I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones. --Albert Einstein

The Cold War

The Cold War• Who: The U.S. and allies versus the Soviet

Union and allies• What: An Intense rivalry which developed at

the end of WWII between groups of Communist and non-Communist nations

• When: End of WWII to the collapse of the Soviet Union (1945 to 1991)

• Where: Europe and eventually the rest of the World

• How: Through proxy wars, an arms and space race, covert operations, and political influence

Lecture I: Origins of the Cold War

                                          

Beginnings…

• Beginnings of the Cold War go back to the revolution in Russia. In 1917 a new communist government is led by Vladimir Lenin

• Many of the Western Allies view the new Russian government with suspicion.

The War Years…

• During WWII the leaders of Britain, the Soviet Union and the United States agree to work toward the defeat of Nazi Germany. They also begin to map out the future of post-war Europe.

• The Soviet Union and the United States are allies out of necessity- to defeat Nazi Germany

Yalta & Potsdam Conferences• Tehran Big Three commit to military

strategy to crush Hitler. British wanted a southern American attack – Stalin and Roosevelt agree on direct attack through France.

• Yalta Conference: February 1945. Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin agree to divide Germany into four zones. USSR would also regain lost lands and free elections would be held in countries freed from the Nazis. Stalin is paranoid about German aggression wants buffer zone.

• Potsdam Conference: July 1945. Truman, Churchill and Stalin meet and agree to divide Berlin. Stalin again promises to hold free elections in Eastern Europe

                                                              

Germany is Divided after WWII into four zones of control

The same is done to Berlin

• America ends the war strong and undamaged, unlike the Soviet Union, Europe, and Japan which are in ruins.

• Borders are redrawn and and the Soviets control Eastern Europe the United States and allies Western Europe

• Fearful of Communism spreading throughout Europe the United States enacts new policies

By 1948 Russia controls Eastern Europe and free elections are not held. All these countries become communist. Winston Churchill states“…an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.”

The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan

• Truman Doctrine: America would help any non-communist country to resist communist pressure with Military aid. (Containment)

• Marshall Plan: Idea in which large amounts of American money and aid was sent to Europe to help non-communist countries recover from WWII.

Marshall Plan – How can money for rebuilding help stop the spread of communism?

                                        

Before and After: Reconstruction

                          

European Unity – Post War

• Politically Europeans remained divided by national interests despite a unified goal in creating a counter weight to American hegemony.

• Economically Europe recovered quickly and used market based approaches which were supported by Keynesian economics.

Alliances: NATO and the Warsaw Pact• North Atlantic Treaty

Organization (NATO) was a defense alliance, created on April 4, 1949.

• The Countries included Belgium, luxembourg, Netherlands, France, Great Britain, Italy, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Iceland, the United States and Canada (Later West Germany and Turkey).

• Warsaw Pact (formally the Warsaw Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance), military alliance of eight European Communist nations enacted to counteract NATO

• The countries included the Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania

The Warsaw Pact countries are green on the map: 1) USSR2) Poland3) German Democratic Republic4) Czechoslovakia5) Hungary6) Romania7) Bulgaria  The NATO countries are blue.

Berlin Airlift• When the west combined

their zones to form the German Federal Republic the USSR responded by placing a blockade on Berlin.

• Not wanting to risk war by breaking through the blockade, the allies flew in all supplies

• Berlin received food and other rations through an airlift in 1948-9 which lasted for 11 months.

http://www.opb.org/lmd/coldwar/index.html

Korean War• The Soviet Union had troops in

northern Korea and the U.S. had troops in south Korea at the end of WWII.

• After most Soviet and American troops left – a Communist group supported by the Soviets and China attacked southern Korea

• The United Nations called for an action plan, led by the U.S., to remove the Communists from South Korea

• After the war the Russian people hoped that their loyalty would be paid back with a more tolerant state – they were disappointed as Stalin declared the new fight was against the capitalists.

• Stalin died in 1953 and the new Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev seemed to want better relations with the West and reform in the USSR. De-Stalinization

“Socialism in one country…You fool

Trotsky!”

“Whether you like it or not, history is on our side. We will bury you."

• In 1958, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev spoke to the United Nations. During the course of an often rambling and confused speech, Khrushchev, always flamboyant and crude, bent over, took off one shoe, stood up, and started pounding on the lectern with it while shouting: "We will bury you!" No single event so completely encapsulates the essence of the Cold War, including its intensity, its seriousness, and its absurdity.

Cuban Missile Crisis•Khrushchev was replaced was viewed as problematic as he was a former henchman of Stalin and yet he tried to distance himself.

•New leader Brezhnev “hard-liner”& Re-Stalinization.

Arms Race• A conventional and nuclear arms

race began between the United States and the Soviet Union after the Second World War ended this was the work of “Big Science”

• U.S.S.R. explodes their a-bomb in 1949. U.S. explodes a hydrogen bomb in 1952; the U.S.S.R in 1953.

• U.S. and U.S.S.R. build up arsenals of tens of thousands of Nuclear weapons.

“Drop and Cover”

Fear of the Bomb

U-2 Spy Plane Incident

• U.S. sent spy planes over the Soviet Union to keep track of military forces and weapons

• Francis Gary Powers, pilot of the U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union May 1, 1960.

• He was released by the Russians in exchange for the release of Col. Rudolf Abel a convicted Soviet spy.

Threat of Nuclear War

• That a rocket that could launch a satellite could also launch a nuclear warhead at a target. So space developments led to rapid advances in nuclear weapons.

• By 1960 each side had the nuclear capability to destroy the earth- MAD: Mutually Assured Destruction

The Space Race• The space race was an

opportunity for the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. to show technological capabilities.

• First satellites, then manned flight and finally a moon landing

• The space race also had military reasons such as the development of spy satellites and rockets capable of delivering nuclear weapons

                                

Spies• Spies were used by both

sides during the cold war• Spies collected

information, tried to interfere or undermine other governments, and tried to influence, persuade, or force other countries to join there side

• Spying was dangerous and many spies lost there lives during the cold war.

In 1958 Oleg Kalugin traveled to the United States as a Fulbright exchange student -- and KGB spy.

Aldrich Ames was probably the most damaging mole in

CIA history.

         

    

Poison Pen

                

              

                         

                

                       

Spy cameras and transmitters

Cigarette Case Gun

                      

           

Suicide Capsules

                            

        

Coin Knife

Key chain gun

• IRON CURTAIN

• NEOCOLONIALISM - Decolonization

• DÉTENTE

• OPEC

• “BRAIN DRAIN”

• NATO – Warsaw Pact

• Betty Friedan

• “Socialism with a human face”

• Partition of Palestine

• Christian Democrats, Socialists, Communists, Catholic Party (France)

• “Welfare State”• Keynesian Economics• Common Market – European Steel and Coal

Community • Women's Movement – Femiminism – Betty

Freidan