i. introduction a. background classification biology 1. why classify organisms? 2. how do you...
TRANSCRIPT
I. Introduction
A. Background
Classification Biology
1. Why classify organisms?2. How do you classify?
B. Organization
K, P, C, O, F, G, & S
II. VirusesA.
Structure
The parts == protein (capsid , landing gear, and injector) surrounding a nucleic acid (genome = can be DNA or RNA)
Figure 10.24 & 25
B. Life Style
1. Lytic = inject, insert, take over, direct, and destroy
Figure 10.26
2. Lysogenic = same except hide for a time then lytic
Figure 10.26
C. Uses1.
Vaccines2. Gene Vectors
III. Kingdom MoneranA.
Structure
Monerans = prokaryotes
Can be spherical , rod, or helical
Figure 15.11
B. Metabolism
Monerans == autotrophic (chemo. or photosynthetic) or heterotrophic (photo. or chemo.)
Table 15.1
Strategies == saprophytic, parasitic, nitrogen fixers or symbionts
Classed as obligate aerobic, facultative anaerobic, or obligate anaerobic
C. Sensory
Monerans by flagella (either by chemo-taxis or photo-taxis)
Figure 15.12
D. Reproduction
Binary Fission
Endospore Formation
Figure 15.13
E. Taxa
1. Bacteria == beneficial to pathogenic
Figure 15.11b Figure 15.15
2. Archae == oldest
Methanogens
Thermoacidophiles
Figure 15.9
F. Uses
IV. Kingdom ProtistanA. General
Characteristics
Protisitans single celled to multi-celled divided intoprotoz
oaand algae.
B. Major Taxa1.
Protozoa
Protozoa = heterotrophs, movement, asexual, and food
2. Algae
a. Single celled algae == autotrophic, pigments & store glucosei. Euglenophyta == chlorophyll &
paramylum
ii. Chrysophyta = golden algae silica shell flagellated, fucoxathin, & oil
Diatoms
iii. Pyrrophyta = red algae B-carotene and xanthophylls, celluloseDinoflagella
tes
b. Multi-celled algae autotrophs seaweeds. i. Chlorophyta chlorophyll, starch,
mutualistic
ii. Phaeophyta brown algae with chlorophylls and xanthophylls, oil, parts (holdfast, stipe, and blades), and alteration of generation
iii. Rhodophyta red algae with chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phycobilin, plus jelly-like agar
iv. Gymnomycota slime molds with phagocytic spores
C. Uses1.
Protozoa2. Algae
V. Kingdom FungiA. General
Characteristics
Fungi == hyphae & mycelium
Septate
Non-septate
Mycelium in nature
Fungi have chitin cell walls -- heterotrophic scavengersSome can be
predatory
or mutualistic.
B. Reproductive Strategies
Asexually via spores, budding, or fragmentation
Sexually via fusion of gametes
C. Major Taxa
1. Phylum Chytridiomycota water molds with flagellated spores, clear sex gametes, chitin cell walls
2. Phylum Zygomycota terrestrial molds, saprobes asexual or sexual, chitin, Food destroyers!
3. Phylum Ascomycota sac-like fungi, asexual or sexual spores and dikaryonic
4. Phylum Basidiomycota. “True shrooms” or club fungi sexual basidiocarp (What you eat!) Dikaryonic
5. Deuteromycota. Odd collection parasitic and fragmenters
D. Uses & Problems
VI. Kingdom PlantaeA. General
Characteristics
Plants == terrestrial autotrophs (aquatic, parasitic, or carnivorous) from Chlorophyta? chlorophyll a and b, starch, cellulose cell walls
B. Reproduction
Plants alternation of generation == gametophyte followed by sporophyte
Which is the dominate expression?
Sporophyte
C. Transition to Land
1. Advantages
2. Disadvantages
1. Increased light2. Increased CO23. Increased minerals
1. Decreased H2O2. Loss of buoyancy3. Seed dispersal
3. Terrestrial Strategies or AdaptationsCuticle,
Stomata,
Root System,
Cell Walls,
and protective seed coverings
D. Major Taxa
Plants == water vs. terrestrial, non-vascular vs. vascular, and non-seedless vs. seedless
1. Bryophyta three phyla = Hepatophyta (liverworts), Anthocerophyta (hornworts), and Bryophyta (mosses). All rootless, leaflets, no conducting cells, horizontal filaments, and dominant gametophyte
a. Pteridophytes == Lycophyta and Pterophyta feathery leaves or pinnae, tracheids, starch in roots, sori, sporophyte
b. Gymnosperms = naked seed Ginkophyta (ginkgos), Cycadophyta (cycads), Gnetophyta (gnetae), and the Coniferophyta (conifers) cone development, cotyledons, tap roots, megaphyll or microphyll leaves, xylem and phloem, and dominant sporophyteGinkophyta
Cycadophyta
Gnetophyta
Coniferophyta
Male Pine cone
Female Pine cone
c. Anthophyta or flowering plants (angiosperms) == monocots (parallel leaf veins and one seed leaf) like lilies, orchids, palms, grasses and grain crops and dicots (netlike leaf veins and two seed leaves) like roses, peas, oaks, and maples. vascular tissue, flowers, and the mature ovary or fruit (simple like a cherry, aggregate like a berry, or multiple like a pineapple)
VII. Kingdom AnimaliaA. General
Characteristics
Animals heterotrophic, glycogen or fat, contractile proteins, sexual, sensory and motility, fixed adult size, developmental patterns, and 35 phyla
The phyla divided by tissue organization, body symmetry, body cavity, and developmental pattern
B. Reproductive Strategies
C. Major Trends
1. Porifera (sponges) sessile with porous bodies, and choanocyte
2. Platyhelminthes (flat worms) rudimentary organ systems and muscle tissue
3. Nemertea (ribbon or proboscis worms) one-way digestive system and a closed circulatory system develops
4. Molluska == polyplacophora (chitons), bivalves (clams and kin), gastropods (snails and slugs), and the cephalopods (octopus and the like) muscular foot, visceral mass, and a mantle True brain!
5. Arthropoda == Arachnida (spiders and kin), Diplopoda (millipedes), Chilopoda (centipedes), Insecta (insects), and the Crustacea (crabs, lobster, etc.). exoskeleton, book lungs, segmented bodies, metamorphic stages, and ability to fly.
Echinodermata (sea stars and their kin) slow moving or sessile creatures have a water vascular system, tube feet, and radial symmetry
6. Chordata phyla. clades groupings (fish, amphibia, reptiles, birds, and mammals)
Chondrichthyes cartilaginous skeleton sharks, skates and rays
Osteichthyes bony fishes
Amphibia (metamorphosis, moist skin)
Reptilia (scaled skin, amniotic eggs)
Aves (feathers, hollow bones & amniotic eggs)
Mammalia (monotremes, marsupials, and placentals)
Biology a voyage worth taking.