BIBLIOGRAPHY

Acton, H. The Philosophy of Punishment (1969) London, MacMillan. American Friends Service Committee, Struggle for Justice (1971) New

York, Hill and Wang. Ashworth, A 'Reason, Logic and Criminal Liability' Law Quarterly

Review (1975) 102. Auerbach, P., Desai, M., Shamsavari, A 'The Transition from Actually

Existing Capitalism' (1988) New Left Review, 170,61-78. Aune, B. Kant's Theory of Morals (1979) Princeton, University Press. Baier, K. 'Is Punishment Retributive?' in H. Acton, The Philosophy of

Punishment (op.cit.) Balbus, I. 'Commodity Form and Legal Form' in C. Reasons and R. Rich,

The Sociology of Law: A Conflict Perspective (1978) Toronto Butterworth.

Bayles, M. 'Character, Purpose and Criminal Responsibility', Law and Philosophy (1982) 1, 5.

Beccaria, C. Of Crimes and Punishments (1964) Oxford, O.D.P. Beck, L. A Commentary on Kant's Critique of Practical Reason (1960)

Chicago, University Press. Benn, S. 'An Approach to the Problems of Punishment' in H. Morris,

Freedom and Responsibility (1961) Stanford, University Press. Benton, T. The Rise and Fall of Structural Marxism (1984) London,

MacMillan. Bentham, J. The Theory of Legislation (1975) New York, Oceana. Bentham, J. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation in

J. Bowring, Collected Works (1962) New York, Russell. Bhaskar, R. A Realist Theory of Science (1975) Leeds, Leeds Books. Bhaskar, R. The Possibility of Naturalism (1979) Brighton, Harvester. Bosanquet, B. Some Suggestions in Ethics (1919) London, MacMillan. Bosanquet, B. The Philosophical Theory of the State (1965) London,

MacMillan. Bottomley, AK. 'The 'Justice Model' in America and Britain' in Bottoms,

AE. and Preston, R.H. The Coming Penal Crisis (op.cit.). Bottomley, AK. Criminology in Focus (1979) Oxford, Martin Robertson. Bottoms, AE. and Preston, R. The Coming Penal Crisis (1980)

Edinburgh, Scottish Academic Press. Box, oS. Power, Crime and Mystification (1983) London, Tavistock. Box, S. Recession, Crime and Punishment (1987) London, MacMillan. Bradley, F. 'Some Remarks on Punishment', International Journal of

Ethics (1893-94) 4,269. Bradley, F. 'The Vulgar Notion of Responsibility' in Ethical Studies

(op.cit.). Bradley, F. Ethical Studies (1927) Oxford, Clarendon.

206 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bradley, F. Collected Essays vol.1 (1935) Oxford, Clarendon. Braithwaite, J. Inequality, Crime and Public Policy (1979) London, R.K.P. Cain M. and Hunt, A. Marx and Engels on Law (1979) London, Academic

Press. Cattaneo, M. 'Hobbes's Theory of Punishment' in K. Brown, Hobbes

Studies (1965) Oxford, Blackwell. Cohen, S. 'Guilt, Justice and Tolerance: Some Old Concepts for a New

Criminology' in D. Downes and P. Rock, Deviant Interpretations (1979) Oxford, Martin Robertson.

Coole, D. Women in Political Theory (1988) Sussex, Wheatsheaf. Cooper, D. 'Hegel's Theory of Punishment' in Z. Pelczynski, Hegel's

Political Philosophy (1971) Cambridge, C.D.P. Cotterrell, R. 'English Conceptions of the Role of Theory in Lega1

Analysis', Modern Law Review (1983) 46,681. Cotterrell, R. 'The Sociological Concept of Law' , Journal of Law and

Society (1983) 10,241. Dashwood, A. 'Logic and the Lords in Majewski' [1977] Criminal Law

Review, 532, 591. Davis, M. 'Harm and Retribution' (1986) Philosophy and Public Affairs,

236. Davis, M. and Ruddick, S. 'Los Angeles: Civil Liberties Between the

Hammer and the Rock' (1988) New Left Review 170, 37. Day, J.P. 'Retributive Punishment', Mind (1978) LXXXVII, 498. Dennis, I. 'Duress, Murder and Criminal Responsibility' Law Quarterly

Review (1980) 208. Devlin, P. Samples of Law Making (1962) Oxford, O.D.P. Donzelot, J. The Policing of Families (1980) London, Hutchinson. Duff, A. Trials and Punishments (1986) Cambridge, C.D.P. Durkheim, E. 'Two Laws of Penal Evolution' (1973) Economy and Society,

307. Edwards, P. 'Hard and Soft Determinism' in S. Hook, Determinism and

Freedom in the Age of Modern Science (op.cit.). Engels, F. 'Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German

Philosophy' in K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works in One Volume (op.cit.).

Ewing, A. 'Punishment as a Moral Agency' Mind (1927) XXXVI, 292. Ewing, A. The Morality of Punishment (1929) London, Kegan Paul. Ferguson, R. Review of Legal Reasoning and Legal Theory (MacCormick)

British Journal of Law and Society (1979) 6, 272. Ferri, E. The Positive School of Criminology (1901) Chicago, Kerr. Fine, B. Democracy and the Rule of Law (1984) London, Pluto. Fisch, J. Cheap Lives and Dear Limbs (1983) Wiesbaden, Franz Steiner. Fletcher, G. Rethinking Criminal Law (1978) Boston, Little Brown. Fletcher, G. 'Law and Morality: a Kantian Perspective' (1987) Columbia

Law Review 87, 533. Fletcher, G. 'Why Kant' (1987) Columbia Law Review 87, 421.

LAW, IDEOLOGY AND PUNISHMENT 207

Flew, A. 'The Justification of Punishment' in H. Acton, The Philosophy of Punishment (op.cit.).

Fogel, D. 'We Are the Living Proof: The Justice Model of Corrections (1975) Cincinnati, Anderson.

Foucault, M. Discipline and Punish (1977) Hannondsworth, Peregrine. Garland, D. Punishment and Welfare (1985) Aldershot, Gower. Garland, D. 'Foucault's 'Discipline and Punish' : an Exposition and

Critique' (1987) American Bar Foundation Research Journal, 847. Gauthier, D. The Logic of Leviathan (1969) Oxford, Clarendon. Glover, J. Responsibility (1970) London, R.K.P. . Goldman, A. 'The Paradox of Punishment' (1979) Philosophy and Public

Affairs, 42. Green, T. H. Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation (1901)

London, Longmans and Green. Griffith, J. The Politics of the Judiciary (1977) London, Fontana. Gross, H. A Theory of Criminal Justice (1979) New York, O.V.P. Habermas, J. Theory and Practice (1974) London, Heinemann. Hale, M. Pleas of the Crown (1736). Halevy, E. The Growth of Philosophic Radicalism (1972) London, Faber. Hampton, J. 'The Moral Education of the Criminal' (1984) Philosophy and

Public Affairs, 208. Hampton, J. Hobbes and the Social Contract Tradition (1986) Cambridge,

C.V.P. Hare, R. Moral Thinking (1981) Oxford, Clarendon. Hart, H.L.A. Punishment and Responsibility (1968) Oxford, Clarendon. Hay, D., Linebaugh, P., Rule, J., Thompson, E., Winslow, C. Albion's

Fatal Tree (1977) Hannondsworth, Peregrine. Hegel, G. The Philosophy of Right (1952) Oxford, O.V.P. Hegel, G. The Philosophy of Nature (1970) Oxford, Clarendon. Hill, C. Intellectual Origins of the English Revolution (1965) Oxford,

O.u.P. Hill, C. Reformation to Industrial Revolution (1967) London, Weidenfeld

and Nicholson. Hirst, P. On Law and Ideology (1979) London, MacMillan. Hobbes, T. Leviathan (ed. C. MacPherson) (1968) Hannondsworth,

Penguin. Honderich, T. Punishment: The Supposed Justifications (1976) Hannonds­

worth, Peregrine. Hook, ~. Determinism and Freedom in the Age of Modern Science (1961)

New York, Collier. Hume, D. A Treatise of Human Nature (1888) Oxford, Clarendon. Hume, D. 'Of the Original Contract' in Essays Literary, Moral and

Political (1898) London, Longman. Ignatieff, M. A Just Measure of Pain (1978) London, MacMillan. Inwood, M. Hegel (1983) London, R.K.P.

208 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Jameson, F. Marxism and Form (1971) Princeton, Princeton Vniversi~ Press.

Johnson, P. 'Bradley and the Nature of Punishment' in A. Manser ane Stock, The Philosophy of F.H. Bradley (1984) Oxford, Clarendon.

Kamenka, E. and Tay, A. 'Beyond Bourgeois Individualism: the Con temporary Crisis in Law and Legal Ideology' in Kamenka, E. ane Neale, R. Feudalism, Capitalism and Beyond (1975) London Edward Arnold.

Kant, I. The Philosophy of Law (1887) Edinburgh, Green. Kant, I. The Moral Law (1948) London, Hutchinson. Kant, I. The Metaphysical Elements of Justice (1965) Indianapolis, Bobbs

Merrill. Kant, I. Werke, vol.6, Konigliche Preussische Akademie. Keat, R. and Vrry, J. Social Theory as Science (1975) London, R.K.P. Kelman, M. 'Interpretive Construction in the Substantive Criminal Law

(1981) Stanford Law Review, 591. Kelman, M. A Guide to Critical Legal Studies (1987) Cambridge, Mass.

Harvard V.P. Kenny, A. Will, Freedom and Power (1975) Oxford, Blackwell. Kenny, A. Freewill and Responsibility (1978) London, R.K.P. Kittrie, N. The Right to be Different (1971) London, John Hopkins. Komer, S. Kant (1955) Harmondsworth, Penguin. Lacey, N. State Punishment (1988) London, Routledge. Levine, A. 'Rawls' Kantianism', Social Theory and Practice (1974) 3,47. Little, D. Religion, Order and the Law (1969) New York, Harper ane

Row. Lukacs, G. History and Class Consciousness (1968) London, Merlin. Mabbott, J. 'Professor Flew on Punishment' in H. Acton, The Philosoph;

of Punishment (op.cit.). Mabbott, J. 'Punishment' in H. Acton, The Philosophy of Punishmen

(op.cit.). MacCormick, D.N. 'Challenging Sociological Deftnitions', British Jouma

of Law and Society (1976) 3, 88. MacCormick, D.N. Legal Reasoning and Legal Theory (1978) Oxford

Clarendon. MacIntyre, A. A Short History of Ethics (1967) London, R.K.P. Mackie, J. Hume's Political Theory (1980) London, R.K.P. MacPherson, C.B. The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism (1962

Oxford,O.V.P. Marcuse, H. Reason and Revolution (1941) London, R.K.P. Marx, K. Capital, voI.I (1954) London, Lawrence and Wishart. Marx, K. and Engels, F. Selected Works in One Volume (1961) London

Lawrence and Wishart. Marx, K. 'Critique of the Gotha Programme' in K. Marx and F. Engels

Selected Works in One Volume (op.cit.).

LAW, IDEOLOGY AND PUNISHMENT 209

Marx, K. 'The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte' in K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works in One Volume (op.cit.).

Marx, K. and Engels, F. The German Ideology (1970) London, Lawrence and Wishart.

Marx, K. Grundrisse (1973) Harmondsworth, Pelican. Marx, K. Early Writings (1975) Hannondsworth, Pelican. Marx, K. 'Critique of Hegel's Doctrine of the State' in K. Marx, Early

Writings (1975) Harmondsworth, Penguin. McBamet, D. Conviction (1981) London, MacMillan. McLellan, D. The Young Hegelians and Karl Marx (1969) London,

MacMillan. McTaggart, J. Studies in Hegelian Cosmology (1901) Cambridge, C.U.P. Melossi, D. and Pavarini, M. The Prison and the Factory (1981) London

MacMillan. Midgely, T. S. The Language of Equality (1978) Edinburgh University,

Ph.D. thesis. Moore, M. Law and Psychiatry (1984) Cambridge, C.U.P. Moore, M. 'Causation and the Excuses' (1985) California Law Review 73,

1091. Morris, A. and McIsaac, M. Juvenile Justice? (1978) London, Heinemann. Mundle, C. 'Punishment and Desert' in H. Acton, The Philosophy of

Punishment (op.cit.). Murphy, J. Retribution, Justice and Therapy (1979) Dordrecht, Reidel. Murphy, J. 'Does Kant Have a Theory of Punishment?' (1987) Columbia

Law Review 87, 509. Neumann, F. The Democratic and the Authoritarian State (1964) New

York, Free Press. Neumann, F. The Rule of Law (1986) Leamington Spa, Berg. Neumann, F. and Kircheimer, O. Social Democracy and the Rule of Law

(1987) London, Allen and Unwin. Norrie, A. 'Marxism and the Critique of Criminal Justice' Contemporary

Crises (1982) 6,59. Norrie, A. 'Freewill, Determinism and Criminal Justice' (1983) Legal

Studies, 69. Norrie, A. 'Thomas Hobbes and the Philosophy of Punishment' (1984) Law

and Philosophy 3, 299-320. Norrie, A. 'Practical Reasoning and Criminal Responsibility' in R. Clarke

and D. Cornish, The Reasoning Criminal (1986) New York, Springer Verlag.

Norrie, A. 'Justice and Punishment in Adam Smith' (1989) Ratio Iuris, 227.

Norrie, A. 'Oblique Intention and Legal Politics' [1989] Criminal Law Review, 793.

Norrie, A. Review Essay of Lacey, State Punishment (1990) International Journal of the Sociology of Law 18, 112.

210 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Norrie, A. 'Locating the Socialist Rechtsstaat: Underdevelopment an Criminal Justice in the Soviet Union' (1990) International Journal c the Sociology of Law 18,343-359.

Outhwaite, W. New Philosophies of Social Science (1987) Londor MacMillan.

Packer, H. The Limits of the Criminal Sanction (1968) Stanfon: University Press.

r

Parker, H. 'Boys Will Be Men: Brief Adolescence in a Down-ToWl Neighbourhood' in G. Mungham and G. Pearson, Working Clas Youth Culture (1976) London, R.K.P.

Pashukanis, E. The General Theory of Law and Marxism (1978) London Ink Links.

Pashukanis, E. Selected Writings (ed. P. Beirne and R. Sharlet) (1980 London, Academic Press.

Paton, H. The Categorical Imperative (1953) London, Hutchinson. Plamenatz, J. The English Utilitarians (1958) Oxford, Blackwell. Plant, R. Hegel (1973) London, Allen and Unwin. Poggi, G. The Development of the Modern State (1978) London

Hutchinson. Quinney, R. Class, State and Crime (1980) New York, Longman. Quinton, A. 'On Punishment' in H. Acton, The Philosophy of Punishmel1

(op.cit.). Radzinowicz, L. and Turner J. The Modern Approach to Criminal Lm

(1945) London, MacMillan. Radzinowicz, L. Ideology and Crime· (1966) London, Heinemann. Raphael, D. Hobbes (1977) London, Allen and Unwin. Rashdall, H. Note, International Journal of Ethics (1894-95) 5, 243. Rashdall, H. The Theory of Good and Evil vol.l (1907) Oxford

Clarendon. Rawls, J. 'Two Concepts of Rules' in H. Acton, The Philosophy ~

Punishment (op.cit.). Ree, J., Ayers, M. Westoby, A. Philosophy and its Past (1978) Hassocks

Harvester. Reyburn, H. The Ethical Theory of Hegel (1921) Oxford, Clarendon. Richter, M. The Politics of Conscience (1964) London, Weidenfeld anI

Nicholson. Ross, W.D. The Right and the Good (1930) Oxford, O.u.P. Rusche, G. and Kircheimer, O. Punishment and Social Structure (1939

New York, Columbia u.P. ·Sayer, D. Marx's Method (1979) Brighton, Harvester. Seve, L. Marxism and the Theory of Human Personality (1975) London

Lawrence and Wishart. Smart, J. and Williams, B. Utilitarianism, For and Against (1973

Cambridge, C.U.P. Smith, A. 'On Actus Reus and Mens Rea' in P. Glazebrook, Reshaping th4

Criminal Law (1978) London, Stevens.

LAW, IDEOLOGY AND PUNISHMENT

Smith, A. Lectures on Jurisprudence (1978) Oxford, Clarendon. Smith, J. and Hogan, B. Criminal Law (1983) London, Butterworths. Smith, J. Note, Criminal Law Review (1981) 393.

211

Sparks, R. ' 'Diminished Responsibility' in Theory and Practice', Modern Law Review (1964) 27,9.

Sprigge, T. 'A Utilitarian Reply to Dr. McCloskey' Inquiry (1965) 8, 264. Stedman Jones, G. Outcast London (1971) Oxford, O.U.P. Stick, J. 'Charting the Development of Critical Legal Studies' (1988)

Columbia Law Review 88,407. Stillman, P. 'Hegel's Idea of Punishment', Journal of the History of

Philosophy (1976) 14, 169. Strauss, L. Natural Right and History (1953) Chicago, U. Chi.P. Strauss, L. 'The Spirit of Hobbes's Political Philosophy' in K. Brown,

Hobbes Studies (1965) Oxford, Blackwell. Sumner, C. Reading Ideologies (1979) London, Academic Press. Taylor, C. Hegel (1975) Cambridge, C.U.P. Taylor, C. Hegel and Modern Society (1979) Cambridge, c.u.P. Taylor, I., Walton, P. and Young, J. The New Criminology (1973) London,

R.K.P. Taylor, I., Walton, P. and Young, J. Critical Criminology (1975), London,

R.K.P. Thompson, E. Whigs and Hunters (1977) Harmondsworth, Peregrine. Unger, R. Law in Modern Society (1976) New York, Free Press. Van den Haag, E. 'Refuting Reiman and Nathanson' (1985) Philosophy

and Public Affairs, 165. Vandervort, L. 'Social Justice in the Modem Regulatory State: Duress,

Necessity and the Consensual Model in Law' (1987) Law and Philosophy 6, 205.

Von Hirsch, A. Doing Justice: The Choice of Punishment (1976) New York, Hill and Wang.

Von Hirsch, A. Past or Future Crimes (1986) Manchester, M.U.P. Walker, N. Crime and Insanity in England and Wales, vol.} (1968)

Edinburgh, E.U.P. Walker, R. Kant (1978) London, R.K.P. Wasik, M. 'Duress and Criminal Responsibility', Criminal Law Review

(1977) 453. Watkins, J. Hobbes's System of Ideas (1973) London, Hutchinson. Watson, G. Free Will (1982) Oxford, O.U.P. Williams, G. Criminal Law: the General Part (1961) London, Stevens. Williams, G. Textbook of Criminal Law (1978) London, Stevens. Williams, G. 'Recklessness Redefined', Cambridge Law Journal (1981)

252. Williams, G. Textbook of Criminal Law (2nd ed.) (1983) London, Stevens. Williams, H. Kant's Political Philosophy (1983) Oxford, Blackwell. Woffmden, B. Miscarriages of Justice (1989) Sevenoaks, Coronet. Wolfe, R. P. The Autonomy of Reason (1973) New York, Harper.

212 BmLIOGRAPHY

Wolfe, T. Bonfire of the Vanities (1988) London, Picador. Wootton, B. Crime and the Criminal Law (1963) London, Stevens. Zweig, A. Kant, Philosophical Correspondence 1759-99 (1967) Chicago

U. Chi. P.

REPORTS

Criminal Law Commissioners (1843) Seventh Report English Law Commission Report No. 29. Scannan, Lord. The Brixton Disorders 10-12 April 1981 (1981)

Cmnd.8427.

CASES

Abbott v R. [1977] AC 755 Daniel McNaghten's Case 10 Cl. and Fin., 200 D.P.P. v Beard [1920] AC 479 D.P.P. v Majewski [1976] 2 WLR 623 D.P.P. v Morgan [1975] 2 All ER 347 Duffy [1969] 1 All ER 92 Durham v U.S. 214 F.2d. (D.C. Cir.1954) Ealing London Borough Council v Race Relations Board [1972] AC 342 Lynch v D.P.P. [1975] AC 653 R. v Caldwell [1981] 1 All ER 961 R. v Cunningham [1957] 2 QB 396 R. v Graham [1982] 1 All ER 801 R. v Howe [1987] 1 All ER 771 W. (A Minor) v Dolbey [1983] Crim LR 681

Abstract (juridical) individua1(ism) 8, 10,12,35,37,38,40,86,103, 104, 112, 139, 140, 162, 163, 199

Abstract ideal being 62 Abstract juridical concept of agency

197 Abstract juridical forms 6, 190 Abstract metaphysical freedom 162 Abstract nature of the retributive

philosophy 116 Abstraction 9-11,35,39,62,71,72,

78,117,190 Accident, defence of 141,155 Action(s) (and responsibility) 141,

143-145, 147-149, 151-154, 156-158, 160-162, 163-165; Actions, basic and complex 147, 148, 163

Acton, H. 102, 127 Agency 62,91,140,141,149,154-

156,158,163,164,197 Ahistorical 9, 12 Alcohol and crime 170-173 Amount of punishment 41,81,87,

98,105,107,117; Exemplary sentencing 132; Fluctuating standards 85, 125; Measure of punishment 77,86,97,131, 117; see also Jus Talionis

Analyticaljurisprudence 186-188; see also Social theory of law

Antithesis between abstract individualism and concrete individuality 8,9, 139, 190-193, 197-199,202,203; in Hobbes 30,35,37,38,190,191; in Kant 40,41,61-63, 191-193; in Hegel 65,66,83-88, 191-193; in Green 89, 102-104, 194; and the freewill/determinism debate 139, 140, 162-165, 195; in the Criminallaw 154, 162-165

Antithesis between individual right and social (state) power 10, 11, 139; in Hegel 83-88, 193; in Green 90, 102-104, 193-195,

INDEX

199; in English Idealism generally 112; in utilitarian theory 113, 114, 135-138; and legal reasoning in the criminal law 167,168,183-188

Appearance and Reality 7-11,215, 191, 192

Ashworth, A. 197n Assault, crime of intent 170,171 Auerbach, P. IOn Aune, B. 41-45,51,53 Authoritarian(ism) 2,13,103,105,

108, 112, 113, 135, 194, 195, 199; see also State power

Autonomy 37,92, 135, 147, 148, 162,194; Autonomous agents 147

Balbus, I. 165n Beccaria, C. xiii, 84 Beck, L. 47, 58n, 59n Benn, S. 67 Bentham, J. 33, 114n, 115 Bhaskar, R. 7n, 152n, 165n Birkenhead, Lord 172 Bosanquet, B. 3, 13,90, 108-110,

115, 118, 122, 135, 194; and the English labourer 108; State as an organic unity 108-110; Social organism as dominant 109

Bourgeoisie 6,200,201; Bourgeois (civil) society 37,108,191,192, 199; Bourgeois legal form 136

Bradley, F. 3, 13,90, 105-108, 110, 111,117, 128n, 135, 194; Collective social principle of vengeance 110; 'Sacred rights of innocence' 107; Social annihilation of wrong 106

Brixton Riots, Lord Scarman's analysis 159, 160

Capacity to choose 144-148,154,163

214

Capital punishment 20,60,77,101; see also Death penalty

Capitalism 8, 11,90, 113, 139, 193, 202; Capitalist society 8-11, 137,139,154,190,194,202

Cases AbbottvR. [1977] 177-180, 183n; Daniel McNaghten's Case 155 D.P'p. v Beard [1920] 172 D.P.P. v Majewski [1976] 170-173, 182n D.P'p. v Morgan [1975] 171 Duffy [1969] 155 Durham v u.s. [1954] 155 Ealing London Borough Council v Race Relations Board [1972] 175 Lynch v D'p.P. [1975] 142, 156, 157 R. v Caldwell [1981] 173-177, 183n R. v Cunninfham [1957] 174 R. v Howe [ 987] 18On, 183n W. (A Minor) v Dolbey [1983] 176n

Categorical imperative (Hobbes) 26; (Kant) 46, 50, 53, 54, 60, 69

Cattaneo,~. 15n,20,21,31,32 Causes of crime 156, 158-160, 164;

Class conflict and crime 34,35, 37,83-92,108,112,161,192, 193,200-203; 'Crack' in the U.S. 158n; Deprivation 158, 159; Discrimination 159; Drugtaking 171; Social background and crime 112,158,159-161,165; Poverty and pauperism 193; Unemployment 159

Choice, concept of 144-149; Choosing beings, individuals as 144; Power of choice 141,154, 156; see also Individual choice

Civil society 20,40,42,83,84,86, 87,89,192

Coercion, justification of 41,43-45, 50-54,59,62,71-77,80,111, 144

Cohen, S. 197 Collective social £rinciple of

vengeance (Green) 95; (Bradley) 110

INDEX

Commodity exchange and law, theory of 7-9; see also Pashukanis, E

Common good 3, 93, 94, 96, 104, 118; Sacrifice of the individual to the 118

Common people 34,35,86,89,161, 191,201

Concrete human (social) individuality 12,13,16,30,37,62,63,86,87, 89,102,103,139,140,162,163, 199

Consent 21,22,24,25,28,32-34,37, 65,190,191,193

Consequentialist 114,170,181 Contract 6,15, 17-19,21-25,27-30,

32,34-37,39,41-43,62,73,74, 131, 187, 190

Contradiction xiv, 4-6,8,9,11-14; in lIobbes 16,21,23,25,30,33, 35-37; in Kant 40,44,47,48, 51,58,62,63; in lIegel 65,68, 69,70,74,75,78,83,85,87; in Green 89,90,92,96-104,112; in Utilitarian ~ought 113, 114, 117, 136, 138;lllthe freewiUldeterminism controversy 140, 145, 154, 155; in legal reasoning 167-170,183, 186, 187, 189-191, 194, 196-199,202; Contradictions oflegal discourse xvi

Cooper, D. 67,68, 94n Cotterrell, R. 186, 187 Criminal and social justice 197-199,

202,203 Criminal Damage Act 1971 173,176 Criminal justice 2,14, 15,37,38,83,

126,158,167,192,197,202 Criminal negligence 97, 98 Criminal punishment 2,3,5,7,14,

37,42,190 Criminal responsibility xvi, 14, 97,

139,143,148,149,153,158, 161,162,167,168,170,185; see also Responsibility, individual

Criminality 65,83,86,104,137,158, 162,189,192,195,198,202, 203

Criminologists 162,196 Critical Legal Studies xv Critical realism, ~'s 7

INDEX 215

Critique xvi, 1,2-5,7,57,110,116, 168, 199

Darwinism 106 Dashwood, A. 173n Davis, M. 61n Day, J.P. 68n Death penalty 17,20,21,56,60, 101,

192,193; see also Capital punishment

Decay of idealism 114, 162 Dennis, I. 156n, 178n Desert 2,40,90,94,96,98,106,107,

120-123,149,150,158,202 Detenninism 13,37,59, 139, 140,

142-150,152-158,160-163,195; . Psychological and non­psychological 148, 150, 152, 153; Soft 13,28,140,143,164; Detenninist 13,28, 142, 143, 145-148, 150-152, 157, 164

Devlin, Lord 161, 185n; Law's 'function of mercy' 161; 'of justice' 161

Dichotomy 40,58,59,80 Diminished responsibility 56 Diplock, Lord 174-176, 182 Duff, A. 202n Duress, defence of 141,154-157,

164,177-179,185; 'Charter for terrorists' argument 178,185; Compulsion 144

Durkheim, E. 3

Eclecticism 39,111,112, 138 Edmund-Davies, Lord 176, 182n,

183n Elwyn-Jones, Lord 171 English Idealists (Hegelians) 3,4,12,

13,88-90,110-114,116,121, 137,139,193

English Law Commission 175 Enlightenment xiii, xiv, xvi, 2, 3, 5, 6,

36,86,111,112,193,195; Enlightenment thought 2,3,36, ,112,193

Equality 8-10,41,51,53,60,61, 77, 82,184,185,199,201

Equity 33,41 Ewing, A. 102,111,115,116,118,

120-125, 128n, 135, 136;

Retributivism 'by other means' 121-123

Exchange 6,8-11,61,73,74,184, 190

Excusing conditions 13,56, 141, 142, 144,147,154-156,167,185

Fascism 194 Ferri, E. 35n Feuerbach, L. 800 Fichte 79n Fisch, J. 2000 Fletcher, G. 400,49n, 158, 159, 162,

164 Flew, A. 1300 Form and content 35,71, 191, 193,

194,202,197 Forms of contract and exchange 6,

190 Foucault, M. xv, 5, 6, 190,201 Freedom and equality of the

individual 6, 33, 62, 140, 162, 190; of the market place 8; Free and equal wills 8; Free and rational individuals 6; Free choice 47,141,144; Free individualism 91; see also Liberty

Freewill 13,35,59,78,139,140-144, 149, 150, 152, 154, 155, 158, 160, 162, 163, 167; Freewill and justice 141

Freewill and detenninism, reconciliation of 139-165; Compatibilism 140, 145, 147, 154, 155, 158, 160, 164; Contracausal Freedom 143, 144, 149; Historical approach to freewill/determinism debate 139,162,163

'Gap between theory and practice' 55, 63,78,80,81,92,104,108

Garland, D. 100,112n Gauthier, D. 17,19,20,22, 24n Gender xvii Glover, J. 145, 146, 1500 Goldman, A. 135n Green, T. H. 3,4,89-110, 112, lIS,

117,118,122,135,194; Collective social principle of

216

vengeance 95; Egoistic versus rational will 92; Historical approach to theory of punishment of 90-91,104, 110-112; 'Impoverished and reckless proletatariat' 91, 112; Lower classes 193; Plight of Athenian slave 91; Passage from individual to collective right of punishment 94; Positive reforms, need for 91; Punishment and starvation 99; Reason 91,92, 193; Reconciliation of rights 99, 100; Retributivism 93-98, 102, 104; Sheep-stealing 99; Social well­being 1,96,97,99,100; State as organisation of life 92

Guilt xiii, 40, 44, 56, 97, 106, 107, 111, 116, 117, 122, 123, 132. 160,196,

Habermas, J. 26, 36, 190 Hailsham, Lord 183n Hampton, J 18n, 2On, 35, 36, 124n Hare, R. 127 Hart, H.L.A. 33, 129, 134, 136, 137,

141,142,144,145,154.155, 162, 165; General Justifying Aim ofp.';1nishment 129,134

Hegel. G. XV111, 3-5,12, 13, 15.31-33.52,60.63,65-72,75-88,89-95.102,104.105.108,110-112, 117, 119-121, 136, 191-193, 201; as veiled utilitarian 67,68. 76; Abstract justice. critique of his 119, 120; Administration of Justice 77.79; Annulment of crime 52.66.67.75,76,82,85; Court of Justice 76; Criminality and social class 83. 87; Dialectic 83-85; Ethical Life 72. 73, 76, 79; Historical approach to theory of punishment of 83-88; Honourable soldiers 78-80. 86; Murder of ille~itimate child, comparison WIth Kant 78-80, 86; 'Negation of the negation' 52; Philosophy of Abstract Right 72,73,76.77.79,81.85,89,93; Philosophy of Right 5.69,70-

INDEX

72.79.81.84-86,88,89; Reason 66,70-72,74,78-81, 83. 84, 86, 87, 192; Retributivism 31,65,66,81.88; Speculative method 78, 79; Speculative philosophy 70. 76. 78,80;

Hegelianism 194 Historical approach adopted to theory

of punishment 2-5,3-14 passim, 189-203 passim; of Hobbes 31-33,36-38; of Kant 61-63; of Hegel 83-88; of Greeil 90-91, 104,110-112; of utilitarianism 113, 114, 137. 138; concerning the freewill/determinism debate 139, 162, 163; Need for historical approach to legal theory 188

Hobbes, T xvii, 3, 4, 12, 15-37.39, 41.47.61,62,63,65.86.89. 114, 143, 190, 191; and consent of the people 21, 22; ; and retributivism 16,21,31-33,37; Authorisation of sovereign 18-20. 23; Bellum omnium contra omnes 191; Commonwealth 17, 19.21.23,24,27.28,30,34; Egoism 190; Gratitude 33; his political idealism 25; Lower classes 37; Materialism 16, 25, 32,33,35,36,61,143,190; Moral freedom 28,51; Right of nature 17.19,22-24.28-30; Right to self-preservation 20; Leviathan 17,19.21,23,25.27, 34.190; Social contract 15-18, 21-22.24-25.27-30,32,34-37, 39.190; as historical foundation of retributive theory 31-33,36-38; Reason 23. 34; State of nature 17,19.20,24-26,29,30. 36, 65; Transfer of right in the contract 27; Theory of sovereignty 20.21; Voluntary act, nature of 23,27;

Hogan, B. 171n, 176n Homo juridicus 191 Honderich.T 66, 124n, 150n Hospers. J. 147, 148 Human agency 140. 141, 148, 154.

155,163,164

Hume, D 33,47, 47n, 115, 143, 145n, 149, 150

Hunger, as a defence to crime 161; see also Green, T.H.

Ideal and the actual, the 200-203; (Hobbes and Kant) 62; (Green and Hegel) 91

Idealisation 39,62 Idealism 4,25,66,69,89,102,113,

114,116,138,162,193; Idealism, English 89-112 passim; its impact on retributivism 110-112, 195; German 33; philosophical 113, 193; Idealist mdividualism 102; Ideal utilitarianism 102

Ideology 1,3,5-7,10-13, 15, 16,37, 39,65,87,89,113,117,135-137,139,140,142,154,162, 163,167,184,186,189,190, 193, 194, 196, 199,201-203; as mystificatory 7,8,12; of collective wellbein~ 139; of juridical individualism 7-11; of modem democratic state 184; of social amelioration 195; Interventionist 194; Legitimating 137,201; Theory of legal 5-11; Theory of punishment as histoncal 11-14, 199, 200-203; see also Legal ideology

Impasse in the theory of punishment 2-4,12,190

Individual choice 28,143,193; Individual desert 94, 96, 98, 107, 123,202; Individual freedom 9,10,50,53,73,85, 91,92,100,104,145,147-150, 158, 161, 163; Individual as a choosing being 144; see also Choice, concept of

Individualjustice 1,3,13,33,85,87, 107,122,134,136,137,139, 163,165,

Individual property ri/Plt 161 Individual resJ?Onsibility see

ResponsIbility, individual Individual right 3, 10, 14, 76, 83, 84,

87,88,90,94-96,100,104,109-111,114,120-122,126,129,

INDEX 217

134-137, 139, 162, 163, 167, 183-186,194,195,199,200, 202; Individual subjective right 136

Individuality 6,8, 12, 13, 16, 30, 33, 37,38,62,63,80,86,87,89, 102,103,139,140,162,163, 190,199

Inequality 8,9 Insanity, Defence of 141, 155, 156 Intent, basic and specific 171,172 Intoxication, Defence of 171, 172,

185 Inwood, M. 79n

Jameson, F. 3 Johnson, P. 105n Judicial reasoning, 'Strict logic' in

173,180; 'Technical logic' (MacCorrnick) in 169,180; and social-political interests 184; Judicilil illogic 182, 185; see also Legal rationalism

Juridical individualism 9, 11-13, 16, 30,35,36,62,63,86,87,102-105,112,139,186,195,196, 199,200; and rights-bearing subjects 8; as dehumanised form of individualism 165; Ideal juridical individual 190; Isolated juridical subjects 6; Juridical appearance 192; Juridical relation 8; 'Man' as a universal subject 190; see also Legal subject

Jus talionis 40,41,45,53,54,59-61, 63, 77; see also Amount of punishment

Just deserts 41 Justice xiii, xiv, xvi, 1-3,5, 13-15,

29,33,37,38,41-45,48-50; Miscarriage of 136n

Justice model of punishment xiii, xiv, 2,196-199

Kant, I. xiii, xiv, 1-4, 12, 15,31-33, 39-63,65,69-72,75-79,85,86, 89,93-95,105,110-112,117, 125, 130, 136, 191-193, 196, 198; Authorisation of punishment 43,44,50,51; A

218

priori nature of the Kantian theory 51,53,54,60,62,124; Arbitrium brutum 46; Bloodguilt 40,106; Categorical imperative 46, 50, 53, 54, 60, 69; Hindrance, punishment as 43-45,51-53,59; Historical approach to theory of pnnishment of 61-63; Homo noumenon, noumenal 53, 54, 59, 61, 63, 78; Homo phaenomenon, phenomenal 48, 50-54,56,59,61,63,78,79; Materialism 61-62, 192; Maternal murder of an illegitimate child 56,57,59; Moral freedom 51; Reason 42, 46,47,50,53,54,62,65,78; Retributivism 31,39-41,45,52, 58,60,61,63; Soldier who kills in a duel 56, 57, 59; Universal laws 43-45,51, 72; Wille and Willkur 45-48, 50, 52-54, 58, 59,62

'Kantianism' xiii, xiv, xvi Kelman, M. xv, xvi, 159n, 168n,

188n Kennedy, D. xv, xvi Kenny, A. 28, 47n, 142, 148, 150-153 Kilbrandon,Lord 177,179

Lacey,N.135n,149n,2030 Ladd, J. 4On, 520 Law and human liberation 199; 'Law

and order' 185; Law as a choosing system 144; and decontextualisation of actions 164, 165; 'Language of law' 184; see also Legal ideology; Legal rationalism; Legal subject; Legal system

Law Commission (English) 175,176 Law of gravity 28,142 Laws of nature 25; Leges Naturales

26,27 Lawton, Lord Justice 171 Legal form analysis xiv, xviii, 5-11,

199-202; InformaIism XVll Legal ideology 5,7, 11, 12, 16, 139,

140, 154,167,199;as decontextualising 165; and phenomenal forms 7,12; see

INDEX

also Ideology; Law and human liberation

Legal rationalism 168; and irrationalism 168; Legal rationality 181; as conditional and defeasible 183; Legal reasoning 14, 168, 169, 181, 182, 185; as process of argumentation 168; Easy/hard distinction in case analysis 181; Requirement of consistency in law 170; see also Judicial reasoning .

Legal subject 5,7,9,12; Legal subjectivity 10,11, 113; see also Juridical individualism

Legal system 42,129,131,132,134, 167-169

Legislation 47,49,50,57,132,179 Legitimation of crimina1law 140,

148,162,163; of law 49,170, 184; of punishment 2,162,203; of the state 93,112,191,193, 201; oftotaIitarianism 3; Legitimating ideology of capitalist society 137

Liberal theory of punishment 1-8,11-14,15,16,189,190;conception of justice 50; ideal of crimmal punishment 1,3,16, 138; see also Punishment, Philosophy of

Liberty 5,28,29,47,48,92,100, 103, 104; of indifference 48, 143,149; of spontaneity 47,48, 143, 149; see also Freedom of the individual

Mabbott,J 81n, 110, 124n,125, 128, 129-134,136

MacCormick, D.N. xvi, xvili, 168, 170,173,175, 181-183, 186, 187,189

Machiavelli 25,26 MacPherson, c.B. 26n,37n, 190, 191 Maine 1, 2, 190 Malicious Damage Act 1861 174 Market society xiv, 6, 8-10, 37, 190,

202;exchange 10 Marx, K. 7,8,77,81,199; Critical

realism 7; Theory of ideology 7-9

Materialism, in Marx 8; in Hobbes 16,25,32,33,35,36,61,143, 190; in Kant 61-62, 192; in the utilitarian tradition 102, 114, 143,150,163,195

~cTaggart,J. 118-123,135 Mens rea 161, 172, 174, 176, 185 ~etaphysical 12, 13, 42, 45, 50-52,

54,59-61,63,68,136,162 ~dgely, T.S. 184n ~, John Stuart 115 ~take, Defence of 141,155 ~tigation of punishment 13,56,97,

140,154,155,159-161,163 ~oore, G.B. 115 ~oore,~. 115, 1400, 147, 148,

158n, 159n, 161n, 165n ~ora1 good in punishment 10 1, 117;

~oralguilt 97, Ill, 117; ~ora1 improvement 116, 122;~ora1 liberation 91; ~ora1 reform 122; ~ora1 intuition, as basis for retributivism 117; ~oral organism, society as 107; ~ora1 surgery, punishment as 107

~ora1ity 72, 73, 92, 115, 121 ~orris, Lord 177-179 ~otive 23,57,78,156, 160, 161, 163 ~undle, C. 136n ~urder 31,55,56,60,67,69,172,

177-180; principal in the second degreeto 177,180

~urphy, J. 41,42,55, 57n, 61n, 62n, 148n,197,198

~ystificatory, Ideology as 8,9,12

Naturallaw 8,25-27,30,36,190; Natura1laws 26, 27, 62; and the methodology of natural science 25

Nazi Germany 131 Necessity 25-28,40,47,48,55-60,

62,71-73,83,100,101,108, 130, 143, 187

Neumann, F. xv,S, 7

Offences Against the Person Act 1861 172

INDEX 219

Pandora's Box of determinism 147, 158

Pashukanis, E. xv,S, 7, 11, 113, 135; Theory of legal ideology 7; Autonomous wills, legaI relations based upon 113, 135

Paton, H. 46n,47n Philosophy of punishment see

Punishment, Philosophy of Philosophy of right (Kant) 43;

Philosophy of Right (Hegel) 5,. 69,70-72,79,81,84-86,88,89,

Plamenatz, J. 66n Plato 57, 790, 88n Police 83,160,171 Political economy 7; Economic man

191 'Popular justice' xvii Poverty 83,84,87,90,193 Practical reasoning 152, 153, 168-

170, 183, 186; and Practical logic 169,180; compared with Technicallogic 169

Property 53,69,73,74,82,157,161, 173,174,200-202

Proportionality 2,72,81,84,85,90, 98,117,123-125,128

Provocation, Defence of 141,155, 156

Public law 11,43,52, 113 Punishment 1-7,11-25,27,30-34,36,

37,39-45,50-63,65-69,71-73, 75-78,80-82,84-90,93-111, 131, 132, 134, 137, 139, 140, 142,149,150,154,159-163, 165, 167, 185, 189-192, 195-198,202,203; of the innocent I, 32,33,100,124,126,127,130, 133

Punishment, Philosophy of xiv, 1-6, 12,15,16,20,23,31,33,36,37, 41,65,77,89,90,103,119,128, 129, 191, 192, 198,202; and education 115,118,123-125; and welfare of the community (Bradley) 106; as deterrent 94, 115,120,124; as Preventive 31, 93-95,98, 106; as reformatory 93,94, 106, 119; Definitional Stop argument 126, 127; General Justifying Aim of punishment 129,134; Impasse m the 2-4,12, 190; ~edical

220

model of punishment 120; Preventive or reformative effects 93; Punishment as moral good 101, 116; as moral surgery 107; Rehabilitation 1, 15, 16, 34, 35, 37,94, 137, 196; Right to punish 16,17,19,21-24,27,36,41,43. 52, 101, 106, 198; Social interest in punishment 94, 100, 137; Treatment 1, 118, 124, 137, 189; 'Two stage' theories 132-136; see also Liberal theory of punishment; Historical approach to theory of punishment; Retributivism

Quinton, A. 52n, 66, 81, 128n

Raison d'etat 10,12-14,85,87,90 Rashdall, H. 102, 110, lIOn, 128n,

116-119, 121, 122, 135, 136 Rational 24,27,33,34,46-48,52-59,

61,62,65,69-76,78-81,86,92-94, 111, 112, 116-118, 120, 144, 155-157, 165, 168, 169, 176, 177,180-183, 185-189, 191-194, 201; Rational individual 33, 62, 112, 193, 194; Rational decision-making 169; Rational will 46,47,54,56,59,72,92, 93,156; Rationalisations 181, 187; Rationality 14,49, 70, 76, 80,85,96,120,168,176,181, 184, 185; see also Reason

Rawls, J. 126, 133, 134, 136 Realism 7,26,27,81,115,121 Reality 4-13,35,52,65-67,78-83,

85-89,91,92,104,109,112, 145,189,191,192,197

Reason, in Hobbes 23, 34; in Kant 42,46,47,50,53,54,62,65,78; inHegel 66,70-72,74,78-81, 83,84,86,87,192; in Green 91, 92, 193; in Kenny 152, 153; and duress 155-157; in judicial decision-making 168, 181, 183, 185; see also Rational

Rechtsstaat 5,7,10-14,192-194 Reciprocity 41,53,82

INDEX

Recklessness 174-176; Inadvertent 174; Subjective awareness of risk 174,176

Responsibility, Individual xiii, xvi, 14,15,37,56,97,98,105,130, 132, 139-144, 147, 149, 150, 153,158-162,164,194,195; and personal character 149, 150, 158, 159; and voluntary action 165; Responsible individuals 54,165; Subjective fault of the individual 141

Retribution 31,33,41,66,94,95, 102,108,109,117,129,134

Retributivism xiii, 2, 3, 12, 13, 15, 89, 143, 154, 160; in Hobbes 16,21,31-33,37; in Kant 39-41,45,52,58,60,61,63; in Hegel 65,66,81,88; in Green 93-98, 102, 104; in Bradley 105-107; in Bosanquet 108-110; in English Idealism, summarised 110-112, 194; the passage to utilitarianism 114-119, 195; 'by other means': Ewing 121-123; and 'two-stage' approaches 125, 128-137; and the return to Kant 196-199; as 'lifeless fetich' 117; Vestigial 102,104,107,113; Weak' 114, 163; see also Punishment, Philosophy of

Richter, M. lOIn, 103n, 112n Rights 5,8,11,17,21-23,30,34,43,

65,67,68,72,76,90,93-103, 106,107,109,115,125,128, 133,136,184,185,195,199, 201,202

Ross, W.D. 132, 133, 136, 138 Rule of law 5,8,10,170,171,194,

197,200-202; and Constitutional state 10

Salmon, Lord 172-173,177-182 Sanctions 33,49, 129, 150 Seve, L. 2,197 Simon,Lord 141,156,157,171,173,

175,178,179 Smart, J. 126n Smith, A. U5n Smith, lC. 171n, 176n, 177n Social compUlsion 9; and duress 157-

159

Social conditions of individual life 11; their impact on idealism in Victorian Ensland 89-92, 104, 193, 194; theIr impact upon criminal law 157,160,162,164, 165; and neo-Kantian theory 198; Social deprivation 158, 159

Social conflict 10, 161, 191,201,202 Social contract, Hobbes 15-18,21-22,

24-25,27-30,32,34-37,39, 190; Kant 41-43,62;

Social power 6, 10, 163, 184, 186, 199; see also State power

Soci~ reality in opposition to j~dical Ideology 4,5,189,192; m Hobbes 35; in Kant 62; in Hegel 86-89; in Green 112

Social theory oflaw 186-188; see also Analytical jurisprudence

Sovereign 16-21,23-25,27,30,32-34,36,37,43,50,190,191,201

Sparks, R. 161n State of nature (Hobbes) 17,19,20,

24-26,29,30,36,65; (Hegel) 72,76

State power 3,10,11,37,87,90,102, 104,114,121,136,139,163, 167,183-185,190,199,201, 203; State as guarantor of individual right 193; as organic unity (Bosanquet) 108-110; as 'organisation of life' (Green) 92; Authoritarian regulation 113, 135,194; Keynesian intervention 137; Paternalistic state 137; Social state 17,20, 24; State regulation and intervention 10, 13, 88,90, 103, 104,113,121,135,136,185, 193; State socialism and punishment xvi; Welfare state 137; Welfare-liberal polity 195; see also Social power

Statutory interpretation 169,173, 175-178,181; Literal approach to 175; Legislative intention 175-176

Stedman Jones, G. 112n Stillman,P. 67n,76n,81n,84 Strauss, L. 20,25,36

INDEX 221

Taylor, A. 36 Tension 12,20,54,55,83, 113, 121,

135, 185, 189-191, 194 Terrorism 180 Theft 60,67,69,85,99,172,192 Thompson, E. 200,201 Totalitarian(ism) 3, 13, 110

Unger,R. xv Utilitarian 1,12,15,16,32,33,37,

39,40,42,44,49n,6On,68,102, 103,105,110,114-118,121, 122,125-139, 160, 163, 170, 171,173,177,179,195,196; Utilitarian philosophy of punishment 113-138; Utilitarianism as an hegemonic principle 167; and psycholo~ical hedonism 114, 122; Utilitarian opportunism in judicial reasoning 177; Act­utilitarianism 126; Clash between utility and rationality 183; Disutilitarian consequences of individual justice 180; 'Greatest happiness of the greatest number' 114; Historical approach to 113,114, 137, 138; Ideal utilitarianism 102,104, 115; Materialism 102, 114, 143, 150, 163, 195; Rule­utilitarianism 126, 127, 133; Social eudaemonism 137,194; Social utility 162, 163, 181, 185; 'Telishment' 126

Utilitarianism 1, 13,33,42,44,68, 76,102-104,111,113-115,117, 125-128, 130-134, 136, 167, 195

Utilitarians 3, 13, 33, 134, 136 Utility 40,55,56,61,100,129,131,

136,139,162,163,169,170, 176, 181, 182, 184, 185; Utility and individual right, reconciliation of 113-138 passim, 139; Over- and contradetermination 129

Value 5,9,40,77,82,100,101, 107, 108,113,115,118,121-123, 125,127,131,184,193

Van Den Haag, E. 198n

222

Vandervort, L. 157n Victirnn 53,67,68,75,76,116,183 Von Hirsch, A. 61n,99n, 196

Walker, R. 59n Wants 82,91, 148, 150-153 War 24,37,101 Warrender, H. 36 Watkins, J. 19, 20 Welfarism 112,194 Wilberforce, Lord 177, 178 Williams, G. 157n, 171n, 177n, 181n,

182n Williams, H. 41,43n Withering away of law xvii Wootton, B. 137n Wrong 22,29,37,53,67,69,73-76,

84-87,89,98,99,105,106,116, 119,120,122-124,128,152, 192

INDEX

Law and Philosophy Library

Managing Editors: Alan Mabe, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida Michael D. Baylest, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida Aulis Aarnio, University of Helsinki, Finland

Publications: 1. E. Bulygin, J.-L. Gardies and I. Niiniluoto (eds.): Man, Law and Modern Forms of Life.

With an Introduction by M. D. Bayles. 1985 ISBN 90-277-1869-5

2. W. Sadurski: Giving Desert Its Due. Social Justice and Legal Theory. 1985 ISBN 90-277-1941-1

3. N. MacCormick and O. Weinberger: An Institutional Theory of Law. New Approaches to Legal Positivism. 1986 ISBN 90-277-2079-7

4. A. Aarnio: The Rational as Reasonable. A Treatise on Legal Justification. 1987 ISBN 90-277-2276-5

5. M. D. Bayles: Principles of Law. A Normative Analysis. 1987 ISBN Hb: 90-277-2412-1; Pb: 90-277-2413-X

6. A. Soeteman: Logic in Law. Remarks on Logic and Rationality in Normative Reason-ing, Especially in Law. 1989 ISBN 0-7923-0042-4

7. C. T. Sistare: Responsibility and Criminal Liability. 1989

8. A. Peczenik: On Law and Reason. 1989

9. W. Sadurski: Moral Pluralism and Legal Neutrality. 1990

ISBN 0-7923-0396-2

ISBN 0-7923-0444-6

ISBN 0-7923-0565-5

10. M. D. Bayles: Procedural Justice. Allocating to Individuals. 1990 ISBN 0-7923-0567-1

II. P. Nerhot (ed.): Law, Interpretation and Reality. Essays in Epistemology, Her-meneutics and Jurisprudence. 1990 ISBN 0-7923-0593-0

12. A.W. Norrie: Law, Ideology and Punishment. Retrieval and Critique of the Liberal Ideal of Criminal Justice. 1991 ISBN 0-7923-1013-6

¥..LUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS - DORDRECHT I BOSTON I LONDON