i life cycle of the sun: a. stars are born in nebulas. b. nebula- a rapidly condensing cloud of gas...
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I Life Cycle of the Sun: A. Stars are born in nebulas. B. Nebula- A rapidly condensing cloud of gas and dust.
C. Star “Pre-life Steps” 1. Gases rapidly condense to
star dust.2. Masses form 3. Masses collide with others to
form larger pieces of “star stuff”.
4. Gravitational forces increase.
I Life Cycle of the Sun:I Life Cycle of the Sun: A. Stars are born in nebulas.A. Stars are born in nebulas. B. Nebula- A rapidly condensing cloud B. Nebula- A rapidly condensing cloud
of gas and dust. of gas and dust. C. Star “Pre-life Steps”C. Star “Pre-life Steps”
1. Gases rapidly condense to star 1. Gases rapidly condense to star dust.dust.
2. Masses form2. Masses form 3. Masses collide with others to 3. Masses collide with others to
form form larger pieces of “star stuff”.larger pieces of “star stuff”. 4. Gravitational forces increase.4. Gravitational forces increase.
5. This sets off a “snow ball effect” or chain 5. This sets off a “snow ball effect” or chain reaction.reaction.
6. One very large object collects most of the “star 6. One very large object collects most of the “star stuff”.stuff”.
7. Density increases.7. Density increases. 8. Temperature increases.8. Temperature increases. 9. Fusion begins to take place.9. Fusion begins to take place.
a.) Fusion- The process in which two atoms a.) Fusion- The process in which two atoms fuse together to fuse together to form another substance.form another substance.
b.) In the suns case there were two atoms of b.) In the suns case there were two atoms of Hydrogen, which Hydrogen, which fused together to form fused together to form Helium. Helium.
10.10. When fusion out put becomes balanced with the When fusion out put becomes balanced with the gravity of the large object, a gravity of the large object, a
star is born.star is born.
• II. Life Cycle Steps:II. Life Cycle Steps:
A. Main Sequence- The beginning phase of life for all stars.A. Main Sequence- The beginning phase of life for all stars.
1. Every Star has a main sequence.1. Every Star has a main sequence.2. The star spends most of its life in this phase. 2. The star spends most of its life in this phase.
3. Fusion continues for billions of years.3. Fusion continues for billions of years. 4. When a star’s hydrogen begins to run out, the 4. When a star’s hydrogen begins to run out, the star begins to star begins to enter its next phase.enter its next phase.
B. Red Giant Phase- Beginning stage of death for B. Red Giant Phase- Beginning stage of death for small & medium small & medium size stars.size stars.
1. The fusion and gravity of a star becomes 1. The fusion and gravity of a star becomes unbalanced do to unbalanced do to hydrogen running out.hydrogen running out.
2. This makes the star collapse in on it self.2. This makes the star collapse in on it self.
3. Another round of fusion is triggered. This time 3. Another round of fusion is triggered. This time helium fusses helium fusses together.together.
4. The star swells to several times its original size4. The star swells to several times its original size
5. Remaining gas floats away as the star cools.5. Remaining gas floats away as the star cools.
C. White Dwarf- The remaining core of a small or C. White Dwarf- The remaining core of a small or medium star after the red giant phase is over.medium star after the red giant phase is over.
1. The stars weight during the red giant phase will make the star collapse in 1. The stars weight during the red giant phase will make the star collapse in on it-self.on it-self.
2. All that is left of the star now is a collapsed core.2. All that is left of the star now is a collapsed core. 3. About the size of earth.3. About the size of earth.
D. Black Dwarf- The final stage of death of a small or medium size star.D. Black Dwarf- The final stage of death of a small or medium size star.
1. After the stars core cools enough that its 1. After the stars core cools enough that its luminosity is zero a luminosity is zero a star enters this phase of life.star enters this phase of life.
2. All that is left is a tiny ball of “lifeless material”2. All that is left is a tiny ball of “lifeless material”
• III. Properties of the Sun:III. Properties of the Sun:
A. Size:A. Size: 1. More than 99% of all matter in our solar system 1. More than 99% of all matter in our solar system is in the sun.is in the sun.
2. About 110 times the diameter of the earth2. About 110 times the diameter of the earth 3. The sun could hold more than a million earths.3. The sun could hold more than a million earths.
4. The mass of the sun is 745 x greater than all of 4. The mass of the sun is 745 x greater than all of the planets put the planets put together.together.
B. Distance:B. Distance: 1. Earth is 1 AU away from the sun. (93 million 1. Earth is 1 AU away from the sun. (93 million miles)miles)
1. Interior temperatures can be as high as 15 million 1. Interior temperatures can be as high as 15 million degrees C.degrees C.
C. Temperature: C. Temperature:
2. Light takes about 8 min. and 20 sec. to reach 2. Light takes about 8 min. and 20 sec. to reach earth.earth.
2. Atmosphere temperatures can be as high as 2. Atmosphere temperatures can be as high as 6,000 degrees C.6,000 degrees C.
• IV. Layers of the Sun:IV. Layers of the Sun:A. Core: A. Core:
1. The area where the sun makes its energy.1. The area where the sun makes its energy.
2. Nicknamed the sun’s power plant.2. Nicknamed the sun’s power plant. 3. Where all of the sun’s fusion takes place.3. Where all of the sun’s fusion takes place.
B. Photosphere: B. Photosphere:
1. First layer of the sun’s atmosphere.1. First layer of the sun’s atmosphere. 2. Often called the “sun’s surface”.2. Often called the “sun’s surface”. 3. Layer of the sun in which light is given off.3. Layer of the sun in which light is given off.
C. Chromosphere: C. Chromosphere: 1. The outer, less dense, layer of the sun’s 1. The outer, less dense, layer of the sun’s atmosphere.atmosphere.
2. Red in color due to cooler temperatures.2. Red in color due to cooler temperatures. 3. Solar Flares take place there.3. Solar Flares take place there.
a.) Solar Flare- gases, near hot spots, that shoots a.) Solar Flare- gases, near hot spots, that shoots outward, at high outward, at high speeds.speeds.
D. Corona: D. Corona: 1. Outer most layer of the sun.1. Outer most layer of the sun. 2. Can only be seen during a solar eclipse.2. Can only be seen during a solar eclipse.
3. Will damage your eyes if you look at the solar 3. Will damage your eyes if you look at the solar eclipse without eclipse without protective eye ware.protective eye ware.
4. Solar wind takes place here.4. Solar wind takes place here. a.) Solar wind- electrical charged particles that a.) Solar wind- electrical charged particles that escape from the escape from the sun’s corona.sun’s corona.
5. Both the solar wind and solar flares are 5. Both the solar wind and solar flares are responsible for Aurora responsible for Aurora Borealis.Borealis.
a.) Aurora Borealis- When earth’s atmosphere a.) Aurora Borealis- When earth’s atmosphere interacts with the particles interacts with the particles from solar flares from solar flares and solar wind, beautiful colors of light glow and solar wind, beautiful colors of light glow in the sky. in the sky.
b.) Sometimes called the Northern Lights.b.) Sometimes called the Northern Lights.
V. Sunspots:V. Sunspots:
A. What are sunspots? A. What are sunspots?
1. Sunspots- areas of the photosphere that appear to be dark 1. Sunspots- areas of the photosphere that appear to be dark because they are cooler than the areas around them.because they are cooler than the areas around them.
2. We learned that the sun rotates by studying 2. We learned that the sun rotates by studying sunspots. sunspots.
3. They can appear and disappear at times.3. They can appear and disappear at times. 4. A sunspot maximum will take place every 10 to 4. A sunspot maximum will take place every 10 to 15 years.15 years.
5. Some data suggest that this may have an effect on earth’s weather.5. Some data suggest that this may have an effect on earth’s weather.
6. No data has ever confirmed that this pattern effects anything on earth.6. No data has ever confirmed that this pattern effects anything on earth.
• SOLAR SOLAR PROMINENCE-huge PROMINENCE-huge arching columns of arching columns of gas projected from gas projected from the chromosphere the chromosphere into the coronainto the corona
-various -various shapes and formsshapes and forms
-associated -associated with the magnetic with the magnetic fields of sunspots fields of sunspots
• Point A is where the Sun starts Hydrogen fusion Point A is where the Sun starts Hydrogen fusion Point B is where about half of the supply of the Point B is where about half of the supply of the hydrogen in the core has been used up. This is hydrogen in the core has been used up. This is where the Sun is in its lifetime right now. where the Sun is in its lifetime right now. Point C is reached when there is no more Point C is reached when there is no more hydrogen in the core and the fusion of hydrogen hydrogen in the core and the fusion of hydrogen starts in the shell around the core. The radius of starts in the shell around the core. The radius of the Sun will swell to 40% larger than its present the Sun will swell to 40% larger than its present size and twice its present luminosity. size and twice its present luminosity. At point D, approximately one and a half billion At point D, approximately one and a half billion years later, the surface of the Sun will be 3.3 years later, the surface of the Sun will be 3.3 times the size it is now and have a temperature times the size it is now and have a temperature of about 4300 degrees. The temperature on Earth of about 4300 degrees. The temperature on Earth will increase by 100 degrees, causing all the seas will increase by 100 degrees, causing all the seas to evaporate and destroying life on Earth as we to evaporate and destroying life on Earth as we know it. Within another 250 million years, the Sun know it. Within another 250 million years, the Sun will grow 100 times larger than it is now and 500 will grow 100 times larger than it is now and 500 times more luminous. times more luminous. At point E the core temperature of the Sun will At point E the core temperature of the Sun will rise so high that in one bang, all the rest of the rise so high that in one bang, all the rest of the helium will fuse into carbon, causing one third of helium will fuse into carbon, causing one third of the solar envelope to be thrown out into space. the solar envelope to be thrown out into space.