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Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2014; 3 (2): 211-215

I SSN 2278-4136

JPP 2014; 3 (2): 211-215 Received: 26-05-2014 Accepted: 22-06-2014

Fida Muhammad Khan Department of Plant Pathology, The University of agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan

Muhammad Amin Department of Agricultural Chemistry, The University of agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan.

Zia Ullah Department of Plant Pathology, The University of agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan.

Shamur Rehman Department of Plant Pathology, The University of agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan

Muhammad Amir Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan

Irshad Ali Deptt. of Soil and Environmental Sciences, The university of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan

Correspondence: Muhammad Amin Department of Agricultural Chemistry, The University of agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan

Email: pavolkassak@gmail.com

Distribution of Alternaria Leaf Spot of bitter gourd in district Peshawar and Nowshera, Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Fida Muhammad Khan, Muhammad Amin, Zia Ullah, Shamur Rehman, Muhammad Amir, Irshad Ali

AbstractSurvey was conducted to find out the infestation of leaf spot of bitter gourd in bitter gourd growing districts (Peshawar and Nowshera) of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa during 2010. For the Camkani, Nasirpur, Tailmalpura, Yaseen Abad and Budhni were selected from Peshawar district while Jabba Daudzai, Zakhi Miana, Ghari Momin, Taru Jabba and Qasim Ali Baig of district Nowshera. The highest (20.4%) infestation of leaf spot of bitter gourd were reported from Jabba Daudzai, while the lowest (19.5%) from Nasirpur, Tailmalpura and Yaseen Abad. As a whole, the leaf spot of bitter gourd severity were more (19.9%) in district Nowshera than Peshawar.

Keywords: Alternaria, Bitter gourd.

1. Introduction Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L) belongs to family cucurbitaceae. It is widely grown in India, Nepal and other parts of Indian sub-continent. It is excellent source of vitamin A, B, C, E and K, carbohydrates, phosphorus, Ca, Fe, Mg and Na [1]. It has some medicinal values i-e useful for diabetic patients, stimulate digestion, have anti-material activity and effective for HIV infestation [2, 7, 15, 17, 19]. Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L) is attacked by a number of diseases e.g., leaf spot (Alternaria spp, Cercospora spp, Myrothecium roridum, powdery mildew, white rot of fruit [2, 9]. Some of the pathogens of bitter gourd is seed borne e.g., Alternaria spp, Aspergillus spp, Colletotrichum lagenarium, Coleophoma empetri, Fusarium equiseti, Rhizoctonia solani, Rhizopus sp. and Sclerotium rolfsii [11, 12, 14, 16]. Some viral diseases have also been reported on the crop. Among them are Cucurbit aphid-borne yellow virus (CABY), Papaya ring spot virus (PRSV) and Zucchini yellow mosaic (ZYM) virus [13]. Among these Alternaria leaf spot has become a major threat to bitter gourd in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. About 80-88 % losses have been reported from the disease [3]. Alternaria spp has a wide host range, causing leaf spots and blights on many plant parts. Alternaria leaf spots are characterized by depressed, circular to oval, lesions that eventually become black as a result of mass sporulation by the pathogen. Lessons are restricted to the surface of the leaves, stems and fruits. The fungus is commonly found colonizing many kinds of dead or dying plant material. The dark color is caused by spore production which causes new infection sites [20]. In culture they produce thick colonies which are black or grey [10]. The objective of this project research was to find the distribution of leaf spot of biter gourd in district Peshawar and Nowshera.

2. Materials and Methods2.1 Survey and Severity (%) of leaf spot of bitter gourd The survey was conducted in the bitter gourd producing districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa i-e Peshawar and Nowshera during 2010 growing season. Five locations were selected in each district. Chamkani, Nasirpur, Tailalpura, Yaseen Abad and Budhni from district Peshawar and Jabba Daudzai, Zakhi Miana, Ghari Momin, Taru Jabba and Qasim Ali Baig from district Nowshera. Disease severity was assessed by using the key [8]. Severity of leaf spot of bitter gourd was taken in five fields in each location. Data on the leaf spot of bitter gourd were taken from five spots in each field.

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In each field one meter square spot were selected and by visual observation and using the key, the data on bitter gourd leaf spot severity were recorded.

Fig: Diagrammatic Scale of Severity (% age of Leaf area Diseased) of Alternaria Leaf Spot (Alternaria sp.) [8]

2.2 Identification of the Pathogen The responsible pathogen of leaf spot of bitter gourd was identified by using the key [4]. 2.3 Data analysis The experimental design was 3 factors Randomized Complete Block (RCB) design with five replications. All the recorded data on bitter gourd leaf spot severity were pooled for statistical analysis by using F-test and means were separated by least significant difference (LSD) test [6].

3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Identification of the pathogen The pathogen was identified as Alternaria spp by using the key [4]. 3.2 Severity of leaf spot of bittergourd Data presented in Table 1 indicate that there were significant differences among the fields of different locations. The highest severity of leaf spot of bittergourd were recorded in fields of Budhni (19.5–21.1%), Jabba Daudzai (19.7–21.5%), Zakhi Miana (19.3–21.1%) and Ghari Momin (18.9–20.9%). Location wise, the leaf spot of bittergourd were 19.5–20.4%, with the lowest (19.5%) in Nasirpur, Tailmalpura and Yaseen Abad and highest (20.4%) in Jabba Daudzai. Overall, the leaf spot of bittergourd severity were more (19.9%) in district Nowshera than Peshawar (19.6%). Vegetables belonging to family cucurbitaceae are important due to their nutritional as well as economical values. However, the farmers face heavy yield losses both in their quality and quantity of these crops due to various diseases. Early blight diseases caused by fungal pathogen Alternaria spp inflict serious damage to these crops. Besides these, pathogenic infections are reported due to A. tenuissima and A. cucumerina on cucurbitaceous plants [18]. Environmental conditions especially temperature (20–32 0C) prevailing during the growing season and high relative humidity and dew presence favour the disease development. The disease attacks the leaves, especially lower leaves of cucurbitous crops causing large necrotic areas at favorable conditions [5].

Table 1: Distribution of leaf spots of bitter gourd (Alternaria spp) in district Peshawar and Nowshera.

Districts (D) Locations (L) Fields (F) Disease severity (%) Disease severity (%) (DxL) Disease severity (%) (D)

Peshawar

Chamkani

F 1 19.1 FG*

19.6 BC*

19.6 B*

F 2 19.9 B-G F 3 19.8 C-G F 4 19.9 B-G F 5 19.1 FG

Nasirpur

F 1 19.3 EFG

19.5 BC F 2 19.5 D-G F 3 19.5 D-G F 4 19.1 FG F 5 19.9 B-G

Tailmalpura

F 1 18.9 F-G

19.5 BC F 2 19.1 F-G F 3 19.9 B-G F 4 19.5 D-G F 5 20.0 B-F

Yaseen Abad

F 1 19.5 D-G

19.5 BC F 2 19.5 D-G F 3 19.7 C-G F 4 19.3 EFG F 5 19.5 D-G

Budhni

F 1 19.5 D-G

20.0AB F 2 19.5 D-G F 3 19.5 D-G F 4 20.4 A-E F 5 21.1 AB

Jabba Doudzai

F 1 19.7 D-G

20.4 A

F 2 19.9 B-G F 3 20.6 A-D F 4 21.5 A

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Nowshera

F 5 20.4 A-E

19.9 A

Zakhi Miana

F 1 19.6 D-G

19.9 ABC F 2 21.1 AB F 3 19.9 B-G F 4 19.3 EFG F 5 19.9 B-G

Ghari Momin

F 1 19.8 C-G

19.7 BC F 2 19.7 C-G F 3 18.9 G F 4 20.9 ABC F 5 19.4 EFG

Taru Jabba

F 1 19.9 B-G

19.7 BC F 2 19.5 D-G F 3 19.5 D-G F 4 19.8 C-G F 5 19.7 C-G

Qasim Ali Baig

F 1 19.7 C-G

19.7 BC F 2 19.7 C-G F 3 19.7 C-G F 4 19.1 FG F 5 19.9 B-G

CV (%) 4.7 4.7 4.7 LSD value 1.14 0.51 0.23

*Values followed by different letter(s) are significantly different from one another at 5% level of significance.

4. References 1. Abascal K, Yarmell E. Using bitter gourd to treat

diabetes. Altern Complemen Ther 2005; 11(4):179-184.

2. Ali S, Wahid A, Murtaza M, Nadeem A. Myrothecium leaf of bitter gourd in Pakistan. Pakistan J Agric Res 1988; 9:598-600.

3. Bhargava AK, Singh RD. Comparative study of Alternaria blight, losses and causal organisms of cucurbits in Rajistan. Indian J Mucol Plant pathol 1985; 15(2):150-154.

4. Barnet HL, Hunter BB. Illustrated Genra of Imperfect Fungi. Edn. Burgess Publishing Co. Minneopollis, Minnesotar. U.S.A. 1970, 203.

5. Batta Y. Alternaria leaf spot disease on cucurmber; Susceptibility and control using leaf disk assay. An-Najah University J Res 2003; 17(2):269-279.

6. Dana SD. Statistical and data analysis for the behavioral sciences. Edn 1, Vol 11, Von Hottman Press, Inc New York, USA, 2001, 411-454.

7. Grover JK, Yadav SP. Pharmacological actions and potential uses of Momordica charantia: a review. J Ethnopharmacol 2004; 93(1):123-32.

8. Godoy CV, Carneiro SMTPG, Lamauti MT, Parid MD, Amorium L, Berger RD et al. Diagramatic scales for bean diseases: development and validation. J Plant Disease and Protection 1997; 104(4):336-345.

9. Khan SA, Kamal M. Cercosporae of Sindh region including 35 new records. Pakistan J Sci Ind Res 1996; 6:118-119.

10. Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. Dictionary of the Fungi. 10th Ed. Wallingford. CABI, 2008; 22.

11. Maholay MN. Seed borne diseases of cucurbits. III.

Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl Seed and Farm 1989; 15:30-31.

12. Manthachitra P. Investigations on seed-borne fungi of some vegetable crops of Thialand, 1971.

13. Mariyono J. Bitter gourd: High value, high input. Public Awareness and Information.

14. Mathur SB. Summaries of Research Project 1967-1988. Danish Govt. Inst. of Seed Path. For Dev. Countries, Denmark, 1990, 111.

15. Miura T, Itoh C, Iwamoto N, Kato M, Kawai M, Park SR. Suzuki I. Hypoglycemic activity of the fruit of the Momordica charantia in type 2 diabetic mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2001; 47(5):340-4.

16. Nair LN. Studies on mycoflora of seeds: some cucurbitaceous vegetables. J Indian Bot Soc 1982; 61:342-345.

17. Nazimuddin S, Naqvi SS. Flora of Pakistan. No.154, Cucurbitaceae. Deptt Bot Univ Karachi 56.

18. Verma SN. Alternaria diseases of Vegetable Crops and New approaches for its Control. Asian J Exp Biol Sci 1(3):681-692.

19. Nerurkar PV, Lee YK, Linden EH. Lipid lowering effects of Momordica charantia (Bitter Gourd) in HIV-1-protease inhibitor-treated human hepatoma cells, Hep G2. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 148(8):1156-64.

20. Pati PKS, Salar M, Sharma RK, Gupta AP, Singh B. Studies on leaf spot disease of Withania somnifera and its impact on secondary metabolites. Indian J Microbiol 2008; 48:432-437.

21. Waako PJ, Gumede B, Smith P, Folb PL. The in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity of Cardiospermum halicacabum L and Momordica foetida Schumch. Et Thonn. J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 99(1):137-43.

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APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Distribution of leaf spots disease of bitter gourd (Aternaria spp) in district Peshawar and Nowshera (replicated data).

Lcations R1 R2 R3 R4 R4

PL1F1 18.5 19.5 20.7 19.5 19.5 PL1F2 19.5 20.7 19.5 19.5 20.7 PL1F3 18.5 19.5 19.5 20.7 20.7 PL1F4 19.5 20.7 19.5 20.7 19.5 PL1F5 19.5 18.5 19.5 19.5 18.5 PL2F1 18.5 19.5 19.5 20.7 18.5 PL2F2 19.5 19.5 18.5 20.7 19.5 PL2F3 19.5 20.7 19.5 18.5 19.5 PL2F4 19.5 19.5 18.5 19.5 18.5 PL2F5 19.5 20.7 20.7 19.5 19.5 PL2F1 18.5 19.5 19.5 18.5 18.5 PL3 F2 18.5 20.7 19.5 18.5 18.5 PL3 F3 19.5 20.7 19.5 20.7 19.5 PL3 F4 19.5 19.5 18.5 20.7 19.5 PL3 F5 20.7 20.7 20.7 19.5 18.5 PL4 F1 19.5 20.7 19.5 18.5 19.5 PL4 F2 19.5 20.7 19.5 18.5 19.5 PL4 F3 19.5 19.5 20.7 19.5 19.5 PL4 F4 19.5 18.5 20.7 19.5 18.5 PL4 F5 19.5 18.5 19.5 20.7 19.5 PL5 F1e 18.5 19.5 20.7 19.5 19.5 PL5 F2 19.5 19.5 20.7 19.5 18.5 PL5 F3 20.7 19.5 19.5 18.5 19.5 PL5 F4 19.5 20.7 22.7 19.5 19.5 PL5 F5 20.7 22.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 NL1F1 20.7 18.7 18.7 20.7 19.5 NL1F2 20.7 20.7 19.5 19.5 19.5 NL1F3 22.7 20.7 19.5 20.7 19.5 NL1F4 20.7 22.7 22.7 20.7 20.7 NL1F5 20.7 20.7 20.2 20.7 19.5 NL2 F1 20.7 20.7 19.5 19.5 17.5 NL2 F2 20.7 20.7 22.7 20.7 20.7 NL2 F3 19.5 19.5 20.7 19.5 20.7 NL2 F4 16.2 19.5 20.7 20.7 19.5 NL2 F5 19.5 20.7 19.5 20.7 19.5 NL3 F1 20.7 20.7 19.5 18.5 19.5 NL3 F2 20.7 19.5 18.5 19.5 20.5 NL3 F3 19.5 16.2 172 20.7 20.7 NL3 F4 20.7 22.7 20.7 20.7 19.5 NL3 F5 20.7 17.5 20.7 19.5 18.5 NL4 F1 19.5 19.5 19.5 20.7 20.7 NL4 F2 18.5 19.5 19.5 20.7 19.5 NL4 F3 19.5 20.7 19.5 18.5 19.5 NL4 F4 20.7 19.5 20.7 19.5 18.5 NL4 F5 19.5 20.7 19.5 19.5 19.5 NL5 F1 19.5 20.7 19.5 19.5 19.5 NL5 F2 20.7 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 NL5 F3 19.5 20.7 19.5 19.5 19.5 NL5 F4 19.5 19.5 18.5 18.5 19.5 NL5 F5 19.5 19.5 20.7 19.5 20.7

P = Peshawar; N = Nowshera L = Location; F = Field

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Appendix 2: Analysis of variance table of distribution of leaf spot of bitter gourd caused by Alternaria spp in districts Peshawar and Nowshera.

Source of variation Degrees of freedom Sum of squares Mean squares F – values

Replication 4 7.8 1.9 2.3 Districts (D) 1 4.6 4.6 5.4 Locations (L) 4 5.1 1.3 1.5

D x L 4 9.8 2.4 2.9 Fields (F) 4 5.2 1.3 1.5

D x F 4 3.4 0.9 1.0 L x F 16 24.4 1.5 1.8

D x L x F 16 21.4 1.3 1.6 Error 196 166.0 0.9 -- Total 249 247.8 -- --

Coefficient of variation (%) = 4.7