i l international biddeterioration bulletin vol 10 1974 - no 1.pdfa catalogue of potentially...

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VOL 10 NO. 1 SPRING 1974 ISSN 0020-6164

MICROBIOLOGICAL CORROSION. OF METALS- MARINE WOOD BORERS- RODENT ATTACKS ON STORED PRODUCTS- FOULING OF SHIPS BY BARNACLES- DETERIORATION OF STONE BY BACTERIAROTTING OF WOOD BY FUNGI- BACTERIAL BREAKDOWN OF ASPHALT- MILDEWING OF LEATHER -INSECT DAMAGE TO BOOKS -BIRD HAZARDS TO AIRCRAFT- FUNGI IN JET FUEL TANKSTERMITES IN TIMBER -.MICROBIOLOGICAL ATTACK ON RUBBERS PLASTICS AND PAINTS,- FUNGAL ETCHING OF GLASS ....

INTERNATIONAL

BIDDETERIORATION

BuLLETIN

i:~·j· A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF BIODETERIORATION

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BIODETERIORATION INFORMATION CENTRE

THE UNIVERSITY OF ASTON IN BIRMINGHAM

ENGLAND

CATOMANCE LIMITED

manufacturers of

mystox* for the preservation of

timber, textiles paper, cordage

plastics and specialised applications

* mystox is the registered trade mark of

Catomance Limited 94 BRIDGE ROAD EAST, WELWYN GARDEN CITY,

HERTS., ENGLAND. Telephone: Welwyn Garden 24373/8

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Volume 10, Number 1 Spring 1974 lSSN 0020-6164

INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION

BuLLETIN

CONTENTS

BIODETERIORATION SOCIETY NEWSLETTER 1-2

A CATALOGUE OF POTENTIALLY BIODETERIOGENIC FUNGI HELD IN THE CULTURE 3-23 COLLECTIONS OF THE CBS (CENTRAALBUREAU VOOR SCHIMMELCULTURES), CMI (COMMONWEALTH MYCOLOGICAL INSTITUTE), AND QM (U.S. ARMY NATICK LABORATORIES) T. Denizel, B. Jarvis, A. H. S. Onions, A. C. Rhodes, P. A. Samson, E. G. Simmons, M. T. Smith and E. H. H ueck van der Plas

FUNGICIDAL ACTIVITIES OF SOME 0-BIPHENYLYL AND P-CUMENYL- 25-28 PHENYLPHOSPHORODICHLORIDATES R. J. W. Cremlyn, J. David and N. Kishore

A CELLULOLYTIC ENZYME FROM A WOOD-DESTROYING BASIDIOMYCETE B531. 29-32 2. PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ENZ¥ME N.J. King and G. A. Smith

PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CELLULASE FROM 33-34 MERUL/US TREMELLOSUS (SCHRAD.) FR. N. J. King, G. A. Smith and A. Soh!

BOOK REVIEWS

TABLE DES MATIERES

Un catalogue de mycose potentiellement biodeteriogenes . . 3

Les activitCs fongicides de quelques dcrivatifs de l'o-biphCnylyl et de pcumenylphenylphosphoredichloridates

00 00 00 00 00 25

Une enzyme cellulolytique d'un basidiomycCte B531 destructeur de bois. 2. 29

La purification et Ia characterisation de Ia cellulase obtenue de Merulius tremel/osus (Schrad.) Fr. 33

INHALT

Eine Liste von Pilzcn, die mOglicherweise biologischen Abbau verursachen 3

Fungizide Eigenschaften einiger Derivate von o-Biphenylyl undp-Cumenyl-phenyl phosphorodichloridaten . . 25

Ein cellulolytisches Enzym des holzzerstOrenden Basidiomyceten BS31. 2. 29

Reinigung und Cellulase von (Schrad.) Fr.

Charakterisierung der Merulius lremellosus

33

i

35-36

CONTENIDO

Un catAlogo de bongos potencialmente biodeteriogCnicos 3

Las actividades fungicidas de algunas phenyl derivitivas del o-biphenylyl y p-cwnenylphosphorodichlorodates 25

Un enzyme celulolitico de un basidiomycete BS31 destructor de la madera. 2.

29 Purificaci6n y caracterizaci6n del cclulase del Merulius tremellosus (Schrad.) Fr. 00 00 00 00 00 33

INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION BULLETIN

NOTES FOR CONTRffiUTORS

Biodeterioration Information Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Aston in Birmingham, 80 Coleshill Street, Birmingham, England, B4 7PF.

The lntemationa/ Biodeterioration Bulletin is published four time per year (Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter). Typescript contributions in triplicate should be sent to the Editors, Dr. H. 0. W. Eggins or Mr. M. J. D. Willsher, at the above address.

Editors

Dr. H. 0. W. Eggins and Mr. M. J.D. Willsher, Biodeterioration Information Centre.

The Bulletin acts as a vehicle for the publication of works on all aspects of biodeterioration, i.e. the deterioration of materials of economic importance by micro-organisms, insects, rodents, etc.

Editorial Board

Mr. G. Ayerst, Wolverhampton, England. Professor G. Becker, Berlin, Germany. Dr. D. S. Belford, London, England. Dr. D. G. Coursey, London, England. Mr. J. J. Elphick, London, England. Dr. J. Garrido, Madrid, Spain. Dr. N. E. Hickin, Bewdlcy, England. Dr. H. J. Hueck, Delft, Netherlands. Dr. A. M. Kaplan, Natick, U.S.A. M. Y. Le Grand, Vert-le-Petit, France.

Contributions may be in English, French, German or Spanish and should be submitted in triplicate on international A4 size paper (21.0 em x 29.7 em or 8.27 in. X 11.69 in.); typewritten on one side of the paper only. A swnmary of 25-100 words should accompany each contribution.

Illustrations should be clearly drawn in Indian ink or should be photographed. The reduction desired should be clearly indicated and illustrations when reduced are not to exceed 17 em X 26 em. Where figures are to be inserted in the text the approximate position for each one should be clearly marked in the typescript.

The bibliographic references are to be indicated in the text as, e.g.

Reese and Levinson (1952). and in the bibliography:

Mr. A. 0. Lloyd, Welwyn Garden City, England. Dr G. J. F. Pugh, Nottingham, England. Professor R. W. Traxler, Kingston, U.S.A.

Reese, E. T. and Levinson, H. G. (1952) Comparative study of the breakdown of ceUulose by microorganisms. Physiol. Plant .• 5, 354-366. Authors are requested to abbreviate journal titles according

to the conventions of the World List of Scientific Periodicals. Dr. R. Zinkernagel, Basic, Switzerland. Dr. B. J. Zyska, Katowice, Poland.

Advertising Manager

Dr. D. Allsopp, Biodeterioration Information Centre.

Proofs will not be sent to authors before final publication. 30 reprints will be sent free of charge with each article. Addi

tional reprints are obtainable: scale of charges available on application to the Editors.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TO SUSTAINING ORGANISATIONS Financial support for the Biodeteration Information Centre from the following organisatons is gratefully

acknowledged:

ALBRIGHT & WILSON (MFG) LTD., Oldbury Division, P.O. Box 3, Oldbury, Warley, Wares., England.

B.D.H. CHEMICALS LIMITED, Laboratory Chemicals Division, Poole, Dorset, England; manufacturers of laboratory chemicals, biochemicals, industrial fine chemicals and microbiocides.

BRITISH INSULATED CALLENDERS CABLES LIMITED, 38 Wood Lane, London, W12, England.

THE BRITISH PETROLEUM COM· PANY LIMITED.

CATOMANCE LIMITED, Welwyo, Garden City, Hertfordshire. England; manufacturers of speciality chemicals for the textile, paper, timber, leather industries, etc., including fungicides, bactericides and insecticides.

CENTRAL LABORATORY TNO, Delft, The Netherlands; research, analysis and testing facilities in materials science and technology, including biodeterioration and marine research. Sponsored by government agencies and by international industries.

CIDA-GEIGY LIMITED, CH-4002 Basle, Switzerland; manufacturers of dyestuffs, industrial chemicals, plastic additives, photochemicals. pharmaceutical and agricultural chemicals.

CIBA-GEIGY (U.K.) LIMITED, Dyestuffs Division, Clayton, Manchester, England, Mil 4AR.

COURTAULDS LIMITED, Coventry, Warwickshire, England.

FARBENFABRIKEN BAYER A.G., Leverkusen, Germany; manufacturers of dyestuffs, industrial chemicals, synthetic fibers, phannaceutical and agricultural chemicals and preservatives for wood, foodstuffs and technical products.

FOSROC INTERNATIONAL LTD., 36 Queen Anne's Gate, London, England SWIH 9AR.

GRAY LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL LIMITED, Marshall Road, Hampden Park, Eastbourne, Sussex, England.

HALDANE CONSULTANTS LIMITED, Haldane Place, London, Eng· land, SW18 4NA; consultants in industrial microbiology and microbiological deterioration.

HICKSON & WELCH (HOLDINGS) LTD., logs Lane, Castleford, Yorkshire, England.

IMPERIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES LIMITED, Agricultural Division, Billingham, Co. Durham, England.

ii

LUCAS FURNACE DEVELOP-MENTS LIMITED, Western Way, Wednesbury, Staffs., England.

LUCASGASTURBINEEQUIPMENT LTD., Shaftmoor Lane, Birmingham, 28, England.

MARKS & SPENCER LTD., Michael House, Baker Street, London, England WIA IDN.

MAY & BAKER LIMITED, Dagenham, Essex; England; chemical manufacturers.

McKECHNIE CHEMICAL LIMITED P.O. Box 4, Widnes, Lanes, England, WA80PG.

NATIONAL COAL BOARD, Coal House, Lyon Road, Harrow, Middlesex, England.

THE PLESSEY COMPANY LIMITED, Abbey Works, Titchfield, Hants., England.

RENTOKIL LABORATORIES LIMITED, East Grinstead, Sussex, England

REVERTEX LIMITED, Harlow, Essex, England.

VENTRON CORPORATION, Congress Street, Beverly, MA 01915, U.S.A.; leading manufacturers of industrial fungicides and bactericides who maintain substantial research and development facilities to assist customers in the development of final products geared to meet government and industry standards.

Int. Biodetn. Bull. (ISSN 0020-6164) 10 (1) 1-2 (1974)

BIODETERIORATION SOCIETY NEWSLETTER Election of Council Members 1974

As there were fewer nominations than vacant places on Council there was no need for a postal ballot this year. The following nominees are therefore duly elected to serve for up to three years as Council Members:-

Mr. A. R. M. BarrCatomance Limited. Mrs. Sheila Barry-Ministry of Defence. Mr. B. W. SparrowInternational Red Hand Marine Coatings.

Rodent Course A one-day course on the Biology

of Rodent Control was held on the 5th April1974 at the University of Aston in Birmingham, organised by the Biodeterioration Information Centre. Over 40 delegates attended the course, which proved to be a stimulating and lively meeting. The following lectures were given:-

Introduction, Professor Oxley, (Univ. of Aston);

"The Need for Control", R. A. Davis (Min. of Agriculture);

FORTHCOMING CONFERENCES, MEETINGS AND COURSES

Dates Title Location

12-13 July 1974 Biodeterioration Society Summer Scientific Meeting and Annual

Bath, England

General Meeting

15·19 July 1974 Applied polarised light microscopy

}London, England (Course)

22·26 July 1974 Identification of small particles (Course)

25-31 August 1974 2nd International Symposium on the Genetics of Industrial Micro-

Sheffield, England

organisms

27 August-3 September 1974 Sewage discharge London, England

1-7 September 1974 1st Intersectional Congress of the International Association of

Tokyo, Japan

Microbiological Societies

2-6 September 1974 Photomicrography (Course) London, England

9-13 September 1974 International Association on Water PoJlution Research

Paris, France

18-19 September 1974 Microorganisms in their natural environment

Galway, Ireland

26 September 1974 Food microbiology Leeds, England

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"Dangerous Thieves" (Film); "Biology of Rodents'\ R. A.

Davis;

"Ecology and Behaviour", D. Drummond (Min. of Agriculture);

"Hygiene and Proofing", G. Barnes (Marks & Spencer);

"Control of Mice", J. Bull (Rentokil);

"Control of Rats", D. Drummond; Summing Up, Professor Oxley.

Contact

Dr. R. H. Tilbury, Tate & Lyle Ltd., Group Research & Development, P.O. Box 68, Reading, Berks., England RG6 2BX (Tel: Reading 861361)

McCrone Research Institute, 2 McCrone Mews, Belsize Lane, London, England NW3 5BG (Tel: 01-435 2282/3)

The Assistant Secretary (GIM 74), Society of Chemical Industry 14 Belgrave Square, London, England SWIX 8PS

Water Pollution Research Lab., Elder Way, Stevenage, Herts., England SG! ITH

Prof. D. Ushiba, General Secretary, Organising Committee, lst Intersectio-nal Congress of lAMS, Science Council of Japan, 24-34 Roppongi 7-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106, Japan.

McCrone Research Institute, 2 McCrone Mews, Belsize Lane, London, England NW3 5BG (Tel: 01-435 2282/3)

S. H. Jenkins, Programme Committee Chairman, I.A.W.P.R., 156-170 Newhall St., Binningham, England

Dr. J. S. Porterfield, Meetings Secretary, Society for General Microbiology, NIMR, Mill Hill, London, England NW7 I AA

Mr.s J. A. Ellison, Programme Secretary, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Flour Advisory Bureau, 21 Arlington Street, London, England SWIA IRN.

30 September- The control of insects and rot in Princes Risborough, .Mrs. J. Marshall, Building Research 2 October 1974 buildings (Course) England Establishment, Princes Risborough

Lab., Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Bucks, England. (fel: Princes Risborough 3101)

1-4 October 1974 2nd International Colloquium on the Bordeaux, France Association pour !'Organisation de Exploitation of the Oceans Colloques OcCanologiques a Bordeaux,

B.P. 315-16, 75767 Paris Cedex 16, France

7-11 October 1974 1st International Working Savannah, Ga., Organizers, Working Conference on Conference on Stored-Product U.S.A. Stored-Product Entomology, c/o Stored Entomology Product Insects Research & Develop-

ment Lab., P.O. Box 5125, Savannah, GA 31403, U.S.A.

14-18 October 1974 Techniques in reflected polarised London, England Light microscopy (Course)

McCrone Research Institute, 2 McCrone Mews, Belsize Lane, London, England NW3 5BG (fel: 01-435 2282/3)

18-23 November 1974 Public Works Congress and Exhibition

London, England F. M. Blake, The Municipal Agency Ltd., 178/202 Gt. Portland St., London, England WIN 6NH

25-27 November 1974 The control of insects and rot in Princes Risborough, Mrs. J. MarshaU, Building Research buildings (Course) England Establishment, Princes Risborough

Lab., Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Bucks., England (Tel: Princes Risborough 3101)

29 November 1974 Biodeterioration at limits of London, England Dr. R. H. Tilbury, Tate & Lyle Ltd., temperature: thcrmophiles and Group Research & Development, psychrophilcs (Biodeterioration P.O. Box 68, Reading, Berks., England Society Meeting) RG6 2BX. (fcl: Reading 861361)

16-17 April 1975 Conference on the application of Chemical engineering to the

York, England Dr. D. Geldart, Conference Secretary, University of Bradford, Bradford 7,

treatment of sewage and industrial England. liquid effluents.

17-23 August 1975 3rd International Biodegradation Kingston, R.I., 3rd International Biodegradation Symposium U.S.A. Symposium, 231 Woodward Hall,

University of Rhode Island, Kingston, R.I. 02881, U.S.A.

20-26 August 1975 6th International Continuous Culture Symposium

Oxford, England Mr. A. Fleming, Secretary, Microbiology Group, Society of Chemical Industry, Biochemistry Dep., Imperial College, London SW7, England. (fel; 01-589 5111 ex. 1104)

2

Denizel, T. eta/. Int. Biodetn Bull. 10 (!) 3-23 (1974).

A catalogue of potentially biodeteriogenic fungi held in the culture collections of the CBS (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures). CMI (Commonwealth Mycological Institute) and QM (U.S. Army Natick Laboratories).

A CATALOGUE OF POTENTIALLY BIODETERIOGENIC FUNGI HELD IN THE CULTURE COLLECTIONS OF THE

CBS (CENTRAALBUREAU VOOR SCHIMMELCULTURES},1

CMI (COMMONWEALTH MYCOLOGICAL INSTITUTE)' AND QM (U.S. ARMY NATICK LABORATORIES).l* T. Denizel4, B. Jarvis,4,5 Agnes H. S. Onions2, Annette C. Rhodes4,s, R. A. Samson!,

E. G. Simmons', Maud Th. Smith6 and Eleonora H. Hueck-van der Plas7

Summary. Lists the strains of fungi held in three culture collections cooperating in the International Biodegradation Research Group (IBRG), which have been isolated from materials, excluding wood and foodstuffs.

Eine Liste von Pilzcn, die mOglicherweise biologischen Abbau verursachen. Sie werden in den Kultursamrnlungen des CBS ( Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn), dem CMI (Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew) und dem QM (Pioneering Research Division, U.S. Army Natick Laboratories) gehalten. Es wcrdcn Pilzstiimme aufgefiihrt, die in Kultursammlungen der drei Institute, die an der International Biodegradation Research Group beteiligt sind, gehalten werden. Die Pilze wurden aus Materialien-ausser Holz und Nahrungsmittelnisoliert.

In the study of the biological deterioration of materials certain fields of interest can be defined:

-the breakdown mechanisms; -the prevention of biological deterioration; -the taxonomy of the biodeteriogenic organisms; -the ecology of these organisms. From the start the study of the biodeterioration of materials has been directed mainly to the first two topics. The study of taxonomy and ecology is, nevertheless, of great importance: -it can serve as a guide in choosing relevant organisms for material testing or studying breakdown mechanisms; or

Un catalogue de mycoses potentiellcmcnt biodCteri.ogenes; situe dans collections de cultures du CBS (Ccntraalbureau voor Schimmclcultures, Banrn.), Je CMI (Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kcw) ct le QM (Pioneering Research Division, U.S. Army Natick Laboratories). Ce catalogue contient une liste des lignCes des mycoses qui ont CtC isoiCes dans des materiaux, a part le bois et les comestibles, et qui se trouvcnt dans trois collections de cultures qui font des traveaux co-ooeratifs dans le Groupe International de Recherches sur Ia Biodlgradation.

Un cat3.Iogo de bongos potencialmcnte biodeteriogCnicos, guardado en la colecci6n de culturas del CBS (Central bureau \"oorSchimmclcultures, Baarn). El CMI (Commonwealth Mycological Instituc, Kew) y Ia QM (Pioneering Research Divsion, U.S. Anny Natick Laboratories.). Este registra las clases de bongos guardadas en tres colecciones de culturas cooperando en el Grupe de Internacional de Indagaciones de Ia Biodegradaci6n, clase que se han aislado de las materias con excepci6n de Ia madera y los alimentos.

-it can give an indication which organisms are to be expected in actual cases of biodeterioration.

Because data on ecology and taxonomy in biodeterioration were lacking, means to remedy this have been discussed in the International Biodegradation Research Group (IBRG). Checklists of biodeteriogens were considered to be one of the possibilities and could be drawn from the literature, case histories or culture collections.

It was concluded that a list based on the literature could never be satisfactory as there would be too many uncertainties about the taxonomy and/or the biodeteriorative capacity of the organisms described.

*This catalogue has been prepared under the auspices of the Working Group on Taxonomy of the International Biodegradation Research Group.

lCentraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Oosterstraat I, Baarn ,the Netherlands. 2Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Ferry Lane, Kew, Surrey, England. >Pioneering Research Division, U.S. Army Natick Laboratories, Natick, MA 01760, U.S.A. 4National College of Food Technology, University of Reading, St. George's Avenue, Weybridge, Surrey, England. 5Present address: British Food Manufacturing Industries Research Association, Randalls Road, Leatherhead, Surrey, England.

6Central Laboratory TNO, Delft, the Netherlands. Present address: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Yeast Department, Delft, the Netherlands.

?Study and Information Center TNO on Environmental Research, cfo P.O. Box 217, Delft, the Netherlands. (Copy received October 1973)

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A catalogue of potentially biodeteriogenic fungi held in the culture collections of the CBS (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures), CMI (Commonwealth Mycological Institute) and QM (U.S. Army Natick Laboratories). T. Denizel, B. Jarvis, Agnes H. S. Onions, Annette C. Rhodes, R. A. Samson, E. G. Simmons, Maud Th. Smith and Eleonora H. Hueck-van der Plas.

Many of these organisms would, in all probability, no longer be available so that it would not be possible to check their taxonomy or their biodeteriogenic capacity.

The second possibility, compiling lists of organisms from case histories, was considered to involve a tremendous amount of work not sufficiently relevant to other cases to be justified. The fungal flora found on any material would be influenced by the environment and the flora present rather than by the nature of the material. Skinner (1971) made an analysis of the fungal floras occurring on paints exposed at five sites around the world, which had widely differing climates. The paints showed different failure patterns and different fungal species growing on them. Even a checklist of organisms observed or isolated in actual cases of biodeterioration might, therefore, be misleading.

The third possibility for compiling a checklist would be to send out an enquiry to culture collections and such an action was undertaken by the late Professor Hauduroy. This list was, however, not altogether satisfactory and it was finally agreed that a list would be compiled based on the cultures present in the culture collections cooperating in the programme of the IBRG. The taxonomy of the strains would be sound and the cultures listed would be available to research workers for study.

The checklist which has been drawn up summarises the data on fungi isolated from materials other than wood or foodstuffs. A separate checklist on wooddeteriorating fungi is being compiled by the International Research Group on Wood Preservation.

The checklist will be found in appendices I and II. In appendix I are summarised the specific names,

the strain numbers (with cross references to strain numbers from as many culture collections as were available) and the materials from which the strains had been isolated.

Appendix II contains a summary of the strains isolated from certain materials and/or used as test organisms for mould-proofing tests. In order to save space and to avoid duplication of lists, all strains in appendix I have been numbered and these numbers are used in appendix II to indicate which strains have been isolated from particular materials. This second

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list has been compiled at the request of the research workers in the field of prevention of hiodeterioration, who are mostly interested in a synopsis of the organiisms they may expect to occur in a particular material.

At the present time it is not known which of the strains listed in this check-list have been confirmed as biodcteriogens nor which may have lost their biodeteriogenic activity on laboratory cultivation: Some may be merely contaminants on materials deteriorated by other organisms.

In order to assist in the production of a generally useful catalogue of biodeteriogens the authors would like to hear from any workers in the field ofbiodeterioration who have used any of the cultures listed. They would also be grateful for information about known biodeteriogens held in individual laboratory culture collections. In the first instance details of such cultures should be sent to Dr. B. Jarvis and should include the identification of the organism (where known), the culture collection reference number, the method of preservation (i.e. liquid paraffin covered slope cultures, freeze drying or liquid nitrogen storage), source of the culture, the type of deterioration produced and the conditions under which the deterioration has been reproduced in the laboratory. A specimen data record sheet (available from Mrs. Drs. E. H. Hueck- van der Plas, Study and Information Centre TNO on Environmental Research, c/o P.O. Box 217, Delft, the Netherlands) is given in Appendix III. Subsequently such cultures might be deposited in the appropriate national culture collections. Some of the items on these data sheets have to be filled in as stated above, but they also can be used as a guide to the characteristics of interest for the study of biodeteriogens.

Acknowledgements Mr. T. Denizel is on secondment from the Faculty

of Agriculture, University of Ankara, Turkey, and is the holder of a Cenco Fellowship. We are indebted to the Staffs of the CMI, CBS and QM for their assistance in the compilation of these data.

Reference Skinner, C. E. (1972) Laboratory test methods for biocidal paints In Biodeterioration of materials Vol. 2. Ed. Walters, A. H. Hueck-van der Plas, E. H. London; Applied Science. pp. 356-344

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A catalogue of potentially biodeteriogenic fungi held in the culture collections of the CBS (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures), CMI (Commonwealth Mycological Institute) and QM (U.S. Army Natick Laboratories).

T. Denizel, B. Jarvis, Agnes H. S. Onions, Annette C. Rhodes, R. A. Samson, E. G. Simmons, Maud Th. Smith and Eleonora H. Hueck-van der Plas.

APPENDIX I Checklist of potentially biodeteriogenic fungi

organisms:

I Acremonium charticola

2 Acremonium charticola

3 Acremonium glaucum

4 Acremonium restrictum 5 Acremonium restrictum

6 Acremonium restrictum

7 Acrospeira spec.

8 Acrospeira levis

9 Alternaria alternata

10 Alternaria alternata

11 Alternaria gossypina

12 Alternaria porri

cultures collection references:

CBS 402.66

CBS 403.66

CBS 796.69 QM 755

CBS 178.40

CBS 443.66

CBS 988.69, CMI 59,790

QM 791

CBS 148.65, CL 226

QM 586

CBS 326.65

QM 1331, ATCC 6655

CBS 106.29

13 Amorphotheca resinae CBS 642.70 st. conid. Cladosporium resinae

14 Arachniotus citrinus CBS 113.61, CMI 63, 905

15 Arthrobotrys arthrobotryoides CBS 119.54, QM 669, Haew B-63A

16 Arthrobotrys arthrobotryoides QM 1024

17 Arthrobotrys arthrobotryoides

18 Arthrobotrys superba

19 Arthrobotrys superba var. oligospora

20 Ascotricha chartarum 21 Ascotricha chartarum 22 Ascotricha chartarum

QM 1205, QM 5240

QM 670, CBS 116.61

CBS 121.54, QM 671 (Haew B-741A) CBS 107.30 CBS 110.52 CBS 902.69

source of isolate:

moulded walls (Baarn, Holland)

moulded walls (Baarn, Holland)

woollen overcoat (Guadalcanal)

packing material

moist wall

mineral wool packing (Newcastle on Tyne)

sewing string, broom (Florida)

untreated jute (Holland)

canvas (Florida)

ocron tiles (quartz & plastic) (Baarn, Holland)

cotton

cotton (Nigeria)

scrapings from an aircraft fuel tank (Holland)

wet ambergris (France)

tentage (Panama Canal Zone) deteriorated tentage (Panama Canal Zone) deteriorated tentage (Panama Canal Zone) textile exposure test sample (Panama Canal Zone) tarpaulin (Panama Canal Zone) moulded linoleum old paper cork of wine bottle (Baarn, Holland)

23 Aspergillus amstelodami CBS 519.65, ATCC 16467, WB 110 old shoe st. asc. Eurotium amstelodami

24 Aspergillus amstelodami 25 Aspergillus amstelodami

26 Aspergillus auratio-brunneus

27 Aspergillus candidus 28 Aspergillus chevalieri

var.intermedius st. asc. Eurotium chevalieri

29 Aspergillus clavatus

30 Aspergillus fischeri var. therrnornutatus st. asc. Sartorya fischeri

CMI 92.026 CMI 135.300

CBS 465.65, CMI 139,281, ATCC 16821, WB 4545 CMI 56, 189 CMI 89,278 (T), CBS 523,65. ATCC 16444, QM 7403, WB 82

QM 862, NRRL A-5247, ATCC 18214

CBS 404.67

5

cloth PTFE-covered wire (French Guinea) canvas haversack (Australia) cotton fabric cotton yarn

Japanese tarpaulin (Hollandia, New Guinea)

mouldy cardboard

(Victoria, B.C., Canada)



31 Aspergillus fischeri CBS lll.55, ll2.55 rubber scrap from old tyres var. glaber CMI 61,447, QM 1903, WB 2163

ATCC 16909, IFO 8789, NRRL 2163, NRRL 2392

32 Aspergillus flavipes CBS 166.63, CL 174 dioctylphthalate plasticizer (Delft, Holland)

33 Aspergillus fiavipes CL228 dioctylphthalate plasticizer (Delft, Holland)

34 Aspergillus flavipes CMI 92,028 cotton yarn

35 Aspergillus fiavipes CMI 94,160 cotton yarn

36 Aspergillus fiavus CMI 45,542 shoe (New Guinea)

37 Aspergillus fiavus CMI 91,907 "Pegamold" leather cloth (Scotland)

38 Aspergillus fiavus CMI 92,018 cotton yarn

39 Aspergillus fiavus CBS 569.65, CMI 124,930, cellophane ATCC 16883

40 Aspergillus fiavus CBS 131.61, QM 380, ATCC 9643, test organism for mould proofing CMI 91, NRRL A-5244, IFO 6343

41 Aspergillus fiavus CBS 625.66, CMI 114,929, shoe, inside heel QM 4m, NRRL A-433, CEB (Bougainville Island) 3188.6 ATCC 11655; 13789

42 Aspergillus flavus CBS 247.65, QM 320 ASTM test organism for mould proofing of plastic

43 Aspergillus fiavus CBS 111.45, CMI 92,018 cotton yarn (Great Britain)

44 Aspergillus fiavus CBS 131.61, CMI 91,856, sole and insole of boot QM 380, IFO 6343, ATCC 9643, (New Guinea) NRRL A-5244

45 Aspergillus fiavus CL209 jute impregnated with Preventol G.D. (Delft, Holland)

46 Aspergillus fumigatus CMI 16,159 jute fiber (India)

47 Aspergillus fumigatus QM 45 h, CMI 45,546 shoe (India)

48 Aspergillus fumigatus CMI 51,948 microscope lens (Ceylon)

49 Aspergillus furnigatus CMI 94,164, CBS 115.45 cotton yarn (Great Britain)

50 Aspergillus fumigatus CBS 132.54, QM 6 b test organism for cellulose degradation

51 Aspergillus fumigatus CL233 soil burial test samples (Delft, Holland)

52 Aspergillus fumigatus CMI 108,008 synthetic rubber (U.K.)

53 Aspergillus fumigatus CMI 131,120 coal tip

54 Aspergillus glaucus (group) CMI 53,242 microscope objective (Ceylon)

55 Aspergillus glaucus (group) CMI 53,243 microscope objective (Ceylon)

56 Aspergillus gracilis CBS 539.65, ATCC 16906 gunfiring mechanism (S. Pacific)

57 Aspergillus gracilis CMI 16,400 textiles (U.K.)

58 Aspergillus luchnensis QM873 Japanese tent cf. Aspergillus awamori (Hollandia, New Guinea)

59 Aspergillus manginii CMI 50,126 cotton wool (Kenya)

60 Aspergillus manginii CMI 72,050 cane sugar sack

61 Aspergillus manginii CBS 118.56 leached jute treated with Cu-naphthenate

62 Aspergillus manginii CBS 516.65, ATCC 16469 unpainted board

6



63 Aspergillus nidulans CBS 119.56 moulded wall (Basle, Switzerland) st. asc. Emericella nidulans

64 Aspergillus nidulans CMI 16,643 cotton lint (India)

65 Aspergillus nidulans CBS 119,55, QM 1908 exposed fabric (New Mexico) var. acristatus ATCC 16829, CMI 61,453,

NRRL2394

67 Aspergillus niger CBS 123.48, QM 8404, ATCC test organism for British 10575 ATCC 16019, CMI 17,454 mould proofing test

68 Aspergillus niger CBS 131.52, QM 324, QM 458, used in cellulose biodegradation CMI 45,551, ATCC 6275, IFO 6341 studies

69 Aspergillus niger CMI 91,855, CBS 246.65, QM 386 radio set (Australia) used in ASTM ATCC 9642, NRRL A-5243 mould proofing test of plastics

70 Aspergillus niger CMI 94,158 cotton yarn (U.K.)

71 Aspergillus niger CBS 626.66, CMI 114,927 used for testing mould proofing 72 Aspergillus ochraceus CMI 92,024 cotton yarn (U.K.) 73 Aspergillus ochraceus CMI 92,029 cotton yarn (U.K.) 74 Aspergillus ochraceus QM 58c testament, leatherette

(Finschafen, New Guinea) 75 Aspergillus parasiticus CM 93,123 formica-polyethylene 76 Aspergillus parasiticus QM 883, NRRL A-1765 cotton fabric (Florida) 77 Aspergillus penicilloides CMI 108,298(T) binocular lens (Tokyo) 78 Aspergillus penicilloides CMI 134,897 jute (India) 79 Aspergillus peyronelii CBS 572.65, QM 6973 a, badly moulded exposed paint

ATCC 16831 (West Indies) 80 Aspergillus peyronelii CMI 139,27~. paint (West Indies) 81 Aspergillus proliferans CMI 16,105 (T), CBS 121.45, cotton fabric (U.K.)

CBS 528.65, QM 7462, WB 1908, NCTC 6546, ATCC 16922

82 Aspergillus pseudo-glaucus CBS 102.43 telephone cables in a telephone station (The Hague, Holland)

83 Aspergillus quadricinctus CMI 48,583 (T), CBS 135.52, cardboard (U.K.) QM 6874, WB 2154, ATCC 16897

84 Aspergillus repens CMI 50,673 (2) signalling apparatus (U.K.) 85 Aspergillus restrictus CMI 16,267 (T), CBS 117.33 cloth (U.K.) 86 Aspergillus restrictus CMI 16,268, CBS 118.33, WB 148 cotton fabric (U.K.) 87 Aspergillus restrictus CBS 541.65, QM 1979, WB 154, cloth

CMI 16,267, ATCC 16912 88 Aspergillus sejunctus CBS 531.65, WB 75, ATCC 16442 unpainted board

(=Aspergillus ruber, st. asc. Eurotium rubrum)

89 Aspergillus sejunctus CMI 16,038 dried milk bag (U.K.) 90 Aspergillus sejunctus CMI 91,864 cotton yarn 91 Aspergillus sejunctus CMI 94,154 cotton yarn 92 Aspergillus subolivaceus CBS 501.65, ATCC 16862, Lintafelt cotton (U.K.)

WB 4998, CMI 44,882 93 Aspergillus sydowii CMI 50,646 herbarium drying paper 94 Aspergillus sydowii CMI 94,162 cotton yarn 95 Aspergillus sydowii CMI 87,160 (i) canvas bag

96 Aspergillus tamarii CMI 61,268, CBS 109.63, QM 1223 radio equipment (New Guinea) ATCC 10836, NRRL 572 test organism for mould proofing of

rubber and plastic insulation 97 Aspergillus tamarii CMI 92,019 cotton yarn

7



98 Aspergillus terreus QM 72h scabbard, leather (Finschafen, New Guinea)

99 Aspergillus terreus CMI 44,339, CBS 134.60, American cotton (U.K.) LSHB BB.45

100 Aspergillus terreus CBS 377.64, CMI 45, 543, QM 82 j haversack NRRL 571, ATCC 10690, (Finschafen, New Guinea) NRC A-6-30, IFO 6346

101 Aspergillus terreus CMI 89,355 cloth

102 Aspergillus terreus CMI 89,356 Egyptian cotton

103 Aspergillus terreus CMI 89,357 American cotton yarn

104 Aspergillus terreus CMI 133,732 pvc-paper wall covering

105 Aspergillus tonophilus CBS 405.65, ATCC 16440, binocular lens st. asc. Eurotium tonophilus WB 5124, CMI 108,299 (Tokyo, Japan)

106 Aspergillus unguis CBS 132.55, QM 25 b, shoe leather NRRL 2393, WB 2393, ATCC 16812

107 Aspergillus unguis CMI 136,526 shoe leather (USA)

108 Aspergillus ustus CMI 89,359 canvas ventilation tubing in mine (South Africa)

109 Aspergillus ustus CMI 89,360 flannel bag (S. Africa)

110 Aspergillus ustus CMI 133,731 pvc-paper wall covering (U.K.)

Ill Aspergillus versicolor CMI 40,636 paper (Ghana)

112 Aspergillus versicolor CMI 45,554 cellophane paper (India)

113 Aspergillus versicolor CMI 71,358 theodolite lens (Malaya)

114 Aspergillus versicolor CMI 91,859 paraffin wax

115 Aspergillus versicolor CMI 91,890 electrical fuse

116 Aspergillus versicolor CMI 94,152 cloth (India)

117 Aspergillus versicolor CMI 94,159 cotton yarn

118 Aspergillus versicolor CMI 45,554 (i), ATCC 11730 cellophane (India)

119 Aspergillus versicolor CBS 137.55, QM 4 g shoe leather (Bougainville Island)

120 Aspergillus versicolor CBS 245.65, QM 432 cellophane paper (India)

121 Aspergillus vitricola CMI 108,298 (T) binocular lens (Tokyo) cf Aspergillus penicilloides

122 Aspergillus wentii CMI 94,161 cotton yarn (U.K.)

123 Aureobasidium pullulans CMI 60,590 woollen cloth

124 Aureobasidium pullulans CMI 68,034 paint (Kenya)

125 Aureobasidium pullulans CBS 127.59 paint (Holland)

126 Aureobasidium pullulans CBS 249.65, CMI 45,533, painted wood QM 279 e, ATCC 15233 test organism for mould proofing

127 Aureobasidium pullulans CBS 110.67 cotton cloth (Holland)

128 Basidiomycete QM 592 tent (species indetermined) (Finschafen, New Guinea)

129 Basidiomycete QM 594 octagonal tent (species indetermined) Japanese (S. Pacific)

130 Basidiomycete QM806 Japanese blanket (species indetermined) (Hollandia, New Guinea)

131 Basidiomycete QM 807 head band (species indetermined) (Oro Bay, New Guinea)

132 Basidiomycete QM 1127 cardboard (species indetermined) (Phillipine Islands)

8

'·

A catalogue of potentially biodeteriogenic fungi held in the culture collections of the CBS (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures), CMI (CommonweaJth Mycological Institute) and QM (U.S. Army Natick Laboratories). T. Denizel, B. Jarvis, Agnes H. S. Onions, Annette C. Rhodes, R. A. Samson, E. G. Simmons, Maud Th. Smith and Eleonora H. Hueck-van der Plas.

133 Blennoria sp.

134 Botryophialophora sp.

135 Botryosphaeria rhodina

CMI45,540

QM 571

CBS 289.56

nylon plate (USA)

textile exposure test sample (Panama Canal Zone)

136 Botryotrichum piluliferum CMI 51,266 moulded tarpaulin (New Guinea) plaster and wall-paper (UK)

st. asc. Chaetomium piluliferum 137 Botryotrichum piluliferum CMI 68,736 cellophane in sandy loam soil

(U.K.)

138 Botryotrichum piluliferum CBS 160.53 TRL 2873 139 Botryotrichum piluliferum CBS 130.56

cotton duck (South Africa) jute (Delft, Holland)

140 Byssochlamys nivea CBS 146.55 jute treated with Preventol st. conid. Paecilomyces niveus

141 Cephaliophora tropica CMI 45,555, QM 596 shoe leather t Guadalcanal) Cephalosporium cf. Acremonium

145 Ceratocystis paradoxa CMI 60,109 (a) cotton duck (U.K.) st. conid. Thielaviopsis paradoxa

146 Ceratocystis piceae CBS 153.54 paper pulp (Norway) paper 148 Chaetomidium subfimeti

149 Chaetomium amberpetense 150 Chaetomium atrobrunneum 151 Chaetomium brasiliense

152 Chaetomium brasiliense

153 Chaetomium brasiliense

153 Chaetomium causiaeforme

154 Chaetomium cuniculorum

155 Chaetomium cupreum cf. Chaetomium trilaterale

156 Chaetomium dolichotrichum

157 Chaetomium flavum

158 Chaetomium funicola

158a Chaetomium globosum

159 Chaetomium globosum





164 Chaetomium homopilatum

165 Chaetomium indicum

166 Chaetomium indicum

CBS 370.66, CMI 116,692, ATCC 18209 CMI 144,976 QM 626, DAOM 24183 CBS 140.50, CMI 31,638, IJMARI 117

paper (India) mattress cover (Guadalcanal) wet jute (Calcutta, India)

CMI 44,212, ATCC 11218 tent canvas (New Guinea)

QM 623, CMI 45,557, ATCC 11197 Japanese tent canvas DAOM 24184 (Hollandia, New Guinea)

QM 949, DAOM 24186, leather sweat band from helmet A TCC 11198 liner ( Guadalcanal)

CBS 156.52, ATCC 11201

QM954

CMI 87,410

CBS 156.55

CBS 141,50, IJMARI 145

CBS 105.40

CMI 16,203

CMI 17,367

paper carbon exposed in tropical testing chamber

shoes (Guadalcanal)

kerosene filter pad (Phillipine)

buried filter paper (Western Norway)

bleached flax fibers

moulded books (Amsterdam, Holland)

paper (India)

damp wall (U.K.)

CMI 45,550, CBS 148.51, 161.52, cotton (Maryland) QM 459, ATCC 6205, NRRL 1870, NRC V-159, CEB 1218 .2, IFO 6347

CMI 107,512 cellulose board

CMI 115,290 cotton yarn (St. Gallen)

CBS 157.55

CMI 16,202

QM 46 b, NRRL 2174

9

filter paper in soil (Western Norway) jute (India)

tent rope (India)



167 Chaetomium mollipilium CBS 147.60, QM 1007, Japanese raincoat ATCC 11209 (Hollandia, New Guinea)

168 Chaetomium murorum CBS 163.52, ATCC 11210 test organisms for cotton fabric

169 Chaetomium pachypodioides CBS 164.52, CMI 12,266, used in cotton biodegradation tests ATCC 11213

170 Chaetomium succineum CBS 166.52 cellulose

171 Chaetomium tortile QM895 Japanese trousers (Hollandia, New Guinea)

172 Chaetomium turgidipilosum CBS 169.52 top of storage tent

173 Chloridium atrum QM 1104 rotten wood (Pennsylvania)

174 Chrysosporium fastidium CBS 299.71 equipment for grading prunes

175 Chrysosporium keratophilum CBS 913.70 decayed hoof

176 Chrysosporium pannorum CBS 103.52 flax (Holland)

177 Chrysosporium pruinosum QM 168 film (photo) (Pennsylvania)

178 Chrysosporium pruinosum CMI 74,691 jute (France)

179 Chrysosporium pruinosum QM 826, CMI 110, 120 head band (Oro Bay, New Guinea)

180 Chrysosporium pruinosum CBS 171.61, IMB 450 army hat head band

181 Chrysosporium tropicum CBS 171.62, CMI 94,288, QM 2449,woollen overcoat ATCC 14802, IFO 7587 (Guadalcanal)

182 Circinella linderi CBS 158.54, QM 672, ATCC 11744,poplin (Florida) IFO 6409, NRRL 2342

183 Circinella umbellata CMI 136, 605 (a) paper label (Malta)

184 Cladorrhinum foecundissimum CBS 183.66 textile (Holland)

185 Cladosporium cellelare CMI 131,128 electrical equipment (U.K.) 185 Cladosporium cellelare CBS 146.36 walls of a wine cellar

186 Cladosporium herbarum CMI 131,128 electrical equipment (U.K.)

187 Cladosporium herbarum CBS 155.60 metal (Holland)

188 Cladosporium resinae CMI 90,126 bitumen-treated cardboard f. albidum in gold mine (S. Africa)

189 Cladosporium resinae CBS 174.61 QM 7998 "Avtur" fuel (Australia f. avellaneum

190 Cladosporium resinae CBS 176.62 oil from an aircraft f. a vellaneum fuel tank

191 Cladosporium resinae CMI 84,419 water and fuel (U.K.) f. avellaneum

192 Cladosporium resinae CMI 88,968 kerosene filter (Brazil) (f. avellaneum)

193 Cladosporium resinae CMI 88,969 kerosene filter (Japan) f. avellaneum

194 Cladosporium resinae CMI 88,970 kerosene filter (Syria) f. a vellaneum

195 Cladosporium resinae CMI 88,971 kerosene filter (Nigeria) f. avellaneum

196 Cladosporium resinae CMI 88,972 kerosene filter (Denmark) f. avellaneum

197 Cladosporium resinae CMI 88,973 kerosene filter (U.K.) f. avellaneum

198 Cladosporium resinae CMI 88,974 kerosene filter (India) f. avellaneum

10


199 Cladosporium resinae f. avellaneum



202 Cladosporium resinae f. a vellaneum



205 Cladosporium resinae f. resinae



CMI 88,975

CBS 177.62, CMI 89,559 (i)

CMI 89,560

CMI 89,580

CBS 186.54, CMI 49,620, ATCC 11273 CMI 88,559

CBS 187.54, CMI 49,621, ATCC 11274 CBS 173.61, CMI 90,126, TRL 1970A, BKMF 770 CBS 185.54, ATCC 11272

208 Cladosporium sphaerospermum CMI 84,420 209 Cladosporium sphaerospermum CMI 94,153 Cochliobo1us cf. Derchslera, Curvularia, Helminthosporium 210 Cochliobolus miyabeanus CMI 145,170 211 Cochliobolus speciferus CMI 91,972

cf. Drechslera spicifera

212 Coniophora puteana CBS 154.28

213 Coniophora putanea CBS 132.71

214 Coniosporium perottianum CBS 156.37

215 Coniothyrium fuckelii CMI 89,293

216 Coprinus sclerotigenus QM 933

217 Coprinus sphaerosporus CBS 151.32

218 Ctenomyces sp. CBS 228.51

219 Curvularia brachyspora QM 93 b, ATCC 12330

220 Curvularia brachyspora QM 367

221 Curvularia brachyspora QM638

222 Curvularia brachyspora QM 639, NRRL2176

223 Curvularia falcata QM 640

224 Curvularia falcata CBS 186.48, QM 770

225 Curvularia fallax QM 561

226 Curvularia geniculata CBS 173.56 st.asc. Cochliobolus geniculatus

227 Curvularia intermedia QM 563, ATCC 12331 st.asc. Cochliobolus intermedius

228 Curvularia lunata QM 34 b st.asc. Cochliobolus lunatus

water from aircraft fuel tank (New Zealand) kerosene filter

water from aircraft fuel tank

ointment (USA)

ointment (Holland)

water in aircraft fuel tank

ointment (Holland)

bitumen treated cardboard in coal mine (S. Africa) ointment (Holland)

paint (U.K.) cloth (India)

paper (India) cotton pulp (Scotland)

cellar (Holland) floorboards paper felt of printing roller (U.K.) contaminant in tube of JQMD 72 "brick" (Egypt)

woollen fabric (India) tarpaulin (Finschafen, New Guinea) cotton fabric (canvas) (Florida) wall tent (Florida) canvas {Florida) tent (Finschafen, New Guinea) canvas tent (Finschafen, New Guinea) textile sample after 3 weeks sun exposure (Panama Canal Zone) canvas tentage (New Guinea)

yarn from textile samples (Panama Canal Zone) canteen cover (Base D, New Guinea)

229 Curvularia lunata CMI 61, 535, CBS 215.54, tarpaulin (Panama Canal Zone) QM 120 h, ATCC 12017, IFO 6299 NRRL 2177; 2380

230 Curvularia lunata QM 642 231 Curvularia maculans QM 666, ATCC 12342

st.asc. Cochliobolus eragrotidis

11

cotton fabric (Florida) cotton duck exposed in sun (Panama Canal Zone)


232 Curvularia paleescens QM 371 d, ATCC 12018, NRRL 2381

233 Cylindrocarpon sp. QM 673

234 Cylindrocarpon candidum QM 530 st. asc. Nectria coccinea

235 Cylindrocephalum aureum QM 523, CBS 216.54, ATCC 13519, IFO 6808

236 Dactylaria thaumasia QM671

237 Dactylium fusarioides CMI 83,659 cf. Fusarium chlamydosporum

238 Delortia palmicola CBS 158.47, TRL 2559

239 Dendriphiella vinosa CMI 115,089

240 Dendryphion laxum CMI 31,291

241 Diplococcium sp. CBS 185.58

242 Doratomyces nanus CMI 76,251

243 Doratomyces purpureofuscus CBS 395.67, CL 253

244 Doratomyces purpureofuscus CMI 98,505

245 Doratomyces stemonitis QM 905

246 Drechslera sp. CMI 35,572

247 Drechslera spicifera st. asc. CBS 246,62, CMI 91, 972, Cochliobolus spiciferus NCTC4094

248 Drechslera verticillata st. asc. CBS 268.61 Pyrenophora sominiperda

249 Endomyces geotrichum CBS 178.71

250 Endomyces geotrichum CBS 820.71

251 Endomyces reessii CBS 179.60 252 Entosordaria rehmii CBS 590.70 Epicoccum niger cf. Epicoccum purpurascens 253 Epicoccum purpurascens CBS 173.38 254 Epicoccum purpurascens 255 Epicoccum yuccae

(prob. E. nigrum)

CBS 234.59, CMI 79,495 QM 284 e, ATCC 12725

256 Eremascus albus CMI 100,446

257 Eremothecium ashbyi Eurotium cf. Aspergillus

CBS 204.36, CMI 14,783

258 Fusarium acuminatum

259 Fusarium aquaeductuum 260 Fusarium avenaceum

261 Fusarium bulbigenum cf. Fusarium oxysporum

QM 525

CBS 268.53 QM 552

QM 553

262 Fusarium chlamydosporum CMI 183,659

263 Fusarium decemcellulare QM 613 st. asc. Calonectria rigidiuscula

264 Fusarium diversisporum QM 88 a

12

cardboard (Florida)

textile exposure test sample (Panama Canal Zone) textile exposure test sample (Panama Canal Zone) canvas folding cot (Florida) degrades cellulose and wool textile panel (Panama Canal Zone) jute canvas (India)'

decayed fabric (S. Africa) book (East Nigeria) sacking (Guernsey) moulded paint (Paramaribo, Surinam)

asbestos card (U.K.)

plaster (Holland)

conveyor belt (textile) in coal mine (U.K.) paper (Pennsylvania) cotton desootie (India) cotton pulp (Scotland)

cotton

oil debris paper pulp retting fluid of jute (Java) wine cork (Baarn)

poplar paper pulp canvas cardboard (Pennsylvania)

sacking impregnated with raw sugar beet (U.K.) cotton balls

textile exposure test sample (Panama Canal Zone) rubber tube (Baarn, Holland) textile exposure test sample (Panama Canal Zone) textile exposure test sample (Panama Canal Zone) jute canvas (India) unexposed cotton duck (Panama Canal Zone) rope (hemp) (Finschafen, New Guinea)

I! I

A catalogue of potentially biodeteriogenic fungi held in the culture collections of the CBS (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures), CMI (Commonwealth Mycological Institute) and QM (U.S. Army Natick Laboratories). T. Denizel, B. Jarvis, Agnes H. S. Onions, Annette C. Rhodes, R. A. Samson, E. G. Simmons, Maud Th. Smith and Eleonora H. Hueck-van der PJas.

265 Fusarium equiseti 266 Fusarium graminearum

267 Fusarium heterosporum

QM 29a QM 680

QM 51 d 268 269

Fusarium javanicum Fusarium javanicum

CBS 290.54, QM 524 QM 529

270 271

Fusarium javanicum Fusarium lateritium

QM 679, CBS 225.58 QM 120 d

272 Fusarium melanochlorum QM 652 st. asc. Nectria flavoviridis

273 Fusarium moniliforme st. asc. Gibberella fujikuroi

QM 1224, CBS 263.54, CMI 61,274, CMI 58,292, IFO 6349, ATCC 10052, NRRL2374

274 Fusarium moniliforme CMI 61,274 (ii) 275 Fusarium oxysporum QM47e 276 Fusarium oxysporum CMI 16,259 277 Fusarium redolens QM 682 278 Fusarium reticulatum QM 658 279 Fusarium sambucinum CMI 87,398 280 Fusarium scirpi QM 660 281 Fusarium semitectum QM 66b

281a Fusarium solani CMI 16,259 282 Fusarium so1ani QM 750 283 Fusarium tabacinum CBS 137.37

st. asc. Plectosphaerella cucumeris Giberella cf. Fusarium 284 Gibberella saubinetii QM 685

285 Gliocladium fimbriatum QM 560 cf. Myrothecium verrucaria

286 Gliocladium nigrovirens CBS 147.65, CL 199 287 Gliocladium vermoeseni QM 1234 288 Gliocladium virens CBS 126.65 Gliomastix cf. Acremonium, Sagranamala 289 Gliomastix murorum QM 4 c, CMI 45,549, NRC V-143,

NRRL 2179, IFO 8512 290 Haplosporella vivanii CBS 192.38 291 Helicoma isiola QM 760

292 Helicosporium lumbricoides QM 761

Helminthosporium spiciferum cf. Drechslera spicifera

294 Hormodendrum chamaeleon CBS 196.38

QM 34e 295 Humicola fuscoatra

296 Humicola nigrescens CBS 208.55, CMI 45,938

297 Hyalodendron lignicola

298 Hyalodendron lignicola f. simplex

CBS 220.34

CBS 221.34

13

tarpaulin (Hawaii) duck, mineral dyed shelter tent (Panama Canal Zone) tantage (Ft. Armstrong, Hawaii) canvas (Panama Canal Zone) textile exposure test (Panama Canal Zone) cotton duck (Panama Canal Zone) tarpaulin (Panama Canal Zone) cotton fabric (Florida)

raw cotton (Alabama)

raw cotton (U.S.A.) wrapping (wax paper) (India) petroleum (Italy) canvas cot (Florida) wall tent (Florida) kerosene filter pad cotton cord (Florida) web carrying strap (canvas) (Finschafen, New Guinea) petroleum (Italy) cotton strap (Florida) paper

textile exposure test sample (Panama Canal Zone) textile exposure test sample (Panama Canal Zone) treated jute sack (Delft, Holland) wood pulp cellulose (Berlin, Germany)

shewing of shoe (Bougainville Island) poplar paper pulp tent top (Oro Bay, New Guinea)

cot straps (Florida)

poplar paper pulp

canteen cover (New Guinea)

filter paper from soil (Western Norway)

wood pulp

wood pulp



299 Hyalodendron lignicola f. CBS 222.34 wood pulp undulatum

300 Kernia nitida CBS 770.70, CMI 151,087, burlap bag on ground (Canada) TRTC45650

301 Lophotrichus ampullus CBS 867.71 jute bag

302 Lulworthia opaca CBS 218.60 wood

303 Macroventuria anamochaeta CBS 525.71 decayed canvas

304 Memnoniella echinata CBS 216.32 cotton yarn

305 Memnoniella echinata CMI 15,377 decayed water bag (S. Africa)

306 Memnoniella echinata CMI 16,201 cotton fabric (India)

307 Memnoniella echinata CMI 17,854 tent canvas (New Zea[and)

308 Memnoniella echinata CMI 24,003 canvas (Australia)

309 Memnoniella echinata CMI 42,309 cordage (India)

310 Memnoniella echinata QM 1c, CBS 627,66, CMI 45,547, textiles NRRL 2181, NRC V-153, CEB 3456-2

311 Memnoniella echinata QM 1225, CMI 61,273 canvas (New Guinea) NRRL 2373, ATCC 11973

312 Memnoniella echinata CBS 304.54, ATCC 9597 degrades cellulose

313 Memnoniella echinata CBS 343.50 filter paper

314 Microascus desmosporus CBS 424.62, CL 81 pvc

315 Microsporum gypseum QM 196 strip of wool buried in soil (Indiana)

316 Monacrosporium oxysporum CMI 78,278 cellophane film in soil cf. Dactylella rhombospora

317 Monascus sp. CBS 302.52, ATCC 16370 nylon

318 Monocillium bulbillosum CBS 344.70 wall paper (Hamburg, Germany)

319 Mucor lamprosporus CBS 244.67 wet wall (France)

320 Mucor oblongisporus CMI 100,706 army socks in storage (USA)

321 Mucor plumbous CMI 14,781 paper-mill slime (U.K.)

322 Mycotypha microspora CMI 31,239 rag-paper document (U.K.)

323 Myrothecium verrucaria CMI 25,291 canvas shoe (U.K.)

324 Myrothecium verrucaria QM 460, 460 b, CBS 328.52, test organism for mould-proofing CMI 45,541, ATCC 9095, of textiles NRRL 1875, 2003, NRC V-155, CEB 3716.5, IFO 6113

325 Myrothecium verrucaria CMI 140,579 shoe

326 Myrothecium verrucaria QM560 textile exposure test sample (Panama Canal Zone)

327 Myxotrichum chartarum CBS 434.64, CMI 89,072 a, corrugated cardboard from a cellar ATCC 18432 (U.K.)

328 Myxotrichum deflexum CBS 377.62, RSA 57 rotting board (Massachusetts, USA)

329 Myxotrichum deftexum CMI 104,309 rubberized fabric (Singapore)

330 Nectria haematococca CMI 72,659 navy cordage CW. Africa) cf. Fusarium javanicum

331 Nectria inventa CBS 222.60 fungicide treated wall st. conid. Verticillium (Geisenheim, Germany) cinabarium = V. tenerum

332 Nectria inventa CBS 236.55 cellulose

333 Nodulisporium cinnamomeum CBS 377,49, CMI 45,558, leather shoe (Hong Kong) QM 4g-2

14

A catalogue of potentially biodeteriogenic fungi held in the culture collections of the CBS (Centraalhureau voor Schimmelcultures), CMI (Commonwealth Mycological Institute) and QM (U.S. Army Natick Laboratories).


334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341

342

343 344 345

346 347

348

349

350 351

352

353

354 355 356 357

358 359 360 361 362

363

364

365

366

367

Nodulisporium cinnamomeum Oedocephalum albidum Oidiodendron fuscum Oidiodendron rhodogennm Onygena corvina Onygena piligena Paecilomyces carneus Paecilomyces fumosoroseus

Paecilomyces leycettanus

CBS 369.53 QM92a CMI 89,370 CMI 68,735 CBS 281.48 CBS 298.49 CMI 58,429 CMI 58,413

CBS 398.68, 275.70, 276.70

sapele triplex knapsack (New Guinea) gum cotton N.E. Africa) cellophane film in soil wool (Paris, France) woollen slipper (Paris, France) wall in vault (U.K.) cork (Eire)

coal tip (U.K.) st. asc. Talaromyces leycettanus

Paecilomyces variotii CMI 16,196 Paecilomyces variotii CMI 108,007 Paecilomyces variotii CBS 628.66, CMI 114,930,

CEB 3292 Paecilomyces variotii CBS 223.52 Papularia arundinis QM71 c

cf. Apiospora montagnei Penicillium aculeatum CMI 40,588 (A) Penicillium bacillisporum CBS 580.68

jute fibre (India) synthetic rubber (U.K.) tanned sheep leather (Lyon, France)

leather (Lyon, France) Japanese canvas glove (Finschafen, New Guinea) textiles (USA) brick chips (Sweden)

st. asc. Talaromyces bacillisporus Penicillium brevicompactum Penicillium brevicompactum

Penicillium capsulatum

Penicillium citreo-viride

Penicillium citrinum Penicillium citrinum Penicillium citrinum Penicillium citrinum series

Penicillium commune Penicillium commune Penicillium cyclopium Penicillium cyclopium Penicillium cyclopium

Penicillium cyclopium var. album

Penicillium cyclopium var. echinulatum

Penicillium diversum

Penicillium duclauxii

Penicillium duclauxii

CMI 94,148 CBS 629.66, CMI 114,932, CEB 3296.23 CBS 301.48, CMI 40,576, QM 4869, ATCC 10420, NRRL2056 CBS 308.48, CMI 40,575, ATCC 10425, NRRL 2046

cotton yarn test organisms for mould proofing

optical instrument (Panama Canal Zone)

military equipment

CMI 16,199 jute fibre (India) CMI 24,307 cotton fabric (U.K.) CBS 117.64 epoxy plasticizers CBS 342.61, CMI 61,272, test organism for mould proofing QM 1226, ATCC 9849, NRRL 756, NRRL A-683, IFO 6352 CMI 91,918 CMI 91,957 CMI 51,355 CBS 118.64 CBS 630.66, CMI 114.931, CEB 3296.24 CBS 203.57

CBS 255.55

electrical fuse (Scotland) artificial leather cloth (Scotland) bentonite epoxy plasticizer test organisms for mould proofing

paper pulp (Sweden)

wet mechanical pulp (Sweden)

CBS 320.48, CMI 40,579, leather (USA) QM 1921, ATCC 10437, NRRL 2121, IFO 7759 CBS 322.48, CMI 40,044, canvas (USA) ATCC 10439, NRRL 1030 CBS 323.48, CMI 40,210, QM 1923,tentage (New Guinea) QM 1078, ATCC 10440, NRRL 2020, IFO 5690

15


368 Penicillium dupontii CMI 131,017 coal tip st. asc. Talaromyces thermophilus

369 Penicillium expansum CBS 146.45 wallpaper (U.K.) 370 Penicillium frequentans 371 Penicillium funiculosum 372 Penicillium funiculosum 373 Penicillium funiculosum

374 Penicillium funiculosum 375 Penicillium funiculosum

376 Penicillium funiculosum

377 Penicillium implicatum

378 Penicillium islandicum 379 Penicillium janthinellum

380 Penicillium janthinellum

381 Penicillium janthinellum

382 Penicillium lanosum 383 Penicillium lilacinum

384 Penicillium lilacinum

385 Penicillium multicolor

386 Penicillium ochro-chloron

387 Penicillium olsonii

388 Penicillium pallidum

389 Penicillium pallidum

390 Penicillium paxilli

391 Penicillium phialosporum

392 Penicillium raistrickii

393 Penicilli urn raistrickii

394 Penicillium rubrum

395 Penicillium rubrum

396 Penicillium rugulosum

397 Penicillium sclerotiorum

398 Penicillium simplicissimum



CMI 49,673 CMI 61,383 CMI 61,385 CBS 170.60, CMI 87,160, QM 391, NRRL A-5245, ATCC 9644, IFO 6345 CMI 113,730 CBS 631.66, CMI 114,933, CEB 3296.31

starch paste adhesive (U.K.) paper pulp (U.K.) paper pulp (U.K.) radio set (New Guinea) test organism for mould proofing

pvc-paper wall covering pvc (France) test organism for mould proofing

QM 474, ATCC 11797, mercury treated fabric tested in NRRL-A-1616 A-622 non sterile procedure (Maryland) CBS 337.48, CMI 40,578, QM 3271 cellulose (USA) ATCC 10453, NRRL 2054, IFO 6098 CBS 394.50 CMI 56,433 CMI 90,838 CMI 108,033 CMI 89,373 CMI 63,373

cotton wool (Holland) formalin preserving tank parachute nylon (India) pvc-paper wall covering (U.K.) cloth cotton drill (Nigeria)

CMI II 7, I 09 synthetic rubber

CBS 351.48, CMI 40,574, textiles (Florida) QM 2685, ATCC 10471, NRRL 2058 CMI 61,271, CBS 110.66, QM 477, copper tolerant test organism for ATCC 9824, 9112, NRRL 744 mould proofing CBS 349.61, CL 67 rubber life raft (New Guinea) CBS 260.33, CMI 40,214, cotton yarn (England) QM 1958, ATCC 10478, IFO 5758 CBS 841.68 linen cloth in a bakery (France) CBS 360.48, CMI 40,226, QM 725, photographic film (Panama Canal ATCC 10480, NRRL 2008 Zone) CBS 434.62, QM 8015, ATCC 18485, rubber life raft (New Guinea) CL69 CMI 40,221 (T), CBS 261.33, cotton yarn QM 1936, ATCC 10490, NRRL 2039 IFO 6104 CBS 350.51 CBS 370.48, CMI 40,036, ATCC 10520, NRRL 1062

CMI 113,729 CPS 111.64, CL 191 CMI 146,604

paper pulp (Sweden)

paper (Washington DC, USA) pvc-paper wall covering (U.K.) jute (Holland) paper (India)

CBS 138.65; BAM MF 9 cellulose CBS 372.48, CMI 39,816, QM 1939,flannel bag (S. Africa) ATCC 10495, NRRL 902, IFO 5762 CMI 61,388 paper pulp (U.K.)

401 Penicillium spiculisporum CBS 282.58 jute (Baarn, Holland) st. asc. Talaromyces trachyspermus

16

.I


402 Penicillium spinulosum

403 Penicillium spinulosum

404 Penicillium steckii

405 Penicillium steckii 406 Penicillium stipitatum

st. asc. Talaromyces stipitatus

407 Penicillium stipitatum

408 Penicillium tardum (=Penicillium scorteum)

409 Penicillium terrestre

410 Penicillium variabile

411 Penicillium variabile

412 Penicillium variabile 413 Penicillium varians

414 Penicillium vermiculatum st. asc. Talaromyces flavus

415 Penicillium vermiculatum st. asc. Talaromyces flavus var. macrosporus

416 Penicillium vermiculatum st. asc. Talaromyces flavus var. macrosporus

417 Penicillium verruculosum

418 Penicillium vinaceum 419 Penicillium viridicatum 420 Penicillium viridicatum

421 Periconia byssoides 422 Periconia circinata 423 Pestalotia sp.

424 Pestalotia aquatica

425 Pestalotia bicolor

426 Pestalotia dichaeta

427 Pestalotia microspora

428 Pestalotia microspora

429 Pestalotia virgaluta

430 Pestalotia westerdijkiae Pestaliotiopsis cf. Pestalotia

431 Pestalotiopsis sp.

432 Pestalotiopsis aquatica

CBS 153.45 cotton yam (U.K.)

CMI 92,022 cotton yarn CBS 260.55, CMI 40,583, textiles (Colorado) QM 6413, ATCC 10499, NRRL 2140 CMI 61,387 paper pulp (U.K.) CMI 39,713 leather boot

CBS 292.53 CBS 340.34

beech wood board military equipment

CMI 91,913 tau liquor CBS 316.63, CL 161 polyvinyl acetate (Holland) CBS 385.48, CMI 40,040, QM 7684 coconut matting (S. Africa) ATCC 10508, NRRL 1048, IFO 6111 CMI 61,384 paper pulp (U.K.) CBS 386.48, CMI 40,586, QM 7691 cotton yarn (U.K.) NRRL 2096, IFO 6112 CBS 283.58 treated jute (Holland)

CBS 117.72

CBS 353.72

CMI 79,196 CMI 92,903 CMI 91,952 CMI 91,958

QM647 CBS 414.50, QM 352, ATCC 9354 QM478

CMI 87,402

CBS 363.54, QM 664

QM698 QM 531, ATCC 11816

CBS 364.54, QM 698

QM479

cotton fabric (Panama)

tentage (New Guinea)

textiles (USA) impure charcoal (U.K.) artificial leather cloth artificial leather cloth tent top (Oro Bay, New Guinea) textiles ( ?)

textile exposure test sample (Panama Canal Zone) kerosene filter (Hong Kong) decayed leaf, degrades cellulose and wool bath towels (Florida) textile exposure test sample (Panama Canal Zone) bath towel (Florida) textile exposure test sample (Panama Canal Zone)

CBS 367.54, QM 381, ATCC 11763 canvas (New Guinea)

QM478

CMI 87,402

textile exposure test sample (Panama Canal Zone) kerosene filter (Hong Kong)

433 Peziza cerea CBS 321.63 cellar wall (Ho !land) 434 Phialocephala dimorphospora CBS 300.62, DAOM 87232 paper mill slime (New Brunswick) Phialophora aurantiaca cf. Phialophora hoffmannii

17



435 Phialophora fastigiata CMI 86,982

436 Phialophora holfmannii CBS 301.62 st. asc. Coniochaeta liguiaria

437 Phialophora holfmannii CBS 140.59, CMI 77,044

438 Phialophora holfmannii CMI 96,743 438a Phialophora hofmannii CBS 140.59, CMI 77,044

439 Phialophora melinii CMI 89,325

440 Phialophora melinii QM 266, NIH 8706

441 Phialophora richardsiae QM 263, NIH 8703

442 Phialophora richardsiae CBS 573.67

443 Phialophora richardsiae CBS 310.49

444 Phoma glomerata CMI 74,752

445 Phoma herbarum CBS 109.36

446 Phoma herbarum CBS 366.61

447 Phoma saprophytica CMI 85,470 (A)

448 Phoma suecica CBS 397.65

449 Phoma terrestris QM 120 k cf. Pyrenochaeta terrestris

450 Phoma violacea CMI 49948, QM 502, NRC V-141 cf. Phoma herbarum ATCC 12569

451 Phoma violacea CMI 90,179

452 Phoma violacea CMI 129,267

453 Piricauda damonis QM646

454 Physalospora rhodina CBS 289.56 cf. Botryosphaeria rhodina

455 Pleospora herbarum CBS 368,59 <t. conid. Stemphylium botryosum

456 Podospora longicollis CBS 368.52, ATCC 1222

457 Podospora setosa CBS 312.53

458 Podospora unicaudata CBS 313.58

459 Podospora unicaudata CBS 240.71

460 Psathyrella sp. QM 801 Pseudoarachniotus citrinus cf. Arachniotus, Narasimhella

462 Pseudoarachniotus marginosporusCBS 115.54, QM 1327, ATCC 15314, NRRL 2850

463 Pyrenochaeta sp. QM 804

464 Pyrenochaeta acicola CBS 374.69

465 Pythium oligandrum CMI 78,731

466 Rhinocladiella cellularis CMI 44,943

467 Rhinotrichum lanosnm CBS 396.61, CMI 51,266 (b)

468 Rhizopus arrhizus CMI 16,641

469 Rhizopus oryzae QM811

470 Rhizopus stolonifer CMI 35,571

471 Rhizopus stolonifer CMI 61,269

472 Schizophyllum commune QM 812

473 Scopulariopsis asperula QM399 (= Scopulariopsis repens)

474 Scopulariopsis chartarum CBS 294.52, CMI 49,909 (T)

18

paper mill slime (Canada)

manganese containing slime in water pipe

explosives (Holland)

paper mill pulp explosives (Holland)

paper

wood pulp (Sweden)

wood pulp (Sweden)

exposed plastics (Central Africa) wax wool (N.Z.) degraded paint

moulded mortar

cement (U.K.)

plastics (Germany)

tarpaulin (Panama Canal Zone)

white lead paints (England)

bathroom paintwork (U.K.)

paper (U.K.)

tent top (Oro Bay, New Guinea)

moulded tarpaulin (New Gninea)

flax fibre (Denmark)

moulded material (Colorado)

textile (Holland)

felt from an ammunition chest (S. Africa)

jute sacking

tent top (Oro Bay, New Guinea)

buried cable (USA)

tent (Port Moresby, New Guinea)

packaging paper (Holland)

cellophane in soil

wine cellar (U.K.)

plaster and wall paper (U.K.)

cotton lint (India) Japanese socks (Hollandia, New Guinea)

canvas cotton (India) radio set (New Guinea) tent (Oro Bay, New Guinea) sandbag (Australia)

wall paper (U.K.)


475 Sordaria fimicola QM707 textile exposure test sample (Panama Canal Zone)

476 Sordaria hypocoproides CMI 80,254 jute bag (India) 477 Spegazzinia tessarthra QM 371 e, ATCC 11964, cardboard (Florida)

IFO 6806 478 Sporormia minima CBS 404.59, CL 19 plastic (Holland) 479 Sporotrichum exile CBS 350.47, QM 1250 flannel (S. Africa) 480 Sporotrichum pruinosum CMI 74,691 jute (France) 481 Sporotrichum pruinosum CMI 110,120 hand bandage (US army equipment)

(New Guinea)

482 Stachybotrys atra CMI 42,310 cotton desootie (India)

483 Stachybotrys atra CMI 49,534 canvas (New Guinea)

484 Stachybotrys atra CMI 72,155, QM 1274, NRRL paper seed-germination pad 1877, ATCC 9182 (Washington, DC, USA)

485 Stachybotrys atra CMI 82,021 cotton fabric (U.K.) 486 Stachybotrys atra CMI 115,289 cotton textile 487 Stachybotrys atra CBS 324.65, ATCC 18843 ocron tiles (quartz and plastic)

(Holland)

488 Stachybotrys atra CBS 222.46, ATCC 18842 flax fibre (Holland)

489 Stachybotrys atra CBS 329.37, ATCC 18845 paper f. genuina

490 Stachybotrys atra CBS 330.37, ATCC 18846 paper f. lobulata

491 Stachybotrys atra CBS 328.37, ATCC 18844 paper var. brevicaulis

492 Stemphylium alternariae CMI 31.640 jute bag 493 Stemphylium ilicis CMI 89.309 wallpaper (U.K.) 494 Stemphylium lanuginosum CMI 92,020 cotton yarn (U.K.) 495 Stilbella sp. QM 833 treated wool (India) 496 Syncephalastrum racemosum CMI 92,031 cloth (U.K.) 497 Syncephalastrum racemosum CMI 136,818 toilet soap 498 Thielavia sepedonium CBS 415.48, QM 46a, ATCC 11814 tent rope (India) 499 Thielavia sepedonium CMI 80,253 jute bag 500 Thielavia sepedonium CBS 294.56 buried cables 501 Thielavia terricola CBS 436.61 buried, textile reinforced cable

(Dakar, Africa) 502 Torula herbarum QM675 socks, cushion sole (Florida) 503 Treleasiella sp. QM 711 textile test panel

(Panama Canal Zone) 504 Trichocladium asperum CMI 83,981 cellulose sponge (U.K.) 504a Trichoderma harzianum CBS 370.52, QM 1275, cellulose

ATCC 8678, NRRL 1762 505 Trichoderma viride CMI 16,198 jute fibre (India) 506 Trichoderma viride CMI 24,039 fibre 507 Trichoderma viride QM 6 a, NRC V-139, shelter half

CMI 45,548, ATCC 13631 (Bougainville Island) 508 Trichoderma viride CMI 49,268 ice cream carton (U.K.) 509 Trichoderma viride CMI 61,381 paper pulp 510 Trichoderma viride ' CMI 92,027 cotton yarn 512 Trichoderma sp. CBS 430.54, CMI 45,553, QM 365, test organism for mould proofing

ATCC 9645, NRRL A-3548; 2314, NRC V-159

19



513 Trichophyton mentagrophytes CBS 418.52

514 Trichosporium sp. QM 847

515 Trichosporium macrosporum CBS 349.68

516 Trichothecium roseum QM 102 e, CMI 45,538, ATCC 12543

Tritirachium cf. Acrodontium

517 Tritirachium cinnamomeum CBS 377.49, CMI 45,558, QM 4g-2

518 Tritirachium oryzae CMI 45,535, QM 494

519 Tritirachium oryzae CBS 442.70

520 Tubercularia sp. QM 848

521 Ulocladium sp. QM 147 c

522 Ulocladium botrytis CMI 123,533

523 Ulocladium chartarum CBS 199.67, CMI 116,369, QM 8610

524 Varicosporina ramulosa CBS 398.65

525 Veroneae botryosa CBS 474.71

526 Zygosporium chartarum CBS 384.53

527 Zygosporium mycophilum CBS 590.71

Abbreviations

American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD, U.S.A.

Bundesanstalt for Materialprufung, Berlin, Germany.

shoe

tent rope (Guadalcanal)

rush flower basket

helmet liner-leather (Finschafen, New Guinea)

leather shoe (U.S.A.)

nylon (USA)

cardboard (Ivory Coast, Africa)

tent (Finschafen, New Guinea)

tent pyramidal (Munda, New Georgia)

damp paper (U.K.)

manila fibre (Switzerland)

submerged cellulose sponge material

cellulose

paper (Italy)

wine cork

ATCC

BAM

BKMF Department of Typecultures, Institute of Microbiology, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

CBS

CEB

CL

CMI

DAOM

IFO

IJMARI

LSHB

NCTC

NIH NRC

NRRL QM

RSA

TRL

TRTC

WB

Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baam, the Netherlands.

Centre d'Etudes du Bouche!, Vert-le-Petit, France.

Carlsberg Laboratorium, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England.

Mycological Herbarium Division of Botany and Plant Pathology, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Institute of Fermentation, Osaka, Japan.

Indian Jute Mills Association Research Institute, Calcutta, India.

Biochemistry Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England.

National Collection of Type Cultures, London, England.

National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A.

National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Northern Utilization Research Branch, US.D.A., Peoria, IL, U.S.A.

U.S. Army Natick Laboratories, Natick, MA, U.S.A.

Rancho Santo Ana Botanic Gardens, Claremont, CA, U.S.A.

Timber Research Laboratory, Johannesburg, South Africa.

University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Wisconsin Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin College of Agriculture, Madison, WI, U.S.A.

20

r·~-1

i

I



APPENDIX ll

Index to materials from which fungi have been isolated

The numbers refer to the strains listed in Appendix I.

Biocidally treated materials

Cardboard, carton

Cellulose, cellophane

Drugs, cosmetics, soap

Electrical equipment

Explosives

Fuels, hydrocarbons, bitumen

Glass, optical equipment

Leather

Miscellaneous

Paint

Paper

Paper pulp

Plaster, cement

Plastics, plasticizers

Rubber

Stone, brick, concrete, asbestos

Test organisms for mould~proofing

Textiles, cotton

21

45, 61, 140, 266, 331, 376, 386, 414

30, 83, 132, 162, 188, 206, 232, 255, 327, 477, 508, 519

39, 50, 68, II2, liS, 120, 137, 162, 235, 288, 312, 316 332, 337, 377, 398, 425, 465, 504, 504a, 524, 525

14,202,203,205,207,497

69, 82, 84, 96, liS, 186, 358, 373, 471

437, 438a

13, II4, 141, 156, 188-201, 204, 206, 249, 276,279,28Ia,424,432

48, 54, 55, 77, 105, Il3, 121, 352

23, 36, 41, 44, 47, 74, 98, 106, 107, Il9, 131, 141, 153, 155, 175, 179, 180, 325, 333, 345, 346, 365,406, 502, 513, 516, 517

4, 14, 20, 53, 56, II4, 154, 174, 175, 187, 216,275, 342, 353, 360, 368, 370, 379, 408, 409, 418, 443, 456, 515

79, 80, 124-126, 208, 241, 445, 450, 451, 474

21, 93, 104, IIO, 111, 136, 143, 148, 149, 154, 157, 158a, 159, 164, 183, 210, 214, 239, 245, 275, 283, 296, 313, 318, 322, 369, 374, 381, 394, 395, 397, 438, 439, 452, 464, 467, 474, 484, 489-491, 493, 522, 526

146, 251, 253, 287, 290, 294, 297-299, 321, 363, 364, 371, 372, 393, 400, 405, 412, 434-436, 440, 441, 509

I, 2, 5, 63, 136, 160, 185, 212, 217, 243, 319, 331, 340, 433, 446, 447, 466, 467

10, 25, 32, 33, 37, 42, 52, 69, 75, 89, 96, 104, IIO, 133, 167, 177, 314,317, 344, 356,359, 361, 374,375, 380, 381, 384, 390, 395, 410, 419, 420, 442, 448, 462, 478, 487, 500, 501, 518

31, 96, 260, 329,-387, 391, 462, 500

6, 217, 242, 349, 360

40, 42, 67, 69, 71, 96, 126, 161, 168, 169, 324, 351, 357, 362, 373, 375, 386, 512

7, 9, 11, 12, 15-19, 24, 26-29, 34, 35, 37, 38, 43, 49, 51, 57-59, 64, 65, 70, 72, 73, 76, 81, 85~87, 90-92, 94, 95, 97, 99-103, 108, 109, Il6, 117, 122, 127-130, 134, 135, 138, 145, 150, 152, 161, 163, 166-172, 182, 184, 209, 211, 219-231, 233-236, 238, 244, 246-248, 254, 257, 258, 260, 261, 263, 265-274, 277, 278, 280-282, 284, 285, 289, 291, 292, 295, 303-311, 323, 326, 329, 330, 335, 336, 347, 348, 350, 355, 359, 366, 367, 376, 378, 382, 383, 385, 388, 392, 399, 402-404,


Textiles, flax, hemp, manilla, coconut

Textiles, jute

Wood, wood pulp, cork

Wool

22

413,415-417,419-423,426-431,449,453,454, 457, 460, 463, 468, 470, 472, 475, 479, 481-483, 485, 486, 494, 496, 498, 501, 503, 506, 507, 510, 512, 514, 520, 521

158, 264, 389, 4ll, 455, 488, 523

8, 20, 45, 46, 60, 61, 78, 139, 140, 151, 165, 176, 178, 237, 240, 251, 256, 262, 286, 300, 301, 309, 343, 354, 396, 401, 414, 459, 473, 476, 480, 492, 499, 505

22, 62, 88, 126, 173, 213, 251-253, 287,290, 294, 297-299, 302, 328, 334, 341, 401, 527

3, 123, 181, 215, 218, 235, 315, 320, 338, 339, 425,444,458,469,495,502

A caralogue of potentially biodeteriogenic fungi held in the culture collections of the CBS (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures), CMI (Commonwealth Mycological Institute) and QM (U.S. Army Natick Laboratories).


APPENDIX ill IBRG Modified Model Data Sheet

!. N arne of organism:

2.

Isolated by: from:

!. method

2. nutrient media

3. temperature

4. relative humidity(% or aw) 5. other

3. Confirmation of purity:

4.

Identity checked by:

!. Conditions: I. situation of use or storage

2. temperature

3. relative humidity (% or aw)

4. moisture content of substrate

5. pH

6. aeration of substrate

7. light other

2. Phenomena:

I. visual changes (stains, discolorations, etc.)

2. physical changes (weight, strength, density, structure, etc.)

3. chemical changes (pH, cellulolysis, reduction of concentration, etc.)

4. fouling

5. other

5. Physiological characteristics of isolate:

!. temperature optimum: 2. pH optimum: 3. light optimum 4. growth on carbon sources: 5. growth on nitrogen sources: 6. growth on other substrates: 7. oxygen demand (aerobic, anaerobic, etc.):

locality:

isolation

biodeterioration

8. mycelial growth rates under specified conditions: 9. production of oxydases and peroxydases: 10. production of exoenzymes: 11. sensitivity to biocides: 12. antagonism or synergism:

6. Bibliography:

23

strain number: on (date):

preservation

confirmation of biodeterioration

Cremlyn, R. J. W. eta!. Int. Biodetn. Bull. (ISSN 0020-6164) 10 (I) 25-28 (1974).

Fungicidal activities of some derivatives of o-Biphenylyl and p-Cumenylphenylphosphorodichloridates.

FUNGICIDAL ACTIVITIES OF SOME OF 0-BIPHENYLYL AND P-CUMENYL-PHENYLPHOSPHORODICHLORIDATES.3

R. J. W. Cremlynt, J. David2 and N. KishoreJ

Summary. General methods of preparation of O·biphenylyl and~umenylphenylphosphorodichloridates, the corresponding dichloridopbosphorothioatcs, and their conversion to a number of derivatives .are outlined. The relative fungicidal activities within this group of compounds are briefly discussed.

Fungizide Eigcnschaften einigcr Dcri\·ate von o-Biphenylyl und p·Cumenylpbenylpbosphordichloridatcn. Allgemeine Verfahren zur Vorbcreitung von o-Biphenylyl und p-Cumenylphenylphosphordichloridaten und der entsprechenden Dichloridophosphorthioate und ihre Umwandlung in einige Derivate wcrden beschrieben. Die entsprechenden fungiziden Eigenschaften von Verbindungen dieser Gruppe werden kurz besprochen.

Introduction

Carswell and Nason (1938) showed that chlorinated phenols are good fungicides, but their use for the preservation of textiles has been limited by their high volatility, ease of leaching and mammalian toxicity. Pentachlorophenol has been reported to be completely removed from the fabric through weathering (Fargher, 1945). Many chlorinated phenols have comparatively higher mammalian toxicity (Deichman et a/., 1942); Alexander and Aleem (1961) have reported them to be relatively resistant to both chemical and biological degradation, but Cserjesi (1967) and Kirsch et a/. (1973) have reported biodegradation of pentachlorophenol. Higginbotham and co-workers (1968) reported the formation of polychlorodibenzodioxan when chlorinated phenols were heated at high temperatures; and Courtney and Moore (1971) showed that tetrachlorodibenzodioxan has teratogenic activity. It is of interest to note that commercially available pentachlorophenol and its esters (L.P.C.P.) in U.K. appear to be free from this toxicant (Monsanto, 1973). Pentachlorophenol esters are used widely for the preservation of textiles in many countries, but the commercial future of fatty acids, used in the manufacture of esters, is at risk. At the same time, use of other preservatives, particularly mothproofing agents based on persistent organochlorine compounds such as DDT and dieldrin has been restricted because of alleged environmental pollution (O'Brien, 1972; Bry and Davis, 1972).

Les activites fungicides de quelques d~rivatifs de I'o·biph Cnylyl et de .,.cumenylphCnylphosphoredichlororidates. Un resume des methodes gCberales de prCparer l'o-biphenylyl et lesp·ceumenylphosphorodichloridates et des dichloridophosphorotheoates qui s'y rapportent, et leur conversion aux dCrivatifs varies. Discus· sion courte des activites fungicides relatives dans ce groupe de composes.

Las actividades fungicidas de algunas derivativas del o·biphenylyl y p-cumenylpbenylphosphorodichlorodates. Se indican los metadoes generales de la preparacioii del o-biphenylyl y de los pcumenylphenylphospborodichloridates y los correspondientes dichloridophosphorothioates y su conversiori a una variedad de derivativas. Se discuten en breve las actividades relativas fungicdas dentro de este grupo de compuestos.

Organophosphorus compounds have been used since 1940 and still form the largest group of commercial pesticides. Where DDT and dieldrin have been withdrawn OP compounds are being used because they are the only sufficiently cheap and effective alternatives. It must be remembered, however, that this often introduces an increased hazard to operators because of the high mammalian toxicity of many OPs. For example, there have already been many deaths from methylparathion poisoning in the cotton belt of the U.S.A. following its substitution for DDT. However, since most organophosphorus compounds are susceptible to both chemical and biological degradation, they are replacing many commercial pesticides. Aldridge (1953) and Matsumura and Hogendijk (1964) demonstrated that several enzymes are capable of hydrolysing the phosphorus-oxygen-aryl bond, with consequent formation of the parent phenol. The choice of phenol is, therefore, significant and its range is restricted because of availability and cost, volatility, and mammalian toxicity. Non-chlorinated phenol derivatives are unlikely to cause environmental problems since they are known (Evans and Smith, 1951) to be biodegradable in contrast to organochlorine compounds like DDT.

We decided to examine phosphorylated derivatives of o-hydroxybiphenyl and p-cumenylphenol which have been reported to possess mildew-proofing properties (Carden, 1969), and are both commercially available and free from possible hazards associated

t Department of Chemical Sciences, The Hatfield Polytechnic, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England. 2Catomance Limited, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, England. JFuller details of the preparation and in vitro antifungal activity of these compounds is to be published in Pesticide Science.

(Copy originally received September 1973; in final form January 1974).

25

Fungicidal activities of some derivatives of o-Biphenylyl and p-Cumenylphenylphosphorodichloridates. R. J. W. Cremlyn, J. David and N. Kishore.

with chlorinated compounds. The mammalian toxicities of the compounds described in this paper have not yet been evaluated.

Materials and Methods All the compounds reported in tables I and 2 were

characterised by their i.r. spectra and elemental analysis data in reasonable agreement with theoretical values.

(I)

TABLE 1. Physical properties of compounds of type (I)

Compound No. X R1

I 0 OMe

2 s

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

OMe

NHMe

NHEt

NHMe

NHEt

Cl

N,

NHNH,

0 NHNH,

S NHNH,

R' M.p.jB.p.(oC)

OMe 161/0.08 mm n"D 1.5685

OMe 164/0.1 mm n20D 1.5870

NHMe 105-106

NHEt 58-60.5

NHPh 140-141.5

NHPh 106-107.5

NHPh 163.5-165

NHPh 118-120

NHPh 146-148

NHNH, 147-150

NHNH, 108.5-110

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

0 NH-N=CMe, NH-N=CMe, 132-134

S NH-N=CMe, NH-N=CMe, 112-113.5

(II)

26

TABLE 2. Physical properties of compounds of type {ll)

Compound No. X R1

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

0

s

0

0

0

0

s

OMe

OMe

NHMc

N,

NHNH,

NHNH,

NHNH2

R' M.p.jB.p.(0 C)

OMe 182/1.3 mm n"D 1.5715

OMe 198/0.5 mm n"D 1.5640

NHMe 92-93

NHPh 93.5-96

NHPh 169-171

NHNH, 138-141

NHNH, 69.5-72

21 0 NH-N=CMe, NH-N=CMe, 139-141

22 S NH-N=CMe, NH-N=CMe, 98-100

23 0 OEt OEt 192°/0.4 mm n"D 1.5332

o-Biphenylylphosphorodichloridatc, b.p. 142°/0.08 mm, n20D 1.589 was obtained by heating a mixture of the phenol and phosphorus oxychloride in the presence of potassium chloride catalyst.

p-Cumenylphenylphosphorodichloridate, b.p. 171/0.01 mm, n20D 1.571 was similarly obtained. The dichloridophosphorothioates were obtained by treatment of the pyridinium salt of the appropriate phenol with thiophosphoryl chloride:

o-biphenylyldichloridopbosphorotbioatc, 137°/0.12 mm, n20D 1.6225; p-eumenylphenyldichloridophosphorotbioate, 209°/1.3 mm, n20D 1.6040.

0,0'-Dialkyl-arylphosphates (No. 1, 2, 14, 15, 23) were obtained by treatment of the appropriate phosphorodichloridate with sodium a1koxide.

The N,N'-Disubstituted phosphorodiamidates (3, 4, 5, 6, 16) were obtained by the reaction of either phosphorodichloridate or phosphoramidic chloride with the appropriate amine.

The N,N'-phosphorodihydrazides (10, 11, 19, 20) were prepared by reaction of the phosphorodichloridate with a large excess of hydrazine hydrate; and were converted to the corresponding Diacetonchydrazones by heating with an excess of acetone.

0-Biphenylyl N-phcnylphosphoramidic chloride (7) was obtained by treating o-biphenylylphosphorodichloridate (1 mol. equiv.) with aniline (2 mol. equiv.)

The aryl N-phenylphosphorazides (8, 17) were synthesised by treatment of the corresponding N-phenylphosphoramidic chlorides with excess of sodium azide (2 mol. equiv.) in aqueous acetone.


Testing

The compounds were applied in an ethanolfwater mixture to Whatman No. I. filter paper at concentrations of 5 to 0.025%. After air drying for 24 hr. the treated filter papers were evaluated for fungicidal activity against a mixed culture of Aspergillus tamarii, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Chaetomiurn globosum and a species of Sternphylium, in a petri dish containing mineral agar medium at 28° for 14 days. The samples were inspected at different periods of time for mould development. The minimum % concentrations of the various compounds needed to inhibit spore germination after periods of 5, 7, 10 and 14 days are listed in Table 3.

Results and discussion

TABLE 3. :Minimum inhibitory concentration(%).

Compound No.

2

3

4

5

6

8

9

10

II

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

After 5 days

0.2

0.2

2.5

2.5

Pro

Pro

Pro

0.25

0.05

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.05

0.1

0.5

Pro

Pro

0.05

0.1

0.1

0.1

O.OZ5

After 7 days

0.2

0.2

2.5

2.5

Pro

Pro

Pro

0.25

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.1

0.2

1.0

Pro

Pro

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.025

After After 10 days 14 days

0.25 0.25

0.5 0.5

2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5

Pro Pro

Pro Pro

Pro Pro

0.25 0.25

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.25

1.0

Pro

Pro

0.1

0.2

0.1

0.2

0.05

0.25

0.25

0.25

0.25

0.1

0.25

1.0

Pro

Pro

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.05

The fungal growth at 5% concentration indicated by Pro = profuse.

From these data, it appears that the corresponding derivatives of both phenols generally display similar fungicidal activity; though 0,0'-dimethyl p-cumenylphenylphosphate (14) is more fungitoxic than the analogous derivative of 0- hydroxybiphenyl (I).

27

0,0'-diethyl p-cumenylphenylphosphate (23) was found to be the most effective fungicide among the compounds tested in this series. The phsophates were more fungitoxic than the corresponding phosphorothioates probably due to two factors: a) the P = 0 compounds had appreciably greater water solubilitywhen compared with the corresponding P = S compounds (Table 4).

TABLE 4. Aqueous solubilities.

Compound No. Solubility in water(%)

10 0.33

11 0.067

12

13

O.D78

0.043

b) Metcalf and March (1953) showed that phosphorothioates owe their fungicidal activity to their conversion to the corresponding phosphates. If one takes into account their lower aqueous solubility, the phosphorothioates appear to be at least as fungicidal as the corresponding phosphates; similarly the diacetonedihydrazones (12, 13, 21, 22) appear to be more fungitoxic than the corresponding dihydrazides (Table 4). The relatively poor fungicidal activities displayed by the N,N' -dialkylphosphorodiamidates (3, 4, 5, 6, 16) and the N-phenylphosphorazides (8, 17) may be a consequence of their molecular structure or possibly results from their low aqueous solubility.

Acknowledgements We wish to thank Mr. A. Barr of Catomance

Limited for assistance in the biological tests and helpful comments.

References Aldridge, W. N. (1953) Biochem. J., 53, 117.

Alexander, M. and Aleem, M. I. H. (1961) Effect of chemical structure on microbial decomposition of aromatic herbicides. J. Agric. Chern., 9, 44-47.

Bry, R. E. and Davis, R. (1972) Nat. Wool Grower, 63, 33.

Carswell, T. S. and Nason, H. K. (1938) Ind. Engng. Chern., 30, 622.

Courtney, K. D. and Moore, J. A. (1971) Toxic. Appl. Pharmac., 20, 396.

Corden, M. E. (1969) "Fungicides" (ed. D. C. Torgeson), Academic Press, New York, Vol. 7., 484.

Cseijesi, A. J. (1967) The adaptation of fungi to pentachlorophenol and its biodegradation Can. J. Microbial.; 13, 1243.


Deichman, W.; Machle, W.; Kitzmiller, K. V. and Thoman, G. J. (1942) J. Pharm., 76, 104.

Evans, W. C. and Smith, B. S. W. (1951) J. Biochem. 49,x.

Fargher, E. G. (1945) J. Soc. Dyers & Co/ourists, 61, 118.

Higginbotham, G. R.; Huang, A.; Firestone, D.; Verrett, J.; Ross, J. and Campbell, A. D. (1968) Chemical and toxicological valuation of isolated and synthetic chloroderivatives of dibenzo-p-dioxan. Nature, 220, 702-703.

28

Kirsch, E. J. and Etzel, J. E., (1973) J. Water Pollut. Control. Fed. 45, (2) 359-364.

Matsumura, F. and Hogendijk, C. J. (1964) J. Agric. Food Chern., 12, 447.

Metcalf, R. L. and March, R. B. (1953) J. Econ. Ent., 46, 288.

Monsanto Chemicals Ltd., (1973). Private communication.

O'Brien, R. D. (1972) Report of the Aldrin-Dieldrin Advisory Committee to the Environmental Research Protection Agency.

King, N.J. and Smith, G. A. Int. Biodetn. Bull. (ISSN 0020-6164) 10 (I) 29-32 (1974).

A cellulolytic enzyme from a wood-destroying basidiomycete B531. 2.

A CELLULOLYTIC ENZYME FROM A WOOD-DESTROYING BASIDIOMYCETE B531

2. PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ENZYME N.J. King! and G. A. Smith2

Summary. A cellulase produced by the wood-rotting basidiomycete B531 has been purified. Its effect on various forms of cellulose and its amino acid composition are reported and discussed.

Ein cellulolytisches Enzym des holzzerstOrenden Basidiomyceten B531. 2. Reinigung und Charakterisienmg des Enzyms. Eine von dem holzzerstOrenden Basidiomyceten B531 produzierte Cellulase wurdc gereinigt. Ihr Einfluss auf verschiedene Formen der Cellulose und ihre Aminosaurezusamrnensetzung werden beschrieben und besprochen.

Introduction

The previous paper (King and Smith, 1973) described the differences in culture characteristics between B531 and a typical isolate of Coniophora cerebella and discussed the effects of culture conditions on enzyme production. In this paper we describe the purification and characterization of the cellulolytic enzyme from B531 and compare the pure enzyme with cellulases from the other fungi.

Materials

The sawdust, a-cellulose, sodium CM-cellulose and celledextrin used were as described by King (1966), and Chromatography grade Whatman cellulose (CF II) was used.

Methods

SoURCE OF ENzYME: The fungus was cultured in Roux flasks containing 240 ml of medium B (King 1966) except that the KH2 P04 concentration was 7 g/1, the nitrogen source was urea at 0.4 g/1 and the carbon source was Whatman cellulose at approximately 8 g/1. The cultures were incubated at 24' for at least 8 weeks before harvesting as described in Part 1 (King and Smith, 1973).

PURIFICATION OF THE ENZYME: The procedure is summarized in Scheme I. All stages were carried out at 5'C as far as possible.

SCHEME I (1) (2)

Culture filtrate ---> Crude enzyme solution---+ (3)

Crude enzyme solution in 0.1 M acetate ---> Fractionated enzyme solution.

Une enzyme ce11u1olytiquc d'un basidiomy~te B531 destructeur de bois. La purificatiOn et Ia cltaracterisati6n de ]'enzyme. Une cellulase produite par la basidiomyd:te B531 a ete purifiet. Discussion sur son effet sur les formes variee& de la cellulose et Ia composition de ses aminoacides.

Un enzyme celulolitico de un basidiomycetc BS3l destructor de Ia madera. Purificaci6n y caracterizaciOn del enzyme. Se ha purificado un celulase producido por el basidiomycete B531 destructor de la madera. Se notan y se discunten su efecto en varias formas de celulose y su composici6n amino acidica

STEP I; precipitation was carried out by adding solid ammonium sulphate to the stirred crude enzyme solution to bring it to 80 per cent saturation. After standing for at least one hour, the precipitate was centrifuged off and taken up in 0.1 M acetate buffer, pH 5.0 (approximately l/20th of the original volume of the crude enzyme solution). Insoluble material was centrifuged off and discarded.

STEP 2; the concentrated crude enzyme solution from step 1 was ultrafiltered in an Amicon cell fitted with a UM 20E membrane. 0.1 M acetate bnffer was fed from a reservoir into the ultrafiltration cell until no trace of sulphate appeared in the filtrate. The solution in the ultrafiltration cell was then allowed to concentrate to about 25 mi.

STEP 3; the solution from the ultrafiltration stage was added to a 2 X 20 em column of DEAE-Sephadex pre-equilibrated with 0.1 M acetate pH 5.0.

The eluting solution was a linear concentration gradient of sodium chloride in acetate buffer made from 150 ml of 0.1 M acetate pH 5.0 and 150 m1 of the same buffer containing 0.5 M NaCI. 5 ml fractions were collected and assayed for enzyme activity and protein content and examined by electrophoresis. The results are shown in Figure I.

ANALYTICAL METHODS: Protein was estimated from the absorption at 280 nm.assuming that there is a linear relationship between protein concentration and absorption and that I mg of protein per ml of buffer in a I em thick cell has an absorption of 1.000 (Dixon and Webb 1964).

!Central Unit on Environmental Pollution, Department of the Environment, 2 Marsham Street, London, England SW1 3EB.

2Princes Risborough Laboratory, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, England.

(Copy originally received July 1974; in final form October 1973).

29

A cellulolytic enzyme from a wood-destroying basidiomycete B531. 2. 2. Purification and characterization of the enzyme. N. J. King and G. A. Smith.

Reducing sugar was determined and electrophoresis was carried as described in Part I (King and Smith, 1973).

0·7

0·6

OS

0·2

0·1

Fig. l Fractionation of cellulose from B531.

-- AbK~tbcncy at 280 nm ---- M~osurr ol activity against C MC - - Pick cl.:oronclt' tnt, re:lotivec strrngU1S.

I

' ' 0 4 812162024283236404448

FRACTION NUMBER

ELECTROFOCUSING: Electrofocusing was carried out using the standard LKB 8101 electrofocusing column, with the cathode at the top of the column. The pH range of the ampholine ampholytes was 3-5. The procedure was carried out as recommended in the LKB instruction manual 1-8100-EOl. After the current through the column had become constant the column was emptied by downward displacement using a constant speed pump. The column eluate was passed through a flow cell with a I mm path length in a Unicam SP 800 spectophotometer and then into a fraction collector. The absorbency at 280 nm was recorded and the pH of the fractions measured.

AMINO AciD ANALYSis: The enzyme was hydrolysed with 6 N HC1 in sealed tubes for 24, 48 and 72 hours. The hydrolysates were analyzed for aminoacids using a Technicon autoanalyzer as previously described (Baker, Laidlaw, Smith 1970) except that the absorption and elution from CG 120 resin was omitted.

ENZYME ASSAY: Carboxymethylcellulase activity was determined by measuring reducing sugar production and cellulolytic activity was estimated in the agar plate test as described in Part 1 (King and Smith, 1973).

Weight loss assays were carried out on cotton, Whatman CF11 cellulose, birch sawdust, spruce sawdust, Avice! and a-cellulose. 20 mg of the substrate was suspended in 2 m1 of the enzyme solution at pH 4.0 for 11 days at 39'C. The substrate was filtered off, washed with water, dried in vacuo over P20s and weighed.

30

Results Figure 1 shows two major and probably three

minor peaks of absorption at 280 nm. The largest peak (maximum at fraction 30) was associated with the maximum activity on carboxymethylcellulose and in the plate clearance test and also with one specific band in the electrophoretic pattern. Fractions 28 to 32 showed only this band on electrophoresis and the subsequent characterization of the enzyme which is reported below, was carried out with the material in these pooled fractions.

No activity on carboxymethylcellulose was found in fractions emerging before about fraction 18. Similarly, no plate clearing activity appeared before fraction 26. However, to test for possible synergistic effects between fractions, of the kind found by other workers (Selby and Maitland, 1967, and Wood, 1968), aliquots of pooled fractions 28 to 32 (0.05 ml) were mixed with an equal volume of each of fractions 4 to 24 and 35 to 48 and all of these mixtures examined by the plate clearance test. No synergism was found. In a similar experiment, equal volumes of pooled fractions 28 to 32 and of fraction'? were mixed and aliquots (0.05 ml) of this mixture mixed with an equal volume of each of fractions 8 to 24 and of 35 to 48. All of these mixtures were examined by the plate clearance test but again, no synergistic effect was detected.

The effect of pH on cellulolytic activity was studied using a series of 0.1 M acetate buffers ranging from pH 3.0 to pH 6.5. The digests contained 0.1 per cent cellodextrin as substrate and the reducing sugar test was used to find the optimum pH for enzyme activity. The enzyme exhibited a single maximum between pH 4.5 and 5.0.

All cellulolytic activity was destroyed by heating the enzyme at 65' for 10 minutes.

The iso-electric point of the enzyme was low. Attempts to measure this property accurately using electro-focusing failed since the iso-electric point of the enzyme was close to pH 3.0 and therefore at the lower limit of the range of ampholytes available. The enzyme showed a marked tendency to precipitate (and denature?) towards the end of the electrofocusing experiments. This was possibly because the enzyme concentrated very close to the anode, or because of the high concentration of enzyme which built up at a pH where enzyme solubility was low-a common feature with enzymes at or near their iso-electric points.

The molecular weight of the enzyme was measured by gel filtration through a column (75 X 2 em) of Bio-ge1 P-100 using Andrews' method (1964). The column was equilibrated with 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 5.8 and had been calibrated for molecular weight determination using a series of pure proteins.

A cellulolytic enzyme from a wood-destroying basidiomycete B531. 2. Purification and characterization of the enzyme. N.J. King and G. A. Smith.

The enzyme was detected as a single peak by UV absorption and by the carboxymethylcellulase assay. The molecular weight of the enzyme using this method was 60,000.

The amino acid analysis is shown in Table I.

Amino-Acid

Aspartic acid

Threonine

Serine

Glutamic acid

Proline

Glycine

Alanine

Valine

Isoleucine

Leucine

Tyrosine

Phenylalanine

Lysine

Histidine

Arginine

Half~ystine

Methionine

Tryptophan

TABLE 1

Number of residues per molecule of enzyme

81

81

65

41

25

69

56

31

20

30

19

20

11

6

9

13

2

at least 1

The analysis shows that the enzyme contained a large proportion of acidic amino-acids, and that the basic amino-acids were present in only small amounts. In our analysis the tryptophan was very low, but was definitely present.

From a chromatographic analysis (Colombo et a!., 1960) of a sample of the enzyme hydrolysed by the method of Saeman et a/. (1954) the carbohydrate content of the enzyme was small or non-existent.

The effect of the purified enzyme on different forms of insoluble cellulose is shown in Table 2. While cotton was not significantly dissolved in this experiment, there was considerable loss in strength. On prolonged incubation, the cotton first lost strength, then broke down into short fibres and eventually dissolved. The weight loss with sawdust was not increased using either the crude cellulase or an enzyme mixture from sawdust grown cultures.

31

Substrate

Cotton

Whatman cellulose

a...ceilulose

Avicel

Birch sawdust

Spruce sawdust

Bacterial cellulose

TABLE 2

Weight loss %

no loss

10

58

52

2

5

100

Various attempts were made to crystallise the enzyme from alcohol/water and dioxanfwater mixtures and from solutions containing various concentrations of ammonium sulphate, but all of these failed.

Discussion

The enzyme proved particularly easy to purify and we believe that our purified enzyme was essentially homogeneous. It exhibited a normal pH maximum in the expected range and a normal degree of thermal stability. The molecular weight as determined by gel filtration is somewhat higher than that of some other cellulases which have been described but it is within the normal range found among extracellular hydrolases.

The enzyme does not fit readily into the C1o Cx system often used to classify cellulases (Reese, Siu and Levinson, 1950). Thus it actively degrades both carboxymethylcellulose and cotton although degradation of the latter is slow; it rapidly degrades other forms of crystalline cellulose including Avice! and bacterial cellulose. As far as we are aware, no one has satisfactorily demonstrated that the Cr. Cx system of cellulases exists among the wood-destroying fungi. Several workers have shown that this system is necessary for the complete and rapid degradation of cotton (Selby and Maitland, 1967; Reese eta/., 1950; and Wood, 1968) but the molecnlar architecture of the cell walls in wood and cotton are quite different. Indeed, studies of the porosity of wood cell walls indicate pore sizes which are scarcely big enough to allow the free diffusion of one enzyme into the cell wall (Cowling and Brown, 1969) and would appear to rule out a multi-enzyme mechanism at least in the early stages of the degradation of cellulose in wood. It is possible that cellulolytic enzymes with patterns of activities quite different from the recognised C1 and Cx enzymes exist among the wood-destroying fungi. Eriksson's (1967) failure to demonstrate a Cr. Cx system in Stereum sanguinolentum despite an exhaustive search parallels our experience.

The enzyme had tittle effect on sawdust or on wood sections. This is a common observation with cellulases and as far as we are aware, no enzyme has yet been isolated which exhibits appreciable degradation of

A cellulolytic enzyme from a wood-destroying basidiomycete B531. 2. Purification and characterization of the enzyme. N. J. King and G. A. Smith.

wood which has not been subjected to extensive chemical or physical modification. This effect is not related to the C1-Cx enzyme system since mixtures of C1 and Cx are no more effective on wood than our enzyme (personal communication, Selby). This inability of isolated enzymes to degrade wood is in our opinion the most important unsolved problem facing enzymologists interested in timber decay. Several possible reasons for this lack of activity have been proposed (Liese, 1970; King and Smith, 1969), but convincing experimental evidence is lacking for all of these.

The amino acid composition of the enzyme accounts for its low iso-electric point. The enzyme contains a preponderance of acidic and neutral amino acids and has relatively few basic amino-acids. This is in agreement with the results found for other fungal cellulases, (Eriksson and Pettersson, 1971; Pettersson and Eaker, 1968).

Our failure to crystallise the enzyme was disappointing but not unexpected. Only one cellulase has been crystallised as far as we are aware (Nishizawa, 1955) and relatively little data has been published on its analysis or specificity. Our enzyme is easily purified and it is still possible it could be crystallised and found to be suitable for x-ray crystallographic studies. There is an obvious need for such work when one considers the economic importance of cellulases in the natural cycles, in plant disease, in animal nutrition and their potential as industrial enzvmes.

References Andrews, P. (1964) Estimation of molecular weights

of proteins by Sephadex gel filtration. Biochem. J., 91,222.

Baker, J. M.; Laidlaw, R. A. and Smith, G. A. (1970) Wood breakdown and nitrogen utilisation by Anobium punctatum Deg feeding on Scots pine sapwood. Holzforschung, 24, 46.

Colombo, P.; Corbetta, D.; Pirotta, A.; Ruffini, G. and Sartori, A. (1960) A solvent for qualitative and quantitative determination of sugars using paper chromatography. J. Chromat., 3, 343.

Cowling, E. B. and Brown, W. (1969) In "Cellulases and their applications". Adv. in Chern. Series No. 95, Am Chern Soc, Washington DC.

32

Dixon, M. and Webb, E. C. (1964) In "Enzymes", 2nd edition, London, Longmans, page 30.

Eriksson, K. E. (1967) Studies on cellulolytic and related enzymes. Svensk Kern. Tidskr., 79, 660.

Eriksson, K. E. and Pettersson, B. (1971) Purification and characterization of xylanase from the rot fungus Stereum sanguinolentum. Int. Biodetn. Bull., 7 (3) 115.

King, N. J. (1966) The extracellular enzymes of Coniophora cerebella. Biochem. J., 100, 784.

King, N. J. and Smith, G. A. (1969) The degradation of cellulose by wood-destroying fungi. Paper presented to the International Wood Chemistry Symposium, Seattle.

King, N. J. and Smith, G. A. (1973) A cellulolytic enzyme from the wood-destroying basidiomycete B531. I. Growth of the fungus and enzyme production. Int. Biodetn. Bull. 9 (4) 87-90.

Liese, W. (1970) Ultrastructural aspects of woody tissue disintegration. A. Rev. Phytopath., 8, 231.

Nishizawa, K. (1955) Cellulose splitting enzymes. V. Purification of Irpex cellulase and its action upon p-nitrophenyl ~-cellobioside. J. Biochem. (Japan), 42, 825.

Petterson, G. and Eaker, D. L. (1968) Studies on cellulolytic enzymes. IV. Chemical and physiochemical characterization of a cellulase from Penicillium notatum. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 124, 154.

Reese, E. T.; Siu, R. G. H. and Levinson, H. S. (1950) The biological degradation of soluble cellulose derivatives and its relationship to the mechanism of cellulose hydrolysis. J. Bact., 59, 485.

Saeman, J. F.; Moore, W. E.; Mitchell, R. L. and Millet, R. A. (1954) Techniques for the determination of pulp constituents by quantitative paper chromatography. TAPPI, 37 (8) 336.

Selby, K. and Maitland, C. C. (1967) The cellulase of Trichoderma viride. Biochem. J., 104, 716.

Wood, T. M. (1968) Cellulolytic enzyme system of Trichoderma koningii. Biochem. J., 109, 217.

King, N. J. eta/. Int. Biodetn. Bull. (ISSN 0020-6164) 10 (1) 33-34 (1974). Purification and characterization of the cellulase from Merulius tremel/osus (Schrad.) Fr.

PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CELLULASE FROM MERULIUS TREMELLOSUS (SCHRAD.) FR.

N. J. King!, G. A. Smith2 and A. SohJ3

Summary. In two preceding papers the purification and characterization of the cellulase from the wood-rotting basidiomycete B531 was reported. In this note is reported a similar isolation and characterization of the cellulase from Merulius tremellosus.

Reinigung und Chnrakterisierung der Cellulase von Memlius treme/losus(Schrad.) Fr. In zwci vorhergehenden Arbeiten wurde fiber die Reinigung und Charaktcrisierung der Cellulase des holzzerstOrenden Basidiomyceten B531 bcrichtet. In dieser Arbeit wird cin ahnliches Verfahren zur Isolierung und Charakterisierung der Cellulase von Merulius tremellosus (Schrad.) Fr. PRL Kultur No. 13 beschrieben.

Introduction In the preceding two papers (King and Smith, 1973, 1974) we have reported the purification and characterization of the cellulase from the wood-rotting basidiomycete B531. In this note we report a similar isolation and characterization of the cellulase from Merulius tremellosus (Schrad.) Fr., PRL culture no 13.

Production and purification of the enzyme The experimental procedures employed have been

described in the two preceding papers. The fungus grew in stationary culture in the standard asparagine medium on cellulose substrate and was harvested, precipitated and ultrafiltered.

The concentrated protein solution was fractionated on a DEAE Sephadex column (2 x 20 em) using a gradient made from 150 ml 0.1 M acetate pH 5.0 and 150 ml of the same buffer containing 0.5 M NaC!. The fractions showing cellulolytic activity in the plate test were combined and re-fractionated on a 2 em x 20 em DEAE Sephadex column pre-equilibrated with 0.05 M acetate buffer pH 5.4. The gradient was 150 ml of 0.05 M NaC1 and 150 ml of 0.4 M NacC1 in 0.05 M acetate buffer, pH 5.4. The fractions were assayed for protein content by their absorption at 280 mm, cellulolytic activity by the plate test, and their activity against CM-cellulose and cellodextrin by reducing sugar formation. Figure 1 summarises these results. Electrophoresis of the cellulolytically active fractions gave the pattern shown in Figure 2, which also illustrates the plate clearance tests.

La purification et Ia characterisation de Ia cellulase obtcnuc de Merulius tremellosus (Schrad.) FR. Deux Ccrits precedants contenaient un rapport sur Ia purification et Ia characterisation de Ia cellulose produite par le 'basidiomyd:te B531 destructeur de bois. Dans Ia note actuelle se trouvc un rapport d'une isolation et d'une characterisation pareilles de Ia cellulase du Merulilts treme/losus (Schrad.) Fr. PRL Culture No. 13.

PurificatiOn y camcterizaci6n del cclulasc del Merulius tremellosus Scbrad FR. En dos papeles precedentes se ha relatado Ia purificaci6n y 1a caracterizaci6n del celulase del basidiomycete B531 destructor de Ia madera. En estra anotaci6n se relata una aislaci6n y caracterizaci6n parccidas del celulase del Merulius tremellosos Schrad. Fr. PRL cultura no. 13.

Fig. 1 Froct1onoliOn of cellulos~: !rom M tr~:mellosus

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Figure 1. Fractionation of cellulase from M. tremellosus.

1Central Unit on Environmental Pollution, Department of the Environment, 2 Marsham Street, London, England SW1P 3EB.

2Princes Risborough Laboratory, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, England.

3Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan lOA, Gothenburg, Sweden. (Copy received July 1973).

33

Purification and characterization of the cellulase from Meru/ius tremellosus (Schrad.) Fr.

N. J. King, G . A. Smith and A. Soh!.

F igure 2. Electrophoretic pattern and plate clearance test given by cellulase from M. tremel/osus.

As a result of these fractions 11 to 16 were combined, desalted and evaporated to small volume. This solution was divided into two parts. One part was used for molecular weight determination on a Biogel P-100 column, and the o ther part was evaporated to dryness and hydrolyzed with 6N HCI for amino-acid analysis.

Results and discussion

The results of the a mino-acid analysis are shown in Table J.

The molecular weight was approximately 40,000.

34

Amino Acid

Aspartic acid Threonine Serine Glutamic acid Proline G lycine Alanine Valine Isoleucine Leucine Tyrosine Phenylalanine Lysine Histidine Arginine Half-cystine Methionine Tryptophan

TABLE 1

umber of residues per molecule of enzyme

67 31 33 44 33 39 28 17 12 23

at least I 19

14 6 7

10 at least 1

not determined

The table shows that the enzyme contains a large proportion of acidic amino-acids and that the basic amino-acids are present in only small amounts. This is in agreement wi th the results of our previous work and that of others described in the preceding papers.

A pure enzyme was readily isolated as shown by the p late clearance test and electrophoretic patterns, involving only two separations on DEAE-Sephadex.

The electrophoretic patlern consisted of one main band with a few minor bands. However, the actual amount of cellulase produced by the fungus was quite small compared with the amount produced by some other wood-rotting fungi under similar culture conditions.

References

King, N . J. and Smith, G. A. (1973). A cellulolytic enzyme from a wood-destroying basidiomycete B531. 1. Growth of the fungus and enzyme production. Int. Biodetn. Bull. 9 (4) 87-90.

King, N. J. and Smith, G. A . (1974). A cellulolytic enzyme from a wood-destroying basidiomycete B531. 2. Purification and characterization of the enzyme. Tnt. Biodetn. Bull. 10 (1) 29-32.

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BOOK REVIEWS

MICROBIOLOGY OF FOODS AND FOOD PROCESSING

John T. Nickerson and Anthony J. Sinskey. American Elsevier, New York, 1972. x + 306 pp. Price $12.50

The authors state that this book is intended for students and non-specialists in the areas of Food Science and Technology, Hotel Management and Catering, Home Economics, etc. To adequately understand much of the text a deeper knowledge of fundamental microbiology is required than would be possessed by many persons in these categories, especially Jay workers in the areas of food processing and catering.

The first chapter contains a resume of methods for the microbiological examination of foods. The introductory comments summarize some of the statistical problems associated with sampling production Jots but fail to give any advice on subsampling or on the statistical interpretation of microbiological quality control results. The methodology cited is something of a miscellany and emphasizes American practices (e.g. the use of EC Medium incubated at 45.5 ± 0.1 °C for detection of presumptive faecal coliforms). Considering that this is not a book for the specialist it is perhaps surprising that the authors devoted so much space to methodology, especially to topics such as detection of Clostridium botulinum and its toxins. General considerations of the isolation of food spoilage organisms, such as the desirability of choosing media with a composition which reflects that of the food material under test (e.g. the use of osmophilic agars for examination of sugar syrups, fruit juice concentrates, etc.) do not receive even a mention.

The next five chapters concern the effects of food preservation on micro-organisms. Chapter 2 presents a detailed account of the effects of heat on microorganisms with particular reference to evaluation of thermal process requirements for foods. This is a useful chapter which is somewhat above the average standard of the remainder of the book. Chapter 3 (The Microbiology of Dried Foods) explains the concept of water activity (aw) and its effect on the growth and survival of micro-organisms. Much of the emphasis is directed to survival of organisms in freeze"dried foods. Neither in Chapters 2, 3, or 6 is the interaction of solute concentration, aw and thermal process on the heat resistance of organisms mentioned. The growth of organisms in foods stored under refrigeration (Chapter 4) starts with a general consideration on the growth of micro-organisms which is illustrated by a section devoted to the growth of Pseudomonas fragi at low temperatures. The chapter then goes on to consider microbial spoilage of refrigerated foods, some characteristics of low temperature spoilage organisms, changes in the microflora of foods during storage and the effects of processing on the subsequent spoilage of refrigerated foods. The terms psychrophilic and psychrotrophic are used many times (p. 84 onwards) before they are defined (p 92)!!!!

35

Chapter 5 is a poorly written account of the technology of food freezing and the effects of freezing, storage, thawing, etc. on the microflora of foods. A brief account of chemical preservatives (Chapter 6) contains a further exposition of the concept of water activity (cf Chapter 3).

Chapters 7 to 9 contain a superficially useful description of the microbiology of flesh foods, eggs, fruits, vegetables and dairy products. The omission of any consideration of the microbiology of cereals and cereal products is unfortunate. Chapter 10 describes infective food poisoning and food-borne diseases such as trichinosis and brucellosis. Viruses in foods and the U.S. control programmes for shellfish receive somewhat excessive coverage in a book at this level Chapter II provides a summary of food-borne intoxications of microbial origin. The final chapter is concerned with sanitation in food manufacturing and catering establishments.

The book contains an adequate subject-author index. After reading the book one is left with the feeling that it was researched, written and published quickly without adequate refereeing by an independent expert and without adequate proof reading. There are an enormous number of typographic errors and several errors of fact. To take but two examples, there are several reports in the literature to demonstrate that salt and nitrite do not sensitize microorganisms to heat (cf p 69) and tylosin is a macrolide antibiotic NOT a polypeptide (cf p 134). There are also a number of statements of opinion with which the reviewer would disagree.

The basic concept of the book is good and it is to be hoped that a corrected, better balanced edition will be published. Until that time one cannot recommend the purchase of this book especially by students and non-specialists in the area of food microbiology.

B. Jarvis

TEXTILE CONSERVATION

Edited by Jentina E. Leene Butterworths, London, 1973. 275 pp. Price £7.00.

This book, which is published in conjunction with the International Institute of Historic and Artistic Works is a well balanced collection of contributions by twenty authors, covering a wide range of textile conservation problems encountered in museums and special collections. The biodeterioration of textiles is one of these problems, the main contributor on this topic being Dr. H. J. Hueck, who concentrates on the main groups of textile deteriogens, namely insects and micro-organisms. A concise account of conditions required for the growth of these organisms is given, together with methods of control both by physical and chemical agencies. This account is augmented by useful wide reference to the available literature. It is interesting to note the mention of micro-environments in the section on total environmental conditions; all too often is the humidity of the air in the main spaces

of a room or gallery taken to be that immediately surrounding the contents of the room; this dangerous assumption not infrequently leading to mould problems.

The book as a whole makes fascinating reading, the expert contributors imparting detailed knowledge together with clear practical recommendations. The practical clarity of this book, coupled with the crisp presentation of fine detail makes it one which will appeal not only to the specialist but also to anyone searching for a text prior to embarking on work in this field. The clear diagrams and photographs (many of which are in colour) are in keeping with the overall high standard of production of this work.

D. Allsopp.

36

BIOLOGY OF PLANT LITTER DECOMPOSIDON Volumes 1 and 2

edited by C. H. Dickinson Department of Plant Biology, The University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England and G. J. F. Pugh Department of Botany, The University, Nottingham, England

Volume 1 February 1974, xliv + 288 pp. £7.00 0.12.215001.5 Volume2 February 1974, xii + 610 pp., £10.50 0.12.215002.3

This publication is unusual in that it treats ecological problems in a truly biological manner, analysing spearately the influences of litter type, organisms, and the environment, on litter decomposition, as well as identifying those areas which demand future investigation. A comprehensive approach to the subject has been adopted by the editors, who aim to correlate knowledge on litter decomposition, by relating it, for instance, to the marine environment, or to single groups of animals.

Contents of Volume 1 J. E. Satchell: Introduction Types of Litter J. C. Frankland: Decomposition of lower plants. M. K. Bell: Decomposition of herbaceous litter. V. Jensen: Decomposition of angiosperm tree leaflitter. C. S. Millar: Decomposition of coniferous leaf litter. A. A. Kaarik: Decomposition of wood. J. S. Wald: Decomposition of roots. B. C. Lodha: Decomposition of digested litter. Organism lndex. Author Index. Subject lndex.

Contents of Volume 2 The Organisms E. Eklund and H. G. Gyllenberg: Bacteria. M. Goodfellow and T. Cross: Actinomycetes. G. J. F. Pugh: Terrestrial fungi. E. B. G. Jones: Aquatic fungifreshwater and marine. J. D. Stout: Protozoa. D. C. Twinn: Nematodes. J. R. Lofty: Oligochaetes. D. J. L. Harding and R. A. Stu/lard: Microartbropods. C. A. Edwards: Macroarthropods. C. F. Moson: Mollusca. M. Ladle: Aquatic crustacea. The Environment S. T. Williams and T. R. G. Gray: Decomposition of litter on the soil surface. C. H. Dickinson: Decomposi- · tion of litter in soil. L. G. Willoughby: Decomposition of litter in fresh water. E. J. Perkins: Decomposition of litter in the marine environment. R. S. Forbes: Decomposition of agricultural crop debris. K. R. Gray and A. J. Riddles/one: Decomposition of urban waste. Organism lndex. Author Index. Subject lndex.

(:ID\ ACADEMIC PRESS

'C) London and New York A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers 24-28 Oval Road, London NWl, England Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10003, USA

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BIODETERIORATION INFORMATION CENTRE DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES,

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FUNGITROL 11 Fungicide-bactericide for non-aqueous paint systems. Effective for meat-packing plants, breweries, dairies, etc. Also imparts fungus resistance to baking enamels.

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