notes on classification/taxonomy. why classify? to study the diversity of life, biologists use a...
DESCRIPTION
Why common names don’t work Common names vary among languages. Example: United Kingdom – Buzzard refers to a hawk United States – Buzzard refers to a vulture Red-tailed HawkHoney BuzzardTurkey VultureTRANSCRIPT
Notes on Classification/Taxonomy
Why Classify?To study the diversity of life, biologists use a
classification system to name organisms &
group them in a logical manner.
Why common names don’t workCommon names vary among languages.
Example:
United Kingdom – Buzzard refers to a hawk
United States – Buzzard refers to a vulture
Red-tailed Hawk Honey Buzzard Turkey Vulture
Another Example:
Dolphin Dolphin
Tursipos truncatus Mahi mahi
Taxonomy – science of classifying living organisms
“Father of Taxonomy” – Carolus Linnaeus
(Swedish Botanist)
• he set up the system we use today
• he recognized species on the basis of structural similarity
• he gave them scientific names made up of Latin words
This system is called binomial nomenclature (two-word naming)
• the first word is the genus (which is always capitalized) and the second is the species
Rosa gallica
• both are underlined or italicized
Example of Binomial NomenclaturePolar Bear is Ursus maritimusUrsus: genus
Ursus contains 5 other kinds of bears
U. maritimus: species The Latin word, maritimus, refers to the sea.
Polar bears often live on pack ice that floats in the sea.
GenusGenus: is a group of closely related species
SpeciesSpecies: Group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
FamilyFamily: Group of genera that share many characteristics
OrderOrder: Group of similar families
ClassClass: Group of similar orders
PhylumPhylum: Group of closely related classes
KingdomKingdom: Largest taxonomic group, consisting of closely related phyla.
Are these animals members of the same species?
X =
horse donkey mule(sterile)
No
In taxonomy, a group or level of organization is called a taxonomic category or taxon.
Organizing the Taxa
DomainKingdom
Phylum
Class
OrderFamilyGenus
Species
All living th
ings
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Order
Carnivora
Family
Ursidae
Genus Ursus
Speciesmaritimus
Kingdom
Animalia
Human ClassificationDomain EukaryaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum Chordata Subphylum VertebrataClass MammaliaOrder PrimatesFamily HominidaeGenus: HomoSpecies: sapiens
Scientific name of man -
Homo sapiens
(wise man)
How to remember:Da King Phillip Came Over For Grape Soda
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
New Species Video Clips
• Classification (4 min)
• New Species (1 min)
The Three-Domain SystemThere are 3 Domains:
Domain BacteriaDomain ArchaeaDomain Eukarya
There are 6 Kingdoms: (in order from least complex)
EubacteriaProtista
Archaebacteria FungiPlantaeAnimalia
The Three-Domain SystemDomain Bacteria
• Kingdom Eubacteria
Domain Archaea• Kingdom Archaebacteria
Domain Eukarya• Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Kingdom Archaebacteria• Unicellular Prokaryote• Cell walls withOUT Peptidoglycan• Autotrophic or heterotrophic• Extremophiles – Love extreme environments
like inside the guts of animals, volcanoes, hydrothermal vents, and hot springs
Archaea Hydrothermal Vent Hot Springs Volcanoes
Kingdom Eubacteria• Unicellular Prokaryote• Cell walls with Peptidoglycan• Autotrophic or heterotrophic• All other bacteria you encounter everyday
E. coli Staphlycoccus Streptococcus Streptococcus
Kingdom Protista
• Unicellular or Multicellular eukaryote• Autotrophic or heterotrophic• Some have cell walls of cellulose and chloroplasts• Live either solitary or in colonies
Amoeba Euglena Paramecium
Video Clip: Amoeba
Kingdom Fungi
• Unicellular or Multicellular eukaryote• Cell walls made of Chitin• Heterotrophs
Yeast Mushrooms
Kingdom Plantae• Multicellular eukaryote• Cell walls made of Cellulose• Contain chloroplasts• Autotrophs• nonmotile
Trees & Grass Moss Venus Fly Trap
Kingdom Animalia• Multicellular eukaryote• NO cell walls or chloroplasts• Heterotrophs• Motile (at least for some part of their life cycle)
Worms Insects Jellyfish Giraffes
3 Domains – 6 Kingdoms
“Tree of Life” Cladogram
Where do viruses go?Viruses: Are particles of nucleic acid, protein,
and in some cases lipids that can reproduce ONLY by infecting living cells.
Viruses are made of a core of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat - capsid.
These are T4 Bacteriophages
A bacteriophage is a virus which infects
bacteria
Viruses are not considered alive because they don’t have ALL the characteristics of life.
Example: They can’t reproduce independently
These are the Influenza Viruses
Influenza or "flu" is an infection of the respiratory
tract that can affect millions of people every year.
The protein in the capsid “tricks” the host cell into allowing the virus inside
• once inside it takes over, putting the genetic program of the virus into effect
Common diseases caused by viruses:
Polio, measles, AIDS, mumps,influenza, yellow fever, rabies,common cold, cancer
Body cavity - coelom
A coelom is a true, main body cavity that surrounds internal organs
Body Cavities
• it is important in classifying animals and in the study of evolution
Symmetry – general form of an organism
3 basic types: (except in snails and amoeba which are asymmetrical)
Symmetry
1. Spherical – a ball (sphere)
• any axis through the center will divide in half
2. Radial – axes radiate like the spokes of a wheel
3. Bilateral – 2 sided
• axis will divide into similar halves
• one side is a mirror image of the other
Body regions for bilateral symmetry:
dorsal – back or upper surface
ventral – stomach (abdomen) or lower surface
anterior – front end
posterior – hind or rear end (tail, caudal)
medial – towards the midline
lateral - side
proximal – part of the appendage which is attached
distal – part of the appendage which is free
dorsal
ventral
posterior
anterior
mediallateral
proximaldistal
Reproduction
2 types of reproduction:
1. Asexual – the formation of offspring without the fusion of sperm and egg (gametes)
• in most cases, the offspring are genetically identical to the parent
• only needs one organism to produce offspring
Types of Asexual Reproduction
a. Binary fission – genetic material is copied and then distributed to new identical cells
Examples: bacteria and some protists
b. Budding – outgrowth form from the parent that eventually pinch off to form new individual
Examples: yeast and hydra
c. Spore formation – production of many spores from a primary spore cell
Example - fungi
d. Regeneration – the ability to replace lost or injured body parts
Examples – starfish and planaria
2. Sexual – involves the fusion of sperm and egg (gametes)
• offspring are not genetically identical to parents
• two parents are needed to produce offspring