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The Parramatta River Maritime Archaeological Works Project

Interim Report

Prepared for The Department of Transport New South Wales

By Wolfe and Associates

Consulting Maritime Archaeologists

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Contents

Executive Summary

Introduction

Purpose Aim Situation Structure Study Area Acknowledgements

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Section !-Methodology

Introduction The Sites Diving Support Search Teclmiques The Caisson Excavation Techniques The Diving Environment Pollution Artefacts Shipwrecks Aboriginal Sites . Conservation Historical Archaeologist Terminology-Jetties and Wharves Catalogue Code Artefacts

Section 2-Excavation

Shell Oil Refmery Jetties Camellia Industrial Whruf Rydalmere Psychiatric Hospital Boatshed Queens Wharf and Howell's Wind and Water Mill

Other Sites Retaining Wall Bryne's Cloth Factory Wharf/Retaining Wall Wharf Piles River Road West Wharf Subiaco Creek Redbank Industrial Whruf Park Street Jetty James Ruse Drive to the Gasworks Bridge

Section 3-Archaeological Potential

Significance Archaeological Potential _.o\rtefact Quantities '"'J-,,.11 Oil Refmery Jetties

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: ~ Industrial Whruf

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4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7

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21 21 21 25 26 26 27 27

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~ -- -l Rydalmere Psychiatric Hospital Boatshed 34 I I Queens Wharf and Howell's Wind and Water Mill 34

__ Sites

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Section 4-The Proposed Ferry Channel

Dimensions Distance of Approach Shell Oil Refmery Jetties Camellia Industrial Wharf Park Street Jetty Redbank Industrial Wharf Subiaco Creek River Road West Wharf Rydalmere Psychiatric Hospital Boatshed James Ruse Drive to the Gasworks Bridge Wharf Piles Bryne's Cloth Factory Wharf/Retaining Wall Queens Wharf Retaining Wall Howell's Wind and Water Mill

Section 5-Sites at Risk

The Sites Other Sites

Section 6-The Effects of Dredging

Planned Dredging Techniques Actual Dredging Techniques Artefacts Structures and Sites Mangroves

Section 7-Effects of the Ferry Service

General

Section 8-0ther Issues

Aboriginal Sites Bottle Collectors Legal Protection Conservation Storage and Display Resources Potential

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38 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 40 40 40 40 40 40

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Section 9-Management Recommendations

Archaeological Observer Dredging Bryne's Cloth Factory Wharf/Retaining Wall Howell's Wind and Water Mill Erosion and Subsidence Future Monitoring Legal Conservation Storage and Display Ongoing Management

Section 10-Conclusion

Appendix-1

Charts Figures 1-11 Location Plans Maps Plans Photographs

Appendix-2

Artefact Catalogue

Appendix-3

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Paramatta River Ferry Service Environmental Impact Study - E.I.S Maritime/Underwater Archaeological Recommendations

Appendix-4

Clients Study Brief

Appendix-5

Excavation Permit

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Executive Summary

Guidelines arising out of the Parramatta River Ferry Service Environmental Impact Study (E.I.S) have recommended that exploratory maritime/underwater archaeological excavations be carried out at 5 sites, in and along the banks of the Parramatta River, west of the Duck River.

The history and significance of these sites have been examined and documented in the E.I.S.

There have been no previous maritime/underwater archaeological excavations of the structures and artefact deposits occurring at the 5 sites.

Maritime/underwater archaeological excavations have now been carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the E.I.S.

The study has also looked at other sites in the study area, which were identified as possibly containing artefact deposits or structures.

The extent and distribution of the sites have been documented and additional archival research undertaken.

The study has also looked at the archaeological potential of the sites, identified possible threats from the proposed dredging program and the operation of the ferry service, and recommended management options.

The study will contribute to the proposed dredging program and the development of future management plans for the Parramatta River .

The study has not aimed to provide a complete and exhaustive excavation of all sites.

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INTRODUCTION

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to:

1. Assist the New South Wales Department of Transport in determining appropriate strategies for the conduct of dredging operations in respect of the proposed extension of ferry services to Parramatta;

2. Initiate the assesssment of the archaeological significance of submerged archaeological deposits in the study area; and

3. Ensure the preservation of excavated relics.

This purpose is in accordance with the clients brief and the guidelines arising out of the Parramatta River Ferry Service Environmental Impact Study (Appendix 3 & 4).

Aims

The aims of this study are to:

1. Document the results of each site excavation;

2. Indicate the presence of surviving structures and artefacts;

3. Examine the effect of the proposed dredging program on the sites and artefact deposits;

4. Examine the need for further maritime/underwater archaeological work in the light of the proposed dredging program;

5. Explore dredging options; and

6. Examine potential management recommendations.

Situation

The planned dredging of the Parramatta River, west of the Duck River, and the installation of a ferry service between Parramatta and Sydney, raises the issue of how to manage and conserve the archaeological sites which lie in and along the banks of the river.

To address this issue the study will aim to answer the following questions:

1. Where are the sites?

2. What are the extent and condition of surviving artefacts and structures?

3. What options could be considered to protect and manage these artefacts and structures in the light of the proposed dredging program?

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Structure

Section 1 looks at the methodology of the study and the environment in which the site excavations occured. Section 2 looks at the excavation of each site, while section 3 examines issues of significance and archaeological potential. Section 4 looks at the characteristics of the proposed ferry channel. Section 5 and 6 considers the likely effects of the proposed dredging program and look at sites which may be at risk. Section 7 looks at the effects of the ferry service. Section 8 addresses other issues while section 9 explores management recommendations. The report concludes with section 10.

Study Area

The study area extends westward from the confluence of the Parramatta and Duck Rivers to the Charles Street Weir, above the Gas Works Bridge.

Acknowled~ements

The excavations were carried out in association with the following staff from Canberra and South Coast Diving:

Phil Bateup; Colin Cameron; Mike Guiliani; Frank Poole; Phil Raharuhi; Joe Spooner.

Thanks are also extended to the following organisations:

Godden Mackay Pty Ltd, Heritage Consultants; Museums Association of Australia; New South Wales Department for Community Services and the Family; New South Wales Department of Planning; New South Wales Health Department; New South Wales Maritime Services Board; Parramatta City Council; Rydalmere Psychiatric Hospital; Shell Oil Refinery, Silverwater; The Mitchell Library, Sydney; The National Library, Canberra; The National Trust.

Special thanks are also extended to the following people:

Peter Clements, Debbie Hardy Jenny Dickins Helen McMahon Lisa Newell David Nutley Mark Staniforth Peter and Adrianne Waterman John Wilson

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SECTION 1 - Methodolo~y

Introduction

The E.I.S recommended that excavations be carried out to a depth of 2m, equivalent to the depth of a ferry channel 25m wide. This was not possible at every site due to heavy clays, gravels and rock which occurred at depths less than 2m.

Caissons were used to minimise the risk of cave-ins and to maintain control over each excavation.

The Sites

The five sites identified in the E.I.S are:

1. Howell's Wind and Water Mill, Parramatta;

2. Queens Wharf, Parramatta;

3. Rydalmere Psychiatric Hospital Boatshed, Rydalmere;

4. The Industrial Wharf, Camellia; and

5. The Shell Oil Refinery, Silverwater.

The Rydalmere Psychiatric Hospital Boatshed site includes the identified site of an earlier boatshed and jetty.

Additional sites identified during the study are:

1. Park Street Jetty;

2. Redbank Wharf;

3. Subiaco Creek;

4. River Road West Wharf;

5. Wharf piles east of the Alfred Street boat ramp; and

6. Bryne's Cloth Factory wharf and retaining wall.

No sites were identified above the Gasworks bridge.

Diyin2 Sypport

All work was carried out with a 3 man, commercially qualified diving team, with all equipment, working from either the river bank or an 8m diving barge.

Search Technigyes

Before excavation, each site was surveyed, using modified circular and jackstay swim-line search techniques.

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In the former, a diver searched the bottom, following a circular pattern, moving outwards from a central datum. The diver was controlled from the surface by line signals. The diver searched the bottom with a fanning motion of the arms and hands.

In the latter, three divers, connected to each other by a swim-line, swam in line abreast, along a 50m jackstay. Any obstructions or other remains were snagged by the swim line and investigated. At the same time divers searched the bottom with a fanning motion of the arms and hands. The divers were connected within visibility distance, or two arms spans of each other.

The Caisson

On completion of the bottom survey, a 2m x 2m x lm metal caisson was lowered onto the river bed. The caisson was positioned either along a transect across the river, or in sequential order parallel with the river bank. Each caisson covered an area of 4 sq m and occupied a volume of 8 cu m.

Once in position the caisson was excavated. Where it was possible to excavate 2m into the river bed an additio,nal 2m x 2m x lm caisson was bolted on top of the first.

Each caisson was made out of collapsable steel frames with galvanised sheet sides. These were fitted with lugs and braces to facilitate the fitting of a second caisson.

Excavation Techniques

A number of techniques were used to excavate each site. These were:

1. Water dredging;

2. Suction dredging;

3. Controlled water jetting; and

4. Manual digging.

An air-lift was not used. The maximum depth of water encountered during the excavation was 3m and at this depth the airlift proved impractical.

The water and suction dredge were unable to shift the heavy clays, gravel and rock that were encountered at each site.

The controlled water jet was successful. It was used to break up the sediment, which was then searched by the diver for artefacts.

Where the water was less than .5m excavation was carried out manually using excavation trowels and hand probes.

The Divin~ Environment

Underwater visibility ranged from 0 to .5m depending on tidal and weather conditions. Once excavation commenced visibility disappeared. The maximum diving depth was 3m.

In the upper reaches of the river the surface layer of water was fresh. This layer varied in depth and was influenced by the prevailing weather and tide conditions. The fresh water was cooler and more turbid than the underlying salt water.

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The river sediment was anaerobic and consisted of a layer of fine silt overlaying clays, gravel and rock.

Large numbers of eels, juvenile mud crabs, shrimps, mullet and small shell fish were encountered during diving and excavation.

Mangroves line the river between the Duck River and the Gasworks Bridge.

Mats of green algae were observed on the river bed above the Camellia Industrial Wharf.

Pollution

All of the sites were contaminated with modem rubbish. This included shopping trolleys, plastic bags and containers, plastic packaging, beer and soft drink bottles, cans, timber, tyres, cars, car parts, drink straws and cigarette packets. In some locations this rubbish severely impeded excavation and posed a danger to the divers.

All of the sites were contaminated with oil like deposits. These were most notable around the Shell Oil Refinery and the Camellia Industrial Wharf.

Diving had to be stopped on one day of the study due to apparent sewage contamination of the river.

Artefacts

Artefacts originating from the 18th, 19th and the early pan of this century were distinguished from modem rubbish by their style, design, flaws caused during the manufacturing process, and the type of material from which they were made.

Despite this it was difficult to distinguish some artefacts from the modem rubbish. This was particularly so with concreted objects. Concreted wrought iron, possibly dating from last century, displayed similiar, outward characteristics to concreted, steel strapping, dating from the 1960s.

The lack of visibility and the fluid and turbulent conditions associated with the excavation made it difficult to stratify the artefact deposits.

Shipwrecks

No shipwrecks were found during the searches and excavation of the river.

Abori~inal Sites

No Aboriginal sites were found during searches and excavation of the river.

Conservation

All of the artefacts were conserved in the field before being dispatched to the Australian Museums Associations laboratory in Castle Hill for long term treatment.

Historical Archaeolo~ist

Consultation was had with historical and industrial archaeolgists at Godden Mackay Pty Ltd, Heritage Consultants, in accordance with the requirements of the Excavation Permit issued by the Heritage Council of New South Wales (Appendix 5).

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Terminoloey - .Jetties and Wharves

11rroughout the literature, the terms wharf and jetty have been used interchangeably.

A jetty refers to, 'A small pier or landing place' (1). A wharf refers to a, 'Lading (loading) place for vessels'(2)~ or a 'Wooden or stone platform beside which ships may be moored for (un) loading'(3).

For the purposes of this study, a jetty is distinguished by the fact that it runs out into the river or the sea, while a wharf runs along the river bank or the sea-shore.

Cataloeue Codes

Where possible catalogue codes have been attached to artefacts mentioned in the text. Objects left in situ have been desribed but not coded.

Artefacts

This interim report has not attempted to document the history and significance of each recovered artefact.

The individual documentation of the artefacts belongs to a seperate study and report. Such a work would examine each artefact within the context of the evolution of ceramic and glass manufacturing processes and other changes over the last 200 years.

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SECTION 2 - EXCAVATION

Shell Oil Refinery .Jetties (Location plan 9)

The jetties were suspected of including the site of an earlier jetty, or wharf, which was built in the 1880s to service the Parrarnatta Tram and the Parrarnatta Ferries.

Additional historv

No additional history was found concerning this site.

Site Description

The site adjoins reclaimed land, next to the Shell Oil Refinery, on the south west bank of the Parrarnatta River at the confluence with the Duck River.

The site originally consisted of 3 wooden jetties which dated from 1925. In the late 1980s these jetties were demolished. The bases of these jetties are still visible.

A modern jetty lies on the western side of the site. The jetty adjoins a shed and the water intakes for the Oil Refinery's fire fighting service.

A pipe line runs across the site, from south to north and is used to transport oil out of the refinery. The pipe line is understood to be in use (pers comms Ray Worm, Security Manager, Shell Oil Refmery).

A submerged air pipe encircles the site and is used to create an air curtain to contain oil spills.

The oil pipe line and the surrounding river bed are regularly inspected by maintenance divers.

The site is fenced off from the refinery by a chain link fence and is not accessible to the public from the shore.

Mangroves grow along the eastern side of the site next to the Duck river.

The Excavation

A series of circular searches of the river bottom were made to check for remains of the jetties and artefacts.

Two wooden piles were located I. 17m from the bank at the foot of number 2 jetty. No other piles, structural remains or artefacts were observed.

A caisson was positioned at the base of each of the jetty sites, 1m off the bank and excavated to a depth in excess of 2m.

Caisson number 1 was positioned next to jetty number 1 on the east side of the site.

The sediment consisted of fine, black mud mixed with fibrous detritus and small mussel shells from the adjoining mangrove beds. The sediment was heavily contaminated with an oil like substance and plastic rubbish, (straws, cups, packaging, etc).

The diver employed to excavate this site, suffered a number of minor skin burns to his upper body. Circumstances suggest that these may have come from the oil like

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substances in the river sediment.

No artefacts or structural remains were found.

Caisson number 2 was positioned next to jetty number 2, inline and 30m west of caisson number 1.

The sediment consisted of fine, black mud mixed with small stones and mussel shells. The stones appeared to come from the landfill behind the jetty sites. The sediment was also heavily contaminated with an oil like substance and plastic rubbish.

No artefacts or structural remains were found.

Caisson number 3 was positioned inline and 35m west of caisson number 2.

The sediment consisted of fine, black mud mixed with small stones. The stones appeared to come from the landfill behind the jetty sites. The sediment was also heavily contaminated with an oil like substance and plastic rubbish.

A modern 'Sid-Chrome', brand spanner and a piece of steel strapping were recovered at a depth of approximately lm. Both objects were heavily corroded and were concreted with a black oily substance, which appeared to have the consistency of tar.

No further excavations were carried out at this site as no evidence could be found to suggest the presence of maritime/underwater archaeological material. Further, no physical or historical evidence could be found to suggest that this site was the river terminus for the Parramatta Tramway, or the embarkation or disembarkation point for the Sydney ferry.

Camellia Industrial Wharf (location plan 8)

The history of this wharf was unknown.

Additional history

Examination of a contemporary plan and map (Map 2) shows that the wharf may have been the site of the Parramatta Tramway Jetty.

The jetty was built following the decision of Charles Edward Jeanneret to relocate the passenger ferry terminus at Queens Wharf, further down stream, to the area then known as Redbank. The move was made necessary by the increasing size and draught of the newer ferries which were unable to negotiate the river shallows around Queens Wharf. Jeanneret also built a tramway to link the jetty with the town of Parramatta.

The jetty subsequently formed part of the steam feny and tram link which connected Sydney and Parramatta between 1883 and 1943.

The tramway was opened on Monday 1st October 1883. Ferry services ran every 2 hours from Sydney to the jetty, connecting freight and passengers with the Parramatta Tram.

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The tramway and jetty were also used to service local industry. After Jeanneret sold his interests in the tramway to the Parramatta River Steamers and Tramways Company in 1889, the line was used to service the Parramatta Meatworks at Sandown, west of the jetty.

In 1901 the jetty and tramway were acquired by the Sydney Ferries Company. One of their clients was Meggitts Pty Ltd who opened a linseed processing mill in George Street, Parramatta in 1909.

Meggitts brought imported linseed up the Parramatta on lighters from ships in Sydney Harbour. The lighters belonged to the Harbour, Land and Transport Company, a subsidiary of Sydney Ferries. The linseed was then unloaded at the jetty and taken by tram to the company's factory in Parramatta.

Other clients included Wesco, Cream-of-Tartar Pty Ltd, and Wunderlich, who operated a tile works on the north side of Grand A venue, near the jetty.

In 1928 regular passenger ferry services to the jetty ceased due to financial problems. Despite this, Parramatta and the jetty, remained a popular destination with tourists who came up the river on ferry excursions on Sundays and Public Holidays. These excursions continued into the late 1930s and included bus tours of the historic sites in Parramatta and visits to the Koala Park at Pennant Hills.

At the outbreak of World War 2 these tourist excursions stopped.

The jetty remained in commercial use until 1943 when it and the surrounding land, were requisitioned by the American Army as a military camp. It was intended that the jetty would be used to bring supplies into the camp. The jetty may have been converted into a wharf at this time.

The tramway ceased to run on 31st March 1943.

After the war the tramway was incorporated into the New South Wales Railway service.The wharf was taken over by the Maritime Services Board (MSB) and continued to service adjoining industry, including the Shell Oil Refmery.

In the 1960s the wharf was used to unload barges and lighters which came up the river with gypsum for local cement producers.

In 1970 John Wilson and his brothers bought the land immediately behind the wharf and established a wood yard, (pers comms John Wilson, Palm Beach, Sydney). The yard operated for 20 years, until 1990 when it was forced to close due to a decline in business.

The wharf was leased fom the MSB and used to unload timber, brought up the river by lighter. The timber was originally unloaded using a mobile crane, but at a later date this was replaced with 2 fixed cranes mounted in the yard.

The wharf was also used occasionally by Shell to transport oil and other products.

During this time the river bed beside the wharf and the adjoining Shell Oil Refinery Jetties, was dredged to over 2m, to facilitate the berthing of lighters.

Communications with the Maritime Services Board have revealed that the dredging may have taken place, (pers comms Paul Mcfarlene). Unfortunately the board was unable to provide access to records so that this fact could be substantiated.


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An examination of the hydrographic survey chart (3709/IX, Maritime Services Board), suggests that the river was dredged as far as 700 meters upstream from the Thackeray Road Overhead Pipeline.

John Wilson (pers comms) has also advised that consideration is being given to developing the former wood yard and the site of the wharf (March 1992). The proposed plans, envisage the area being subdivided into a number of industrial sites. This development may pose a threat to the tramway jetty.

Site Description

The site is located 1.75km west of the Shell Oil Refinery Jetty at the east end of Grand A venue in Camellia.

The site consists of a trapezoid, shaped jetty which has been incorporated into a more recent, wooden, wharf structure. The wharf and the jetty, including the adjoining piles and walings, is approximately 63m long. The site is set amongst young and mature mangroves.

The structure is considerably decayed and may be structurally unsound. The decking to the more recent addition has sagged and large pieces are missing. According to John Wilson much of the damage to the wharf was caused by the mobile crane.

The jetty is lOrn wide and narrows to a 2.76m wide walkway which is 1.85m long. The total length of the jetty is 13.56m. The jetty is backed by a low seawall which has been partially buried under landfill. There are a number of large holes in the decking. An inspection of the underside of the jetty and a cursory excavation, suggests that the piles may be in a reasonably sound condition

The wharf provides river access to an old wood yard which was operated by Mr John Wilson and his brothers. The yard is S'lrrounded by a chain link fence which prevents access by the public. The yard has been built up with landfill.

Excavation

A series of circular searches were made of the river bottom next to the wharf. No structural remains or artefacts were found.

Three caissons were positioned next to the wharf and excavated to a depth in excess of 2m.

Caisson number 1 was positioned 18.5m east of the western end of the wharf. The sediment consisted of fine, black mud overlaying a layer of sticky clay. The sediment was contaminated with an oil like substance, plastic rubbish and corroded steel bands which had been used to secure consignments of timber from the wood yard. Small shells and shell grit were recovered at a depth of lm.

A 'Shelleys' 32fl oz soft drink bottle and a 'Dairy Farmers', 600ml milk bottle were recovered at a depth of 2m. There was no evidence of plastic rubbish or steel bands at this depth.

Probes to 3m revealed no artefacts or structures.

Caisson number 2 was positioned 8m out into the river, north of caisson number 1.

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Parramatlii .lbvl!r

Wharf

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Key -0 Piles.

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Deck planks.

Missing planks

Landfill.

Seawall.

2m

Plan of the wooden traP-ezoid jetty: located at the east end of the Camellia Industrial Wharf_

Possib1e tramway: jettY. bu11t in the ea.rly_j_~_aos .

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The sediment consisted of fine, black silt overlaying a layer of sticky clay. The sediment was also contaminated with an oil like substance, but very little plastic rubbish and no corroded steel bands were found.

At 1m the diver encountered an increasing amount of sand and shell grit.

At 2m the diver encountered very hard clay which was very difficult to penetrate. The excavation ceased at this point.

A modern ceramic coffee mug, was recovered. No other artefacts were found.

Caisson number 3 was positioned 32m from the western end of the wharf, next to the trapezoid jetty and excavated to 1m.

The sediment consisted of fine black silt overlaying a layer of black sticky clay. The sediment was also contaminated with an oil like substance, plastic rubbish and corroded steel bands which had been used to secure consignments of timber from the wood yard.

No artefacts were found.

No further excavations were carried out at this site as no evidence could be found to suggest the presence of maritime/underwater archaeological material.

A wooden barrel loader and a welded iron trolley were located on the shore adjoining the wharf. These objects were left in situ.

Rydalmere Psychiatric Hospital Boatshed(Location plan 3).

The site has been well documented in the Rydalmere Psychiatric Centre Cor.servation Study prepared by the New South Wales Public Works Department (undated).

The remains of an earlier slab bark boatshed which existed in the 1830s have been documented and the site tentatively identified as being east of the existing boat shed, near a mature peppercorn tree.

Additional History

A search of plans of the site have revealed that a jetty was located along the western side of the 1895 Boatshed (Plan 2). A series of steps lead down to the water at the jetty's south-east comer.

Site Description

The site lies on the north side of the Parramatta River immediately east of the James Ruse Drive Bridge and forms part of the Rydalmere Psychiatric Hospital. The Camellia Railway Bridge lies to the east of the site.

The site consists of a boatshed built in 1895 and the base of a jetty on the boatshed's western side. The base of the jetty is overgrown with vegetation and is not readily visible.

The boatshed was restored in 1982 and is surrounded by a security fence which prevents access.

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A large peppercorn tree is located 164m east of the boatshed. According to the Rydalmere Psychiatric Centre Conservation Study this marks the site of a boatshed and jetty, or wharf, dating from the 1830s.

The 2 sites are obscured from the river by young and mature mangroves.

The Excavation

A series of circular searches were made of the river bed in front of the boatshed.

Five caissons were positioned on the site. Due to the presence of sandstone and shale it was not possible to excavate to 2m.

A circular search immediately off the base of the jetty located a large sandstone block with a hole through its center.

The block measured 68cm x 72.2cm x 30cm. The hole had a diameter of 30cm. The block was left in situ.

Caisson number 1 was positioned 12.5m due south of the jetty base on the edge of the mangroves.

The sediment consisted of a fine, black mud and appeared to be clear of oil. There was no evidence of plastic rubbish. The caisson was excavated to .5m before coming to rest on a rock (sandstone/ shale), bottom.

A concreted mass containing the possible remains of iron fastenings was recovered at a depth of .5m (R CN Olli 1).

Caisson number 2 was positioned 11m due south of the boat house, on the edge of the mangroves.

The sediment consisted of a fine, black mud and sand. The sediment appeared to be clear of oil and there was no evidence of plastic rubbish. The caisson was excavated to .75m before coming to rest on a rock (sandstone/shale) bottom.

The endstock of the old slipway was located under 200cm of silt, 11.25m from the boatshed. The endstock consisted of a wooden beam 23cm x 23cm x 3m resting on two wooden piles .5m off the bottom. A strip of timber 1 OOcm x 15cm x 3 m was positioned on the shore side of the wood beam.

A wooden rail was also found. It measured 1.09m x Scm x 4.3cm and may have formed part of a rail track to assist in the launching and recovery of boats.

The endstock and the other pieces of timber were left in situ.

Caisson number 3 was positioned south of the large peppercorn tree on the edge of the mangroves.

The sediment consisted of fine, black mud and sand.The sediment appeared to be clear of oil and there was no evidence of plastic rubbish. The caisson was excavated to 1 m before corning to rest on a sandstone/shale bottom.

Three beer bottles, a wine bottle, a cream bottle and the top of a broken whisky bottle were found. All of the bottles were of modem origin. Other items found included the remains of a shopping trolley and pieces of mangrove wood.

Caisson number 4 was positioned II .30m due east of caisson number 3.

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The sediment consisted of fine, black mud and sand and appeared to be clear of oil. There was no evidence of plastic rubbish. The caisson was excavated to .8m before coming to rest on rock (sandstone/shale) bottom.

A modem beer bottle was found.

Caisson number 5 was positioned 4.7m west of caisson number 3 and placed next to the river bank. The caisson was surrounded by mangroves.

The sediment consisted of fine, black mud and sand and appeared to be clear of oil. Plastic rubbish, bottles and several shopping trolleys were visible on the mud surface. The caisson was excavated to 1.5m.

A number of pieces of rotten mangrove wood were also found.


A swim line search was made of the river bottom between the Camellia Railway Bridge and the James Ruse Drive Bridge. Other than the top of a square case, gin botde, no artefacts or structural remains were found.

The river bottom, consisted of smooth sandstone and shale covered with less than 20cm of fine silt. Towards the banks the silt increased to a maximum depth of between .5 and 1m. Visibility during the search was approximately .5m.

No further excavations were carried out at this site as no evidence could be found to suggest the presence of additional maritime/underwater archaeological material.

Queens Wharf and Howell's Wind andWater Mill (Location plan 1)

The site has been documented in the E.I.S.

Additional History

The first wharl was built in 1790 and a flagstaff erected on the shore next to the wharf.

In the same year a brick store house was built slightly west of the wharf, at the east end of George Street. The building was approximately 40m from the river. It had a tile roof but because of the inferior type of bricks and the lack of lime mortar it rapidly fell into disrepair.

A military barracks was built on the south west side of the store house. Construction began in November 1790 and was completed in 1791. Later, 2 buildings were added to increase the accommodation for the soldiers.

The complex eventually comprised 3, single story buildings, situated on 3 sides of a square. The north side of the square was open to the river.

The buildings were constructed of the same material as the store house and by 1817 they were in disrepair. They were subsequently demolished and the land sold. A new 2 story barracks was built towards the center of Parramatta, near Smith and Hassal Streets.


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15

In 1808 construction began on a new stone store house and wharf approximately 250m east of the 1790 wharf and the 1804 flagstaff. This building was completed in March 1810. A water colour, possibly by George William Evans and dated 1809 shows the store house viewed from the landing and flagstaff at the Queens Wharf (Fig 1 ). The building appears to be 3 storeys high and single faced.

Whether this building was extended or rebuilt is unknown. A pencil sketch by Conrad Martens dated the 25th September 1837 shows a 4 storey building on this site (Fig 4 ). A earlier 1835 pencil sketch by Robert Russell also shows the same building looking from the west (Fig 3).

In both pictures the building appears larger than the 1810 building and has a 4 storey wing built on to it's north face.

On 30 June 1823 George Howell took up a grant on the south side of the river approximately 150m west of the 1790 wharf. Previous to this, he had leased the land. In 1828 he built a Wind and Watermill on the site and a weir across the river (Fig 6). It is possible that the mill was built at an earlier date, even as early as 1823.

Additional grants of land were taken up by Samuel Wright and J.E Manning between George Howell's property and the 1790 wharf. By 1844 masonry buildings had been erected on these sites and a photograph taken after 1850 shows that these buildings may have been built for residential purposes (Fig 11 ).

Site Description

The two sites lie on the south side of the Parramatta River at the east end of George Street.

The site of Howell's \Vi:1d and Water Mill is now occupied by the south end of the Gasworks Bridge.

The remains of 2 stone wharves built by David Lennox in 1834 extend eastwards from the bridge, parallel with George Street and Noller Parade. The wharves are separated by a stretch of mangrove covered bank set back from the river. This may have provided access to the original river bank. The west end of the mangroves is flanked by a steep ramp which gives access to the western wharf. The east end is flanked by a set of five steps which give access to the eastern wharf.

It is possible that the wharves were built out into the river and the land behind reclaimed.

The original wharf faces consist of regular, coursed rubble, pinned with wrought iron and secured with lead and mortar. The steps are in very good condition and the mortar is still intact.

At the east end of the site there is evidence of an addition to the wharf. The wall reverts to random, uncoursed rubble and the face is inclined to the bank. This may have been built to service Bryne's Cloth Factory which was built at the east end of the Queens Wharf next to the Government Store.

Remains of the wharf decking can be seen near the upturned trunk of a large peppercorn tree at the east end of the wharf. The remains appear to have been burnt at some stage, possibly when the wharf area was abandoned after about 1920.

---------------------

2m

lm

Cross section througb the sediment column next to the Queens Wbarf. ( Trans~ct 1.: Ca.is:::on 1)

Key -Soft silt.

Sticky clay.

Hard clay.

Artefacts.

Ruhble.

---------------------

-

ilifl.i?>/fi.Y·\\~~V?/Y!!Jj)_!;:<:·/!:~:::,.~·:.:::·.-:·

.. ~l ~ ~

~ ~.

r 2m

lm

- 'L.

Cross section through the sediment column 7 .am north of the Queens Wharf .(Transe•:t 1; Caisson 3, ')

Key

Soft si It.

Stickv clay .

Hard clay.

Artefacts.


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16

Pan of the wharf next to the Gasworks Bridge has been rebuilt with modern stone and concrete.

Four copper clad piles lie between 1.5m and 1.4m from the wharf face, 138m east from the Gasworks Bridge. The piles are between 28 and 30cm in diameter and are between 1.9 and 2.6m apan. The piles rise approximately .5m out of the mud and are rotten. Their outside faces have been squared off and may have been secured to vertical wales. The piles may have been associated with a jetty. Figure 9 shows a stylized representation of how the wharf and an associated jetty may have looked in 1879-80.

The HMAS Parramatta Memorial lies behind the west wharf, in the Queens Park.

At the east end of the wharves there are a number of willow trees, and a large peppercorn tree. The peppercorn tree has collapsed along the bank. A row of single storey dwellings back onto this end of the wharf.

Excavation

A transect was laid at the west end of the east wharf alongside the wharf steps.

Caisson number 1 was positioned 1.8m from the wharf face.

The sediment consisted of a layer of silt and mud overlaying hard, grey clay. The sediment appeared to be free of oil. The caisson was excavated to 1.5m before progress was stopped by the clay.

A sheep's skull and 2 other animal bones were found (QW BAN 1-3).

Caisson number 2 was positioned 3m north of caisson number 1.

The sediment consisted of a layer of silt overlaying hard, blue and yellow clay. The sediment appeared to be free of oil. The caisson was excavated to .5m before progress was stopped by the clay.

A shard from a carved, sandstone pot painted with a blue, rubber like paint(QW SA SHA 1); a piece of animal bone (QW BAN 4); and the base of a bottle (QW G SHA 26) were found.

Caissons number 3 to 6 were positioned north of caisson number 2 at 3m intervals.

At each caisson the sediment consisted of a layer of silt, overlaying hard clay. The sediment appeared to be free of oil. Each caisson was excavated to .5m before progress was stopped by the clay.

No other anefacts were found.

The steps at the west end of the east wharf were excavated. They consist of 5 steps and extend approximately 1.5m down to the river bed.

They are in good condition and the mortar used in their construction is still in place. The surfaces of the steps are considerably worn, possibly due to human traffic.

The mud 5m east of the steps and 1m out into the river, was excavated with the water jet at low tide. The sediment consisted of a layer of fine silt, overlaying sticky clay and was contaminated with oil. The sediment was removed to a depth of .5m.


17

A large number of ceramic and glass shards; and a number of clay smoking pipes (QW CC PI 2-4; QW CC SHA 1), were found

A series of excavations were then carried out along the face of the east wharf.

Caisson number 1 was positioned 3m east of the transect datum, lm off the wharf face.

The sediment consisted of a layer of fine silt, overlaying sticky clay. The caisson was excavated to .6m before progress was stopped by rock.

A large amount of material was found and included 9 pieces of ceramic shard (QW S SHA 55-59; QW E SHA 2; QW T SHA 3-4; QW S SHA 5); 1 piece of leather, 3 glass shards (QW G SHA 55-57); 1 complete bottle (QW G BOT 4); 1 bottle top with a cork still in situ(QW G SHA 21); 1 bottle bottom (QW G SHA 46); 1 tea spoon (QW OT SPO 2); 3 .303 bullets (QW Br AMU 11); several wire-cut, pressed bricks and 2 pieces of crushed lead tubing.

A 50m bottom survey was made around the caisson. Rock was found under an average depth of 250cm of silt and sticky clay. The maximum depth of silt was 400cm.

No artefacts were found during the bottom survey.

Caisson number 2 was positioned 17m east of caisson number 1, 1.4m off the wharf face.

The sediment consisted of a layer of fine silt, overlaying sticky clay. The caisson was excavated to lm before progress was stopped by hard grey clay.

A crude, stone ware bottle marked 'E.Fowler-Sydney' (QW S BOT 1); a 'Summons & Graham' food container bottle (QW G BOT 14)); a 'Becks' ginger beer bottle; a pair of modem concreted pliers and a ceramic shard were found.

A piece of waterlogged timber(QW W OTH 1),1.3m long was recovered from alongside the caisson.

Caisson number 3 was positioned 20m east of caisson number 2, 1. 7 m off the wharf face.

The sediment consisted of a layer of fine silt, overlaying sticky clay. The caisson was excavated to 1.5m before progress was stopped by large, irregular, sandstone blocks and building rubble.

Two shards from a stoneware wash bowl were found (QW S SHA 8-9).


The sediment consisted of a layer of fine silt, overlaying sticky clay. The caisson was excavated to 1m before progress was stopped by heavy, dressed blocks of sandstone and building rubble. Some of these blocks were up to1.5m x .5m in dimension.

The bowl of a clay smoking pipe (QW C CPI 1); a large brass cast fitting; possibly an impeller from an engine (QW BR OTH 2); 4 pieces of shoe leather; a glass stopper (QW G BST 2); 4 ceramic shards (QW S SHA 25, 28); a Sheffield Plate spoon (QW OT SPO 1); and the bottom of a glass bottle (QW G SHA 54) were found

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18


The sediment consisted of a layer of fine silt, overlaying sticky clay. The caisson was excavated to 1m before progress was stopped by heavy, grey clay. A green bottle ( QW G BOT 1 ); the top of a square case gin bottle(QW G SHA 2), a fork (QW OT FOR 1 ); and a ceramic shard (QW S SHA 67) were found.

A 2nd transect was laid next to the 4 copper clad piles off the western wharf.

Caisson number 1 was positioned alongside the piles, 2.16m from the wharf face.

The sediment consisted of a layer of fine silt, overlaying soft sticky clay. The caisson was excavated to 1.5m before progress was stopped by heavy, grey clay.

A concreted mass, possibly the remains of a shot gun (QW CN OTH 1-2); a marble light switch board; 3 black bottle bottoms (QW G SHA 41-43); 2 ceramic shards (QW S SHA 91-92); and a clear glass bottle(QW G BOT 11) with contents and a cork still in situ were found.

The remains of a badly corroded underwater dredging jet were also located.


The sediment consisted of a layer of fine silt, overlaying soft, sticky clay. The caisson was excavated to 1.5m before progress was stopped by heavy, grey clay.

A concreted tin mug (QW TI CUP 1); a large concreted container(QW CN OTH 3); 3 black glass bottle bases (QW G SHA 44-46); 7 ceramic shards(QW S SHA 78-84); 2 glass shards (QW G SHA 60-61); and the base of an unmarked stoneware bottle (QW S SHA 62) were found.


The sediment consisted of a layer of fine silt, overlaying soft, sticky clay. The caisson was excavated to 1.5m before progress was stopped by heavy, grey clay.

Two glass shards (QW G SHA 62-63) were found.

Caissons number 4 and 5 were positioned north of caisson number 3 at 3m intervals.

At each caisson the sediment consisted of a layer of fine silt, overlaying soft, sticky clay. Each caisson was excavated to 1.5m before progress was stopped by heavy, grey clay.


A 3rd transect was laid 60m west of transect number 1.

Caisson number 1 was positioned next to the wharf

The sediment consisted of a layer of fine silt, overlaying soft, sticky clay. The caisson was excavated to .5m before progress was stopped by heavy, grey clay.



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The sediment consisted of a layer of fine silt, overlaying soft, sticky clay. The caisson was excavated to . 7 5m before progress was stopped by heavy, grey clay, and rock.

Six glass bottle necks (QW G SHA 13-18), 3 glass bottle bottoms (QW G SHA 23-25) , a green bottle minus its neck (QW G SHA 38), 5 ceramic shards (QW S SHA 88-92) and a glass shard (QW S SHA 64) were found.


The sediment consisted of a layer of fine silt, overlaying rock. The caisson was excavated to less than .5m before progress was stopped by gravel and rock.


A jackstay was laid from the caisson to the edge of the mangroves on the north shore. The depth of water was less than 1.5m. A diver swam the jackstay surveying the river bed to a distance of .5m either side of the jackstay. No artefacts were found.

The river bottom consisted of rock reef with an overlay of sediment of less than 20cm.

A 4th transect was laid 38.2m west of transect 3.

Caisson number 1 was positioned 2.85m from the wharf face.

The sediment consisted of a layer of fine silt, overlaying rock. The caisson was excavated to .5m before progress was stopped by solid rock.

A square clear glass, sealed bottle, with its contents still intact (QW G BOT 6); a dark green bottle (QW G BOT 4); the top of a stoneware bottle (QW S SHA 64); a shard of black glass (QW G SHA 70); and a shard of porcelain (QW P SHA 1) were found.


The sediment consisted of a layer of lOcm of sand over rock. The caisson was excavated to 1 Ocm before progress was stopped by rock.


Howell's Wind and Water Mill (Location plan 1)

A transect was laid under the Gasworks Bridge adjoining the site of Howell's Wind and Water Mill and associated weir.

The reef under and to the east of the Gasworks Bridge was surveyed at low water. A 2m x 2m grid was used to facilitate excavation.

Grid number 1 was positioned 4m from the bank.

The bottom consisted of rock and building rubble, overlaying a reef of sandstone and shale. The grid was excavated to less than 20cm before progress was blocked by the reef surface.

!l{' ---------------------

South

Bridge Pylon

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"• ; • • ' • , .. ,~' ,' I :• .: "" " ', • -

::•' I .:••, :\::.: :•..::, ", :':• o 0 I:: . ·. ·. . . ; :. '!·'·. ·. -~·:. ··. . '• ,

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.Parrd.ma.tt;; Piv~r

Middle Bridge Pylon

Key -j~}:</~:~~Gravel and /'~.\j_1~q loose rock.

"

2m 1----L---l Exposed reef

Plan showing the P-Osition of the 6 holes cut into the reef surface underneath the Gasworks Bridge at

Parramatta. Possible site of Howell·s Weir.

Holes.

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;.;1

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20

A green Angostura Bitters bottle marked 'Dr J.G B .Siegert & Sons' (HWW G BOT 8); 8 ceramic shards (HWW S SHA 43-47(1), 49-50); and a 1953 Australian halfpenny piece (HWW OT COl 6) were found.

Grid number 2 was positioned 3m north of grid number 1.

The bottom consisted of rock and building rubble overlying a reef of sandstone and shale. The grid was excavated to less than 1 Ocm before progress was blocked by the reef surface.

A brass knob, possibly from a bedstead (HWW BROTH 1); a1952 Australian penny (HWW OT COl 1); an Australian 1950 half-penny (HWW OT COI 5); a 1942 Australian penny (HWW OT COI 4); an Australian 50c, 20c, and 2 lOc pieces; 4 square fastenings and the remains of a brass window latch (HWW BR OTH 6); and a set of rosary beads (HWW OT OTH 2) were found.

Grid number 3 was positioned north of grid number 2.

The grid was· not excavated as it lay on smooth rock.


A survey of the rest of the transect revealed 7 irregular, square holes cut into the reef. The largest was 56cm by 34cm and the smallest was 20cm by 25cm. Six of the holes were found 9m from the south bank and extended for distance of 14m northward across the reef. A seventh hole was found 13m north west of the other 6 near the north bank of the river, upstream from the bridge.

Excavation of these holes revealed that they contained gravel, river pebbles and mud.


-l

_...


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21

Other Sites

Retainin2 Wall (Location plan 1)

History

The history of this site is unknown

Site Description

The site lies on the north side of the river, directly opposite the HMAS Parramatta memorial and consists of a low, random coursed, rubble wall which stands less than .5 m. There is no evidence of mortar in the wall's construction.

The wall is screened from the river by mangroves and and consists of a 53.4m face with the remains of 2 side walls, which are perpendicular to the bank. The western side wall is 6.30m long. The eastern side wall is not evident and all that can be seen is a grass ridge which extends 6.10m south from the bank. The enclosed area, bounded by the walls, appears to have been reclaimed with landfill.

Behind the wall is a large, open !awned area, planted with mature introduced and native trees.

An undated photograph entitled 'Parramatta River' from the National Library Photographic collection (Fig 10), suggests that this area consisted of open fields in the latter half of last century.

Excavation

A survey of the site revealed no evidence of any artefacts.

Bryne's Cloth Factory Wharf/Retainin~:Wall (Location plan 2)

History

A cloth factory was built at the east end of the Queens Wharf.

An undated plan (Plan Number 1), shows that The Cloth Factory consisted of a six storey engine shed, cloth factory, flour mill and a yard with a wharf in front. A weaver's shop for 24 looms, a shed for timber and eight dwellings for workmen were built on the east side of the factory. The workmen's cottages were provided with gardens and yards.

The plan shows that the west side of the factory yard gave access to the Queens Wharf. The plan also possibly shows part of the Government Store lying some distance from the river front and immediately south west of the cloth factory yard.

Two views of the Cloth Factory are provided in an unsigned 1847 watercolour (Fig 5) and an 1853 engraving (Fig7). The former shows the entrance to the yard, on the west side of the factory.

The wharf additions, at the east end of Lennox's eastern wharf, may be the remains of the Cloth Factory Wharf shown in the plan. This wharf as shown forms part of the Queens Wharf site.


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II

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I

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Lt __ _

22

An undated photograph entitled 'Parramatta River' from the National Library Photographic collection( Fig 10), taken from the north east, looking across the river, shows a stone retaining wall at the east end of the factory site, beneath the workmen's cottages.

Site Description

The Cloth Factory Wharf forms part of the east end of Queens Wharf and is over 22.4m long. It is partly buried under willow trees and a fallen pepper com tree. The wharf is made of random, uncoursed rubble and the face is inclined to the bank.

The stone retaining wall lies east of the Queens Wharf. It commences 13.7m from the west side of the Alfred Street boat ramp and extends 58.70m, towards the Gasworks Bridge. The structure consists of random, uncoursed rubble. There is no evidence of mortar in the walls construction.

The wall has subsided and large blocks of stone have collapsed outward, into the river. The bank behind the structure has been built up with landfill and is heavily overgrown with lantana and introduced grasses.

This structure has been labelled Bryne's Cloth Factory Wharf/Wall due to its proximity to the site of Bryne's Cloth Factory. It is possible that the wall was used as a wharf although no evidence has been found to support this view.

The remains of a submerged, random, uncoursed, rubble wall lie a further 73.2m west of the Alfred Sreet boat ramp. The wall is visible at low tide and is less than .5m in height. It is 13.5m long and extends 12.5m from the shore. It may have formed part of the wharf/retaining wall.

The Alfred Street boat ramp is used to swim horses from the nearby Rose Hill Race Course.

The site is bounded by Noller Parade to the south and Alfred Street to the east.

Excavation

A transect was laid 25m west of the Alfred Street boat ramp next to the stone wall.

Caisson number 1 was placed next to the wall.

The sediment consisted of soft mud overlaying heavy grey and red clay. The sediment was contaminated with plastics, car parts, beer bottles and other modem material.

The caisson was excavated I m to the walls footings.

Three hand made earthen-ware cups (BW E CUP 1-3), a green bottle (BW G BOT 3) and a glass shard (BW G SHA 71) were found lying amongst the mangrove roots next to the caisson. No other artefacts were found.

Caisson number 2 was positioned 4.7m north of the wharf.

The sediment consisted of surface layer of fine sand and silt overlaying modern material and landfill from the adjoining bank. The caisson was excavated to lm before progress was stopped by building rubble and large, irregular shaped sandstone blocks.

I I I I North

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d

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N

. . ,

. : ;_:_;::/:::~~} f~t~·;·~·~::.~:::: Shore

3m

3m

3m

3rn

3m

3m

3trl

S.6m

4.7rn

7

1

Artefacts found

l ·:hilds or 1adi~3 shoe (B W L SHO 1 ). 1 br(•t.;.n hexag·~nal drink1ng glass (f. w G G LA 1 ).

4 glZJss st:t.rds (E v.1 G SH • .e.. 7.3-76); 2 ceramic snards cr. w S SHA 7)-76 ); 1 pi.:-c~ ot slat.:-.

l rn.:•do:-rr;. t~Of*ShCo?; 1 gre-en t:>C· ttl~ ('5 '~i'? G BOT 2 ); 1 glass snard (3 V? G SEA 72 ).

3 .:o-artbe-n-v-lare- cups (BW E CVF' 1-3), 1 gr~~n bottle (BW G BOT 3); 1 glass st1a.rd C£.W ~HA 7 I) . • t..rte:a.:ts fCU.!'td amongst ma:lgf<)~E- fO<)ts Dt?>Xt tC• t.hiO> CaJSSC•f •.

I I I I J./A.U. .~-~~~--18!11 ~A/.i : " ....... ·.:.;: · . . -:. .. ::::;:::-:: :: , .. ;:!!:::. I South : _..-. '·.··:·· '· ··:·::'.':::<::·Shore

I I

Transect 1 BrY-ne's Cloth FactorY- Wharf /Retaining Wall; Caissons 1- 1 0.


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23

A modem horseshoe, an old green bottle (BW G BOT 2) and a glass shard (BW G SHA 72) were found.

Caisson number 3 was positioned 5.6m north of caisson number 2 to avoid a fallen tree trunk.

The sediment consisted of surface layer of fine sand and silt overlaying large river pebbles, gravel and hard clay. The sediment appeared to be free of oil. The caisson was excavated to 1.8m before progress was stopped by large irregular shaped sandstone blocks and gravel.

Four glass shards (BW G SHA 73-76), 2 ceramic shards (BW S SHA 75-76) and a small piece of slate were found.


The sediment was the same as for caisson number 3.

The caisson was excavated to 1.8m before progress was stopped by large irregular shaped sandstone blocks and gravel.

A child or ladies, flat soled leather shoe (BW L SHO 1 ); and a broken hexagonal drinking glass (BW G GLA 1) were found.



The caisson was excavated to 1.5m before progress was stopped by heavy, grey clay.

Three ceramic shards, including part of a plate m<U-ked 'J & G Meakin, Hanley, England' (BW S SHA 4, 6-7), were found.



The caisson was excavated to 1.5m before progress was stopped by heavy grey river clay.

No artefacts were recovered.

Caisson numbers 7 to 10 were positioned at 3m intervals north of caisson number 6.

The sediment consisted of lOOcm of fine silt over heavy, grey clay.

Each caisson was excavated to .5m before progress was stopped by the clay.

No artefacts were recovered.

Two caissons were positioned next to the submerged wall west of the stone wall.

Caisson number 1 was located at the walls east end.

The sediment consisted of a layer of fine silt overlaying hard clay. The sediment appeared to be free of oil. The caisson was excavated to .5m before progress was stopped by the clay.

..----------------------------

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24

The top of a broken, one way, 'Codd' bottle (1870) (BW G SHA 35); animal bones (BW B AN 5-10); and several pieces of ceramic shard including (BW S SHA 87) were found.

Caisson number 2 was positioned at the wharf/retaining walls western end.

The wall appears to have collapsed outwards into the river and the caisson was positioned 2m out in the stream to avoid a number of very large, stone blocks.

The sediment consisted of a layer of fine silt overlaying hard, red, blue and yellow clay.The sediment appeared to be free of oil. The caisson was excavated to 1.5m before progress was stopped by the clay.

Animal bones (BW B AN 11-18) were found.

Wharf Piles (Location plan 2)

History

The history of this site is unknown.

Site Description

Twenty six piles which may have formed part of a wharf, or a mooring berth for lighters, are located 111m east from the Alfred Street boat ramp. The piles have a frontage of 48m and are on average 1.6m apart. The 3 end piles, at the west and east end of the structure, are backed by a further 3 piles. These are higher than the front piles and may have been joined to the latter by cross beams.

The remains of two railway trolleys lie partly buried in the front of the piles.

The Excavation

A transect was laid across the river 120m east of the Alfred Street boat ramp, next to the piles. Seven caissons were positioned across the river at 3m intervals. The purpose was to get a cross section through the sediment of potential artefact deposits extending downstream from the Queens Wharf and Howell's Wind and Water Mill sites.

A previous bottom survey was carried out during the swim line search between the James Ruse Drive Bridge and the Gasworks Bridge.

Caisson number 1 was positioned 5.5m from the datum. The sediment consisted of fine silt overlaying clay. The caisson was excavated to .5m before coming to rest on an iron girder or rail. This was in excess of 3m long and was left in situ.


Caisson number 2 was positioned north of caisson number 1.

The sediment consisted of fine sand and silt overlaying rock. The caisson was excavated to .5m before coming to rest on sandstone rock.

A corroded wrought iron bar was located at a depth of .Sm.

Caisson number 3 was positioned north of caisson number 2.

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The sediment consisted of fine sand and silt overlaying large river pebbles, fine gravel and hard grey/ red river clay.The caisson was excavated to lm before progress was stopped by large river pebbles, gravel and hard clay.

Two small pieces of roofing slate were found.


The sediment was the same as caisson number 3.

The caisson was excavated to 1.5m before progress was stopped by large river pebbles, gravel and hard clay.




The caisson was excavated to 1.5m before progress was stopped by large pebbles, gravel and hard clay.

A modern broken glass bottle was found.

Caisson number 6 and 7 were positioned north of caisson number 5 at 3m intervals.


Each caisson was excavated to 1.5m before progress was stopped by large river pebbles, gravel and hard clay.


River Road West Wharf (Location plan 4)

History An examination of a Parramata street map produced by H.E.C Robinson Pty, Ltd (Map 1 ), shows an old wharf at the foot of River Road West on the south bank of the Parramatta River near the Camellia Railway Station.

Investigation of historical archives has revealed no other information on this site.

Site Description

A survey of the area found that the site is now included within the boundaries of the Hardies Industrial Complex. A large tree which appears to be a magnolia, marks the probable site of the wharf.

A search of the river bank and the neighbouring mudflats revealed no evidence of any structure. The site is obscured from the river by a dense bank of mature and immature mangroves.

An underwater survey also revealed no evidence of any structures or artefacts.

The site is separated from the river by lOrn of mudflats and mangroves.

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Excavation

A caisson was positioned on the edge of the mangroves, directly opposite the east end of River Road West.

The sediment consisted of 1.5m of silt over sand. The caisson was excavated to in excess of 2m


Subiaco Creek (Location Plan 5)

A undated (possibly 1820s), and unsourced photograph from the National Library Photographic Collection in Canberra (Chart 2), shows part of an old chart of the Parramatta River, between the Redbank Cliff and the Female Orphan School. On the north bank of the river, above Redbank, the mouth of the Subiaco Creek is shown, with a well marked on its western side. In addition two square buildings are shown north of the well.

History.

Investigation of historical archives has revealed no further information on this site.

Site Description

The site is overgrown with mangroves. The river bank provides access to industrial land and factories.

Excavation

No evidence of a well or artefacts were found.

Redbank Industrial Wharf (Location plan 6)

Historv

Lieutenant Bradley (RN) described the site as a, 'Red Bank Clay Cliff and marked it on his 1790 chart of the river.

The site formed part of John Macarthur's extensive lands. In the 1870s and 1880s this land was subdivided and sold to form small rural holdings.

At the turn of the century the site was acquired by the Sandown Meatworks Company and a plant established. The plant operated until the winter of 1926 when it was burnt down in a fire.

The site was eventually acquired by Ford Australia.

During World War 2 the site may have been used by the American Army as part of the military base it established at Camellia. The piles may have been installed at this time, to help facilitate the loading and unloading of supplies brought up river by barge or lighter to the military camp.

After the war the site was returned to local industry.

The site is now abandoned.

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Site Description

The site is located on the south bank of the river, lkm west along the river bank from the Camellia Industrial Wharf.

The site consists of a number of piles joined to the bank by beams. An abandoned crane is located on the bank, at the north east end of the site. Some of the piles are blackened, suggesting that they have been burnt at some past date.

The piles are considerably decayed.

There is no evidence of any wharf decking. It is possible that piles were used to secure barges and lighters which came up the river to load, or unload, cargo. Cargoes may have been loaded, or unloaded, by the adjoining crane.

The bank is steep and overgrown. Part of it appears to have been reclaimed and a quantity of industrial refuse lies at its base. The 'Red Bank Clay Cliff, mentioned by Lieutenant Bradley in 1790, is no longer visible.

The remains are understood to be the responsibility of the Maritime Services Board.

Excavation

An underwater survey was made of the river bed next to the piles. No artefacts or additional structure were found.

A caisson was positioned at the north end of the piles.

The sediment consisted of silt and sticky mud overlaying hard river clay. The caisson was excavated to lm before progress was stopped by heavy river clay.

No artefacts were fm:nd.

Park Street Jetty (Location plan 7)

History

An undated map of the Parish of St John (Map 3), showing Parramatta and surrounding region, indicates that there was a jetty at the south end of Park Street.

Investigation of historical archives has revealed no further information on this site.

Site Description

The site is located on the north bank of the river, approximately 38m west of the Thackeray Street overhead pipeline and footbridge, at the foot of Park Street.

The bank appears to have been reclaimed.

No structural remains or artefacts were found .

.James Ruse Driye to the Gasworks Bridee (Location plans 1&2)

Swim Line Search Number 1

The river bottom between the James Ruse Drive Bridge and the Gasworks Bridge was surveyed using a swimline search.


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Artefacts were found on the river bottom, down stream from the Queens Wharf.

A 3 piece clear glass bottle was found, 3m east from the south end of the James Ruse Drive Bridge.

No other artefact<; were found until lOOm west of Clay Cliff Creek.

Eight artefacts were found. These were 4 shards of glass (QW G SHA 80-81); a square case gin bottle (QW G BOT 7); 2 unidentified concreted lumps and an unidentified metal frame. On further examination the frame proved to be part of a modern pram and the 2 unidentified lumps had formed around rusted food or drink cans with plastic liners.

Four of the artefacts were found along the north shore of the river and 4 in midstream. No artefacts were found on the south shore.

No artefacts were found beyond 300m of the Clay Cliff Creek and the Alfred Street Boat Ramp.

Between the boat ramp and the Gasworks Bridge over 27 finds were made. These included glass and ceramic shards, 3 pieces of broken slate; a crushed copper oil can (QW C OTIIl); broken tops and bottoms from black wine bottles; a brass gas fitting and 2 .303 ammunition cartridges.

These artefacts were recovered from the middle of the river or from alongside the south bank, beside the wharves.

The wrecks of two cars were found in the river between the Alfred Street boat ramp and Clay Cliff Creek. The car immediately north east of the Alfred Street boat ramp was marked with a floating, blue, plastic drum.

Swim Line Search Number 2

A second swim line search was made between Clay Cliff Creek and the Queens Wharf.

The divers followed the channel of the river bed.

The top of a brass bedstead or the end of a curtin rod (QW BR OTII 3); 2 glass bottle (QW G BOT 10-11); a hand made earthenware cup(QW E CUP 4); and several ceramic shards were found.

These artefacts were found along the south bank, lOOm east of the Alfred Street boat ramp.

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SECTION 3 - ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL

Si~:nificance

The issue of significance and archaeological potential has been assessed on the basis of archival research, excavation and the examination of individual artefacts. The significance of these artefacts will be further explored and expanded in the final report which will be produced on completion of the dredging of the Parramana River.

The following criteria have been used to look at the significance of the artefact deposits, structures and sites so far identified in this study.

1. Historic

The ability of the artefacts, or the sites, to contribute to an understanding of the historical process through their association with particular events, personalities or phases of activity.

2. Social

The ability of the artefacts, or the sites, to contribute to the social,cultural, religious, spiritual or aesthetic qualities of identifiable groups within the Australian community. Sites or artefacts which are held in high regard by groups, to a degree above that felt for their normal surroundings, will be considered of high social value.

3. Technological

The ability of the artefacts, or the sites, to illustrate the development of technology through the integrity and quality of remains and the historical record. Development will include the perfection of design, the creation of technical solutions and the invention and application of new ideas.

4. Scientific

The ability of the artefacts, or the sites, to yield new information which will contribute to maritime or terrestrial archaeology, history, science or any other area of human endeavour.

5. Educational

The ability of the artefacts, or the sites, to contribute to the education of the community through their historical, social, cultural and scientific significance. This ability will be influenced by the sites ease of interpretation, accessibility, setting and integrity.

The degree of a site's, or an artefacts, significance will also be discussed in terms of the following values:

I. Rarity

The quality of the artefacts or the sites which makes them rare, endangered or uncommon, within the context of the historic, scientific, social or educational process.

2. Representativeness

The quality of the artefacts or the sites which enables them to be described as characteristic of a group of objects, processes or other human activities.

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The following sites, which are located in or along the bank of the river, can be considered to be significant:

1. Camellia Industrial Wharf{framway Jetty;

2. Rydalmere Psychiatric Hospital Boatshed;

3. Bryne's Cloth Factory Wharf/Retaining Wall;

4. Queens Wharf; and

5. Howell's Wind and Water Mill.

This significance has been based on:

1. Historic

The Parramatta River was an avenue of transport until the advent of the motor car and was important to the development of the Parramatta region. In addition the river connected the first economic and political centers of the infant colony of New South Wales, (Rose Hill, later known as Parramatta and Sydney).

Amongst other attributes the Queens Wharf and the later Camellia Industrial Wharf{framway Jetty and Bryne's Cloth Factory Wharf/Wall are a direct link with this history and are valuable in helping illustrate the economic development and history of transport in the region. The Queens Wharf is of particular importance as it was in use from 1788 and is associated with artefact deposits which may date from this period, (earthen-ware cups (BCF E CUP 1-5), and a square case gin bottle (QW G BOT 6)).

The wharf is also of historic significance as it was built by David Lennox and is a monument to his work as;'. builder and architect in the first half of the 19th century.

Howell's Wind and Water Mill and the associated weir are important in helping illustrate the history of early industrial technology in Australia. The mill was powered by wind and water and was used to grind flour. The mill was in operation from 1828 until the early 1850s.

Bryne's Cloth Factory Wharf/Wall is also important as it was associated with one of the earliest steam powered factories to be built in the Parramatta region. Bryne's Cloth Factory was built in the 1840s and used early steam technology to manaufacture cloth and possibly to grind flour.

2. Social

The Queens Wharf was built with convict labour and was most probably associated with the transport of convicts between Parramatta and Sydney.

Amongst other attributes the site is a social landmark to those who may claim descent from, or some other association, with the regions convict past. The wharf is also associated with hand made artefacts, made by convicts, or ex-convicts. An example is the stone ware bottle (QW S BOT 1), made by E. Fowler of Sydney sometime in the 1840s.

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At a later date both the Queens Wharf and the Parramatta Tramway Jetty served as important landings for the Parramatta to Sydney Ferry service. Both the jetty and the wharf provided an important social link between the two cities. The Tramway Jetty remained in use until WW 2 and was used by both business, tourists and workers.

The Parramatta Tramway Jetty was used by people who still live in the Parramatta and Sydney regions and is an important social landmark associated with employment, travel and recreation.

The Rydalmere Psychiatric Hospital Boatshed is also important given its association with the Psychiatric Hospital and the families and patients who, or have, experienced its care. The hospital is still in use.

3. Technological

Amongst other attributes the Queens Wharf and the Parramatta Tramway Jetty illustrate the development of transport technolgy last century and the construction of stone wharves and wooden jetties in the same period.

In addition the Queens Wharf is associated with artefacts which may be associated with the evolution of steam engine design, (brass machine part (QW BR 01H 3 ), the technology of glass and pottery manufacture last century and the construction and operation of water mills, (timber piece (QW W OTH 1)).

Howell's Wind and Water Mill was associated with a weir located on top of a reef under the Gasworks Bridge. The probable evidence of this weir, which consists of 6 holes cut into the rock, has survived. The holes may help illustrate the operation and development of water mills on the Parramatta Riverin the 19th century.

4.Scientific

Amongst other attributes the Queens wharf and Bryne's Cloth Factory Wharf/Wall could be valuable in helping understand the decay of stone structures in riverine environmemts. In addition the artefacts from these sites could be valuable in studying the corrosion of metals, and the decay of glass and pottery. These and the other sites, could also be of use to study the effects of floods and the movement of river sediments.

All of the sites are important in helping contribute to the archaeological record and have contributed to the development of maritime archaeological excavation techniques in a riverine environment.

5. Educational

Amongst other attributes the sites have an educational value in terms of their historical, social, technological and scientific significance. The sites have the potential to illustrate and contribute to:

a) The historical and social development of the Parramatta region;

b) Harbour and river transport in New South Wales last century;

c) The technolgy of wharf and jetty construction;

d) The technolgy of early water and wind mills;

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e) The science of corrosion;

f) The science of archaeology.

The degree of significance has been based on;

!.Rarity

The sites are unique.

The Parramatta Tramway Jetty is the only surviving 19th century wooden, trapezoid jetty, on the upper reaches of the Parramatta River.

The Rydalmere Psychiatric Hospital Boatshed is the only surviving and restored, 19th century boatshed on the the upper reaches of the Parramatta river.

Bryne's Cloth Factory Wharf/Wall is the only surviving evidence of Bryne's Cloth Factory (Mill) and is an example of a mid-19th century industrial wharf or river retaining wall. In addition it is associated with artefact deposits containing rare objects such as hand made earthen ware bowls (BCF E CUP 1-5)

Queens Wharf is the earliest recorded 19th century stone wharf built on the Parramatta River. In addition it is associated with artefact deposits containing rare objects such as hand made convict bottles and other material which has yet to be fully identified and which may be associated with the first white settlements in New South Wales.

Howell's Wind and Water Mill was unique in its combined use of wind and water power. The holes in the reef under the Gasworks Bridge are the only surviving evidence of the weir associated with this structure.

As a group these ~ites and artefacts represent a rare collection of riverine structures which could reveal a broad range of valuable comparative data. This data will also be important in comparing other land and underwater colonial archaeological sites within New South Wales and the rest of Australia.

2. Representativeness

The sites are examples of 19th century industrial and transport facilities and contain artefacts which are representative of the cultural, economic and social environment of the period.

Archaeolo~ical Potential

The archaeological potential of the sites identified in this study has been based on:

1. The significance discussed above.

2.The significance discussed in 'An Introduction to the Maritime Archaeological Significance of Ten Sites on the Banks of the Parramatta River'.

3.The projected ability of the sites to generate further finds, which may be of significance. This has been based on the results of the archaeological excavations conducted during this study.

Sites which are of significance and are associated with artefact deposits and/or surviving structures, have been rated as having a high archaeological potential. An example is Queens Wharf.


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Sites which are of significance and are associated with surviving structures but no identified artefact deposits, have been rated as having a medium archaeological potential. An example is the remains of the Parramatta Tramway Jetty.

Site which are not of significance but which are associated with artefact deposits have been rated as having a medium archaeological potential. An example is the river bed above the James Ruse Drive Bridge.

Sites which are of no known significance and which are associated with surviving structures, have been rated as having a low archaeological potential. An example is the remains of the Red bank Wharf.

Sites which are of no known significance and which are not associated with artefact deposits or surviving structures, have been rated as having a low archaeological potential. An example is the site of the Park Street Jetty at Rydalmere.

Artefact Quantities

The following quantities of artefacts were recovered from the 4 sites upstream from the James Ruse Drive Bridge:

1. Ninety eight shards of glass;

2. Ninety three shards of ceramics;

3. Fourteen complete glass and stone-ware bottles;

4. Fifty miscellaneous items (shoes, wood, concreted objects, coins, animal bone, etc).

Shell Oil Refinery and Camellia Industrial Wharf

Recent historical evidence suggests that these sites have been severely disturbed, possibly in the past 20 years, by dredging and the demolition of the Shell Oil Refinery Jetties.

This has also been suggested by the presence of plastic deposits, modern bottles and other material which were found at sediment depths ranging from 1.5 to in excess of 2m.

The random mix of modern material in the sediment column also suggests that the environment may have been subject to the turbulent action of floods and other water movements.

Structures

Historical evidence suggests that the trapezoid jetty at the Camellia Industrial Wharf was probably associated with the Parramatta Tramway.

The adjoining shore was used originally as the tram terminus and after 1935 as a tram depot. In addition fastenings (TRR WI FAS 1-6), recovered from the jetty may date from the latter half of last century and if so, suggest that the jetty could have been built in the 1880s.

The Shell Oil Refinery Jetties, built in 1925, have been demolished.

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Artefacts


The archaeological potential of this site is medium.

Rydalmere Psychiatric Hosojtal Boatsbed

Structures

The 1895 boatshed is still in situ and was renovated inl982. The structure appears to be in sound condition although river mud on its floor suggests that it is subject to flooding.

The site has been enclosed within a chain link fence and is not accessible to the public.

The boatshed is shielded from the river by dense mangroves and can not be seen from the river.

The boathouse slipway was removed in 1982.

A thorough survey of the adjoining mangroves found no evidence of the slipway or other remains.

The slipway endstock was found 11.25m due south of the boatshed, buried in the mud on the edge of the mangroves and appears to be in good condition .

The stone remains of the base of a jetty lie on the west side of the boathouse. The base is overgrown and difficult to discern amongst the undergrowth.

No structural remains of the earlier boatshed were found.

Artefacts

No artefact deposits were found.

The archaeological potential of the site is medium.

Queens Wharf

Structure

The wharf built by David Lennox in 1834 is still in situ. Parts of the structure have been relaid with concrete and modem stone.

Additional wharf remains lie to the east of Queens Wharf. These include Bryne's Cloth Factory Wharf/Wall.

Artefacts

Transects across the river suggest that extensive artefact deposits run parallel with the wharves up to 3m off the shore and occur at a depth of less than 1.5m in the sediment.

These deposits are concentrated within lm of the wharf at the west end of the site.

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I No artefacts were found on the north side of the river.

The deposits consist of ceramic and glass shards, glass and stone ware bottles,

I animal bone, leather, concreted objects (tin mugs, wrought iron fastenings etc), clay smoking pipes, brass and copper. These artefacts appeared to be randomly disributed in the sediment column.

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The deposits are heavily contaminated with car parts, shopping trolleys, modern beer and wine bottles, old tyres, plastic (cups, straws, bags, packaging), pieces of mangrove and other timber, building rubble, wire, beer and soft drink cans. In addition pockets of oil and other unidentified liquids were encountered while excavating directly alongside the wharves.

No structures were found in the river at this site.

The archaeological potential of this site is high.

Howell's Wind and Water Mill

Structure

No identified remains of the mill were found.

Six holes were found cut into the reef under the Bridge, adjoining the site of the mill. The holes may have beeen associated with the weir which was built to create 'Howell's Dam'. The holes lie between the south bank and the central pylon of the bridge.

Artefacts

Excavation under the Gasworks Bridge suggests that there is an artefact deposit, running parallel with the shore, within 3m of the south bank and occurring at a depth of less than .5m in the sediment.

The deposits consisted of ceramic and glass shards, glass bottles, concreted metal objects, coins and brass and copper fittings.

No artefacts were found north of the middle pier of the Gasworks Bridge or along the north shore.


Other Sites

Retainin~ Wall

Structure

On the north side of the river, directly opposite the HMAS Parramatta memorial stands a low, regular coursed, rubble wall which stands less than .5m.

The wall is 53.4m long and fronts an area of possibly reclaimed land.

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Artefacts


The archaeological potential of this site is low.

Bryne's Cloth Factory Wall and Wharf

Structure

The stone wharf/retaining wall lies east of the Queens Wharf. It commences 13.7m from the west side of the Alfred Street boat ramp and extends 58.70m, towards the Gasworks Bridge.

Artefacts

Excavation suggests that artefacts are distributed evenly in an area up to18m across the river from the retaining wall. The deposits occur in less than 1.8m of sediment.


Wharf Piles

Structure

Twenty six piles, which may have formed a wharf, or mooring berth, for barges or lighters, lie 111m east of the Alfred Street boat ramp. The piles are severely weathered. They have a square face and are fixed with wales.

The upturned remains of two railway trolleys lie in the mud at the foot of the piles.

Artefacts

Artefacts are concentrated within 6 m of the bank and occure at a depth of less than 1.5m.


River Road West Wharf-Camellia.

Structure.

No structural remains were found.

Artefacts



Subiaco Creek

Structure


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Artefacts



Redbank Industrial Wharf

Structure

A number of piles mark this site. They are blackened, probably by fire. The piles have been strengthened with timber beams. No other structural remains were found.

Artefacts


The archaeolgical potential of this site is low.

Park Street .Jetty-Rydahnere

Structure


Artefacts



.James Ruse Driye to the Gasworks Brid2e

Structure

No structural remains were found in this section of the river.

Artefacts

No artefact deposits were found until 1OOm west of the Clay Cliff Creek. For a distance of 200m artefacts were concentrated on the north side and in the middle of the river. Beyond this point they were concentrated on the south side and in the middle of the river.

Once past the Alfred Street boat ramp the artefacts were concentrated along the south bank of the river.


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SECTION 4 - THE PROPOSED CHANNEL

The dredging plans (Charts 3-7) show the course and dimensions of the proposed ferry channel. The location of each site is shown relative to. the channel.

The channel will pass through, or near to, all of the sites in the study.

The channel traverses the Parramatta River from the confluence of the Duck River, to the Charles Street Weir.

The channel will commence under the mid-section of the Silverwater Road Bridge and finish at a swinging basin at the foot of the Charles Street Weir.

The preliminary dredging chart shows ferry landings at :

1. The north end of Charles Street, Parramatta;

2. The south end of John Street, Rydalmere in the Eric Primrose Reserve.

Dimensions

The channel will have a minimum depth of 1.8m below chart datum and a bottom width of 25m.

The client has advised that where the channel is cut through rock and stiff clays the channel will have 1 vertical: 1 horizontal to 1 vertical :3 horizontal batters.

Where the channel passes through fine silts and sand which could be eroded the batters may be flatter with a slope of 1 vertical : 7 horizontal.

The proportions of the batters indicate that the top width of the channel will be greater than the bottom width in areas of fme silt and sand. Where this happens it is possible that identified sites could be included in the batter and there fore come within the confines of the channel.

Excavation has revealed that the following significant sites are associated with layers or pockets of soft silts, sands and clays:

1. Queens Wharf;

2. Bryne's Cloth Factory Wharf/Retaining Wall.

These sites have high archaeological potential and could come within the confmes of the channel.

It is noted that monitoring of the channel excavation may reveal that the batters need to be enlarged. This may cause other sites to come within the confmes of the channel.

The channel will pass through the remains of the submerged random, uncoursed rubble wall at the west end of Bryne's Cloth Factory Wharf/Retaining Wall. This may destroy this part of the structure.

The channel will pass through the reef under the south end of the Gas Works Bridge. This will destroy the 6 holes cut into the reef surface which may have been associated with Howell's Wind and Water Mill.

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Distance of Aporoach

The following distances of approach between the sites and the channel have been estimated to within± lm to allow for the discrepancies in the scale of the charts.

Shell Oil Refinery Jetties

The closest point of approach of the channel to the site will be within 17m of the site of the now demolished Jetty No 1. The closest point of approach to the shore will be approximately 40m.

The E.I.S has made no mention of ferry facilities being installed at this site.

Camellia Industrial Wharf

The closest point of approach of the channel, to the site, will be within 23m of the wharf face.

The E.I.S has made no mention of ferry faci.lities being installed at this site.

Park Street Jetty

The closest point of approach of the channel to the site will be less than 5m of the mangroves and river bank.


Redbank Industrial Wharf

The closest point of approach of the channel to the site will be less than 5m from the wharf piles.


Subiaco Creek

The closest point of approach of the channel, to the mangroves which border the mouth of the creek, will be greater than 25m. The E.I.S has made no mention of ferry facilities being installed at this site.

River Road West Wharf

The closest point of approach of the channel to the mangroves which shield the site will be Sm.


Rydalmere Psychiatric Hospital Boatshed

The closest point of approach of the channel to the mangroves which shield the boatshed and the slipway endstock will be Sm.


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James Ruse Driye to The Gas Works Bridge

The channel will go through the artefact deposits lying in the river, west of the James Ruse Drive Bridge.

The E.I.S has made no mention of ferry facilities being installed in this area

Wharf Piles

The closest point of approach of the channel to the piles on the south side of the river will be 7m.


Bryne's Cloth Factory Wharf/Retaining Wall

The closest point of approach of the channel to the mangroves which shield the wall will be 5m.

The closest point of approach of the channel to the retaining wall will be 7m.

The channel will pass less than 5m from the ruined wall at the west end of the site. The wall lies 12 .5m from the bank.


Queens Wharf

The closest point of approach of the channel to the wharf will be 5m or less. The E.I.S has made no mention of ferry facilities being installed at this site.

Retainin2 Wall

The closest point of approach of the channel to the mangroves which shield the wall on the north side of the river will be greater than 5m and approximately 25m from the wall.


The closest point of approach of the channel to the site will be less than Sm.

The channel will go through the reef at this site and will destroy the 6 holes which may have been associated with Howell's Weir.

The channel will also pass less than 5m from the middle pier of the Gasworks Bridge.


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SECTION 5 - SITES AT RISK

The degree of risk to each site has been assessed on the proximity of the channel and the presence, or otherwise, of artefact deposits and/or sttuctural remains.

The risk and resulting implimentation of safeguards to protect sites, will also be influenced by:

1. Contingencies arising during dredging; and

2. Any remedial work arising after the completion of the main dredging program.

It is possible that an increase in the rate of erosion of the river bed may require a reduction in the slope of surrounding batters. This could increase their size and result in a site being included in the channel and put under threat

Sites and structures which may lie within 5m or within the confines of the channel are considered to be at risk.

Sites and sttuctures which are set back from the channel by more 5m are considered to be at less risk. ·

The Sites

The following sites could be considered at risk from the immediate and long term effects of dredging:

1. Bryne's Cloth Factory WalV Wharf;

2. Queens Wharf; and

3. Howell's Wind and Water Mill.

4. Artefacts lying mid-stream between the James Ruse Drive and 3asworks bridges.

The following sites could be considered at less risk from the immediate and long term effects of dredging:

1. Shell Oil Refinery Jetties;

2. Camellia Industrial Wharf;

3. Park Street Jetty;

4. Redbank Industrial Wharf;

5. Subiaco Creek;

6. River Road West Jetty;

7. Rydalmere Psychiatric Hospital Boatshed slipway;

8. The Wharf Piles;

9. The Retaining Wall

Other Sites

Other sites which do not form part of this study but which could be at risk are:

1. Gasworks Bridge

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SECTION 6 - EFFECTS OF DREDGING

The potential effect of dredging on the sites will be influenced by:

1. The width of the channel including the batters;

2. The channel's proximity to the site; and

3. The dredging technique employed.

Planned Dredeine Techniques

The Environmental Impact Statement for the Dredging of the Parramatta River (Section 2.3), has suggested that the following dredging techniques may be used to dredge the river.

Cutter Suction

This technique would be used to dredge alluvial deposits and soft rock. A rotating, cutter head would be employed to cut into the river bottom, grinding the sediment into a slurry. This would then be pumped, under pressure, to a spoil barge or ground.

Rock Dredging

An excavator or similiar plant, mounted on a barge, would use a hydraulic, rock chisel and bucket to alternatively break up and remove hard rock.

Actual Dredeine Techniques

Subsequent to the publication of the dredging E.I.S, the client has advised that the following dredging techniques will be used:

Bucket wheel dredge.

This dredge will be used to remove alluvial sediment. It operates on a similiar principle to the cutter suction dredge except the spoil will be excavated using a rotating drum fitted with buckets.

The resulting slurry will be pumped under pressure along a disharge pipe to settling ponds at Homebush Bay. The pipe will be fitted with up to 8 booster stations to maintain the disharge flow.

Excavator with a rock bucket and a hydraulic rock hammer.

This method will be used to remove rock as detailed above. The spoil will be dumped into a bogey truck on a motorised lighter before being ferried ashore for disposal on land.

The excavator will also be used to shape the 'batters' to the required angle on the edge of the channel.

The client has also advised that in the area of the Alfred Street boat ramp a temporary access road will be constructed in the river. The road will consist of river spoil and will facilitate the dredging of the river and the removal of excavated spoil by truck. Access to the road will be through Alfred Street, Parramatta.

The client has advised that the contracts for this work have been finalised.

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Artefacts

It is understood that the bucket wheel dredge operates as a sealed unit. Once the sediment is excavated from river bottom it will be contained within a pressurized pipe until such time as the resulting spoil is discharged at the spoil ground.

Artefacts in the sediment are likely to be damaged or destroyed by the action of the bucket wheel. Any surviving artefacts will then be passed under pressure along a pipeline with up to 8 pumping stations. The pressure and the abrassive action of the surrounding spoil may reduce surviving artefacts to unidentifiable fragments.

In the case of the bucket excavator, the bucket or the hydraulic rock hammer may destroy any artefacts which they physically touch. Artefacts which are contained within the excavated spoil but which are not touched by the bucket or the hydraulic rock hammer, will then be removed from the site by lighter or dump truck and dumped at the spoil ground. This process may reduce surviving artefacts to unidentifiable fragments.

These dredging techniques will most probably result in:

1. Destruction of individual artefacts;

2. Displacement of individual artefacts to other locations within the river,

3. Removal of artefacts from the river as the result of spoil dumping.

These effects will destroy the integrity and significance of the artefact deposits and sites identified in this study.

Structures and Sites

The dredging techniques will cause damage to and the possible destruction of structual remains and sites encountered by the dredge.

In particular dredging will result in:

1. the removal of the submerged, random uncoursed rubble wall at the west end of Bryen's Cloth Factory Wharf/Retaining Wall;

2. the removal of the southern half of the rock reef under the Gasworks Bridge. This in turn will destroy the 6 holes in the reef surface which may have been associated with Howell's weir built in the 1820s.

Dredging could also cause the following long-term effects:

1. Erosion of wharf footings and other foundations due to the encroachment of adjoining batters and the increased velocity of river water at times of flood due to the deepening of the channel. The E.I.S for the extension of Ferry Services on the Parramatta River west of Silverwater Bridge notes that a 25m wide channel would be dredged to 2m. This could;

' ....... marginally increase the flushing characteristics of the river and thus enhance the scouring effects of flooding .... .' (Pg 11.11 ).

The increased velocity of water during floods could increase the rate of river bed erosion.

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44

2. Increased risk of subsidence and undermining of wharf footings resulting from the dredging and disturbance of the river bed

The above could increase the risk of collapse of the retaining walls and wharves mentioned in this study. -

Maneroyes

In the long term, dredging may also adversely effect mangroves and other vegetation along the river banks.

The mangroves bind and stabilize the sediment and help prevent the erosion and disturbance of artefacts by flood water and other agents.

The E.I.S for the extension of Ferry Services on the Parramatta River west of Silverwater Bridge notes that mangroves could be adversely effected by the dredging of a 25m wide channel between the Harris Street Bridge (Gasworks Bridge) and the Camellia Railway Bridge.

This section of the river supports a very narrow fringe of mangroves along most of the riverbank. Dredging of a channel close to the outer mangrove fringe would probably result in loss of this fringe of small mangrove trees. The inner line of mature mangroves would remain intact'. (Pg 11.11).

The loss of the mangrove fringe could exacerbate the erosion of the river bed. This could result in the increased risk of disturbance of artefacts and increase the risk of erosion around riverside structures.

""

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SECTION 7 - THE EFFECT OF THE FERRY SERVICE

Initial effects are likely to be minimal and would be associated with the risks inherent to the operation of a high speed vessel in confined waters. Such risks could include:

1. Collision causing minor, or major damage to significant structures;

2. Grounding, leading to the disturbance of artefact deposits and/or structural foundations;

3.Wash effects from propellers or water jets causing disturbance to anefacts and/or structural foundations.

Long term risks may include:

1. The aggravation of existing erosion problems by the ferry wake. The sandstone of the Queens Wharf and the Gasworks Bridge display signs of weathering and erosion immediately above the high water mark. The alternate wetting and drying of this stone, in times of flood and at spring tides, may have encouraged this degradation. It is possible that the wash of passing ferries could accelerate this process by splashing water onto the stone above the high water mark.

2. Erosion caused by human traffic. The ferry and the channel may increase human access to the Queens Wharf, Bryne's Cloth Factory Wharf/Retaining Wall, and the site of Howell's Wind and Water Mill. Increased human traffic may increase the risk of erosion of surviving sandstone structures at these sites.

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SECTION 8 - OTHER ISSUES

Aboriginal Sites

The reef under the Gasworks Bridge may have been used by the Aboriginal population to catch eels and other marine life prior to white Settlement

The E.LS for the extension of Ferry Services on the Parramatta River west of Silverwater Bridge makes no mention of any aboriginal study of this site.

No obvious Aboriginal remains were found on the reef.

The reef may be significant as a pre-white settlement, fishing site and may be of importance to the Aboriginal people of the Parramatta region.

Bottle Collectors

For at least the last 20 years the Queens Wharf site and the river bed immediately downstream have been regularly excavated by bottle collectors and others interested in the recovery of artefacts for financial and other gains, (pers comms Debbie Hardy and Peter Clements, Sydney). There has been considerable disturbance and destruction of non-recovered artefacts. This has led to the loss of valuable historical, scientific, educational, cultural and social data.

Evidence of this activity has consisted of large holes excavated in the river bed and the discovery of heavily corroded, underwater dredging equipmentabandoned in situ.

Continued activity of this sort will lead to the loss of valuable archaeological and historical data.

Legal Protection

The legal status of the sites is unclear.

It is noted that the New South Wales Heritage Act may apply to all sites or 'relics' over 50 years of age.

Despite this, it is also noted that the Parramatta River Regional Environmental Study (Department of Environment and Planning 1986), has recommended that only the following be identified as heritage items.

1. Camellia Industrial Wharves (includes the Redbank Wharf); and

2. Rydalmere Psychiatric Hospital Boatshed.

The study recommended that the Queens Wharf not be identified as a heritage item, but should be incorporated into the interpretation of the river's heritage (pg129).

The report further recommended that the Shell Oil Refinery Jetty Site needed to be further studied to determine its heritage value.

The sites are not protected under the Commonwealth or State Historic Shipwrecks Act.

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Conservation. Storaee and Display

The Department of Transport is responsible for the conservation, storage and eventual display of artefact material.

The Museums Association has been employed by the client to conserve recovered artefacts.

The National Trust (pers comms Michael Bogle, Vaucluse House and July Plant, Old Government House, Parramatta) and the Parramatta City Council (pers comms, Joe Mantle), have been approached with regard to future storage of artefact material. These organisations have been unable to provide any commitment on this issue.

Artefacts could be displayed and interpretated as an economic and community resource at the Old Government House or within facilities designed to service the proposed ferry route along the Parramatta River.

No other museum or similiar institution in New South Wales was able to provide assistance with the conservation, storage and future display of recovered artefact material.

Resource Potential

The sites have not been investigated as a community and economic resource. They represent a valuable asset which could be used to support tourism, education programs and other related areas.

In particular the sites may be an important adjunct to the development of heritage 'products' such as heritage trails, interpretative displays and historical information packages. These could be used to service tourists, schools, other institutions or the general public.

These potentials have been informally discussed with the Lord Mayor of Parramatta, Alderman John Haines O.A.M.


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SECTION 9 - RECOMMENDATIONS

Archaeoloeical Observer

It is recommended that an archaeological observer be employed during dredging operations between the James Ruse Drive Bridge and the Charles Street Weir. The maritime/underwater archaeologist will observe for artefacts and/or structures disturbed by the dredge.

At all times a maritime archaeological diving team will be available as required.

Dredeine

It is recommended that dredging options are examined which will minimise the risk of damage to individual artefacts, artefact deposits, significant structures and sites.

These options could include :

1. The use of the suction dredge. The dredge could be expected to minimise damage to artefacts. It would be employed to remove alluvial sediments at sites above the James Ruse Drive Bridge.

Artefacts and sediment would be sucked up by the dredge and then passed through a collecting basket or other device which would allow artefacts of a specified size or weight to be recovered. The remaining spoil would then be pumped under pressure to the spoil ground or deposited in a spoil lighter or dump truck for disposal elsewhere.

Alternatively the dredge could remove the sediment in a series of layers, leaving larger artefacts in situ. The artefacts would then be recovered by divers at the completion of each hour or days dredging.

2. The use of a bucket excavator to remove alluvial sediment at identified sites above the James Ruse Drive Bridge. Spoil would be excavated in the bucket and then placed in an appropriate container. It would then be washed with a hose or other device to expose artefacts which could then be recovered. The washed spoil would then be pumped under pressure to the spoil ground or deposited in a spoil lighter or dump truck for disposal elsewhere.

The excavated artefacts would be recovered by the archaeological observer.

Bryne's Cloth Factory Wharf/Retainine Wall

The dredging program will destroy the submerged random uncoursed rubble wall at the west end of the the above structure. These remains may have formed part of the main wharf/retaining wall.

It is recommended that the site is further researched and surveyed.


The dredging program will destroy the 6 holes cut into the reef under the south span of the Gasworks Bridge and associated artefact deposits. The holes may have been part of the weir built by Howell to service his mill in 1828.


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It is recommended that the following options be explored to protect the probable site of the weir as indicated by the 6 holes:

1. Re-route the channel along the north shore of the river u·nder the northern span of the bridge;

2. Further research and survey the site prior to its excavation by the dredge.

Erosion and Subsidence

It is also recommended that measures be explored in conjunction with the Department of Planning and other relevant authorities, which would reduce the impact of the dredge, the batters and the risk of erosion.

These measures could include:

1. Buttressing the river bank and adjoining river bed with stone, concrete or steel/Iron cladding;

2. Installing a protective 'mattress' or other device along threatened areas of the river bed;

3. Laying gravel or rock over areas at risk from scouring.

These measures could reduce the risk of subsidence and erosion around the Queens Wharf and Bryne's Cloth Factory Wharf/Retaining Wall sites.

Future Monitorine

It is recommended that the Queens Wharf and Bryne's Cloth Factory Wharf/Retaining Wall sites are regularely monitored after the completion of the dredging program.

The monitoring will involve measuring changes in the envoironment which may indicate if erosion, or other factors, are causing a deterioration in the condition of the sites, or the removal or desruction of artefacts. The results of these measurements will assist with ongoing site management

Leeal

It is recommended that the statutory protection of the following is clarified:

1. Queens Wharf;

2. Bryne's Cloth Factory Wharf I Retaining Wall;

3. The site of Howell's Wind and Water Mill and associated Weir; and

4. Any other site considered relevant.

Conservation. Storaee and Disolay

It is recommended that the Department of Transport liaise with the National Trust, Parramatta City Council, The Museums Association, Department of Planning and any other organisation or person considered relevant, with regard to the ongoing conservation, storage and display of artefacts.

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Oneoine Manaeement

It is recommended that resources are allocated for the development of ongoing site management plans. These plans will ensure the protection and survival of relics and the possible development of any resource potential.

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SECTION 10 - CONCLUSION

Excavation of the sites in the Parramatta River has revealed substantial deposits of artefact material. These artefacts are concentrated in the upper reaches of the river above the James Ruse Drive Bridge and provide valuable evidence concerning the use of the river after the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788.

Recovered artefacts such as the hand made earthen-ware cups (BCF E CUP 1-5), and the square case gin bottle (QW G BOT 6), may originate from the late 18th century. The stone-ware bottle (QW S BOT 1), has been confirmed to be from convict origins and was probably made in the 1840s (pers comms Debbie Hardy and Peter Clements, Sydney), while other artefacts such as the Schnapps bottle (QW G BOT 8) and the stoneware shards date from the middle and late 19th century and the frrst half of this century.

Surveys of the sites has also exposed the remains of wooden jetties, stone wharves and river retaining walls built in the early, middle and latel9th century.

These relics are part of New South Wale's colonial history and represent a significant data base which has not been explored in its entirety.

The surviving structures are also significant in helping illustrate the history of transport technology in Australia and the social and cultural evolution of Australian colonial society.

These artefacts and structures also represent an important historical resource which could contribute to the economy of the Parramatta and Sydney region. The interpretation of these sites within a heritage trail is an example of how this resource could be used.

This study has documented the excavation of the sites and the possible short and long term implications of the dredging program and the operation of ferry service. This has included the dredging techniques which will be used and their effect on significant artefact deposits and stuctual remains.

The study has noted that Queens Wharf and Bryne's Wharf/Retaining Wall are at risk and that the site of the weir associated with Howell's Wind and Water Mill may be destroyed by the dredger.

The study has suggested options which could be used to minimise damage to artefacts and stuctual remains while dredging is in progress. In addition the study has suggested that other measures may be neccessary to reduce the risk of subsidence and erosion undermining the Queen's Wharf and Bryne's Cloth Factory Wharf/Retaining Wall.

This interim study has not been the place to fully examine the significance of the artefact deposits or long term site management .

In conclusion it is suggested that the New South Wales Department of Planning approach the Maritime Services Board, the Parramatta City Council, the National Trust and any other organisation or person considered relevant, with regard to:

1. Future advice on the development of a management plan for the sites identified in this study; and

2. Financial, administrative and scientific support for any plan which is developed and implemented.


Biblio~raphy

1. Andrews. G, The Ferries of Sydney; A.H. & A.W. Reed (1976), Sydney.

2. Ansted. A, A Dictionary of Sea Terms; Brown,Son & Ferguson Ltd (1967), Glasgow.

3. Bradley.W, A Voyage to New South Wales 1786-1792;1969, Ure Smith, Sydney.

4. Cole. J, Parramatta River Notebook; Kangaroo Press(1983), Kenthurst, NSW.

5. Historical Records of Australasia, Series 1, Vol. XVII, 1833-1835; Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament (1923).

6. Irwin. B & Manny. L, Past and Present,The Story of the Trams of Parramatta; Undated, Parramatta City Council.

7. Mackaness. G,(ed),Fourteenlourneys Over the Blue Mountains ofNSW 1812-1841; Horwitz and Grahame (1963), Sydney.

8. Mackey. G, Gregory's Modern Building Practice in Australia; Undated, Gregory's Guides and Maps, Sydney.

9. Morris. E. C., Australia's First Century. (Facsimile from the pages devoted to Australia appearing in Cassells, Picturesque Australasia); Child and Henry (1882), Homsby,Sydney.

10. Parramatta River Steamers and Tramways Guide; Offices: King Street Wharf and No 4 Jetty, Circular Quay, (1885).

11. Pollon. F, The Cradle City of Ausralia; The Council of the City of Parrarnatta, (1983), Sydney.

12. Powell. C, The River Revived. The Parramatta; NSW University Press, (1987),Kensington, Sydney.

13. Prescott. A.M. Sydney Ferry Fleets; Ronald H. Parsons (1984), Magill, South Australia.

14. Tench. W (Capt), Sydney's First Four Years being a reprint of A Narrative To Botany Bay and A Complete Account Of The Settlement At Port Jackson; Royal Australian Historical Society (1979), Sydney.

15. The Concise Oxford Dictionary; 1934, Clarendon Press, Oxford, England.

16. The City of Parramatta I 50th Anniverary Celebrations (Oct 27th- Nov 5th 1938); The Council of the City of Parramatta, (1938).

17. The Jubilee His tory of P arramatta; The Council of the City of Parramatta, The Cumberland Argus Printing Works (1911), Parramatta.


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Studies

1. Aitk:inson. K, The Sydney Harbour Tunnel Maritime Archdeological Survey; The Bulletin of the Institute for Maritime Archaeology (1988), Vol 12, No 2.

2. Early Australian Commercial Glass Manufacturing Processes; Department of Planning and the Heritage Council of New South Wales, 1991, Sydney.

3. Environmental Impact Statement for the Dredging of the Parramatta River to permit the operation of the Parrarnatta River Ferry Service. Vols 1 and 2. New South Wales Department of Transport. December 1991, Sydney.

4. Environmental Impact Statement for the Extension of Ferry Services on the Parramatta River west of the Silverwater Bridge. New South Wales Department of Transport. December 1990, Sydney.

5. Parameters for the River; A prospectus for rehabilitation of the Parramatta River commissioned by the National Trust of Australia in conjunction with the Parramatta River Conservation Co-ordination Committee. Lynch, Spence and Pearson, Landscape and Architectural Consultants.

6. Parramatta River: Regional Environmental Study. Open Space and Recreati.on Heritage Study; Department of Environment and Planning (1986), Sydney

7. Rydalmere Psychiatric Centre Conservation Study; New South Wales Public Works Department. A report on the precinct and its evolution with a statement of its significance. (Undated).

8. Maritime Services Board Wreck File; Vessels wrecked on or near the coast of Australia (unsourced).

9. The Future of Parramatta's Past; An Archaeological Zoning Plan 1788-1844. Department of Planning. 1991, Sydney.

Notes

1. Ansted. A, A Dictionary of Sea Terms; 1967, Brown Son & Ferguson, Glasgow, Pg 130.

2. Ibid, Pg 308.

3. The Concise Oxford Dictionary; 1934, Clarendon Press, Oxford, England.

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Park Street Jetty Site

. . . . .. .. . .. . - ~· .. . .. . . . . . . . . . .

KEY HAP

OAUI l I

PROSPECT COUHTY COUHC I L OUT Of SERVICE CAa.E ON RivER BED

A1~1 2 ~ ~I :liON

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; ud -' l.(' ' i <..> I ! ~! : .... . I ; ! ' I l

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AVE.

. i I,FOOTSRIOGE

ELECTRICITY CABLES OH RIVER BED

Chart 6

il ~, 61 ~ ~ ~

i :

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PROPOseD T lteER FERRY JETTY

ICH I ! i

.. ...... ' .. - . . . . . . I • • • • • : • • • • • • •••• ~ ... ~s

LEGEN(t,

(9~) I ~HOLE 2. SERIES 3 - SEE GCOTECI-fliCAl. I~OR!iATia4 DRG. Al-6606 NOTES 2.3 t ~.

• • ••• I EXTENT (:~' tv.NOOOVES - AWROX.

-==--= I SEA II Al.L .

• • StT'ES oo( ~T .. veTvlf.6 •

I OIU» ,,. fl£ 'EllOc::ts " A 1-66091 80R£HOUS l ~ ICIC J,.a$

Al-&&o81 JIITERPCUTED C£Pltt5 A l-66!i31 Cl1.AHEl. Sll M

OATUt

ZfJI() PORT ODII~ >01-

TIOf ~ ~

I

a.lt.

-I ~ tnt•-;

1.1250 \... liOCCIIt Cl "'- Doll liCE»

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:!04250~

: 255SCOH

1256500 N

(PRELl~ !NARY) _-/~:. ,""" .,.·""'- \"

. ~ / ' '

I.S. 8.191 --

:...-r-ocCCXD

-.....po~I C.... ..... K:I:I

...,

....

~

~~~~ DEPT. OF TRANSPORT ~ PARRAHATTA RIVER • • ~ •• UPPER REACHES DREDGING -·~~~- CHANNEL & NAV. AIDS (2 OF 5) ~..:.... c:>o"-<1- ";' ~ 20 'AT:PR 11 3 i ··~' ""

~---------~--~c----;~?=~--------~--------~===== I. ! \:.. • ,, • .D..'Y

'

~

.... Chart 7

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§I ... , 01 ~

NAVIGATION AIDS SCHEDULE SYt'BOC. reSCRIPTION ~ ~f

at CHANEL tWU: 55 • •RL

REAR LEAD (OVER VATER> 2

REAR LEAD (OVER LAP()> 2

BR I DGf tt.W:S 9

TOTAL 68

LEGEND, $(BHC53) a BOREtn.E 2. SERIES 3 - SEE

GEOTEC..,ICAL Jtf'OOI'tAT I ON ORG. Al-6606 NOTES 2,3 t ~.

..... ' ...... 1· •

... ... ' ...... . ' .,....... I•

' ..... ' .,. ... ' ..........

Camellia Industrial Wharf

" • 4 • I EXTENT OF KANGRoVES - APPROX.

a SEAWALL.

• , S!'TII'S olf snt.x:ruu~.

KEY MAP Al ~112j

REYISION REYI'ION

• . .. • . .. ., . •

• • • 4

\ '

. • . . . . ,

"' , . , , ,' • I , , • I

,/ ~ PETROLEI.tt PIPELI~

\ Shell on,

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1256000 H

1255750 H

(PRELIMINARY) ~.,1.9t

IMI!III DEPT. OF TRANSPORT ~~~ PARRAHATTA RIVER

M • UPPER REAC~ES DREDGING -"':..~~- CHANNEL & NA V. A I OS ( 1 OF 5)

..... JJ., •..at....,...•ces . ..__... _,_ __

I~·~ 2oi'Ai:PR112 r·A·:

I I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I

Figure 1 A view of the landing place and the Government store at Queens Wharf in 1809.

George William Evans. Watercolow.

Mitchell Library, New South Wales. Small Picture Collection.

I I I I I

I I I I I I I

Figure 2 A view of Howell's Wind and Water Mill from the Queens Wharf. Note the stern of the

paddle steamer berthed at the wharf at the right of the sketch. December 1835. Robert Russell.

Pencil. Mitchell library, New South Wales.

Small Picture Collection.

f l I I I I

I I I I I I I

Figure 3 A view of the Government Store looking eastward past Howell's Wind and Water Mill. The paddle steamer leaving the wharf, suggests that this sketch was done on the same

day, shortly after the sketch shown in Figure 2. December 1835. Robert Russell.

Pencil. Mitchell Library, New South Wales.


I I

I I I I I I

Figure 4 A view of the Government Store, Queens Wharf and Howell's Wind and Water Mill

from the north east. September 25th 1837.

Conrad Martens. Pencil.


I I I I I I I I I I I I I

I

I I I I I I I

'

Figure 5 A view of Queens Wharf and Byrne's Cloth Factory. The entrance to the factory yard

can be seen at the end of the wharf. 1847?

Unsigned. Watercolour.


I I -I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

y ·. , I "• ·,

Figure 6 Howell's Wind and Water Mill.

Undated. Engraving.



/ .· .. '1:1

Figure 7 Bryne's Cloth Factory.The Government store and Queens Wharf can

be seen to the right of the factory. 1853

Engraving. Mitchell library, New South Wales. '


- ·- - -

I I I I I l·

r .

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Figure 8 The Government Store and Queens Whaif.The boundary wall to Bryne's Cloth Factory

can be seen on the left of the photograph. 1870?

Photograph Mitchell library, New South Wales.


~ --

1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

.. ~_ -- ""

Figure 9 Parramatta Wharf(Queens Wharf) looking west.

1879-1880. Sketches on the ParramattaRiver, Australasian Sketcher, Pg 76 .

Engraving. National Library of Australia, Photographic Collection.

I I I I I

I I I I I I I I

~I

Figure 10 The Cloth Factory viewed from the north east side of the Parramatta River.

The circled building may be Howell's Wind and Water Mill after the windmill was removed. Undated.

National Library of Australia, Photographic Collection.

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

I I I I

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Figure 11

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:.

A view looking west along the Parramatta River from the Queens Wharf before the Gasworks Bridge was built.

The Gasworks, after which the Bridge was named can be seen in the mid-distance. The Photograph was probably taken in the late 1860s or the early 1870so

Undated. National Library of Australia, Photographic Collection.

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Transect 3

SCALE 1: 1250

so

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Hospital ~atshe<l

,' : : Cla I ,' : : o { P~ppereorn Tree

,' -.... )·s•fe /)

I Jill <7 1 o I

~ fl ) ::·· -~~ ·a fJ ) Presumed Slte o!

f a ( the H530s boatshoo

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SCALE 1 : 1250

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MANGROVES

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Location Plan 6

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Location Plan 8.

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Location Plan 9

·I GRANVILLE

A

SCALE CMA1111a 0 -o 10 10 ~

1.,,,. It :II"'" Sitwtt in th~ ~rishes of Liberty Plains .. s:John

.... """"~-t'IZ.::..--

I

Cit and Suburbs of S d

D ~!)f [Q) £ lL 1M! !E IR< ~ ---~~- __..--"

+ N umcipaliry boundaries shown thus-·---·--

Word do. do. ailways shown thus =o=r-====--~1

Tramways do. do. Leading thoroughfares shown thus _; t__ ~ I

I ProclaiJned a Borough 20'h January 1885.

••. ~ Wards procleimed 16~ May 1887 ~'-='flh";;rr;;l):dt~F';~~~z~~~~--- do reproclaimed 29~ December 1891.

Addilional Area Annexed' 22':" F.bruary/906. Wards ,reproclaimed 3Dr'Y October 190 7.

ebol1shad 12'~MBy 1922

I

Road MaR of Granville . Robinsons Street Directc·rY. MaP.S.

I I

Lithogliu~hed. Published ana CoP..xrighted bY. H.E c .1 ........... -- "'v .. - ........... __ .......

1

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6

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PARK GATES

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--~e. --(P --------0 0 10 20 30 +0 50 60 70 80 C"}{ArN.S

f I

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Engine Shed C6rShed

CAMELLIA PARRAMATTA WHARF

Map_g

1&\P. shoWing ttle aP.P.roXimate location of the Parramatta TramwaY. Wharf.

Undated. Taken from 'Past and Present, The Storr. of the Trams of

Parram,att.a ·.

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PARISH cor"\T\. oF

LAND DISTRICT BLACKTOWN &,

"r' t\ r~'-f'F ·r ) \j L.,..:,~-0 ..;....os \ J

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... ............ , .,.,.~ :.•l ~c-.-r'· -,_,..-- .... ------------~--~----~.,_.....,,...

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. ' ·. .

RAUL

lJJYJ

MaP- showing the location of the Part. Street Jett!. ~arrowedt Undated.

Parish of St johns. Unsourced, Parramatta CitY. Library ...

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. 'P;.i.:') f:T 4 1'~'T .. _cr ~ ;r~ fi __ --·- -Or t:H~-----

MILLS, CLOTH FACTORY AND COTTAGES ......... ___ .. _ II dj (I j II J 11 .~ lhC. ---------

_·· __ Q.l ~i £' ~ ~J s. WI IJ::IJ ~ ~ F\ --

== J-> AJl./I..A.~A T!I'A ·--r:. 'j .. (?!; . / /. ~(·-~/ -'C?/i

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P A ILif- A M A TT •A

---

!b((YDALMERE MENTA\L HOSP~TAL

J

. PO~TION Or Bl .OCI.\ PLAf'~

SC,'ALE () .~~ 0 FCET 1·0 C..JNl- INCH

SHlET N03

Plan Number 2 Rydalmere Mental Hospital.

The plan shows the boatshed (49), slipway(49) andjetty(50) . G.A.B No 1092. 1013132.

Rydalmere Psychiatric Hospital

I

------,----- - -- -

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

'he caisson. Two of these were bolted together to reach a deP-th of 2m.

I The working environment. Mud., claY. and P-ollution .

I

I I

t• I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

The Shell Oil Refinerx site looking towards the bases of jetties number 1 and 2. The ground behind the site of

the jetties is reclaimed

The Shell Oil Refinerx site looking at the base of number 3_jettY. and the water intakes. The ground

behind the jettY. is reclaimed


The Camellia Industrial Wharf looking west_

The TraP.ezoid JettY. at the east end of the Camellia Industrial Wharf.


The Rf.dalmere Psf.chiatric HosRital Boatshed. The boathouse winch has been mounted on the right of the

building&

Some of the 26 Riles at the Wharf Piles site.


East ..... ..... . --- - ------------- A..Rhoto-mosaic of Brf.ne·s Cloth FactorY.,

Wharf [Retaining Wall. The wall consists of random uncoursed rubble construction. Sections have subsided and collaP.sed into the river. At extreme right can be seen the remains of the west end of the wall which

lies 12m from the river bank.

West

I I I I

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

The east end of the Queens Wharf. The Government Store and :eart of Bry:ne·s Cloth Factorx stood on the site

of the houses in the background.

The west end of Queens Wbarf. The wall, west of the HM.A.S Parramatt.amemorial is of modern origin_


The steRS at the west end of the eastern Rart of the Queens Wharf.

The -wharf face at the east end of the eastern part of the Queens Wharf. Note the incline of the wharf face to

the river bank and the random uncoursed rubble construction . Th~ burnt remains of th~ wharf d~cking

can be seen to the rigbt of tb9 P.hotognu~h immediatelY-

I I I I I I I I

I I I

Working on the face of the Queens

Wharf,_5.m east otthe step~

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

r l I I I

The eastern P.art of the Queens Wharf looking towards the west. The wall has subsided and sections haye

collaP-sed into the river.

One of the COP.P.er clad Riles next to the western end of the Queens Wharf. The P.ile is just under .5m in height.


Excavating caisson number 1; transect 2, western Rart of the Queens Wharf. Note the original wharf face on

the left of the photograph wllich giyes wax to the modern concrete and stone wall on the right.

Hxcavatiing caisson number 1; transect 2, western end of the Quegns Wbart


The Gasworks Bridge look.ing_yP.stream towards the Charles Sreet Weir_

Underneath the Gasworks Bridge_ The reef associated with Howen·s weir is visible in front of the central

bridg~P.ier . Note the erosion of the sandstone above the high water mark,


The holes in the reef under the Gasworks Bridg£1 2m south of the central bridg~P.ier.

I I I I I I I I I 1 The remains of the west corner of the Retaining Wall .

I I I I I I I I I 1 A section of the Retaining Wall at its eastern end.

I

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

I I

Assorted ceramic shards. (Includes QW S SHA 66-67t

Ctax smoking_pJRes (QW c CPI 1-4}..


Concreted CUP.~-P.<>SsiblY. tin/ alloy_(QW TI CUPt,


Stoneware botUe,_glazed,_grey, concave sides, made bYE. fowler of Sydney_possiblY. in the early__l_8.40s CQI..S.

BOT 1).

Earthen ware CURS, red unglazed, oil-like feel to surface, burn mark on side (black.t no marking~,

n.A~~iklww ~ ~.-•-.•••..,."" A-41 ,.,._....._ /"D. UJ' u rtTn t ? \

---------------------

PARRAMATTA RIVER EXCAVATION PROJECT

CATALOGUE OF FINDS

1992

Prepared by Wolfe and Associates Consulting Maritime Archaeologists

I I I I I I I I I I

'"I I I I I I .I

I I I I

Introduction

This catalogue forms part of the Parramatta River Maritime Archaeological Works Project interim report.

Dates may be inaccurate as time and resources have not allowed an exhaustive and complete analysis of each and every artefact. This will be the province of any future study of the collection.

It is also noted that the bulk of the artefacts consists of shards of glass and pottery which because of their condition and lack of any recognisable markings can only be dated in very general manner.

Some of the artefacts listed in this catalogue may date from the early 19th century while the bulk may date from the latter half of the 19th century and the beginning of the present.

Further study will need to be done to confirm the exact date of individual artefacts and to fully explore their significance.

Description of the Cataloeue

The catalogue code uses 4 fields. These are:

1. Coded description of the location;

2. Coded description of the primary material from which the artefact is formed;

3. Coded description of the artefact; and

4. A numerical listing of the artefact based on 2 and 3.

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KEY

LOCATION

1. Tramway Wharl/Jeny, Redbank

2. Rydalmere

3. Bryne's Cloth Factory Wharf/Retaining Wall

4. Queens Wharf

5. Howell's Wind and Water Mill

MATERIALS: Ceramic

China Clay - C Earthenware - E Glass - G Porcelein - P Stoneware - S Terracona - T

MATERIALS: Metal

Brass Bronze Cast Iron Copper Tin Wrought Iron

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I MATERIALS: Other

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Bone Coal Concretion Leather Other Sandstone Slate Wood

OBJECT TYPE

Animal bone Bottle Boule bottom Bottle Stopper Boule top Clay pipe Coin Cup Drinking glass Fastenings Fork Oil can Other

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Plate Pot Shard Shoe Spoon Umbrella

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POTTERY

Earthenware shard, glazed on the inside face, earthenware contains shell, remains of a container.

Terracotta shard, glazed inside and out, possible remains of a bowl.

Terracotta shard, unglazed.

Terracotta shard, unglazed.

Terracotta shard, glazed on both surfaces.

Terracotta shard, white glass on the inside, possible bottom of a container.

Terracotta shard, brown/red in colour.

Earthenware shard, possibly part of an extruded pipe, extrusion marks visible.

Stoneware, white glaze, both surfaces, part of a tray.

Stoneware, white glaze, molded design, possible edge of a bowl.

Stoneware, glazed both sides, white, molded design around rim, half of plate, no details of maker.

Stoneware, white glaze on upper surface, rounded mold design on surface, possible base of a stoneware jar.

Stoneware, white glaze on both surfaces, blue design on rim, part of a plate.

Stoneware, white glaze on both surfaces, possible base of a mug or container.

Stoneware, white glaze on both surfaces, possibly part of a washing basin, ironstone, made by 'J & G Meakin, Hanley, England', approx. 21 em in diameter.

Stoneware, white, glaze on both surfaces, possibly part of a washing basin, 10.5 em x 13 em, (joins 9).

Stoneware, white, glaze on both surfaces, possibly part of a washing basin, 10.5 em x 10 em, (joins 8).

Stoneware, white, glaze on both surfaces, half of a plate, no maker's brand, 25.5 em in diameter.

Stoneware, white, glaze on both sides, part of a plate, part of a raised design around rim, design appears to be a flower, 17.5 em x 10 em.

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Stoneware, white, glaze on both sides, part of a plate/bowl, marked 'Made in England', 8 em x 5.5 em.

Stoneware, white, glaze on both sides, part of a plate, raised design around rim, 6. 7 em x 9.4 em.

Stoneware, white, glaze on both sides, part of a plate, raised design around rim, 4 branches radiating from a diamond next to an oval, 21.9 em x 8.8 em.

Stoneware, white, glaze on both sides, part of a bowl, scalloped styled design around rim, marked 'Swinnertons Staffordshire Made in England', 9.5 em x 7 em.

Stoneware, white, glaze on both sides, part of a bowl, blue lines around rim, 3 blue lines on outside, 7.5 em x 7 em.

Stoneware, white, glaze on both sides, part of a washing bowl, curved rim, raised design around rim, 25 em x 11 em.

Stoneware, white, glaze on both sides, part of a bowl, design on outer surface, 14.5 em x 5 em.

Stoneware, white, glaze on both sides, part of a bowl or vase, flower design on outside, 7.9 em x 5 em.

Stoneware, white, glaze on both sides, part of a plate rim, 9 em x 4.3 em.

Stoneware, white, glaze on both sides, rim of a small plate, design on the inside, 9.5 em x 4.5 em.

Stoneware, earth-cream colour, glaze on both sides, rim and side of a bowl, 8.5 em x 8.5 em.

Stoneware, white, glaze on both sides, edge and side of a bowl, scalloped design on rim, 7.5 em x 5.5 em.

Stoneware, white, glaze on both sides, half of a surround for a door-knob, 6 em in diameter.

Stoneware, white, glaze on both sides, part of a saucer, design on inside, 11 em x 7 em, Goins 26).

Stoneware, white, glaze on both sides, part of a saucer, design on inside, 7.2 em x 3.8 em, (joins 25).

Stoneware, white, glaze on both sides, part of the side and rim of a bowl, 8 em x 8.5 em.

Stoneware, white, glaze on both sides, part of a small plate, design on inside similar to QW S SHA 21, 13.2cm x 8 em.

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Stoneware, white, glaze on both sides, part of a child's saucer, teddy bear and other child designs, 10.5 em x 6.2 em.

Stoneware, white, glaze on both sides, half of a cup, flowered design, gold printed rim on base, marked 'Salisbury', 6.9 em high.

Stoneware, white, glaze on both sides, part of 32.



Remains of a handle, part of 35.

Remains of a handle.

Stoneware, white, glaze on both sides, handle of a cup or mug, grooved design, 8 em x 2.4 em.

Stoneware, glazed both sides, cream, side of a teacup, flowered design on side, gold line on inside and outside of rim, 4.8 em x 5.2 em.

As for QW S SHA 37. Part of the bottom of the eup'M 77', 2.3 em high. Joins QW S SHA 37.

Stoneware, blue, glaze on both sides, part of a saucer, rim is styled, 6 em x 9.5 em.

Stoneware, blue, glaze on both sides, part of a saucer, rim is styled, 'OGH BLUE', Crown, 'S JOHNSON BROS Made in England', 9.5 em x 8.5 em. Joins QW S SHA 39.

Unidentified.

Stoneware, blue, glaze on both sides, part of a saucer, rim is styled, 'GAINSBOROUGH BLUE', 11 em x 9.5 em, joins QW S SHA 40.

Stoneware, brown, glazed on the outside. No markings, side of a pot, 6.5 em x 3.4 em.

Stoneware, brown, glazed on the inside. No markings, side of a pot, 8 em x 9.5 em x 10 em .

Stoneware, brown, glazed on both sides, rim and side of a pot or plate, 12.7 em x 5.6 em.

Stoneware, white/grey, unglazed, side of a pot or stoneware bottle, no markings,ll em x 5.7 em.

Stoneware, glazed on both sides, white, side of a bottle, no markings, 21 em x 9 em .

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Stoneware, white, glazed on both sides, bottom and side of a bottle,'Trade N & W MARK'- Brand name observed across face,10.9 em x 7.5 em.

Stoneware, white, glazed on both sides, side of a bottle, 'Port Dundas Glasgow (Scotland), Pottery Coy L', 17.5 em x 8.7 em.

Stoneware, white, glazed on both sides, side of a bottle, no markings, 4 em x 4.5 em.

Stoneware, white, glazed on both sides, mug, no handle, sides and top damage, handle broken off, no brand name, 9.5 em x 10 em.

Stoneware, white, glazed on both sides, top of a bottle, no brand mark,part of the bottom still intact, square top badly damaged, no bottom, 11.8 em x 7.5 em.

Stoneware, white, glazed on both sides, top of a bottle, rounded top, 'Trade N & W MARK.', 2.6 em x 7.8 em.

Stoneware, brown, glazed on the outside, bottom of a bottle, possible finger marks on the side, 7cm x 9.3 em.

Stoneware, brown, glazed on the outside, bottom of a bottle, no markings, 7.6 em x 6.8 em, similar to QW S SHA 53.

Stoneware, brown, glazed on the outside, one half of a bottle bottom, no markings, 7.5 em x 5 em, similar to QW S SHA 53 and 54.

Stoneware, brown, glazed on the outside, one half of a bottle bottom, no markings. 7.3 em x 5.9 em.

Stoneware, grey/brown/cream, glazed on the outside, section of a side and bottom of a bottle, possible finger marks on the side,5.9 em x 6.8 em.

Stoneware, brown, glazed on the outside, bottom of a bottle, no markings, 8 em diameter x 9.4 em, similar to QW S SHA 57.

Stoneware, cream, glazed on both sides, side of a bottle, no markings, 9.5 em x 5.6 em.

Stoneware, brown/cream, glazed on the outside, rough glaze on the inside, shoulder of a bottle, no markings, 10.2 em x 5 em.

Stoneware, white, glazed inside and out, bottle without shoulders, marked 'Murray 9 em x 17.2 em.

6 Glasgow'

Made by Murray, Glasgow, Scotland. Possibly held magnesia .

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Stoneware, light brown,glazed on the outside,bottle with a damaged top, no markings, glaze is pock-marked, 15.7 em x 6.8 em.

Not desribed.

Stoneware, dark brown, glazed on both sides, side shoulder and part of a damaged top of a bottle, no markings, 9.8 em x 8 em.

Stoneware, blue/white, glazed on both sides, serving dish, rim consists of interwoven flowers and leaves. The main part consists of trees, sky, and an elevated water bowl, 12 em x 21.5 em.

Stoneware, blue/white, glazed both sides, bottom of a bowl, dish or plate, Chinoise style, lady on a boat, castle gate in background,marked 'Lady of the Lake'- 'Careys', Prince of Wales feathers device between Lady of the Lake and 'Careys', 12.8 em x 7 em.

Stoneware, blue/white, glazed both sides, no markings, Chinoise style, bottom of a plate, dish or bowl, no markings, 6.9 em x 5.7 em.

Stoneware, blue/white, glazed on both sides, Chinoise style, design on one side; building on a bank, bridge with 2 people, no markings, 6 em x 6.4 em.

Stoneware, blue/white, glazed both sides, design on one side; bow of a boat in a circle, no markings, possible side of a cup, 3.5 em x 4.5 em.

Stoneware, blue/white, glazed both sides, rim of a plate or bowl, Chinoise style, geometric design on one side, no markings, 5 em x 4 em.

Stoneware, cream/green, glazed both sides, curved part of a jar or plate. Inside curve fleur-de-lis design on both sides with flower or plant with green leaves, no markings, 9.3 em x 2.2 em.

Stoneware, white, glazed, part of a handle, curved, no markings, 4.6 em x 2 em.

Stoneware, blue/grey, glazed both sides, rim and side of a plate, Chinoise style, no markings, geometric design on one side, circles and emblem, 7.5 em x 11.3 em .

Stoneware, blue/white, glazed both sides, flowered design, no design on reverse, no markings, 7.4 em x 6.8 em.

Stoneware, blue/white (faded, stained), glazed both sides, rim and side of a plate/ serving dish, flowered design on one side, no makers markings, 14 em x 4.4 em.

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Stoneware, blue/white, glazed both sides, rim and side of a plate or dish, flowered de~ign on one side, portion of a 'C' and heavily stained on reverse, no makers markings, 13.8 em x 12.7 em.

Stoneware, blue/white, glazed both sides, rim of a plate, blue lines on one side, no makers markings, 5 em x 4.7 em.

Stoneware, blue/white, glazed both sides, bottom of a plate, leaf design on one side, 5.4 em x 3 em.

Stoneware, brown, glazed both sides, no design or marking, 2.2 em x 1.8 em.

Stoneware, blue/white, glazed both sides, design on rim, rim and part of side of a plate,4.7 em x 6 em.

Stoneware, white, glazed both sides, design on one · side of rim, swirls, no other marks, 5.8 em x 6 em.

Stoneware, blue/white, glazed both sides, design on rim, possible Chinoise style, no makers markings, flowers set in geometric design, 3.3 em x 3.3 em.

Stoneware, cream, glazed on both sides, rim and side of a tea-cup, traces of gold near and on rim, 3.8 em x 4.5 em.

Stoneware, white, glazed both sides, part of a base of a mug, bottle or jar, no makers markings, 5.4 em x 3.2 em.

Stoneware, white, glazed both sides, part of a lid, no makers markings, 4.9 em x 2.6 em.

Stoneware, white, glazed both sides, stained, part of bottom of a dish or bowl, marked Thomas Hughes England.' English, Great Britain crest above makers name, shard set in concretion, 6 em x 6.9 em.

Stoneware, brown, glazed on outside, part of bottom of a bottle, with the edge of maker's device, 2. 9 em x 5 em x 2. 7 em.

Stoneware/bone china, white, glazed both sides, possible remains of a fusebox, no makers markings, 2.5 em x 3.3 em.

Stoneware, brown, glazed both sides, consists of the side of a boule and part of the bottom, no markings,5.3 em x 6.2 em.

Stoneware, blue/white, glazed both sides, Chinoise style, geometric design, 7.6 em x 4.3 em. Joins 91.

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Stoneware, blue/white, glazed both sides, Chinoise style, geometric design, 4.6 em x 9.1 em. Joins 90.

Stoneware, brown/grey, glazed outside, top of bottle, line around neck, unglazed inside, 7.4 em x 5.5 em.

Stoneware, slab, diagonal pattern, possible an industrial tile, 4.5 em x 15 em.

Stoneware, white, glazed both surfaces,bowl, no design or makers name, missing one edge 26 em x 3.7 em.

Porcelein, white/orange, glazed both sides, Chinese/Japanese design of house/building and hills, 4.4 em x 3.5 em.

Clay pipe, no design, bowl 3.2 em high.

Clay pipe, no design, bowl 3.2 em high.

Clay pipe, marked T. D', bowl 3.9 em high.

Clay pipe, half one side of bowl, 3.5 em high.

Shard, clay pipe stem, no design, 2.5 em long.

The following artefacts may be primitive oil lamps and may be associated with the early settlement of Parramatta. Unfortunately there are no makings or other identification to confimz their date or manufacture. Use and period suggested by Mark Staniforth, Australian National Maritime Museum.

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Earthenware cup, red, unglazed, oil-like feel to surface, bum mark on side (black), no markings, possibly a primitive oil lamp, 7.6 em diameter.




Earthenware cup, red, unglazed, oil-like feel to surface, bum mark on side (black), no markings, possibly a primitive oillamp,7.8 em diameter.

Shard of a sandstone-type pot, blue paint on surface, patterned design, paint appears to be synthetic, has a rubbery texture, 21.5 em high approximately.

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Stoneware bottle, glazed, grey, concave sides, marked 'E. FOWLER

SYDNEY'

Made by E. Fowler in Sydney in the 1840s. Mr Fowler is understood to have been a 'ticket -of -leave' man engadged in the pottery industry in Sydney at this time.

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Green glass bottle, no markings,inverted bottom, 7.1 em x 24.8 em.

Green glass bottle, 'N C' , inverted bottom, 7.2 em x 25.3 em.

Possibly manufactured by the Sparkling Mineral Waters Company ofCowra before 1930.

QWGBOT4 Green glass bottle, '265, C.S & CoLo,' inverted bottom, 6.2 em x 23.8 em.

Manufactured by Cannington Shaw & Co., St Helens, Lancashire, England. possibly before 1913.

QWGBOT 5 Clear glass bottle, 'N & Co', 1104- Brandy bottle .

Manufactured by Nuttall & Co at St Helens, Lancashire, England between 1872 and 1913. Number suggests bottle made in 1876 if it is a British patent number.

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Square, clear glass bottle, 'Lipton Square, London & Ceylon Limited', contains a clear oil substance and sediment.

Black glass bottle, square case gin bottle, blow-pipe or ring pontil on bottom.

Possibly of European origin. Manufactured before 1860. May date from the late 18th century.

HWWGBOT8 Green glass bottle, 'Dr J.G.B SIEGERT & SONS', 6 on side near bottom. Flat bottom, separate, 5.9 em diameter at base.

Possibly manufactured between 1869-71. Angostura bitters bottle

QWGBOT9 Green glass bottle, square, 'UDOLPHO WOLFE SCHIEDAM AROMAT SCHNAPPS'

Possibly manufactured between 1880 and 1900.

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Green glass bottle, '860' on base, flat bottom, torpedo shape, molded in 2 halves.

Black glass bottle, no markings,inverted bottom, no join marks, possibly a whisky bottle.

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QW G BOT 12 Clear glass bottle, screw top, corked, contains a solid object and fluid. Cork smells of substance possibly inside bottle. '15 8 33' .

8 Possibly manufactured or the bottle design registered on 8th August 1933. Based on British registration marks used after 1869.

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Clear, scent bottle,'8' on bottom, irregular inside bottom,approx 10.3cm high, screw-on cap in place.

Clear glass bottle, 'crown-cork' top, 'Summons & Graham Pty Limited', sauce bottle, 26cm high.

Manfactured by the Australian Glass Manufacturers Ltd, Sydney, 1930 onwards.

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GLASS SHARDS

Dark green glass, square 'C & ' on bottom, 11.2 em x 6.4 em.

Dark green glass, top of a square case gin bottle.

Dark green glass, bottom of a square bottle.

Dark green glass, side of a square bottle.

Dark green glass, bottom of a square case gin bottle, cross type brand.

Dark green glass, side of a square bottle.

Dark green glass, top, square case gin bottle.

Dark green glass, top, square case gin bottle.

Dark green glass, bottle top, round, no markings.

Dark green or black glass, top, round, no markings.




Dark green or black glass, top, round, no markings .

Dark green or black glass, top, round no markings.

Clear glass, top, round, no markings.

Clear glass, top, round, no markings.


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Clear glass, top, round, cork in mouth, no markings.


Green bottle stopper, no markings.

Clear bottle stopper, no markings.

Clear bottle stopper, rubber collar.

Dark green or black glass, bottle base, conical bottom, 9.8 em diameter.






Green glass, bottle base, 10.3 em diameter.

Clear drinking glass, stained with black oil substance, 8 sided, rounded rim, broken.

Clear glass, square bottle, neck and top missing, 4.1 em x 4.3 em x 11.5 em.

Blue glass, round bottle base only, very thin glass, castor oil bottle, 4.3 em diameter.

Blue glass, 6 sided, 3 sides vertical ribs, no top or neck, 4.8 em diameter.

Chandelier pendant, clear, possibly crystal, 7.1 em long.

Green glass, bottle base, conical bottom, 10.5 em high x 8.5 em approx .

Green, side of a marble bottle including neck, 'Summon & ----'.

Green, part of bottom and side of a possible marble bottle.'---MAITA Bottle Maker Sydney', on side of bottom.

Green/clear, side of a bottle and part of bottom, no markings.

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QW G SHA 38 Incomplete green glass bottle, no neck or top, '1678 C. S & CoLd', on base, 6.3 em diameter, 3 piece, low bottom.

Manufactured by Cannington, Shaw & Co., St Helens, Lanes, England, before 1913

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Green, clear glass, base and sides of bottle, 6.3 em x 12.5 em.

Dark green or black glass, bottle base, conical bottom, diameter 8.3 em.


Dark green or black glass, bottle base, conical bottom, diameter 9 em.

QW G SHA 43 Dark green or black glass, bottle base, conical bottom, diameter 6.3 em, V' on bottom.

Possible British registration mark, year letter, 1850 or 1876.

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Dark green or black glass, bottle base, 3 piece bottle, conical bottom, diameter 6.9 em.

Dark green or black glass, bottle base, conical bottom, diameter 7. 7 em.


Dark green or black glass, bottle base, conical bottom, diameter 7.5 em , side broken.




QW G SHA 51 Dark green or black glass, bottle base, conical bottom, diameter 9 em , heavily encrusted with barnacles.

QW G SHA 52 Dark green or black glass, bottle base, conical bottom, diameter 8.7 em.

QW G SHA 53 Dark green or black glass, bottle base, conical bottom, diameter 8.8 em.

QW G SHA 54 Clear, bottle base, conical bottom, diameter 8.8 em.

QW!BWG SHA 55} to Various unidentified glass shards. QW!BWG SHA 98}

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QWCNOTH 1 Concretion. Possibly the remains of a shotgun.

I QWCNOTH2 As above.

QWCNOTH3 Unidentified concretion.

I QWCN4 Solid concretion. Contains remains of iron object, outline of tin, pieces of glass or ceramic.

I RCNOTH 1 Unidentified concretion.

RCNOTH 1 Unidentified concretion.

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hi QWTICUP Concreted tin cup.

FASTENINGS

I TRR WI FAS 1} to Fastenings from the Tramway Wharf, Redbank. TRR WI FAS 6}

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I QWWOTI-I 1 Unidentified piece of timber, possibly part of a water

wheel, 1.29 x 12.4 x.78m.

BRASS

I HWWBROTH 1 Possibly a brass. bed knob.

I QWBROTH2 Cast brass machine part, possibly an impeller.

QWBROTH3 A possible brass bed head fitting.

I QWBROTH4 A possible brass bell.

QWBROTH5 A possible brass knob.

I HWWBROTH6 Remains of a brass latch.

QWBROTH7 Remains of a brass latch.

I QWBROTH8 Unidentified.

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QW W/BRA UMB 2

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Wooden umbrella stick with sliding part.

Wooden umbrella stick with sliding part.

Ammunition, 2 bullets, .22clbr.

Ammunition, 4 bullets, possibly .303clbr.

Ammunition, 3 cartridges.

OTHER

Spoon.

Spoon, small.

Fork, decorated.

Handle for spoon or fork.

Child's or lady's flat soled, leather shoe. Shoe tacks visible in sole.

Rosary beads, copper wire and unidentified stone.

Australian Penny, 1952.




Australian Half-Penny, 1950.

Australian Half-Penny, 1953.

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23

5. SECTION 4

Recommendations

General

14. It is recommended that before any maritime archaeological work is carried out that the following community organisations are consulted:

a. Parramatta City Council;

b. Parramatta Historical Society;

c. Local action groups. For example, The Concerned Citizens For The Protection of Queens Park Reserve and the Parramatta River; and

d. Any other organisation considered relevant .

In addition it is recommended that discussions are held with the project contractor and client; The Australian National Maritime Museum; The NSW Department of Planning;The New South Wales Maritime Services Board; and any other organisation considered relevant, concerning the provision of resources, the negotiation of organisational processes and the management and protection of each site.

Excavation

15. Those sites which lie in the upper reaches of the r1ver are considered to have a high probability of containing artefacts. Those sites which are in deeper water and which lie further down stream are considered to have a lower probability. Artefacts are likely to consist of glass and earthen ware containers, the remains of cargoes, personal effects and boat or ship fittings. The probability of actual hull remains being found is low.


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It is recommended that maritime archaeological excavations occur at the following sites:

a. Queens Wharf;

b. Rydalmere Psychiatric Hospital Boatshed;

c. Camellia Industrial Wharves;

d. Shell Oil Refinery Wharf;

e. The Spurway Street and Mcdonald Farm Wharves.

Priority should be given to the Queens Wharf given its long history, significance to the region and the expectation that a large number of artefacts may lie in the river. During the excavation of this site investigations will also be made to determine the presence of material associated with Howell's Wind and Water Mill.

Each excavation will be supported by appropriate historical research, a detailed survey of material found above the water and a test excavation in the river bed. Appropriate land and maritime archaeological practices and standards will be employed at all times.

It is recommended that a team consisting of a Maritime Archaeologist, a Historical Archaeologist and two or three divers with all necessary equipment be tasked to carry out each excavation.

The maritime archaeologist will be responsible for the underwater excavation.

The historical archaeologist will assist with the identification and interpretation of recovered artefacts .

All work will be carried out in consultation with maritime archaeologists employed by the NSW Department of Planning and the Australian National Maritime Museum.

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Dredqinq

16. During dredging operations it . rs recommended that the following guidelines be adhered to:

a. The dredging contractors and operators are briefed on the importance of the maritime archaeological component of the project and that they are made aware of the possibility that artefacts may be found during dredging operations;

b. A maritime archaeologist be employed during dredging operations to observe for the presence of artefacts;

c. A maritime archaeological team dredging operations, ready to inspections or excavations;

be placed on standby, during carry out any necessary

d. That suitable conservation facilities and personnel be available to support the maritime archaeological team.

Conservation of Artefacts

17. 1: is recommended that the Australian National Mar !time Museum and the Museums Association of Australia are consulted regarding off and on site conservation methods. In addition it is recommended that these organisations be consulted regarding the provision of conservation facilities and personnel. Discussions should also be had with potential recipients regarding the display and management of recovered artefacts.

Conclusion

1 8. This study has identified 5 sites which need to be excavated to determine their maritime archaeological significance. This assessment has been based on historical research of the Parramatta region and the use of the river as a transport link during the 18th and 19th centuries. Until excavations are carried out the extent of this significance will remain unknown.

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PARRAMAITA RIVER FERRY SERVICE

MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORKS

SfUDY OBJECTIVES

The study aims to:

advise the Department of Transport of appropriate strategies for the conduct of dredging operations in respect to the proposed extension of ferry services to Parramatta.

assess the archaeological significance of submerged archaeological deposits in the study area

ensure the preservation of excavated relics for purposes and display

THE SfUDY AREA

The study area is the river bed of the Parramatta River between Duck River and Charles Street Weir, Parrarnatta.

BACKGROUND

The New South Wales Department of Transport is implementing a new high speed ferry service from Circular Quay, Sydney to Charles Street, Parrarnatta. The proposal includes the dredging of a channel in the river bed. An EIS has been prepared for the proposal. The EIS has identified five (5) sites:

1. Queens Wharf. 2. Howell's Wind & Water Mill. 3. Rydalmere Psychiatric Hospital Boatshed. 4. Camellia Industrial Wharves. 5. Shell Oil Refmery Wharf.

in the area to be dredged where items of archaeological significance may be encountered.

The Department intends to commission maritime archaeological excavations in two (2) stages:

Stage 1. Prior to the commencement of dredging, to identify and preserve artefacts in this historically significant area.

Stage 2. During the dredging program; monitoring, collecting, recording, stabilising and storage of relics. /2 .....

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Excavations will be subject to the consent of the Heritage Council of New South Wales and the successful tender will be required to submit an application for a Section 140 Excavation Permit. The application will include a research design related to the following work.

THE WORK

(1)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(2)

(3)

(a) (b) (c)

Fieldwork - Stage 1 The consultant will be required to:

conduct pre-excavation surveys of the area that is subject to this proposal.

conduct test excavations in the five potential archaeological sites identified in the EIS.

record, stabilise and arrange storage of excavated relics according to approved archaeological and conservation procedures and includmg packaging for transport and storage.

Interim Report

The consultant will be required to provide an interim report containing:

a statement, based on test excavations, regarding the archaeological potential of each of the sites; recommendations for the conduct of the dredging program and for archaeological monitoring where necessary; a revised costing for the Stage 2 archaeological work.

Field Work -Stage 2

The consultant will be required to:

monitor dredging work at selected sites collect relics identified during dredging record, stabilise and arrange storage of excavated material.

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(d)

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Final Report The Consultant will be required to:

provide a brief description of maritime and terrestrial themes related to the five sites.

prepare thorough archaeological documentation of the sites and to describe the sites in terms of the identified themes. The documentation will include details of research, pre-excavation surveys, excavation procedures, conservation procedures, a catalogue of artefacts.

provide an analysis of the collection of excavated relics including brief comparisons, where appropriate, with comparable sites in other Australian States and Territories.

Prepare a summary statement of the heritage significance of each site and of the archaeological collections considering regional, state and National context.

provide recommendations for:

maintaining the stability of the excavated archaeological collection.

use of the collection

(f) Prepare an annotated (brief) bibliography of relevant primary and secondary sources.

TIMING OF REPORTS

The Consultant will be required to prepare reports which incorporate the results of the work outlined above as follows or as negotiated by the consultant prior to commencement.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Two (2) copies of a project work program two (2) weeks from the date of the commencement of the consultancy agreement.

Two (2) copies of the interim report (2 weeks) after completion of the field work .

Two (2) copies of the draft final report 6 months after written approval of the project work program by the client.

Six (6) copies of the final report are required two (2) weeks after approval of the draft final report by the client.

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6. STUDY SUPERVISION

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8.

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The study will be supervised by the Department of Transport through Mr. Antony Fabbro, Planning Officer, Capital Works.

THE CONSULTANT

The consultancy should be undertaken by a qualified maritime archaeologist supported by a team with the facility to undertake the various components of the work including diving and excavating procedures and the recording conservation and analyses of the excavated material.

OWNERSHIP AND COPYRIGHT

The ownership and copyright of any information and study results and originals of all maps, reports, plans, photographic prints and negatives supplied as progress, draff final or final reports by the consultant pursuant to this agreement, shall be vested in the client. The client may permit the consultant to utilise information gained in the course of this study for the purpose of learned papers or other publications PROVIDED TiiAT appropriate acknowledgment is given in such papers and that confidentiality is respected.

CONFIDENUALITY

All work arising out of or in respect of or in any way connected with this consultancy will remain confidential unless such release is jointly approved by the client.

As a general principal, the publication and dissemination of material is encouraged in order to further public awareness of New South Wales' environmental heritage.

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Heritage Council of New SouH1 V\/aies Remington Centre 175 Liverpool Street, Sydns~; 2C:JO P O.Oox A£'8--!, S.~ ,_;.,'""' __I_ . ,_ J'

Mr A Wolfe Telephone 102) ::_ ._ :] 7:1 .zuc-cJ Maritime Archaeologist 26 Grey Street East ALBANY WA 6330

Fax (02) 2G6 -~--S-:J 3 f'' ..< 3 J b

Contaci D. Nutley Ext. 2034

Our reference: P90/00572j002

Your reference:

Dear Mr Wolfe,

Subject : Excavation Permit - Parramatta River

I refer to your recent application for an excavation permit under Section 140 of the Heritage Act, 1977 to excavate and study identified archaeological sites in and along the Parramatta River, Sydney.

2. In accordance with delegated authority under Section 141 of the Heritage Act, 1977, approval is given for the issue of an excavation permit to you subject to the following conditions:

the standard condition(s) identified on the approved application form;

a copy of the report is to be lodged with the Western Sydney Regional office of the Department of Planning;

the processing and cataloguing of finds is consistent to standard practices in NSW and that, prior to recovery of finds, advice is received from an historical archaeologist with experience in recent major urban excavations in this State (e.g. First Government House, or Haymarket).

Yours sincerely,

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