Why Classify?Early Classification Systems

6 Kingdom Classification SystemDetermining Relationships

Dichotomous KeysTEKS/ TAKS8A collect and classify organisms at several taxonomic levesl such as speies, phylum, and

kingdom using dichotomous keys8B analyze relationships among organisms and develop a model of a heirarchical classification

system based on similarities and differences using taxonomic nomenclature8C identify characteristics of kingdoms including monerans, protists, fungi, plants, and

animals

Can you give any examples of classification used in everyday life?

LibraryGrocery storeDepartment

storeRoomBinder

Grocery store analogySp

ecifi

c ---

------

------

-----

Gen

eral Are items in the grocery store just in

a large central pile? Why not?What are the

different sections of the

store? DairyMeats

Aisles Produce, etc.

How is the produce section

divided? Fruits

Vegetables

What are some types of fruits?

ApplesPears

Oranges Bananas, etc.

The apples further

categorized into which varieties?

MacintoshGranny Smith

Fuji, etc.

Braeburn Cameo Gala Golden Delicious

Granny Smith

What is the importance of classifying things? It makes it easier … To organize To identify To easily communicate

with others

What is Classification?Classification -catergorizing

based on similar characteristics

Taxonomy -the science of classifying organisms.

Aristotle ( 384 - 322 B.C.)

Greek philosopher and naturalist1st to classify organismsTwo kingdoms: Plants or AnimalsHe subdivided them by their habitat –

land, sea, or air dwellers

Classification

Show the film clip from the United Streaming entitled “Classification of Living Things” (5:29).

QUIZ

What are the 6-kingdoms of classification?

What criteria do scientists use to determine how to classify an organism into its correct kingdom?

What criteria do scientists use to classify organisms? Physical characteristics How organisms carry out life

functions Behavior Role in nature (niche) Embryology Molecular similarities (DNA)

Carolus Linneus ( 1707-1798) 18th century taxonomist classified organisms by their structure developed the naming system called

binomial nomenclature, which is still used today

Based on the dead language called LATIN

called the “father of taxonomy”

TAXON (pl. taxa) – categories of classification many smaller taxa are placed under the

larger category above it

7 Taxa of Classification – categories of classification; many smaller taxa are placed under the larger category above it

Largest category; very general; most diverse; most inclusive

Smallest category; most specific; least diverse; most exclusive

DOMAINKINGDOMPHYLUMCLASSORDERFAMILYGENUS

SPECIES

How Can You Remember the 7 Taxon levels?

King Philip Came Over for Good Soup

Kingwood Park Cheers On Football Game Sportsmanship

Katie Please Come Over for Ginger Snaps

Can you come up with your own pneumonic?

K? P? C? O? f? G? S?

1. Why do biologists classify?a) To study the diversity of lifeb) To organize and name organisms

2. Why give scientific names?c) Common names are misleadingd) Names can be different according to language

of that country

jellyfish silverfish star fish

None of these animals are fish!

Some organisms have several common names – it can be very confusing!

Scientific name: Felis concolor

Scientific name means “coat of one color”Scientists should

make it easier to identify these organisms!

There should be a naming system!

This cat is commonly known as:• Florida panther• Mountain lion• Puma• Cougar

Binomial Nomenclature – Linneaus’ two-word naming system

Genus species OR Genus species - Genus is capitalized - can be underlined or italicized (not both)

Panthera leo Lion

Drosophila melanogaster Fruit fly

Canis lupus Wolf

Do you know the scientific name for humans? That’s right! Homo sapiens

KINGDOM Animalia

Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda

Red fox Abert squirrel

Coral snake

Sea star

PHYLUM Chordata

CLASS Mammalia

ORDER Carnivora

FAMILY Ursidae

GENUS Ursus

SPECIES Ursus arctos

Which animal is missing in the phylum category?

What characteristic disqualifies if from belonging in the phylum Chordata

like the rest of those pictured together?

Which animal is missing in the class category?

What characteristic disqualifies if from belonging in the class Mammalia like the rest of those

pictured together?

Which animal is missing in the order category?

What characteristic disqualifies if from belonging in the order Carnivoralike the rest of those

pictured together?

Which animal is missing in the family category?What characteristic disqualifies if from belonging

in the family Ursidae like the rest of those

pictured together?

Whatanimal

belongs in the species

Ursus arctos?

Which classification level includes all the other levels?

Which organism ismore closely relatedto the grizzly bear,

the panda or the black bear ? Why?

Example – Where does the common household cat fit in?

The most inclusive taxonomic grouping is the Kingdom Animalia. 

Phylum level, cats are included with all other vertebrate animals in the subphylum Vertebrata, in the Phylum Chordata. 

This large grouping includes all animals having either a notochord, or an actual spine. 

Can you name any other organisms that would belong

In the same phylum?

Class level, cats and other predatory animals are grouped with non-predators with whom they share specific biological traits. 

In this case cats, dogs, bears, sheep, horses, cows, giraffes, whales, and many other groups, including people, belong to Class Mammalia (mammals). 

All mammals have hair, are warm-blooded, and give birth to live young which feed via mammary glands.

Can you name any other organisms that would belongIn the same class?

Order level, cats are grouped with other animals that are quite different in physical appearance and general behavior, but with whom they share other basic attributes. 

In this case, cats, dogs, bears and some other groups are all predators that hunt and prey upon other animals. 

They are thus grouped together in the Order Carnivora, which includes meat-eating animals.

Can you name any other organisms that would belongIn the same order?

Members of the genus Felis are also related, though less closely, to other cat genera such as Panthera, which includes lions, leopards and tigers;  and Leopardus, which includes the ocelots. 

Because the members of all of these genera are cats, they can be grouped together under the family Felidae.

The housecat is closely related to several other feline species such as the bobcat, Felis rufus, and the cougar, Felis concolor, so they are all placed in the same genus Felis.

The species name for the domestic cat is Felis catus (sometimes domesticus).  Felis denotes the genus name for this species, while catus denotes the unique specific descriptive word for the species.

Day 2

3 Domains (Super-kingdoms)

ARCHAE

BACTERIA

EUKARYA

6 Kingdoms within 3 Domains

Which kingdom is represented by each of the colors in the cladogram?

6 Kingdom Classification System

ANIMALPLANT

PROTISTS

FUNGI

EUBACTERIAARCHAE-BACTERIA

Animals (Animalia)

Cell Type EukaryoteNumber of Cells

Multicellular

Cell structure Cell membrane- NO CELL WALL

Nutrition HeterotrophMovement Mostly mobileReproduction sexualRole Carnivores, herbivores,

filter-feeders, omnivores, detritus feeders, scavengers, insectivores

sponges

insects

jellyfish

mammals

birds

reptiles

amphibians

mollusks

Most complex with organs and systems

fish

crustaceans

hydra

starfish

flatworms

Plants(Plantae)

Cell Type EukaryoteNumber of Cells

Multicellular

Cell structure Cell walls (cellulose), chloroplasts

Nutrition AutotrophMovement Stationary (sessile) Reproduction Sexually using

spores, flowers, or cones

Role Producers

Seedless vascular

Ferns

Douglas fir

seeds in cones

Flowering plants

Peach tree

Seeds in fruits

Sunflowers

seeds in flowers

Non vascular

Moss growing on trees

FungiCell Type EukaryoteNumber of Cells

Multicellular (except yeast is uni-)

Cell structure Cell walls (chitin)

Nutrition HeterotrophMovement Stationary Reproduction Sexually using sporesRole Mostly DECOMPOSERS that

help recycle dead matter in the environment; some parasites (Athlete’s foot or ringworm)

Mildew on Leaf

Mushroom

Shelf fungus on tree

Mushrooms

Protists (Protista)

Cell Type EukaryoteNumber of Cells

Mostly Unicellular; some multi

Cell structure May have cell wall; may have chloroplasts

Nutrition Heterotrophs or autotrophsMovement Mostly mobile; (may have

cilia or flagella)Reproduction Binary fission; conjugationRole Photosynthetic producers,

decomposers, disease-causing parasites

Green algae

Amoeba

Paramecium

-Nicknamed “ Catch-all” kingdom or “Junk- Drawer”-Some are animal-like, plant-like, or fungus-like

Animal & Plant like – (Euglena) Move using

flagellum or flagella

Have eyespot to detect light

Chloroplast to make their own food in the presence of light

Click on the diagram to see a short video clip showing euglenoid movement.

Plant-like – Photosynthetic (ex. Green algae, red algae, diatoms)

Producers Classified according

to colors due to pigments (red, yellow, green, brown, etc.)

Used to make products such as agar, carrageenan (thickener found in puddings) alginates (ice cream) Red tide in FL

Algal bloom in lakeGreen algae

Brown algae

Red algae

Fungus-like – decomposers (slime molds, water molds)

composed of an mass of protoplasm

no cell walls in its it early stage of growth

found in damp, shady areas with abundant organic matter

Animal-like – heterotrophic (Paramecium, Trypanasoma, amoebas) Move

using cilia Oral

groove is like a mouth opening

Click on the diagram to see a short video clip showing paramecium using their cilia for movement.

Animal-like – heterotrophic (Paramecium, Trypanasoma, amoebas) Move using

pseudopods Engulf food

through food vacuoles

Many cause diseases

Click on the diagram to see a short video clip showing amoeboid movement (using pseudopods) as well as phagocytosis (engulfing food).

Bacteria All bacteria were once classified in one

kingdom known as Monera. Earliest organisms to appear

Cell Type ProkaryoteNumber of Cells Unicellular Cell structure Cell wallsNutrition Heterotrophs or

autotrophsMovement Stationary Reproduction Binary fissionRole photosynthetic

producers, decomposers, disease-causing parasites

round - coccus

rod - bacillus

spiral - spirillum

Streptococcus aureus

E. coli

Vibrio cholerae

Kingdoms of Bacteria Archaebacteria (Domain Archae)

“ancient” – oldest bacteria on Earth live in harsh environments (extremophiles)

Cell Type Prokaryote

Number of Cells

Unicellular; microscopic

Cell structure Cell walls WITHOUT peptidoglycan

Nutrition Heterotrophs or autotrophs

Movement Stationary or mobile

Reproduction Binary fission

Role Salt marshes (halophiles), volcanoes (thermophiles), hot springs, maybe on Mars!

Kingdoms of Bacteria Eubacteria (Domain

Bacteria) “true” bacteria

E. coli

Streptococcus

S. Marcescens growing on Petri dish

Cell Type ProkaryoteNumber of Cells

Unicellular; microscopic

Cell structure Cell walls WITH peptidoglycan

Nutrition Heterotrophs or autotrophsMovement Stationary or mobileReproduction Binary fissionRole Live in soil, air, food, inside

organismsProducers, decomposers, parasites

Eubacteria Can be harmful: parasites, or

cause diseasesCan be helpful (most):

a) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria recycle nutrients

b) photosynthetic Cyanobacteria create O2 for planet

c) different types of E.coli help organisms’ digestion

d) Some are used to make foods like cheese, yogurt, pickles, and bread

e) used to genetically engineer medicines and other products

The bacteria that causes syphilis is spiral shaped

The bacteria named Propionibactershermani is used to make specific type of cheese called Emmental.

Classifying Critters

We'll look at members of a big group called the vertebrates. These are animals that have backbones. Do you have a backbone? Great. You're part of this group!

Click on the image to access HHMI Classifying Critters

Classification of Living ThingsDOMAIN Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

KINGDOM Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

CELL TYPE Prokaryote Prokaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote

CELL STRUCTURES

Cell walls withpeptidoglycan

Cell walls without peptidoglycan

Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts

Cell walls of chitin

Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts

No cell walls or chloroplasts

NUMBER OF CELLS

Unicellular Unicellular Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular

Most multicellular; some unicellular

Multicellular Multicellular

MODE OF NUTRITION

Autotroph orheterotroph

Autotroph or heterotroph

Autotroph or heterotroph

Heterotroph Autotroph Heterotroph

EXAMPLES StreptococcusEscherichia coli

Methanogens, halophiles

Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp

Mushrooms, yeasts

Mosses, ferns, flowering plants

Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals

AnimaliaChordataMammaliaPrimate

HominidaeHomosapien

Where do you fit in?

Day 3

Dichotomous Keys Tool scientists use to

identify unknown organisms.

Keys consist of a series of choices that lead the user to the correct name of a given item.

"Dichotomous" means "divided into two parts".

So, dichotomous keys always give two choices in each step.

Dichotomous Keys A list of 2 opposing statements that help to identify organisms

KEY TO INSECT ORDERS Start at Question 1 and follow the links until you've identified your insect

1 Insect has wings? Go to 2

Insect wingless or with poorly developed wings Go to 29

2 One pair of wings Go to 3

Two pairs of wings Go to 7

3 Body grasshopper-like, with enlarged hind legs and

pronotum extending back over abdomen Orthoptera

Insects not like this Go to 4

4 Abdomen with 'tails' Go to 5

Abdomen without 'tails' Go to 6

5 Insects <5mm long, with relatively long

antennae: wing with only one forked vein Hemiptera

Larger insects with short antennae and many

wing veins: tails long Ephemeroptera

The dichotomous key shown below can be used to identify birds W, X, Y, and Z.

Bird X is most likely - A. Certhidea B. Geospiza C. Camarhynchus D. Platyspiza  Answer: C

Unit Summary Essay Why and how do scientists classify living

things?

Virtual Dichotomous Key1A Thread shows when button is sewn on (flat

button)

1B Thread does not show when button is sewn on (shank button)

1A Thread shows when button is sewn on (flat button)-----------Go to 21B Thread does not show when button is sewn on (shank button)----------------------- Go to 72A Button has 2 holes------------------------go to 32B Button has 4 holes------------------------go to 53A Button is oval---------------------------------Peter3B Button is round---------------------------Go to 44A Button has a circle design-----------------Suzy4B Button has no design----------------------David5A Button is square, round corners------Charles5B Button is round---------------------------Go to 66A Button is large, white----------------------Linda6B Button is small, multicolored--------------Bert7A Button is square----------------------------Nancy7B Button is round---------------------------Go to 88A Button is textured------------------------Go to 98B Button is smooth-------------------------------Joe9A Button is metallic------------------------Grampa9B Button is covered with fabric----------Granny