i. population evolution evolutionary processes a. definitions
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I. Population Evolution
Evolutionary Processes
A. Definitions
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1. Population versus Specie2. Gene Pool versus Gene Frequency3. Homozygous versus Heterozygous4. Alleles versus Genes
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B. Mendel’s Principles
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1. ConditionsOne gene = One trait and a fixed gene
pool.First principle =
Monohybrid heterozygous crosses yield what kind of phenotypic and genotypic ratios?
2. Application
Second principle =
Dihybrid heterozygous crosses yield what kind of phenotypic and genotypic ratios?
Principle of SegregationPrinciple of Independent
Assortment
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Phenotypic Ratio
Genotypic Ratio
3:1
1:2:1
Figure 14.5
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Phenotypic Ratio9:3:3:1Genotypic Ratio1:1:2:2:4:2:2:1:1
Figure 14.8
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C. Hardy-Weinberg Principle
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1. ConditionsFor the H-W principle to work: No Mutation,
No Gene Flow, Large Population, Random Mating, and No Natural Selection
2. Application
p = A & q = aAA = p2, aa = q2, and Aa = 2pq or 1 = p2 + 2pq + q2
If p = .8% and q = .2% then p + q = 1
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Figure 23.8
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D. Microevolution
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1. Trendsa. Gene
FlowImmigration and Emigration
Figure 24.11
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b. Genetic Drift
Bottleneck and Founder Effects
Figure 23.10
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c. Mutation =
A random change in the DNA
Why or How?
Figure 25.23
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d. Non-random and Assortative mating Inbreeding vs. Sex
Selectione. Natural Selection TrendsStabilizing vs. Directional vs.
DiversifyingCauses?
Figure 23.13
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E. Extinction
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1. Causesa. DistributionThe range needed for
survival.b. Interactionsc. Habitat Changes
Who plays with whom?
Events that could cause change?
Natural versus Man-made
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II. Species FormationA.
DefinitionB. Speciation Mechanisms
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1. Allopatric
Figure 24.5
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Figure 24.5
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Figure 24.5
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2. Sympatric
Figure 24.11
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3. Parapatric
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4. Isolation
Figure 24.3
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C. Speciation Rates or Pace
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1. Gradualistic
Figure 24.17
vs. 2. Punctuated
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3. Mosaic
Figure 25.26
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III. Macroevolution
A. DefinitionsB. Rate
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Gradualistic vs. Punctuated
Figure 24.17
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C. Mechanisms
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a. Exaptations
Figure 34.30
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b. Allometric Growth
Figure 25.21
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i. Heterochrony
Figure 25.21
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ii. Paedomorphosis
Figure 25.22
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It’s the daily grind that gets the goal.