOoo àË¶oH$ ZmJ[aH$mbm g§{dYmZmH$Sy>Z àmá Pmbobo h¸$ hmoV.

¶m h¸$m§Mo g§gX, {dYmZg^m, H$m¶Ú>mZo H$moUVmhr A{YH$mar dJ©, nmo{bg ¶m§À¶mgh

H$moUË¶mhr gaH$mar, gmd©O{ZH$ g§ñWmZm ho h¸$ {hamdyZ KoVm ¶oV ZmhrV. ¶m§Mo

C„§KZ Pmë¶mg gXa ì¶º$s gainUo Cƒ Ý¶m¶mb¶ AWdm gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mb¶mV

Amnë¶mda Pmboë¶m AÝ¶m¶m{déÕ XmX ‘mJy eH$Vo, ‘yb^yV h¸$mg§~§Yr gdm}ƒ

Ý¶m¶mb¶mV AWdm Cƒ Ý¶m¶mb¶mV XmX _mJÊ¶mMm AOm©bm [aQ>AO© åhUVmV.

104

2.3 ‘yb^yV H$V©ì¶o

‘yb^yV h¸$ d H$V©ì¶o ¶m EH$mM ZmÊ¶mÀ¶m XmoZ ~mOy AmhoV. H$V©ì¶ åhUOo ZmJ[aH$mZo Amnë¶m XoemgmR>r H$amd¶mMo H$m¶} hmo¶. àË¶oH$ ZmJ[aH$mZo ¶m ‘yb^yV H$V©ì¶m§Mo nmbZ ñd¶§ñ’$VuZo Ho$ë¶mg XoemMr àJVr ghOnUo hmoVo.

g§{dYmZm‘Ü¶o AH$am ‘yb^yV H$V©ì¶m§Mm g‘mdoe Amho. Vr Imbrb à‘mUo.

1. g§{dYmZ, amï´>ÜdO Am{U amï´>JrV ¶m§Mm AmXa H$aUo.

2. ñdmV§Í¶ g§J«m‘mVrb ñ’y${V©Xm¶r AmXe©mMr OmonmgUm H$aUo.

3. ^maVmÀ¶m EH$mË‘VoMo ajU H$aUo.

4. ‘mV¥^y‘rMo ajU H$aUo.

5. Amåhr gd© ^maVr¶ AmhmoV hr ^mdZm dmT>{dUo.

6. Amnbr g‘¥Õ gm§ñH¥${VH$ na§nam VgoM Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñ‘maH$m§Mo ajU H$aUo.

7. Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZ g§nÎmrMoo g§ajU d g§dY©Z H$aUo.

8. d¡km{ZH$ ‘Zmo^md d d¡Mm[aH$Vm dmT>{dUo.

9. gmd©O{ZH$ g§nÎmrMo ajU H$aUo d htgoMm Ë¶mJ H$aUo.

10. d¡¡¶º$sH$ Am{U gm‘whrH$ H¥$VrÛmao àm{dÊ¶Vm {‘idyZ XoemÀ`m àJVrgmR>r hmV^ma bmdUo.

11. gd© AmB©dS>rbmZr Am{U nmofH$mZr 6 Vo 14 d¶moJQ>mVrb ‘wbmZm {ejU KoÊ¶mMr g§Yr àmá H$ê$Z XoUo.

amï´>ÜdOmMm _mZ amIUo n[agamMo g§ajU

105

H¥$Vr : n[aga g§ajU d g§dY©ZmV {dÚmÏ`mªMo nmÌ ¶m {dMmam g§~§Yr MMm©gÌ

Am¶mo{OV H$ê$Z A{^àm¶ g§J«{hV H$am.

ZmJ[aH$mZr Amnbr ‘yb yV H$V©ì¶o ¶mo½¶ [aVrZo nma nmS>ë¶mg gaH$ma Ý¶m¶mb¶mV {dMmaUm H$aÊ¶mMm àíZM CX^dUma Zmhr. na§Vy XoemVrb gd© ZmJ[aH$mZr ñd¶§ñ’y$VuZo ‘yb^yV h¸$m§Mo nmbZ Ho$bo nm{hOo.

Aä`mg

JQ>mV MMm© H$ê$Z CÎmao Úm.

1. ‘yb^yV h¸$ åhUOo H$m¶?

2. g‘mZVoMm h¸$ åhUOo H$m¶?

3. gm‘m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ emofU H$go hmoVo? CXm Úm.

4. ‘yb^yV H$V©ì¶o AmnU ñd¶§ñ’y$VuZo H$m Ho$br nm{hOoV?

5. H$moUVrhr VrZ ‘yb^yV H$V©ì¶o {bhm.

MMm© H$am.

1. ‘yb^yV h¸$m§Mo ‘hËd.

2. embo¶ n[agamV {dÚmÏ¶m©Zr H$amd¶mMr H$V©ì¶o.

CnH«$‘

1. ‘yb^yV h¸$ Am{U H$V©ì¶o ¶m~ÜXb ‘wbmZm XmoZ VrZ {‘{ZQ>o mfU H$aÊ¶mg gm§Jm.

2. ZmJ[aH$mH$Sy>Z ‘yb^yV H$V©ì¶o Z Ho$boë¶m àg§JmMr ‘m{hVr ‘wbmH$Sy>Z {dMmê$Z KoUo. CXm. JmdÀ¶m gmd©O{ZH$ Vi¶mV Q>mH$mD$ dñVy Q>mH$VmV. àmMrZ {H$ëë`mda Zmdo {b{hVmV. ‘VXmZ H$aV ZmhrV.

3. h¸$mà‘mUo H$V©ì¶mZm Úmd¶mÀ¶m àmYmÝ¶m~m~V MMm© H$am.

106

nmR>

11amÁ¶m§Mr ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo

nmR>mMm n[aM¶ Amnë¶m g§{dYmZmÀ¶m àñVmdZoV H$mhr ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mm g‘mdoe Amho. Ë¶m

Ü¶o¶ YmoaUm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aÊ¶mg Vr VËdo Amnë¶mbm Cn¶wº$ R>aVmV. Ë¶m§Mo dU©Z ¶m nmR>mV Ho$bo Amho. gm‘Ï¶}

1. amÁ¶m§À¶m ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mm CÔoe g‘OyZ KoUo.2. amÁ¶mMr ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo hr gwIr-H$ë¶mUH$mar amÁ¶mÀ¶m {Z{‘©Vrg H$er

Cn¶wº$ R>aVmV ho g‘OyZ KoUoo.

amÁ¶ ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mm AW©Amnë¶m g§{dYmZmZo gwIr amÁ¶ {Z{‘©VrÀ¶m Ü¶o¶mMr VaVyX Ho$br Amho. Aem

‘mJ©Xe©H$ Ü¶o¶ YmoaUmZm amÁ¶mMr ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo Ago åhUVmV. H$moUVohr gaH$ma A{YH$mamda Ambo Var ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mo ^mZ R>odyZ amÁ¶H$ma^ma Mmbdmdm hm Ë¶m_mJrb à‘wI CÔoe Amho. ^maVmÀ¶m g§nyU© àJVrgmR>r hr ‘mJ©gyMr Amho. amÁ¶ ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mr àm‘w»¶Vm

amÁ¶ ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo H|$Ð Am{U amÁ¶ gaH$maZm g§{dYmZmZo {Xbobr ‘mJ©gyMr hmo¶. H$m¶ÚmMr aMZm H$aVmZm, ZrVr {Z¶‘ H$aVmZm d Ë¶m§Mr A§‘b ~OmdUr H$aVmZm ¶m VËdm§Mm Adb§~ H$aUo Amdí¶H$ AgVo. ñdmV§Í¶, g‘mZVm, EH$Vm gmÜ¶ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Am{U gwIr amÁ¶ {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mgmR>r amÁ¶ ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo ‘w»¶ AgVmV. amÁ` _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo Imbrb à_mUo AmhoV

1. gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` g_mOmV ZmJ[aH$mZm gm_m{OH$, Am[W©H$ Am{U amOH$s` Ý`m` {_idyZ XoD$Z bmoH$H$ë`mU gmYUo.

2. Xþ~©bmZm gm‘m{OH$ Ý¶m¶ Xþ~©bmZm OrdZmYma XoD$Z Ë¶m§Mr Am[W©H$ emofUmnmgyZ ‘wº$Vm H$aUo. e¡j{UH$ gmo`r {‘idyZ XoUo Am{U ‘mo’$V H$m¶ÚmMm g„m {‘idyZ XoUo.

3. ‘{hbm Am{U ~mbH$ë¶mU EH$mM àH$maMo H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m ór nwéfmZm g‘mZ doVZ {‘imdo. ‘{hbmZm àgyVr gw{dYm {_idyZ XoUo. emofUmbm Amim KmbUo. Ë¶m§Mr {ZamoJr dmT> hmoÊ¶mgmR>r gH$g Amhma XoUo. VgoM ‘mo’$V d gº$sMo àmW{‘H$ {ejU XoUo.

107

‘{hbm d ~mb H$ë¶mU ‘mo’$V d gŠVrMo {ejU

4. H$m‘Jma H$ë¶mU : H$m‘Jmam§Mo {hV nmhUo. H$m‘ H$aÊ¶mMm h¸$, VgoM Vo H$aÊ¶mgmR>r AZwHy$b dmVmdaU {Z‘m©U H$aUo. Ë¶mZm {H$‘mZ doVZ {‘idyZ XoUo d amÁ¶H$ma^mamV ^mJ KoÊ`mMr g§Yr XoUo.

5. JaOyZm ‘XV : d¥Õ, amoJr Am{U {ZéÚmoJr ¶m§Zm gaH$maH$Sy>Z ‘XV {‘idyZ XoUo.6. gdm©Zm g‘mZ H$m¶Xm : ^maVmVrb gd© ZmJ[aH$mZm g‘mZ ZmJar H$m¶Xm

bmJy H$aUoo.7. ‘ÚnmZ {ZfoY: ‘ÚnmZmZo Amamo½¶mMr hmZr hmoVo. Hw$Qy>§~mMr Am{W©H$ pñWVr

{~KS>Vo. {ó¶m§Mr {nidUyH$ dmT>Vo. ¶mH$[aVm Amnë¶m g§{dYmZm‘Ü¶o ‘ÚnmZ {ZfoY H$m¶Xm bmJy H$aÊ¶mg gd© amÁ¶ gaH$maZm ‘mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ¶mV Ambo Amho.

8. H¥$fr Am{U àmUr g§JmonZ g§KQ>Zm amÁ¶mZr H¥$fr Am{U ney, g§JmoonZmgmR>r AmYw{ZH$ Am{U d¡km{ZH$ nÕVrZo g§KQ>Zm

~m§YÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ H$aUo. {deof OmVrMo g§ajU H$éZ CÎm‘ CËnÞmgmR>r Jm¶r d åher VgoM XÿY XoUmè`m BVa àmÊ¶m§Mr d dOZ dmhUmè¶m àmÊ¶m§Mr hË¶m~§XrMm H$m¶Xm H$aÊ¶mMm H«$‘ hmVr ¿`mdm Ago g§{dYmZmZo ‘mJ©Xe©H$ Ho$bo Amho.

AmYw{ZH$ eoVrH¥$fr A{^d¥Õr

108

9. n[aga: n[agamVrb Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZ g§nÎmrMo ajU H$aUo d ¶m§Mo g§dY©Z H$aUo. CXm: ImUH$m_, CÚmoJY§Xo ¶mnmgyZ hmoUmè`m àXþfUmnmgyZ n[agamMo ajU H$aUo. VgoM dÝ¶ Ordm§Mo ajU H$aUo.

10. Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñ‘maH$m§Mo ajU : Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWio d ñ‘maH$m§Mo ajU H$aUo. CXm. h§nr, ~obya, hio{~Sy>, nÅ>XH$b BË¶mXr àojUr¶ ñWim§Mo ajU H$aUo.

MÞHo$ed Xodmb` ~obya

11. Am§Vaamï´>r¶ em§VVm d gwa[jVVm: Am§Vaamï´>r¶ em§VVm d gwa[jVVm amIÊ¶mgmR>r XoemZo ^mJ KoUo.

gm‘m{OH$ Ý¶m¶ åhUOo H$m¶ ? OmV, Y‘©, qbJ, mfm, dJ©, àXoe Am{U A§VJ©V oX^md Z H$aVm gd© ZmJ[aH$m§Mo ajU H$aUo. VgoM gdm©Zm g‘mZ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ nmhUo

åhUOoM gm‘m{OH$ Ý¶m¶ hmo¶. ‘mJmg dJu¶m§Mo {hV, H${Zð> doVZ, Jwbm‘{JarMo {Z‘©ybZ, ‘wbm§À¶m emofUmMo {Z‘y©bZ, {ó¶mZm g‘mZ h¸$, VgoM Ë¶m§Mm AmXa H$aUo. ¶m gdmªMm g‘mdoe gm‘m{OH$ Ý¶m¶m‘Ü¶o hmoVmo.

g§{dYmZmZo amÁ¶m§Zm AZoH$ ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo {Xbr AmhoV. na§Vy Ë¶m§Mo C„§KZ Pmbo Var ZmJ[aH$m§Zm Ë¶m{déÕ Ý¶m¶mbmV XmX ‘mJVm ¶oUma Zmhr. CXm. ghm XeHo$ Pmbr Var H|$Ð gaH$maZo d AZoH$ amÁ¶ gaH$maZr ‘ÚnmZ {ZfoY H$m¶Xm A§‘bmV AmUbm Zmhr. Ë¶m{déÕ Ý¶m¶mb¶mV XmX ‘mJVm ¶oUma Zmhr.

109

H¥$Vr : amÁ¶ ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mr A§‘b~OmdUr Amnë¶m amÁ¶mV {H$Vr à‘mUmV Pmbr Amho ? AmOhr doJdoJù`m àH$mao emofU hmoV Amho. ¶m{df¶r MMm© gÌmMo Am¶moOZ H$éZ A{^àm¶m§Mm g§J«h H$am.

Aä`mg

I. JQ>mV MMm© H$éZ CÎmao Úm. 1. amÁ¶m§Mr ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo åhUOo H$m¶ ?

2. ‘{hbm Am{U ~mbH$ë¶mU ñWmnÝ¶mgmR>r g§{dYmZmZo H$moUVr ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo gm§{JVbr AmhoV?

3. gdm©Zm g‘mZ H$m¶ÚmMr Amdí¶H$Vm H$m Amho?

4. ‘ÚnmZ {ZfoY H$m¶Xm A§‘bmV AmUÊ¶mgmR>r amÁ¶mZm H$m {ZX}e {Xbo AmhoV?

II. MMm© H$am.

1. Xw~©bmZm gm‘m{OH$ Ý¶m¶.

2. ‘ÚnmZ {ZfoY.

3. Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñ‘maH$m§Mo ajU.

4. ‘wbm§Mm {ejU h¸$ H$m¶Xm A{YH$ à^m{dnUo am~{dÊ¶mgmR>r H$m¶ H$é eH$Vmo?

III. CnH«$‘

1. Vw‘À`m g^modVmbr g‘mOmV AmT>iUmè¶m gm‘m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ Xþ~©b AgUmè`m§Mo {Z[ajU H$am. Vo H$m Xÿ~©b AmhoV ¶m{df¶r {‘Ìmer MMm© H$am.

2. ‘ÚnmZ Am{U _mXH$ nXmWmªMm ¶wdm {nT>rda H$m¶ Xþîn[aUm‘ hmoV Amho. ¶m~m~V EH$ MMm©gÌ Am¶mo{OV H$éZ A{^àm¶ g§J«h H$am.

3. ‘wbm§Mm h¸$ ‘wbm§À¶m gdmª{JU {dH$mgmbm Amdí¶H$ Amho. Ë¶mMo C„§KZ Pmë¶mg "MmB©ëS> bmB©Z 1098' ¶m ghmæ`dmUrbm ’$moZ H$é eH$Vm. ¶m g§X^m©V MMm©gÌmMo Am¶moOZ H$éZ A{^àm¶ g§J«h H$am.

110

^yJmob {dkmZ

nmR> 12 CÎma A_o[aH$m - "àoAar àXoe'

nmRmMm> n[aM`

_mJrb dJm©V Vwåhr Am{e`m, `wamon Am{U Am{\«$H$m `m I§S>m§Mo ^yñdén ñdm^m{dH$ {d^mJ Am{U Ë`m§Mr àm_wIVm `m{df`rMm Aä`mg Ho$bm AmhmV. `m dJm©V Vwåhr CÎma A_o[aH$m, X{jU A_o[aH$m, Am°ñQ´>o{b`m Am{U A§Q>mpŠQ>©H$m `m I§S>m§Mr A{YH$ _m{hVr g_OyZ ¿`mb.

àñVyV nmR>mV CÎma A_o[aH$m I§S>mMo ñWmZ, {dñVma, ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ñdén, ñdm^m{dH$ {d^mJ, hdm_mZ Am{U Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZ g§nÎmr, dZñnVr, à_wI I{ZOo VgoM CÚmoJY§Xo, bmoH$g§»`mdmT>, {d^mJUr Am{U KZVm `mMm n[aM` H$éZ {Xbm Amho.

gm_Ï`}1) CÎma A_o[aHo$Mo ñWmZ, {dñVma, ^m¡Jmo{bH$ pñWVr g_OyZ KoUo.2) CÎma A_o[aHo$À`m ñdm^m{dH$ {d^mJmÀ`m {d{dYVoMr VwbZm H$éZ

g_OyZ KoUo.3) CÎma A_o[aHo$Vrb ZÚm Am{U _hmgamodamg§~§{YMr _m{hVr g_OyZ KoUo.4) CÎma A_o[aHo$À`m hdm_mZmVrb {d{dYVoMm Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZ g§nÎmr VgoM

àmUr OrdZmda hmoUmam à^md g_OyZ KoUo.5) CÎma A_o[aHo$Vrb eoVrMm {dH$mg g_OyZ KoUo.6) à_wI I{ZOm§À`m g_¥ÜXrMm dmna H$éZ CÎma A_o[aHo$Zo CÚmoJY§X²`m§Mm

{dH$mg H$gm gmYbm ho g_OyZ KoUo.7) CÎma A_o[aHo$Vrb bmoH$g§»òMr dmT>, KZVm d {d^mJUr g_OyZ KoUo.

H$mhr eVH$mnyduM CÎma A_o[aH$m I§S>mMm emoY bmJbm. 1501 _Üò BQ>brMm Zm{dH$ A_o[aJmo dognwgr `m I§S>mda nmohmoMbm. Ë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m ZmdmVrb àW_ nX A_o[aJmo `mdéZ `m I§S>mMo Zmd A_o[aH$m Ago g§~moYÊ`mV Ambo. `m I§S>mVrb ~hþVoH$ a{hdmgr ho wamo{n`Z Am{U BVa XoemVyZ ñWbm§V[aV hmoD$Z Ambobo AmhoV. Ë`mVrb ñnoZÀ`m bmoH$m§Zr _opŠgH$moÀ`m gmoÝ`mMm ì`mnma Ho$bm. \«|$MmZr H$°ZS>m_Üò bmoH$arÀ`m (Fur) ì`mnmam_Üò anya \$m`Xm {_i{dbm. {~«{Q>em§Zr H$°ZS>mVrb AQ>bm§{Q>H$ àm§V Am{U Ý`y B§½b§S> _Üò _ÀN>r_marMm ì`dgm`

111

Ho$bm Ë`mM~amo~a VoWrb AaÊ` g§nÎmrMr byQ> Ho$br.

CÎma A_o[aH$m (amOH$s`)CÎma A_o[aHo$V AgUmar Z¡g{J©H$ g_¥ÜX gmYZ g§nVr VoWrb {dkmZ Am{U

112

V§ÌkmZmÀ`m {dH$mgmg nmofH$ R>>abr AmhoV. {dñVrU© Aem ñWm{ZH$ ~mOmanoR>m, Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmar g§~§Y, {dH${gV XiUdiU ì`dñWm BË`mXr Jmoï>r CÎma A_o[aH$m hm OJmVrb A{V {dH${gV àXoe hmoÊ`mg ghmæ`H$ R>aë`m AmhoV. Ë`m_wio CÎma A_o[aHo$Vrb Xoe lr_§V Am{U Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm g_¥Õ AmhoV. Ë`m_wioM hm I§S> EH$ AmXe© I§S> åhUyZ BVa I§S>m§er VwbZm H$éZ g_OyZ KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

1. O_rZ, ñWmZ Am{U {dñVma CÎma A_o[aH$m hm I§S> nyU©nUo {dfwdd¥ÎmmÀ`m CÎmaobm Amho. Vmo 19° CÎma

Ajm§emnmgyZ 71° CÎma Ajm§em n`ªV ngabm Amho. 50° n{ü_onmgyZ 150° n{ü_ aoIm§emn`ªV Amho. H$H©$d¥Îm (23 1/2 ° C. Ajm§e) ho `mI§S>mÀ`m X{jU ^mJmVyZ Va AmpŠQ>©H$ d¥Îm (66 1/2 ° C.A) ho `m I§S>mÀ`m CÎmaoH$S>rb ^mJmVyZ Jobo Amho. `m I§S>mÀ`m nyd}bm AQ>bm§{Q>H$ _hmgmJa, npíM_obm n°{g{\$H$ _hmgmJa Am{U CÎmaobm AmpŠQ>©H$ (CÎma erV) gmJa `m§Zr doT>bm Amho. ~oatJÀ`m gm_wÐYwZr_wio hm I§S> Am{e`m I§S>mnmgyZ doJim Pmbm Amho. Ë`mM ~amo~a nZm_m H$mbì`m_wio `mMm X{jU A_o[aH$m I§S>mer g§nH©$ gmYbm Amho. òWo AZoH$ bhmZ bhmZ Ob^mJ Amnë`mbm nmhmd`mg {_iVmV. CXm. _opŠgH$mo ImS>r, hS>gZ gamoda, AbmñH$m ImS>r, H$°{b\$mo{Z©`m ImS>r B. doñQ> B§{S>O Am{U Š`w~m hr ~oQ>o H$°ao{~`Z g_wÐmV AmT>iVmV. H$°ZS>mÀ`m nyd© {H$Zmè`mda Ý`y \$mC§S>b±S> àXoe> Amho. AmpŠQ>©H$ _hmgmJamV Ag§»` ~oQ>o AgyZ, Ë`m_Üò J«rZb±S> AË`§V _moR>o ~oQ> Amho. CÎma A_o[aHo$À`m X{jUoH$S>rb eodQ>À`m ^mJmbm _Ü` A_o[aH$m Ago åhUVmV.

{dñVma {dñVmamÀ`m Ñï>rZo CÎma A_o[aH$m (16.46%) Am{e`m Am{U Am{\«$H$m I§S>mZ§Va {Vgè`m H«$_m§H$mMm _moR>m I§S> Amho. hm I§S> ^maVmnojm gw_mao gmV nQ> (24.24 Xebj Mm¡.{H$._r) _moR>m Amho. CÎma A_o[aHo$V EHy$U 24 amÁò AmhoV. H$°ZS>m, A_o[aHo$Mr g§`wŠV g§ñWmZo Am{U _o{ŠgH$mo hr VrZ amÁò AmH$mamZo _moR>r AmhoV. H$°ao{~`Z ~oQ>m§Mmhr g_mdoe ^m¡{VH$Ñï>çm CÎma A_o[aH$m I§S>mV hmoVmo.

Vwåhmbm ho _m{hV Amho H$m ? Xoe d¡{eîQ>ç

_o{ŠgH$mo - Q´>mÝg H$°Zo{S>`Z aoëdoH$°ZS>m - {h_ hm°H$s, {h_ Añdb`w.Eg.E - J«±S> H$°Zm°b, hmo_²g, ~ma [a¨Ja H«o$Q>a, hmoëH$°ZmoO (Ádmbm_wIr)doñQ> B§{S>O - {H«$Ho$Q>Mr - ~oQ>o.

113

2 ñdm^m{dH$ {d^mJ

CÎma A_o[aH$m hm Mma _w»` ñdm^m{dH$ {d^mJmV {d^mJbm Amho.>

1) npíM_oH$S>rb nd©V am§Jm qH$dm am°H$s nd©V.

2) {dñVrU© _Ü`dVu _¡XmZo.

3) A°ßbo{e`Z nd©V am§Jm.

4) {H$ZmanÅ>rMm àXoe

CÎma A_o[aH$m àmH¥${VH$

114

1. npíM_oH$S>rb nd©V am§Jm

^maVmVrb {h_mb` nd©Vmà_mUoM `mgwÕm KS>rÀ`m nd©V am§Jm AmhoV. npíM_oH$S>rb m nd©Vam§Jm CÎmaoH$S>rb AbmñH$mnmgyZ X{jUobm nZm_mn ªV ngaë`m AmhoV. `m_Ü`o AZoH$ nR>mam§Mm g_mdoe Amho. CXm - H$mobmamS>mo, AmoH$mQ>g²Mo nR>ma, _o{ŠgH$Z nR>ma.

am°H$s nd©V am§Jm AmbmñH$m nd©V am§Jm

_°{H$Ýbo nd©V

npíM_oH$S>rb nd©V am§Jm_Ü`o am°H$s nd©V am§Jm AË`§V _hËdmÀ`m AmhoV. `m àXoemVrb _mD§$Q> _°{H$Ýbo (6194 _r.) ho AVr D§$M nd©V {eIa AgyZ _¥Ë`yXar (g_wÐ gnmQ>rnmgyZ 86 _r. Imob ^mJ Amho.) H°{b\$mo{Z©`mVrb dmB©Q²>Zmo nd©V Am{U ídoV nd©V ho ñdV…À`m Aem doJdoJù`m d¡{eîQ>`mZr VgoM g¥ï>r

gm¢X`m©gmR>r à{gÕ AmhoV.

115

`m nR>mamÀ`m_Üò H$mhr A§VJ©V nd©V, nR>mao AmT>iVmV. H$mob§{~`m, H$mobmamS>mo

Am{U _o{ŠgH$Z nR>ma hr òWrb à_wI nR>mao hmoV. H$mobmamS>mo ZXr hr H$mobmamS>mo

nR>mamVyZ AË`§V doJmZo dmhVmZm (J«±S> H$°Zm°Z) Y~Yã`mÀ`m {Z{_©Vrg H$maUr^yV

R>abr Amho.

"AmoëS> \o$W\w$b' ho OJmVrb AË`§V

à{gÕ Ja_ nmÊ`mMo Pao AmhoV.

ho A_o[aHo$À`m g§`wº$ g§ñWmZm_Yrb

`bmoñQ>moZ amï´>r` CÚmZm_Üò AmhoV.>

AmoëS> \o$W\y$b JmB©ga

2. {dñVrU© _Ü`dVu _¡XmZo

`m _Ü`dVu _¡XmZmZm àoAarMr _hm _¡XmZo Agohr åhUVmV. hr _¡XmZo nyd}H$S>o

A°ßbo{e`Z nd©V am§Jm Am{U npíM_oH$S>o nd©V am§JmÀ`m_Üò AmT>iVmV. hr _¡XmZo

AË`§V {dñVrU© (CÎma A_o[aHo$À`m EHy$U ^mJmÀ`m 3/5 BVH$m) AgyZ òWo H$mhr

{R>H$mUr gnmQ> Va H$mhr CVmamÀ`m ^y^mJmMm `m_Üò g_mdoe Amho. hr _¡XmZo

{_gr{gnr Am{U {_gmoar ZXr Am{U Ë`m§À`m CnZÚm `m§Zr {_iyZ V`ma Pmbr

AmhoV. hr _¡XmZo OJmVrb AË`§V gwnrH$ _¡XmZmn¡H$s EH$ AgyZ CÎm_ eoVrgmR>r

Vr à{gÕ AmhoV. m§À`m CÎmaoH$S>rb mJmV {h_ZÚm Agë`m_wio VoWo AZoH$ gIb

^mJ V`ma Pmbo AmhoV. ho ^mJ gamodam§Zr OmoS>bo Jobo AmhoV.

YwirMm H$Q>moam (dust bowl) - ho Ywi`wŠV ñWm{ZH$ dmXi Amho.

A_o[aH$m Am{U H$°ZS>mÀ`m àoAar àXoemV 1930 _Ü o Amboë`m YwirÀ`m dmXim_wio

eoVrgmR>r hmZr Pmbr$ Amho.

116

3. A°ßbo{e`Z nd©V am§Jmnyd}H$S>rb C§MdQ>`mÀ`m àXoembm A°ßbo{e`Z nd©V Agohr åhUVmV. `m

am§Jm `mI§S>mÀ`m nyd}H$S>rb Ý`y\$mC§S>b§±S>nmgyZ Abm~m_mn`ªV ngaboë`m AmhoV. A°ßbo{e`Z am§Jm àmMrZ KS>rMo nd©V AgyZ yH§$nm_wio {Z_m©U Pmbobm àXoe Amho. A°ßbo{e`Z nd©V am§Jm m nyd© mJmV nR>mam_Ü o Am{U AQ>bm§{Q>H$ _hmgmJamÀ`m {H$ZmanÅ>rdarb mJmV AmT>iVmV. b°~«mS>moa nR>ma d A°ßbo{e`Z nd©V am§Jm `m g|Q>bm°aoÝgÀ`m Imoè`m_wio doJù`m Pmë`m AmhoV. òWo XJS>r H$moigm, {ego, bmoh, I{ZO, Vm§~o, ObeŠVr (Y~Y~o) AaÊ`g§nÎmr BË`mXr gmYZ g§nÎmr _moR>`m à_mUmV Amho. m àXoemV XmQ> bmoH$dñVr AgyZ Vmo Zoh_r JO~Obobm AgVmo. hm àXoe åhUOo CÎma A_o[aHo$À`m Am{W©H$ g_¥ÜXrMm EH$ _w»` ^mJ Amho.

A°ßbo{e`Z KS>rMo nd©V4. {H$ZmanÅ>rMm àXoe : X{jU nZm_m gmoS>ë`mg CÎma A_o[aHo$bm \$ma bm§~rMr d X§Vya {H$ZmanÅ>r bm^br Amho. {H$ZmanÅ>r _¡XmZo BemÝòbm Aé§X Am{U X{jU d n{ûM_obm é§$X hmoV Jobr AmhoV. gamgar C§Mr g_wÐ gnmQ>rbm 150 _r. Amho. hr g_Vb d gmYmaU _¡XmZr àXoe AmhoV. ZmnrH$ O_rZ Amho. ~amMgm ^mJ XbXbrMm Amho. ZÚmMm _wI ^mJmZr d ImS>r_wio g_wÐ {H$ZmanÅ>r X§Vya ~Zbr Amho. òWo AZoH$ ~§Xao AmhoV.

ZÚm Am{U _moR>r gamodao

CÎma A_o[aHo$_Üò H$mhr _moR>r gamodao d bhmZ ZÚm AmhoV. `m I§S>mVrb H°$ZS>mMr T>mb m àXoemV EH$mM àH$maMr m¡Jmo{bH$ pñWVr Agë`m_wio oWo Ag§»` gamodao {Z_m©U Pmbr AmhoV. Vr {h_ZÚm_wio {Z_m©U Pmbr AmhoV.

117

ZÚm: {_{g{gnr Am{U {_gmoar `m CÎma A_o[aHo$Vrb _moR>çm ZÚm hmoV. Ë`m EHy$U 2/3 ^mJmVyZ dmhVmV. {_{g{gnr gdm©V _moR>r ZXr AgyZ _o{ñH$H$moÀ`m ImS>rbm OmD$Z {_iVo.

CÎma A_o[aHo$Vrb ZÚm

118

{_{g{gnr ZXr

H$mobmamS>mo ZXr hr H$mobmamS>mo nR>mamVyZ dmhV OmD$Z nwT>o J«°ÝS> H$°ZZ (_moR>r Aé§X ImS>r) {Z_m©U H$aVo. Vr {ZgJ© gm¢X © Am{U dmhVyH$ ì`dgm`mMm H|$Ðq~Xy Amho. "J«°ÝS> H$°ZZ "hr OJmVrb Z¡g{J©H$ AmíM`© Amho.

{_gmoar ZXr

119

ho Vwåhmbm _{hV Amho H$m?

A°[aOmoZ (`y.Eg.E) Imobr-gw_mao 1800

_r. é§Xr 3 Vo 29 {H$._r.

J«§S> H°$ZZ (_moR>r Aé§X ImS>r)

g|Q> bm°aoÝg hr A_o[aHo$Mr g§ wŠV g§ñWmZo Am{U H$°ZS>mVrb AË §V _hËdmMr ZXr

Amho. hr _hmgamodamVyZ dmhVo. EH$m dfm©À`m H$mbmd{YV Vr 3 _{hZo ~\$m©_wio

JmoR>boë`m ñdénmV AgVo.

gamodao CÎma A_o[aHo$V Ag§»` JmoS> m Am{U Imè`m nmÊ`mMr gamodao AmhoV. Vr

H$°ZoS>r` nR>mamÀ`m X{jUoH$S>rb gr_m^mJmV AmT>>iVmV. h wamZ, AmoQ>m[aAmo, {_{gJZ,

Eoar, gw{n[aAa hr n§M _hmgamodao à{gÕ AmhoV. EHy$UM `m§Zm hmo_²g (Homes)

Ago åhUVmV.

gw{nar`a gamoda

120

`mn¡H$s gw{n[aAa ho gamoda OJmVrb gdm©V _moR>o JmoS>`m nmÊ`mMo gamoda Amho.

{eH$mJmo Am{U S>oQ´>mBQ> hr ehao {_{gJZ gamodamÀ`m H$mR>mda dgbr AmhoV. `m

gd© gamodam§Mm àm_w»`mZo A§VJ©V Ob_mJm©gmR>r Cn`moJ H$aVmV.

3 hdm_mZ Am{U Z¡g{J©H$ dZñnVr

hdm_mZ : CÎma A_o[aH$m I§S>mMm {dñVma Am{U ñdm^m{dH$ {d^mJmVrb {d{^ÞVm `m_wio òWrb hdm_mZmV {d{dYVm AmT>iVo. AbmñH$m Am{U J«rZb±S> hr Zoh_r ~\$m©ÀN>m{XV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio òWrb hdm_mZ Q>§S´>m àH$maMo AgVo. A_o[aHo$À`m g§`wŠV g§ñWmZm§À`m Z¡G©$ËòH$S>rb dmid§Q>r àXoemVrb hdm_mZ AË`§V CîU AgVo. âbmo[aS>mMm Am½Zo` ^mJ, H$°ao{~`Z Am{U A_o[aHo$À`m _Ü` ^mJmV CîU H${Q>~§YmVrb hdm_mZ AmT>iVo. `m I§S>mÀ`m _Ü` Am{U X{jUoH$S>rb àXoemV h[aHo$Ýg Am{U Q>moZm©S>moo `m gmaIr MH«$sdmXio AmT>iVmV.

h[aHo$Ýg Q>moZm}S>mo

121

CÎma A_o[aH$m Z¡g{J©H$ dZñnVr

gyMrnUu AaÊ`o

Z¡g{J©H$ dZñnVr: Z¡g{J©H$ dZñnVr Am{U àmUr `m§Mo OrdZ ho VoWrb hdm_mZ, _mVr Am{U VoWrb ^yñdénmda A{YH$ Adb§~yZ Amho. CÎma A_o[aHo$Vrb hdm_mZ Am{U ^yñdénmVrb {d{dYVo_wio `m I§S>mV A{YH$ à_mUmV g_erVmoîU H${Q>~§YmVrb dZñnVr AmT>iVmV. `m dZñnVr àm_w»`mZo hdm_mZmÀ`m nÅ>>çmZwgma AmhoV. CXm. Q>§S´>m àH$maÀ`m dZñnVr AmpŠQ>©H$ d¥ÎmmÀ`m ~mOybm AmT>iVmV. Ë`m àm_w»`mZo H$°ZS>m, AbmñH$m Am{U J«rZb±S> _Ü`o AmT>iVmV.

122

òWo XrK©H$mi {hdmim AgVmo. {hdmù`mV Vmn_mZ 0° go. nojm H$_r AgVo. CÝhmù`mMm H$mbmdYr H$_r AgVmo. òWo AmT>iUmè`m dZñnVr åhUOo eodmi hmo`. Chmù`m_Üò H$mhr gwJ§Yr \w$bo òUmè`m dZñnVtMr bmJdS> Ho$br OmVo. Aem H$R>rU Am{U pŠbï n[agamV OJUmar aoZ{S>Aa, H$°[a~y Am{U emH$mhmar {h_ Añdb (nm§T>ao Añdb) òWo AmT>iVmV.

V§S>m àXoemÀ`m X{jUoH$S>o W§S> g_erVmoîU àH$maÀ`m hdm_mZmMm àXoe Agë`mZo erV àXoemVrb H$moëho AmT>iVmV. dmñV{dH$ nmhVm hm gy{MnUu AaÊ`mMm nÅ>m Agë`mZo `mbm "V¡Jm' Ago åhUVmV. gy{MnUu AaÊò hr gXmh[aV AgVmV. m _Üò nmBZ, \$a, \«w$g, bmM© BË`mXr àH$maÀ`m dZñnVr AmT>VmV. bmoH$ar à_mUo _D$ Ho$gmMo àmUr òWo AmT>iVmV. CXm - b¡ZmŠg, gm§~a, {gëda \$m°Šg (nm§T>ao H$moëho) BË`mXr.

~rda H$mio _mH$S>

~\$m©Vrb H$mio Añdb {gëda \$m°Šg

123

gm`àg MoñQ>ZQ>

nmZPS>r àH$mamMr AaÊ o g|Q>bm°aoÝg Am{U n§M _hmgamodamÀ`m nyd}H$S>rb àXoemV

AmT>iVmV. `m àXoemVrb CÎmaoH$S>rb ^mJmV W§S>r Va X{jUoH$S>rb ^mJmV CîU

hdm_mZ AmT>iVo. {hdmim W§S> AgyZ CÝhmim C~Xma AgVmo. gm_mÝ`nUo CÝhmù`mV

nmD$g nS>Vmo. òWo AmT>iUmè`m dZñnVtÀ`m PmS>mMr nmZo {Z{X©ð> H$mimV PS>VmV

(JiyZ nS>VmV). CXm. g¡àg, AmoH$, A°e Am{U MoñQ>ZQ>. oWo {~da, H$mio Añdb,

Añdb, {h_C§Xra Am{U nmoHy©$nmBZ BË`mXr àmUr AmT>iVmV.

g_erVmoîU hdm_mZmÀ`m nÅ> mVrb AaÊ o d hdm_mZ _w»`Ëdo A_o[aHo$À`m g§ wŠV

g§ñWmZm_Üò AmT>iVo. am°H$s nd©Vam§Jm Am{U _hmZXrMo CJ_ ñWmZ ({_{g{gnr-

{_gmoar) `m _Üò {dñVrU© Agm JdVmir àXoe Amho. `mbmM "àoAar' Agohr

åhUVmV. dmñV{dH$ nmhVm hm àXoe åhUOo {dñVrU© d¥j{da{hV _¡XmZ Amho. `m

_¡XmZr àXoemV JìhmMr bmJdS> VgoM neynmbZ ho ì`dgm` à{gÕ AmhoV. `mbm

OJmMo "JìhmMo H$moR>ma' qH$dm "^mH$arMr Q>monbr' Ago åhUVmV.

124

àoAar JdVmi àXoe

gy{MnUu Am{U nmZPS>r AaÊ`mVrb PmS>o hr g_erVmoîU {_l AaÊ`mV AmT>iVmV. H$°ZS>m Am{U CÎma H$°{b\$mo{Z©`m òWo Aem àH$maMr AaÊò AmT>iVmV. `m AaÊ` àXoem_Üò AmT>iUmar à_wI dZñnVr åhUOo ~M©, {~M, _°nb, AmoH$ BË`mXr hmoV.

_hmoJUr d¥j _°nb

H$°ZS>m : hm gamodam§Zr OmoS>bobm Xoe Amho. V¡Jm dZñnVrÀ`m àH$maMr AZoH$ AaÊ o òWo AmhoV. OJmV gdm©{YH$ PmS>m§Mr {Z`m©V òWyZ Ho$br OmVo.

_opŠgH$moMm X{jU mJ Am{U doñQ> B§{S>O ho àXoe CîU H${Q>~§YmVrb AaÊ`mgmR>r à{gÕ AmhoV. òWo _hmoJZr Am{U bm°JdyS> `m OmVrMr PmS>o AgUmar {_l AaÊò

125

AmT>iVmV. H°${b\$mo{Z©`mÀ`m npíM_ {H$Zmè`mdarb _o{S>Q>ao{Z`Z òWrb hdm_mZmV {d{dYVm AmT>iVo. X{jU H$°{b\$mo{Z©`m, _o{ŠgH$mo Am{U A[aPmoZm òWo `m I§S>mÀ`m npíM_ ^mJmV dmid§Q>mgmaIo H$moaS>o hdm_mZ AmT>iVo. {d{dY àH$maMo {ZdSw>§J, H$mQ>oar PwS>no òWo Iyn AmhoV. Omoeyd ho òWrb {ZdSy>§JmMo CÎm_ CXmhaU Amho. dmid§Q>r àXoemVrb amÌrMo hdm_mZ åhUOo `m àXoemVrb {hdmim Ago åhUVmV.

dmid§Q>r dZñnVr - {d{dY àH$maMo {ZdSw>§J

4 eoVr

eoVr hm CÎma A_o[aHo$Mm EH$ à_wI ì`dgm` Amho. m I§S>mÀ`m _Ü` mJmVrb gIb_¡XmZo, àm_w»`mZo H$°ZS>m Am{U A_o[aHo$Mr g§`wŠV g§ñWmZo òWo AmYw{ZH$ H¥$fr V§ÌmMm dmna H$aUmar amï´>o AmhoV. CÎma A_o[aHo$À`m EHy$U ^y-^mJmn¡H$s eo. 10% àXoe eoVrgmR>r Cn`wŠV Amho. _mÌ m àXoemVyZ oUmao H¥$fr CËnmXZ A{YH$ Amho. H$maU {dñVrU© H¥$fr joÌ, gwnrH$ O_rZ, nwaogm nmUrnwadR>m, eoVrgmR>r AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌmMm dmna VgoM BVa gw{dYm§~amo~aM _mUgm§Mo l_ BË`mXr_wio CÎma A_o[aH$m OJmVrb gdm©V _moR>m H¥$fr CËnmXZ H$aUmam àXoe R>abm Amho.

EH$m {d{eð> àH$maÀ`m {nH$mÀ`m CËnmXZmgmR>r à{gÕ Agboë`m àXoembm {nH$m§Mm nÅ>m Ago åhUVmV. CXm. _Š`mMm nÅ>m, JìhmMm nÅ>m, H$mnyg nÅ>m, V§~mIy nÅ>m BË`mXr.

126

CÎma A_o[aHo$Vrb àm_w»`mZo H°$ZS>m Am{U A_o[aHo$Mr g§`wŠV g§ñWmZo òWo

Jhþ à_wI AÞYmÝ` nrH$ åhUyZ {nH${dbo OmVo. àoAar àXoemV JìhmÀ`m {nH$mgmR>r

Cn`wŠV gwnrH$ O_rZ AmT>iVo. òWo bmoH$g§»`m H$_r AgyZ CËnmXZ A{YH$

Agë`m_wio Vo {Z`m©V Ho$bo OmVo. _Š`mbm "H$m°Z©' Ago g§~moYbo OmVo. mMo CËnmXZ

g§`wŠV g§ñWmZo Am{U _o{ŠgH$mo òWrb {dñVrU© àXoemV Ho$bo OmVo. _Š`mMm Cn`moJ

JmB© Am{U Sw>H$am§Mm ImÚ nXmW© åhUyZ A{YH$ à_mUmV H$aVmV. ho EH$ Amhma

YmÝ` ~Zbo Amho. na§Vw AmO B§YZmgmR>r Cn`wŠV nrH$ åhUyZ _Š`mMo CËnmXZ

Ho$bo OmVo.

Jhÿ

_ŠH$m

~mbu, AmoQ²>g Am{U ~Q>mQ>m hr BVa à_wI {nHo$ AmhoV. ~mbr© Am{U AmoQ²>g hr W§S> hdm_mZmV òUmar {nHo$ AmhoV. ~mbuMm Cn`moJ ~rAa (no`) V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$aVmV. AmoQ²>gMm Cn`moJ àmÊ`m§Mm (Mmam) ImÚ åhUyZ H$aVmV. `m I§S>mV ~Q>mQ>`mMo CËnmXZ Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`mMm Cn`moJ àm_w»`mZo AmhmamgmR>r H$aVmV.

`m I§S>mÀ`m X{jU ^mJmV H$mnyg Am{U V§~mIy hr ì`mnmar {nHo$ {nH${dVmV. {_{g{gnr ZXrÀ`m Imoè`mV H$mngmMm àXoe AmT>iVmo. A_o[aHo$Mr g§`wŠV g§ñWmZo Am{U _opŠgH$mo ho CÎm_ à{VMm bm§~ Ym½`mMm H$mnyg CËnmXZ H$aUmao à_wI Xoe AmhoV. A_o[aHo$À`m g§`wŠV g§ñWmZmMm X{jU ^mJ, Š`y~m, O_¡H$m Am{U _o{ŠgH$mo_Üò V§~mIy {nH${dbm OmVmo. V§~mIy CËnmXZmV OJmVrb à_wI XoemV MrZ Z§Va A_o[aHo$À`m g§`wŠV g§ñWmZmMm Xwgam H«$_m§H$ bmJVmo.

127

D$g ho oWo {nH$Umao AmUIr EH$ _hËdmMo nrH$ Amho. gmIa CËnmXZmV Š`y~mMm OJmV {Vgam H«$_m§H$ bmJVmo. Š`y~mbm "OJmMm gmIaoMm S>~m (^m§S>o) Ago åhUVmV. A_o[aHo$À`m g§ wŠV g§ñWmZm_Ü o ewJa ~rQ>Mo CËnmXZhr H$mT>bo OmVo. D$gmà_mUoM gmIa CËnmXZmgmR>r `mMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo.

g§Í`mMr ~mJ Ðmjo

H$m°\$s Am{U H$moH$ hr CîUH${Q>~§YmVrb ~mJm`Vr {nHo$ hmoV. `m§Mo CËnmXZ _Ü` A_o[aHo$Mm ^mJ Am{U doñQ> B§{S>O _Üò Ho$bo OmVo. H$°{b\$mo{Z©`m, âbmo[aS>m, Ý`yOgu Am{U _moR>çm ehamÀ`m g^modVmbÀ`m àXoemV Ðmjo, g§Ìr, qb~y, g\$aM§X, nrM BË`mXr \$io A{YH$ à_mUmV {nH${dVmV. H$°{b\$mo{Z©`m hm CÎma A_o[aHo$Mm eoH$S>m 90% ÐmjmMo CËnmXZ H$aUmam Xoe Amho. Ë`m_wio H$°{b\$mo{Z©`mbm Ðmjm§Mo amÁ` Ago åhUVmV.

CÎma A_o[aH$m I§S>mÀ`m B©emÝòH$S>rb AQ>bm§{Q>H$ _hmgmJamÀ`m {H$Zmè`mdarb

J«±S> ~±H$, Ý`y B§½b§S>Mm Om°O©g ~±H$ ({H$Zmam) Am{U Ý`y-\$mD§$S>b±S> {H$Zmè`mda H$_r

ImobrMm IS>H$mi {H$Zmam ho àXoe _pÀN>_margmR>r à{gÕ AmhoV.5 à_wI I{ZOo Am{U CÚmoJY§Xo

CÎma A_o[aH$m hm Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZ g§nÎmrZo g_¥Õ Agm I§S> Amho. Ë`m_Üò {d{dY àH$maMr gwnrH$ _mVr, {dñVrU© JdVmi àXoe, I{ZOo, D$Om© CËnmXZmMr gmYZo Am{U AaÊ` g§nÎmr `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

`m I§S>mV {d{dY àH$maMr _m¡ë`dmZ I{ZOo A{YH$ à_mUmV AmT>iVmV. òWrb gmoÝ`mÀ`m CËnmXZmZo bmoH$m§Zm `mnyduM AmH${f©V Ho$bo Amho. `mì`{V[aŠV bmoI§S>mMo

128

I{ZO, Vm§~o, {ZHo$b, Mm§Xr Am{U OñV `m§Mr I{ZOo òWo _moR>`m à_mUmV AmT>iVmV.

`m I§S>mV anya à_mUmV XJS>rH$moigm, I{ZO Vob Am{U Z¡g{J©H$ dm y m§Mo gmR>o AmhoV.

CÎma A_o[aHo$Vrb ImU ì`dgm`mMr gwédmV gmoÝ`mÀ`m ImUrÀ`m énmZo Pmbr.

H$°{b\$mo{Z©`m Am{U `yH$m°Q>Z òWo à_wI gmoÝ`mÀ`m ImUr AmhoV. gw{n[aAa gamoda Am{U

Ë`mÀ`m g^modVmbÀ`m àXoemV _moR²>`m à_mUmV bmoI§S>mMo I{ZO AmT>iVo. CÎm_ à{VMo

bmoI§S>mMo I{ZO H$°ZS>mMo nR>ma Am{U Ë`mÀ`m g^modVmbÀ`m àXoemV AmT>iVo. _o{ŠgH$mo

hm Xoe OJmV Mm§XrÀ`m CËnmXZmVrb à_wI Xoe hmo`. OJmV gdm©V A{YH$ Vm§ã`mMo

CËnmXZ A_o[aHo$Mr g§`wŠV g§ñWmZo m XoemV hmoVo. H$°ZS>m _Üòhr ImU ì`dgm` _moR>`m

à_mUmV MmbVmo.

gmoZo bmoI§S>

bmoI§S>r gi`m XJS>r H$mobgm

129

Vm§~o {ZHo$b

Mm§Xr A^«H$

CÎma A_o[aHo$Vrb A°ßbo{e`Z àXoem_Ü`o CÎm_ à{VÀ`m XJS>r H$moiemMm gmR>m

A{YH$ Amho. nopÝgëdo{Z`m hm OJmÀ`m CËnmXZmn¡H$s eo. 20% XJS>r H$moigm

CËnm{XV H$aVmo. A_o[aHo$Mr g§`wŠV g§ñWmZo hm OJmVrb gdm©V OmñV XJS>r

H$moiemMr {Z`m©V H$aUmam Xoe Amho. AbmñH$m, Q>oŠgmg, by{g`mZ, H$mÝgmg Am{U

H$°ZS>mMm npíM_ ^mJ d _o{ŠgH$mo `oWo Vob Am{U Z¡g{J©H$ dm`yMo gmR>o AmT>iVmV.

n°{g{\$H$ _hmgmJamÀ`m eodQ>À`m ^mJmV Z¡g{J©H$ dm`yMo gmR>o A{YH$ à_mUmV

AmT>iVmV. A_o[aHo$Mr g§`wŠV g§ñWmZo hm noQ´>mo{b`_ CËnmXZ H$aUmam à_wI Xoe

Amho.

130

CÎma A_o[aH o $Vrb X oem_Ü` o

A_o[aHo$Mr g§`wŠV g§ñWmZo Am{U

H$°ZS>m òWo _moR>çm à_mUmV CÚmoJY§Xo

dgbobo AmhoV. `m Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmgmR>r

òWrb CnbãY Agbobo bmoI§S>mMo

I{ZO, XJS>r H$moigm, Vm§~o, ~m°ŠgmBQ>

BË`mXr H$ÀÀ`m_mbmMo _moR²>`m à_mUmV

AmT>>iUmao gmR>o Cn`wŠV R>abo AmhoV.

D$Om©, dmhVyH$, AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMr CnbãYVm hr Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmg ghmæ`H$

R>abr AmhoV.

Eoar, gw{n[aAa Am{U {_{gJZ gamodam§À`m àXoem_Üò bmoI§S> Am{U nmobmXmÀ`m

H$maImÝ`m§À`m {dH$mg A{YH$ Pmbobm Amho. `mgmR>r òWrb H$ƒm_mb Am{U

ObdmhVyH$ ì`dñWm ghmæ`H$ R>abr Amho. A_o[aHo$Mr g§`wŠV g§ñWmZo `m XoemMr

AZwHy$b Am¡Úmo{JH$ {ZVr `m CÚmoJY§ÚmÀ`m dmT>rg H$maUr^yV R>>abr Amho.

H$°{b\$mo{Z©`m àXoemV AmT>iUmao XJS>r H$moiemMo gmR>o, Ob{dÚwV eŠVr Am{U

AdOS> dñVy§Mr ghOnUo dmhVyH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cn wŠV dmhVyH$ ì`dñWm Agë`m_wio

òWrb nrQ²>g~J© `m ehambm "nmobmXr eha' (steel city) Ago g§~moYVmV.

bmoI§S> Am{U nmobmX H$maImZo hm òWrb _w»` CÚmoJ Agë`mZo ho BVa CÚmoJm§Zm

åhUOo Am°Q>mo_mo~mBb, OhmO~m§YUr, bmoH$mo_mo{Q>ìh, AdOS> B§{O{ZA[a¨J, {d_mZ

{Z_m©U BË`mXr CÚmoJ Y§Úm§À`m {dH$mgmg H$maUr^yV R>abo AmhoV.

{nQ>g ~J© (nmobmXr eha)

131

{eH$mJmo CÚmoJY§ÚmMo ZJa

CÎm_ à{VÀ`m PmS>mnmgyZ H$mJX VgoM d¥VnÌmgmR>r bmJUmè`m H$mJXmMo CËnmXZ H$°ZS>m Am{U A_o[aHo$Mr g§`wŠV g§ñWmZo òWo hmoVo. _hÿ OmVrÀ`m PmS>m§Mm Cn`moJ H$mJXmMm bJXm, VgoM H$mS>©~moS>© Am{U d¥ÎmnÌmgmR>rMm H$mJX V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$aVmV. bJX²>`mMm Cn`moJ H¥${Ì_ YmJm V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$aVmV. H$mJXmMm bJXm Am{U d¥VnÌmgmR>r bmJUmam H$mJX {Z`m©V H$aÊ`m_Üò H$°ZS>m hm AË`§V à_wI Xoe Amho. CÎma A_o[aHo$_Üò d¥jVmoS> hm EH$ g§KQ>Z ì`dgm` ~Zbm Amho. H$°ZS>m _Üò d¥jVmoS> ì`dgm`mda AgUmè`m bmoH$mZm "b§~a OmŠg' Ago åhUVmV.

amgm`{ZH$ CÚmoJY§Xo, H¥${Ì_ a~a, ßb°pñQ>H$, amgm`{ZH$ IVo Am{U Am¡fYo BË`mXr {d{^Þ dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ H$aVmV. AmVm PmS>m§À`m EodOr ßb°pñQ>H$Mm A{YH$ dmna Ho$bm OmV Amho. A_o[aHo$À`m g§`wŠV g§ñWmZmÀ`m gd© ^mJmV ßb°pñQ>H$ V`ma Ho$bo OmVo. {eH$mJmo eha ho ßb°pñQ>H$ CËnmXZmgmR>r à{gÕ Amho.

_m§g S>ã`mVyZ grb~§X H$aUo hm CÚmoJ à_wI CÚmoJmn¡H$s EH$ hmo`. Ag§»` {R>H$mUr åhUOo {eH$mJmo, H$°Ýgmg eha Am{U g|Q> bw`rg òWo hm CÚmoJ _moR>çm à_mUmV MmbVmo. {dÚwV Am{U {dÚwV CnH$aUm§Mo CËnmXZhr _moR>`m à_mUmV H$aVmV. AZoH$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ `§ÌmMr {Z`m©V A_o[aHo$Mr g§`wŠV g§ñWmZo Am{U H$°ZS>m `m XoemVyZ Ho$br OmVo. _Ü` A_o[aHo$Vrb _opŠgH$mo VgoM BVa Xoem_Üò Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg H$_r à_mUmV Pmbm Amho. H$maU Vo Xoe AmH$mamZo bhmZ AgyZ CÚmoJmgmR>r bmJUmam H$ÀMm _mb, D$Om© Am{U {dÚwVeŠVr `m§Mm òWo Anyam gmR>m Amho.

132

A_o[aHo$Mr bmoH$g§»`m KZÎmm

6. bmoH$g§»`m

CÎma A_o[aHo$Vrb ~hþVoH$ bmoH$ ho wamo{n`Z, A_o[aH$Z B§{S>`Ýg² Am{U Am{\«$H$Z

d§emMo AmhoV. na§Vw VoWo H$mhr ñWm{ZH$ AWdm EH$m JQ>mMo bmoH$ AgyZ Ë`mVrb

~hþVoH$ bmoH$ ñn°{Ze, B§p½be, \«|$M AWdm A_o[aH$Z B§{S>`Ýg ^mfm ~mobVmV.

CÎma A_o[aHo$À`m nyd© ^mJmV AË`§V OmñV bmoH$dñVr AmT>iVo. VgoM `oWo

eharH$aU A{YH$ Pmbo Amho. CXm. Ý`y`m°H©$, dm°qe½Q>Z, {eH$mJmo BË`mXr. na§Vw `m

I§S>mMm CÎma ^mJ gm_mÝ`nUo ~\$m©ÀN>m{X>V AgVmo. Ë`m_wio VoWo bmoH$dñVr Zmhr.

133

A_o[aHo$Mr g§`wŠV g§ñWmZo òWrb eham§_Üò Am{U Am¡Úmo{JH$ àXoem_Üò

bmoH$dñVr A{YH$ Amho. CÎma A_o[aHo$Mo 98% bmoH$ ho ehamV amhVmV.

ZdrZ eãX

àoAarO, H$°[a{~`Z, A°ßbo{e`Z, H$°Zo{S>`Z, KS>rMo nd©V, nR>ma (T>mb), hmoåg, h[aHo$Ýg, Q>m°Zm}S>mo, V§S´>m, {h__¥J, H$°[a~mo, V¡Jm, {nH$m§Mm nÅ>m, H$m°Z© OmQ²>g, S>ñQ>Mm¡b, H$mo{H©$J, bmoH$mo_mo{Q>ìhO², b§~a OmŠg. HŸmS©~moS©, Ý`yO{n«§Q.

Aä`mg

I. XmoZ {H$dm VrZ dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

1) CÎma A_o[aH$m I§S>mbm "àoAarMm àXoe' Ago H$m åhUVmV ?

2) CÎma A_o[aH$m I§S>mMo ñWmZ Am{U {dñVma gm§Jm.

3) CÎma A_o[aH$m I§S>mVrb à_wI Xoem§Mr `mXr H$am.

4) CÎma A_o[aHo$À`m J«±S> H$°ZZMr {Z{_©Vr H$er Pmbr Amho ?

5) CÎma A_o[aHo$Vrb à_wI dZñnVr Am{U àmUr H$moUVo ?

6) CÎma A_o[aHo$Vrb à_wI ZÚm§Mr `mXr H$am.

7) CÎma A_o[aHo$V "b§~a OmŠg' Ago H$moUmbm åhUVmV?

8) CÎma A_o[aHo$V AmT>iUmao à_wI bmoH$ d Ë`m§Mr mfm H$moUVr? Vo gm§Jm.H¥$Vr :

1 CÎma A_o[aHo$Mm ZH$mem H$mTy>Z A°Q>bmgÀ`m ghmæ`mZo Ë`m_Üò Ë`m

I§S>mVrb à_wI nd©V, ZÚm, _hmgamodao, _¡XmZo XmIdm.

2 CÎma A_o[aH$m I§S>mV AmT>iUmè`m à_wI dZñnVr VgoM àmUr `m§Mr `mXr

V`ma H$am d Ë`m§À`m {MÌm§Mm g§J«h H$am.

134

nmR>13 X{jU A_o[aH$m - A±S>rO àXoe

nmRmMm> n[aM`

X{jU A_o[aH$m I§S>mMo ñWmZ, {dñVma Am{U ñdm^m{dH$ {d^mJ, ZÚm Am{U gamodao, hdm_mZ, Z¡g{J©H$ dZñnVr, àmUr, eoVr, newnmbZ, bmoH$g§»`m {Z`moOZ, {d^mJUr Am{U KZVm `mMm n[aM` `m nmR>mV Amho.

gm_Ï`}

1) X{jU A_o[aHo$Mo ñWmZ, {dñVma Am{U ^m¡Jmo{bH$ (ñdm^m{dH$) {d^mJmMr _m{hVr g_OyZ KoUo.

2) X{jU A_o[aHo$Vrb ZÚm Am{U gamodao `m~Ôb g_OyZ KoUo.

3) X{jU A_o[aHo$À`m hdm_mZmVrb d¡{dÜ`Vm, àmÊ`mVrb {d{dYVm VgoM dZñnVr§Mr _m{hVr g_OyZ KoUo.

4) X{jU A_o[aHo$À`m eoVr Am{U newg§JmonZmVrb d¡{eï>çm§Zm g_OyZ KoUo.5) X{jU A_o[aHo$Mr bmoH$g§»`m, VoWrb bmoH$m§Mr {_l dm§{eH$Vm,

{d^mJUr, KZVm `m§Mr _m{hVr g_OyZ KoUo.

X{jU A_o[aH$m hm OJmVrb Mm¡Ï`m H«$_m§H$mMm _moR>m I§S> Amho. Vmo b°Q>rZ A_o[aHo$Mm

EH$ mJ Amho. {¼.e. 1498 _Ü`o {¼ñVmo\$a H$mob§~g m yI§S>mda oD$Z nmohmoMbm

Am{U Ë`mZo Ë`mbm ^maV Ago åhQ>bo. VoWrb Jmoè`m a§JmÀ`m ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§Zm aoS>

B§{S>`Ýg Ago åhQ>bo. Z§Va `wamo{n`Zm§Zr (ñn°{Ze Am{U nmoVw©JrO) `m I§S>mV JXu

Ho$br.

X{jU A_o[aH$m hm I§S> A±S>rO nd©V Am{U A_oPm°Z ZXr mZr {_iyZ V`ma

Pmbobm d¡{eîQ>çnyU© I§S> Amho. OJmV gdm©V OmñV H$m°\$sMo CËnmXZ `oWo hmoVo.

gm_mÝ`nUo Ë`mbm "JdVmir Hw$aUm§Mm àXoe' Ago åhUVmV.

135

1. ñWmZ, {dñVma Am{U ñdm^m{dH$ {d^mJ

`m I§S>mMm ~hþVoH$ ^mJ X{jU JmobmYm©V `oVmo. `mMm WmoS>mgm ^mJ CÎma JmobmYm©_Ü`o Amho.

X{jU A_o[aH$m

{dfwdd¥V Am{U _H$a d¥V hr XmoZ d¥Îmo `m I§S>mVyZ Jobr AmhoV. `mMm AmH$ma {ÌH$moUr AgyZ CÎmaoH$S>o é§X Am{U X{jUoH$S>o qMMmoim hmoV Jobm Amho. hm I§S> 120

136

CÎma Ajm§emnmgyZ 560 X{jU Ajm§emn`ªV VgoM 350 npíM_ aoIm§emnmgyZ Vo 810 npíM_ aoIm§emn ªV mMm {dñVma Amho. X{jU A_o[aH$m I§S> npíM_mY©JmobmV Amho.

`m I§S>mMm CÎma ^mJ dJibm H$s BVa gd© {XemZm nmÊ`mZo doT>bo Amho. CÎmaoH$S>o nZm_m H$mbì`m_wio hm I§S> CÎma A_o[aH$m I§S>mnmgyZ doJim Pmbm Amho. CÎmaoH$S>o H$°ao{~`Z g_wÐ {H$Zmam, nyd}H$S>o Am{U B©emÝòH$S>o AQ>bm§{Q>H$ _hmgmJa, npíM_obm n°{g{\$H$ _hmgmJa Am{U X{jUobm A§Q>mpŠQ>©H$m _hmgmJamÀ`m ~\©$_` nmÊ`mZo doT>bm Jobm Amho.

X{jU A_o[aHo$Mm EHy$U ^y^mJ gw_mao 177.1 bj Mm¡. {H$._r. BVH$m Amho. hm I§S> ^maVmnojm 3 1/2 nQ> _moR>m Amho. `m I§S>mV EHy$U 13 Xoe AmhoV. ~«mPrb hm gdm©V _moR>m Va \«|$M J`mZm hm gdm©V bhmZ Xoe hmo`. ~mo{bpìh`m Am{U n°am½do ho ^y^mJmZr doT>bobo Xoe hmoV. `m ì`{V[aŠV gd© Xoem§Zm {H$ZmanÅ>r bm^br Amho. {Mbr hm Xoe AmH$mamZo bm§~Q> Amho.

nZm_m H$mbdm (1912) CÎma A_o[aH$m Am{U X{jU A_o[aHo$À`m _Üò Agbobm à_wI gmJar _mJ© hmo`.

BH$doS>ma XoemMo Zmd BŠdoQ>>a `m B§p½be eãXmdéZ Ambo Amho.

gmJo nm¡bmo-{gQ>r Am°\$ ñH$m` ñŠdoAa (JJZMw§~r B_maVrMo eha)

AO]{Q>Zm Am{U ~«m{Pb ho Xoe \w$Q>~m°b IoimgmR>r à{gÕ AmhoV.

{¼.e. 2016 gmbr ~«m{Pb _Üò Am°qb{nH$ ñnYm© â{dÊ`mV Amë`m hmoË`m.

ìho{ZZ²Pwdobm Xoe _m°S>oqbJ Am{U H$bogmR>r à{gÕ Amho.

2. ñdm^m{dH$ {d^mJX{jU A_o[aH$m I§S>mMo d¡{eîQ>çnyU© ñdm^m{dH$ {d^mJ AmhoV. `m I§S>mV

{h_nd©Vm§Mr {eIao Am{U KZXmQ> {dfwdd¥Vr` AaÊ o AmhoV. m I§S>mV AË §V gwnrH$ _¡XmZr n«Xoe VgoM AmogmS> dmid§Q>r àXoe Amho. m I§S>mMo ñdm^m{dH$ {d^mJ nwT>rb à_mUo :

1 A±{S>O nd©V 2 nyd}H$S>rb C§MdQ>`mMm àXoe

3 _Ü`dVu gIb _¡XmZr àXoe 4 npíM_oH$S>rb {H$ZmanÅ>rMm àXoe

137

A±S>rO nd©V

X{jU A_o[aHo$Mo ñdm^m{dH$ {d^mJ

1. A±S>rO nd©V

n°{g{\$H$ _hmgmJamÀ`m {H$ZmanÅ>rV

g_m§Va Aem gw_mao 6,440 {H$._r. BVŠ`m

bm§~ ngaboë`m `m am§Jm OJmVrb gdm©V

bm§~ nd©V loUr AmhoV. n°{g{\$H$

_hmgmJamMm {H$Zmam Ádmbm_wIrMm

Agë`mZo m mJmV dma§dma yH§$nmMo YŠHo$

138

OmUdVmV, VgoM Ádmbm_wIrMr {R>H$mUohr òWo AmhoV CXm. _mD§$Q> A±H$m±H$mJwdm

(6960 _r.) AO]{Q>Zm - {Mbr hr AVr C§M {eIao AmhoV. BŠdoS>moa_Yrb _mC§Q>

H$moQ>monmjr (5,896 _r.) _mC§Q> qM~ramOm| (6,272 _r.) BË`mXr {eIao AmhoV.

A±S>rO nd©Vm_Üò Vm§~o Am{U Vda `mgmaIr g_¥Õ I{ZOo AmhoV.

A°H$m±H$mJwdm

2. nyd}H$S>rb C§MdQ>`mMm àXoehm àXoe XmoZ doJdoJi`m C§M àXoem§Zr

doT>bm Amho (i) CÎmaoH$S>rb J`mZmMm C§M àXoe (nR>ma) Am{U (ii) X{jUoH$S>rb ~«mPrbMm C§M àXoe (nR>ma). hm ^mJ ^maVmVrb X»IZÀ`m nR>mam à_mUo H$R>rU XJS>m§Mo ~Zbobo AmhoV. Amo[aZmoH$mo ZXrMr CnZXr MmoaZ ZXrda OJmVrb AË`§V C§M "E§Ob Y~Y~m' (974 _r.) hm J`mZmÀ`m nR>mam_Üò {Z_m©U Pmbm Amho.

3. _Ü` ^mJmVrb gIb _¡XmZr àXoe

hm àXoe A±S>rO nd©V Am{U nyd}dS>rb C§MdQ>`mMm àXoe `m§À`m _Üò Amho. hm

àXoe {dñVrU© Aem ZÚm§Mm ~Zbm Amho. Ë`m åhUOo A°_oPm°Z, AmoarZmoH$mo Am{U

bmßbmQ>m ZÚm§Mm {Ì^yO àXoe. Ë`m_Yrb A°_oPm°Z ZXrMo nmÌ \$ma _moR>o Am{U

à{gÕ Amho.4. npíM_ {H$ZmanÅ>rMm _¡XmZr àXoe

hm àXoe åhUOo N>moQ>r _¡XmZo AgyZ n°{g{\$H$ _hmgmJa Am{U A±S>rO nd©V

am§JmÀ`m _Üò AmT>iVmo. npíM_ {H$ZmanÅ>rMm àXoe H$mhr {R>H$mUr é§X hmoS>rÀ`m

AmH$mam à_mUo AgyZ ~hþVoH$ {R>H$mUr {H$Zmam VwQ>H$ d X§Vya Amho. H$maU {H$ZmanÅ>r

nmgyZ A±S>rO nd©Vm§Mr C§Mr nyd}H$S>o eodQ>n`ªV dmT>V Jobr Amho. {MbrMm _Ü`^mJ

Am{U H$mob§{~`mÀ`m npíM_ {H$ZmanÅ>rda gd©Ì bhmZ bhmZ _¡XmZo Amnë`mbm

139

nmhmd`mg {_iVmV. hm {H$Zmam VwQ>H$ Amho. AZoH$ _moR>r ehao `m {H$ZmanÅ>rda

dgbr AmhoV. `m {H$ZmamnÅ>rÀ`m X{jU ^mJmV VgoM BVa {R>H$mUr AZoH$ ~oQ>o

AmhoV.

ZÚm Am{U gamodao

A°_oPm°Z, nmamZm, noam½do, D$é½do Am{U Amo[aZmoH$mo m X{jU A_o[aHo$À`m à_wI

ZÚm AmhoV. A°_oPm°Z (6,450 {H$._r.) hr ZXr A±S>rO nd©VmV CJ_ nmdUmar

X{jU A_o[aHo$Vrb gdm©V bm§~ ZXr AgyZ Vr OJmVrb gdm©V _moR>r ZXr Amho. `m

ZXrÀ`m nmÌm_wio Xþada Ob_mJm©gmR>r Cn`moJ Pmbm Amho. Amo[aZmoH$mo hr AmUIr

EH$ _hËdmMr ZXr hmo`. nmamZm, n°am½do Am{U D$é½do `m ZÚm§À`m ~Zboë`m {Ì^yO

àXoembm bmßbmQ>m åhUyZ g§~moYbo OmVo.

{Q>{Q>H$mH$ gamoda (~mo{bìhr`m) ho OJmVrb gdm©V C§Mmda Agbobo gamoda

Amho. VgoM X{jU A_o[aHo$Vrb Zm¡H$m`mZmgmR>r (Ob_mJm©gmR>r) AË`§V Cn`wŠV

gamoda Amho.

{Q>{Q>H$mH$ gamoda

140

X{jU A_o[aHo$Vrb ZÚm

A°_oPm°Z - _mamOmo ZXr {Ûn

ZXrMr - A°ZmH$m|S>m Am{U {namÝh _mgo

d¡{eîQ>`o - AË`§V _moR>r ZXr. 1000 nojm A{YH$ CnZÚm

- OJmÀ`m EHy$U y mJmn¡H$s gw_mao 11.50% y mJ ì`mnbm Amho.

141

3. hdm_mZ

X{jU A_o[aHo$À`m hdm_mZmV {d{dYVm AmT>iVo. `m I§S>mÀ`m hdm_mZmVrb

{d{dYVobm oWrb Ajm§e, C§Mr Am{U n°{g{\$H$ d AQ>bm§{Q>H$ _hmgmJam§Mo gm{ZÜ`

H$maUr^yV R>abo Amho.

`m I§S>mÀ`m CÎma mJmVyZ {dfwdd¥Îm Jobo Amho. VgoM X{jU mJmVyZ _H$ad¥Îm

Jobo Amho. m XmoÝhr Ajd¥Îmm§À`m _Ybm y mJ hm CîU H${Q>~§YmV oVmo. CÎmaoH$S>rb

é§X ^mJmV CîU H${Q>~§YmVrb hdm_mZmMm à^md {XgyZ òVmo. Ë`m_wio òWrb

hdm_mZ CîU Am{U X_Q> AgVo. {dfwdd¥Îm Agë`mH$maUmZo A°_oPm°Z ZXrÀ`m

_¡XmZr àXoem_Üò CîU Am{U X_Q> Ago {dfwdd¥Îmr` hdm_mZ AmT>iVo. `m àXoemV

~hþVoH$ df©â n[agaU nmD$g nS>V AgVmo. `m àXoemV ânya nmD$g nS>V

Agë`m_wio òWo KZXmQ> AaÊò dmT>br AmhoV. A°_oPm°Z ZXrÀ`m {Ì^yO àXoemV

KZXmQ> AaÊò AgyZ òWo {d{dY àH$maMo àmUr, dZñnVr AmT>iVmV. {d{dY njr

Am{U _mH$S>o ho òWo gm_mÝ`nUo AmT>iUmao àmUr AmhoV.

EH$m y mJmVrb nmÊ`mÀ`m gmR>`mVrb nmÊ`mMo gH$minmgyZ gy m©À`m CîUVo_wio ~mînr^dZ hmoD$Z Ë`mMo T>JmV énm§Va hmoD$Z Ë`mM {Xder Ë`mM àXoemV nmD$g hmoÊ`mÀ`m Z¡g{J©H$ {H«$òbm n[agaU nmD$g åhUVmV. MmaMm nmD$g - MhmÀ`m gwÅ>rVrb nmD$g - 4 dmOVm nS>Umam nmD$g åhUVmV.

`m I§S>mÀ`m npíM_obm bm§~ Aem A±S>rO nd©V am§Jm ngaë`m AmhoV.

{H$ZmanÅ>rÀ`m eodQ>À`m ^mJmV dmhUmao dmao `m ^mJmV nmD$g nmS>VmV. na§Vw

A±S>rO nd©VmÀ`m nyd© ^mJmV AË`§V H$_r nmD$g nS>Vmo. hm nO©Ý` N>mòMm ^mJ

Agë`mZo X{jU A_o[aHo$Mm g_erVmoîU H${Q>~§YmVrb dmid§Q>r àXoe òWo Amho.

AQ>H$m_ dmid§Q> - ({Mbr) n¥Ïdr darb AË`§V H$moaS>m àXoe Amho. Joë`m 200

dfm©V òWo nmD$g nS>bm Zhr

142

AQ>H$m_ dmid§Q>

4. Z¡g{J©H$ dZñnVr

gXmh[aV AaÊ`o goëdmg

A°_oPm°Z ZXrÀ`m Imoè`mVrb {dfwdd¥Îmr` àXoemV ~mîn wº$ hdm_mZ AmT>iVo. m

àXoemV gXmh[aV AaÊ o AmhoV. hr OJmVrb gdm©V _moR>r gXmh[aV AaÊ o AgyZ m

AaÊ`mZm "goëdmg' Ago åhUVmV. m AaÊ`mV H$R>rU bmH$S>mÀ`m OmVrMr _hmoJZr,

E~moZr m gmaIr _m¡ë`dmZ PmS>o oWo AmT>iVmV. oWo AmT>iUmè`m a~amÀ`m PmS>m§Mo

"ë`m{Q>Šg' (a~amMo XyY) H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Cn`moJ H$aVmV. {dfwdd¥Îmr` AaÊ`mÀ`m

XmoÝhr ~mOybm JdVmi àXoe AmT>iVmo. `mZm Amo[aZmoH$mo ZXrÀ`m _¡XmZm_Ü`o

143

"bmZmog' Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. ìho{ZPwEbm d ~«mPrbÀ`m C§M àXoemVrb JdVmi

àXoembm "H§$nmog' Ago åhUVmV. ~«mPrbÀ`m Am½Zo {H$ZmanÅ>rdarb CîU H${Q>~§YmV

nmZPS>r AaÊ`o AmhoV.

X{jU A_o[aH$m Z¡g{J©H$ dZñnVr

144

X{jU A_o[aH$m "JdVmir Hw$aUm§Mm Xoe' ● ìhoZ§oPwEbmMm bmZmog (Lianos) ● ~«mPrbMm H§$nmog (Compos) ● AO}{Q>ZmMm n§nmog (Pampos)

g_erVmoîU H${Q>~§YmVrb JdVmi àXoe

J«°Z MmH$mo àXoemMm X{jU ^mJ (AO}{Q>Zm Am{U D$é½do) Am{U {dñVrU© Aem g_erVmoîU H${Q>~§YmVrb JdVmir àXoemZr ì`mnbobm Amho. `m§Zm "n§nmog' Ago åhUVmV. A±S>rO nd©VmÀ`m nyd}H$S>o n±Q>mJmo{Z`mMo nR>ma AgyZ oWo IwaR>çm, H$mQ>oar OmVrÀ`m dZñnVr AgyZ g_erVmoîU H${Q>~§YmVrb dmid§Q>r àXoe AmT>iVmo.

_Ü`dVu àXoemV {_l, {d{dY AaÊ o AmhoV. g_erVmoîU H${Q>~§YmVrb nmZPS>r AaÊò oWo gwÕm AmhoV. VgoM nd©Vm§À`m CVmamda gy{MnUu AaÊò òWo AmT>iVmV. _Ü` {Mbr _Üò y_Ü` gm_w{ÐH$ hdm_mZ AmT>iVo. oWo

gXmh[aV AaÊ o Am{U IwaQ>`m dZñnVr AmT>iVmV.

5. dÝ` àmUrX{jU A_o[aHo$V {d{dY àH$maMo dÝ` àmUr, njr Am{U ganQ>Umao àmUr òWo

AmhoV. X{jU A_o[aH$m I§S>mbm "njm§Mm I§S>' Ago åhUVmV. H$°ÝS>a hm OJmVrb gdm©V _moR>m njr òWo AgyZ Am{\«$Ho$Vrb Am°pñQ´>Mà_mUo èhr`m hm Z CS>Umam EH$ _moR>m njr òWo Amho.

CS>Umar _mH$S>o, Ima Am{U _mH$S>o ho àmUr A°_oPm°Z ZXr Imoè`mVrb AaÊ`mV amhVmV. AOJa (A°ZmH$m|S>m) hm oWrb nO©Ý` N>m oVrb AaÊ`mV AgUmam gdm©V_moR>m ganQ>Umam àmUr hmo . ß`mo_ Am{U Om½dma ho oWrb {demb àmUr AgyZ Vo dmZa Am{U BVa bhmZ àmÊ`m§Mm Amhma åhUyZ Cn`moJ H$aVmV. bm_m Am{U AmënmH$ ho C§Q>mgmaIo àmUr AgyZ Ë`m§Mr _mZ bm§~ AgVo. ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$ Ë`m§Mm Cn`moJ Amnë`m X¡Z§{XZ H$m_mgmR>r H$aVmV. Jm°ëQ>Jmog ~oQ>o hr _moR>`m AmH$mamÀ`m H$mgdm§gmR>r à{gÕ AmhoV. VoWrb _mem Am{U {H$Q>H$ `m§Mm CnÐd Pmon CS>dUmam Amho. A°_oPm°Z ZXr {d[dY àH$maÀ`m _memgmR>r à{gÕ Amho. òWo ñQ>tJ, ao, EbopŠQ´>H$ {\$e Am{U {namÝh (OJmV gdm©V OmñV Anm`H$mar _mgm) `mgmaIo _mgo òWo AmT>iVmV. òWrb ZÚm_Üò _Jar AmT>iVmV.

145

bm_>m Om½dma

{JYmS> A°ZmH$m|S>m AënmH$

ß`w_m H$mgd

146

{namÝh _mgm èhr`m

6. eoVr Am{U newnmbZ

X{jU A_o[aHo$V eoVrgmR>r Cn`wŠV O_rZ H$_r Amho. \$ŠV eo. 10%

O_rZrÀ`m ^mJmV eoVr Ho$br OmVo. AO]{Q>ZmMm n§nmog Am{U Cé½do, ~«mPrbMm

C§MdQ>`mMm àXoe VgoM _Ü` {MbrMm nyd© {H$Zma nÅ>rMm àXoe ho eoVrgmR>r Cn wŠV

Agbobo àXoe AmhoV. _ŠH$m, Jhÿ, ^mV, H$m°\$s, H$mnyg, D$g B. `oWrb _hÎdmMr

{nHo$ AmhoV.

_ŠH$m hm X{jU A_o[aHo$Mo Xoer` nrH$ AgyZ Vo C~Xma CîUH${Q>~§Y àXoemVrb

AË §V à_wI Amhma YmÝ` Amho. JìhmMo CËnmXZ AO]{Q>Zm Am{U {Mbr XoemVrb W§S>

g_erVmoîU H${Q>~§YmÀ`m àXoemV KoVbo OmVo. AO]{Q>Zm _YyZ gwÕm JìhmMr {Z`m©V

Ho$br OmVo. ~Q>mQ>`mMo nrH$ A±S>rOÀ`m {demb àXoemV {nH${dVmV. ~«mPrbÀ`m

{H$ZmanÅ>rÀ`m àXoemV ^mV {nH${dbo OmVo.

~«mPrbbm "OJmMo H$m°\$sMo nmÌ' Ago åhUVmV. Am{\«$Ho$Vrb BWr`mo{n`m

XoemVrb "H$m°\$m' àXoemV H$m°\$ ho nrH$ AgyZ Ë`mbm "H$m°\$m' AWdm H$m°\$s Ago

åhUV. ~«m{Pb_Ü`o hOmamo H$m°\$sMo _io AmhoV. [a`mo S>r Om{Zamo `m ~oQ>mbm

"OJmMo H$m°\$sMo ~§Xa' Ago åhUVmV.

147

H$m°\$s

Amhma YmÝ` `m ì`{V[aŠV, H$m°\$s Am{U H$moH$À`m CËnmXZmV X{jU A_o[aH$m hm à_wI I§S> Amho. OJmV gdm©V OmñV H$m°\$sMo CËnmXZ ~«mPrb_Ü`o Ho$bo OmVo. H$mob§{~`m Am{U BŠdoS>ma ho Xoe gwÕm àm_w»`mZo H$m°\$s {nH${dVmV. ~«mPrbÀ`m {H$ZmanÅ>r àXoemV H$moH$Mo _moR>çm à_mUmV CËnmXZ H$mT>bo OmVo. H$mob§{~`m Am{U BŠdoS>ma ho H$moH$ CËnmXZ H$aUmao BVa Xoe hmoV.

D$g

148

A±S>rO nd©Vm§À`m CVmamdarb àXoemV H$mnyg {nH${dbm OmVmo. VgoM BVa Xoem§Zm

Ë`mMr {Z`m©V Ho$br OmVo. X{jU A_o[aH$m hm D$g CËnmXZ H$aUmam à_wI I§S>

Amho. ~«mPrb D$g CËnmXZ H$aUmam à_wI Xoe AgyZ hm OJmVrb D$g CËnmXZ

H$aUmam Xwgè`m H«$_m§H$mMm Xoe Amho.

n§nmog JdVmir àXoe newnmbZmg Cn`wŠV R>abm Amho. newnmbZm_Ü`o KmoS>o,

Sw>ŠH$a, eoir-_|T>r Am{U Jm`r `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. EHo$H$mir AO]{Q>Zm hm

Xoe OJmVrb gdm©V OmñV newMo _m§g {Z`m©V H$aUmam Xoe åhUyZ à{gÕ hmoVm.

JmB©À`m _m§gmgmR>r n§nmog hm JdVmir àXoe à{gÕ Amho. CÎm_ à{VMm {haì`m

JdVmMm Mmam AgUmao àXoe S>oAar CËnÞ {_idyZ XoÊ`mè`m àmÊ`mgmR>r, VgoM

H$_r à_mUmV Mmam {_iUmam noQ>°Jmo{Z`mMm _¡XmZr àXoe Am{U nd©V_` àXoe ho

_|T>`m nmbZmgmR>r amIrd AgVmV.

`oWrb YZJam§Zm "Jm¡Mmog' Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. Vo _|T>r nmbZ H$aVmV.

_|T>`m nmbZ JmB© nmbZ

n°{g{\$H$ _hmgmJamÀ`m {H$ZmanÅ>rMm eodQ>Mm mJ _mgo_margmR>r à{gÕ Amho.

noé Am{U {Mbr Xoem§À`m {H$ZmanÅ>rÀ`m àXoemV à{gÕ _mgo_mar H|$Ðo AmhoV. ~hþVoH$

_mem§Mm dmna Amhmamnojm A{YH$ CÚmoJY§ÚmgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo. {Q>{Q>H$mH$ gamoda

Am{U A°_oPm°Z ZXr hr JmoS>`m nmÊ`mVrb _mgo_margmR>r à{gÕ AmhoV.

149

_Ëñ` nmbZ

7 bmoH$g§»`m

X{jU A_o[aHo$Vrb a{hdmer ho {_l d§emVrb bmoH$ AmhoV. `wamo{n`Z ho

gmoÝ`mÀ`m emoYmV oWo Ambo. Z§Va Vo VoWoM ñWm{`H$ Pmbo. Ë`m§Zr VoWrb _ù`m_Ü`o

H$m_ H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m_Jma åhUyZ Am{\«$H$Zm§Zm AmUbo. `m d§em_Ü`o EH$_oH$m§er

{ddmh hmoD$Z {_l d§emMo bmoH$ OÝ_mbm Ambo. X{jU A_o[aHo$V à_wI VrZ d§emMo

bmoH$ amhVmV.

150

X{jU A_o[aHo$_Üò gamgar (eo. 47%) eharH$aU Pmbo AgyZ H$mhr {R>H$mUr

A{YH$m{YH$ (80%) n`ªV nmohmoMbo Amho. gdm©{YH$ bmoH$g§»`m Cé½do (93%) _Üò Am{U ehamVrb H$_r bmoH$g§»`m J`mZm_Üò (36%) Amho.

X{jU A_o[aH$m bmoH$g§»òMr KZVm

151

KZXmQ> AaÊ`mZr ì`mnboë`m A°_oPm°Z VgoM A±Sr>O nd©V am§Jm, A°Q>H$m_ dmid§Q>r

àXoe Am{U noQ>oJmo{Z`m gma»`m KZXmQ> AaÊ`m_Üò A{V {dai bmoH$g§»`m Amho.

J«mg, MmH$mo Am{U J`mZm_Yrb C§MdQ>`mÀ`m àXoem_Üò gwÕm {dai bmoH$g§»`m

AmT>iVo. ~hþVoH$ bmoH$g§»òMo à_mU _moR>r ehao Am{U ~§Xao òWo A{YH$ Amho.

ã`moZg Eoare,> [aAmo-S>r Om{Zamo, gmnmo, nmbmo BË`mXr eham§_Üò bmoH$g§»òMr

KZVm A{YH$ Amho.

X{jU A_o[aHo$À`m {H$ZmanÅ>rÀ`m àXoemV bmoH$dñVr XmQ> Amho. I§S>mÀ`m

_Ü` ^mJmV bmoH$dñVr {dai Agë`mZo Ë`mbm H$_r bmoH$g§»òÀ`m àXoemMm I§S>

Ago åhUVmV.

X{jU A_o[aHo$V OJmÀ`m gamgar bmoH$g§»òMo OZZ à_mU (21/1000) òWo

XmIb Pmbo Amho.na§Vw _aU à_mU OJmÀ`m gamgar à_mUmnojm (9/1000) H$_r

(6/1000) Amho. Ë`m_wio X{jU A_o[aHo$Mo bmoH$g§»`m dmT>rMo à_mU OJmÀ`m

gamgar à_mUmnojm A{YH$ Amho.

ZdrZ eãX

b°Q>rZ A_o[aH$m, aoS> B§{S>`Ýg, A±S>rO, A¾r_wI (Ádmbm_wIr) J`mZm,

Amo[aZmoH$mo, A°_Pm°Z, bmßbmQ>m, J«mZMmH$mo, JmbnJmog, hmoZm©g, nmamZ, n°am½do,

Cé½do, {Q>{Q>H$mH$, erVmoîU , _o{S>Q>ao{Z`Z, goëdmg, ë`mQ>oŠg, {namÝh, Jm¡Mmog,

Pm|~mog, n°Q>mJmo{Z`m, AQ>H$m_.

152

Aä`mg

I EH$ qH$dm XmoZ dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

1) X{jU A_o[aH$m I§S>mVrb bmoH$m§Zm aoS> B§{S>`Ýg Ago H$m åhUVmV?

2) X{jU A_o[aHo$Mo ñWmZ Am{U {dñVma gm§Jm.

3) X{jU A_o[aHo$Vrb gdm©V _moR>m d bhmZ Xoe H$moUVm ?

4) X{jU A_o[aHo$V AmT>iUmam OJmVrb gdm©V C§M Y~Y~m H$moUVm ? Vmo

H$moUË`m ZXr_wio V`ma Pmbm Amho ?

5) X{jU A_o[aHo$Vrb à_wI JdVmi àXoe H$moUVo ?

6) X{jU A_o[aHo$Vrb à_wI dZñnVr Am{U àmÊ`m§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm.

7) X{jU A_o[aHo$Vrb _hËdmÀ`m d§emÀ`m JQ>m§Mr Zmdo {bhm.

8) X{jU A_o[aHo$Vrb XmQ> bmoH$dñVr AgUmè`m à_wI eham§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm. H¥$Vr

1 X{jU A_o[aH$m I§S>mMm ZH$mem H$mTy>Z A°Q²>bmgÀ`m ghmæ`mZo Xoe Am{U

Ë`m§À`m amOYmÝ`m, à_wI nd©V, ZÚm, gamodao, JdVmi àXoe ZH$memV

XmIdm.

2 X{jU A_o[aHo$V AmT>iUmè`m à_wI dZñnVr, àmUr Am{U njr `m§Mr

`mXr H$am d Ë`m§À`m {MÌm§Mm g§J«h H$am.

h$zm©q>h$ gah$ma g mo {dkmzktbs.kar.nic.in/new/website...

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