i. post-wwii outcomes 1) united nations- formed near end of wwii as a body of nations to prevent...

I. Post-WWII outcomes

1) United Nations- formed near end of WWII as a body ofnations to prevent future global wars.

What organization had been formed at the end of WWI to prevent global war?(league of nations)

2) Japan:-Occupied by American forces-Adopts democratic form of government (MacArthur Const.)-Resumed self-gov’t-Ally of U.S.

Look on the bottom of your grandparent’s figurines to see if they were made in “occupied Japan.”


3) Europe:-Lay in ruins-Soviet controlled East Europe-Germany divided into East (Communist) and West (Democratic)

Divided Berlin


4) Origins of Cold War

Is this what we mean by the Cold War???

I. Post-WWII outcomes?

Cold War- 45 year competition about values.(end of WWII-collapse of Soviet Union in 1991 — 8 presidents)

OR

COLD WAR

U.S. and West

Soviet Union and East

-Democracy-Individual Freedom-Market economy

-Totalitarianism-Socialism: state centered-Communist

II. Cold War: Defined

1949 Soviet Unionsuccessfully explodes an atomicbomb

1952 1st Hydrogen Bomb tested *Much more powerful than the Atomic Bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

*Precision Missile Launch

THE STAKES ARE HIGH

(BOTH U.S. and Soviet Union hold capability to destroy each other)


NATO- North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationDefensive alliance between U.S. and Western Europe(1st time U.S. entered into peacetime military alliance)


Agreement of North American and western European nations pledged to aid when another country is attacked by outside enemy.

Warsaw Pact, 1950- Defensive alliance between Soviet Union and Eastern European Countries.


***CONTAINMENT- do not let Communism spread, resist it!(Truman Doctrine- help “free peoples” resist Communism)

III. Cold War: Harry Truman --- Foreign Policy

Harry Truman(1945-1953)

In all the events for the following 15 years at the end of WWII conclude the Rivalry with the Soviet Union promoted American fears of communism.

Marshall Plan- massive financial aid to rebuild Europe.

George Marshall

www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/georgecmarshall.html



Berlin Airlift (1948-49)-Soviets block access towest Berlin. Truman orderssupplies airlifted. *2.3 million tons of suppliesAmericans conducted the BerlinAirlift to transport supplies to a Blockaded West Berlin

(1949)- Mao Zedong leads Communist takeoverin China (rival to Soviet Union)

REACTION:Increased fears of communist domination

U.S. spent $3 millionin support of Nationalist, Chiang Kai-shek, only to have failed!


NSC-68: U.S. National Security Report, 1950

*emphasizes Soviet aggression *calls for massive U.S. military buildup(Virginia economy benefits more than any other— Hampton Roads and Northern Virginia)

How is NSC-68 different from the Marshall Plan?How is NSC-68 the same as the Marshall Plan?


“The U.S.S.R.’s desire for World Domination requiresnot only to this Republic but civilization itself take a stand”

(June, 1950)Communist North Koreainvades across the 38th parallel, attackingdemocratic South Korea


Apply Cold War policy:

What should be the mainobjective in the Korean War?

Korean War (1950-1953):

U.N. troops (made up of 90% Americans) defend South Korea

Led byDouglas MacArthur


U.N. Security Council meets to discuss Korean Crisis

Who is accused of aiding the North Koreans?What are some of the key questions before the U.N.?

300,000Communist Chinese troops come into waron side of North Korea


The Korean Conflict, developed due to the desire to contain communism and linked along with it is the increased tensions with the Soviet Union.

Results of Korean War:

Stalemate at 38th parallel

54,000 Americans dieBillions of Dollars spent

THINK:

Was the objective of the Korean War achieved?

Should more have been done?


Where is Vietnam?Where is Vietnam?

Why Did the United States Fight a War in Vietnam?

• Basically to hold the line against the spread of world Communism. America paid for the war the French fought against Communist Vietnam as a part of the Truman Doctrine (1947) “to help free peoples to maintain their free institutions and their national integrity against … totalitarian regimes.” In the 1950’s, America became involved again.

Longest and Most Unpopular War

• The Vietnam War was the longest and most unpopular war in American history. During the war:– 58,000 Americans lost their lives.

• The oldest man killed was 62 years old; the youngest, 16.

• 61% of the men killed were 21 or younger.

– 304,000 were wounded.– 75,000 were severely disabled. – The United States spent over $200

billion dollars on the war.

The Domino Theory• American policymakers developed the “Domino

Theory” as a justification for the involvement. This theory stated, “If South Vietnam falls to the Communist, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Burma, India and Pakistan would also fall like dominos. The Pacific Islands and even Australia could be at risk”.

December 1961 White Paper

• In 1961, President Kennedy sent a team to Vietnam to report on conditions in the South and to assess future American aid requirements.

• The report, known as the "December 1961 White Paper," argued for:– An increase in military, technical, and economic An increase in military, technical, and economic

aidaid– The introduction of large-scale American The introduction of large-scale American

"advisers" to help stabilize the Diem regime and "advisers" to help stabilize the Diem regime and crush the NLF. crush the NLF.

The Kennedy Response• As Kennedy weighed the merits of

these recommendations, some of his other advisers urged the president to withdraw from Vietnam altogether.

• In typical Kennedy fashion, the president chose a middle route. – Instead of a large-scale military

buildup or a negotiated settlement, the United States would increase the level of its military involvement in South Vietnam through more machinery and advisers, but no military troops.

Escalation of the Conflict• At the time of the Kennedy and Diem

assassinations, there were 16,000 military advisers in Vietnam. – The Kennedy administration had

managed to run the war from Washington without the large-scale introduction of American combat troops.

– The continuing political problems in Saigon, however, convinced the new president, Lyndon Baines Johnson, that more aggressive action was needed.

• After a dubious North Vietnamese raid on two U.S. ships After a dubious North Vietnamese raid on two U.S. ships in the Gulf of Tonkin, the Johnson administration argued in the Gulf of Tonkin, the Johnson administration argued for expansive war powers for the president. for expansive war powers for the president.

Helicopters

• Of all aircraft, the helicopter was the most useful, dropping platoons in the jungle clearings and out again. They were excellent air ambulances.

Tunnel Complexes

• The Vietnamese built large tunnel complexes such as the ones at Cu Chi near Saigon. This protected them from the bombing raids by the Americans and gave them cover for attacking the invaders.

The War in America

• The Vietnam War had a major impact on everyday life in America, and the Johnson administration was forced to consider domestic consequences of its decisions daily.

• Since there were not enough volunteers to continue to fight a protracted war, the government instituted a draft.

Anti-War Sentiments

• As the deaths mounted and Americans continued to leave for Southeast Asia, the Johnson administration was met with the full weight of American anti-war sentiments.

Anti-War Protests

• Protests erupted on college campuses and in major cities at first, but by 1968 every corner of the country seemed to have felt the war's impact.

Vietnamization

• Nixon's secret plan involved a process called “Vietnamization.” This strategy brought American troops home while increasing the air war over North Vietnam and relying more on the South Vietnamese army for ground attacks.

Campus Protests & Shootings

• The intense bombing campaigns and intervention in Cambodia in late April 1970 sparked intense campus protests all across America.

The Christmas Bombings• In December 1972, the Nixon administration unleashed a

series of deadly bombing raids against targets in North Vietnam’s largest cities, Hanoi and Haiphong.

• These attacks, now known as the Christmas bombings, brought immediate condemnation from the international community and forced the Nixon administration to reconsider its tactics and negotiation strategy.

The Paris Peace Agreement• In early January 1973, the Nixon

White House convinced Saigon that they would not abandon the South Vietnamese army if they signed the peace accord.

• On January 23, therefore, the final draft was initialed, ending open hostilities between the United States and North Vietnam.

• The Paris Peace Agreement did not end the conflict in Vietnam, however, as Saigon continued to battle Communist forces.

The Fall to Communism

• From March 1973 until the fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975, the South Vietnamese army tried desperately to save the South from political and military collapse.

• The end finally came when North Vietnamese tanks rolled south along National Highway One.

• On the morning of April 30, Communist forces captured the presidential palace in Saigon, ending the Vietnam War.

Why Did the United States Lose the Vietnam War?

1. They underestimated the tenacity and organization of the North Vietnamese and the National Liberation Front.

2. Despite dropping more tonnage of high explosive on Vietnam than the whole of World War II, the Americans could not stop the movement of troops or supplies to the south along the Ho Chi Minh Trail.

3. The North Vietnamese conducted a “Peoples war” in which everyone played a part.

Why Such Growth?

Post-World War II in America

IV. Post WWII: America Economy

Economy

• 1929 – Stock Market Crash, Great Depression begins – economic depravation

• 1941 – WWII begins – rationing, economic sacrifice for the war effort

• 1945 – WWII ends – rationing ends, Depression is over – Americans can and do begin buying again

©2012, TESCCC

Birth Rate

• Depression – can’t afford more children

• War – husbands are gone fighting

• War ends – husbands return, economy is booming

©2012, TESCCC

The “G.I. Bill”

• Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 o Provided federal aid to help veterans adjust to civilian

life in:o Unemployment pay (up to 52 weeks at $20/wk. – less than

20% of funds set aside for this were used)o Purchase of homes, farms, & businesses – zero down, low

interest (2.4 million loans 1944-1952)o Education

o Subsidized tuition, fees, books, educational materials, & living expenses while attending college or other training institutions

o 7.8 of 16 million veterans used this 1944-1956o In 1947, 49% of college admissions were for veterans of

WWII

©2012, TESCCC

Effects of Growth

• Baby Boom

• Increased education level

• Increased consumption

• Increased production

©2012, TESCCC

Baby Boom

Increase in marriagesIncrease in general prosperityIncrease in populationWhere will they all live?With improvements in transportation and increased

disposable income, more families opt to move to the suburbs, areas outside the inner city limits

**SUBURBS rapid growth is the most visible effect of the prosperity of the 1950’s

©2012, TESCCC

Increased Production

Fueled by increasing demand Enhanced by technological improvements More money for research & development in:

Scientific areas Medicine, especially vaccines Agriculture Military

©2012, TESCCC

Who won the 1952 election?

IV. Cold War: Dwight Eisenhower (“massive retaliation”)

V. COLD WAR: HOMEFRONT

**A. Fear of Nuclear War. Americans were urged to build bomb shelters in their own basements.

Federal Civil Defense Administration (1950) -Educate people how to survive Atomic blast -Mobilize people in event of Atomic warfare

What was the purpose of the “Bert the Turtle” campaign?

School children practice “duck and cover” drills

Senator Joseph McCarthy- (1950s) recklessly accused many government officials and citizens of being communist.(McCarthyism- making false accusations based on rumoror guilt by association.)

B. Fear of Communist- “Red Scare”

Technology

Computer– It weighed more than

30 tons and tool up 1,800 square feet

Transportation – which allowed

Americans to have more free time for leisure

-Transistor (result of large importance on math and science) this could miniaturize radios and calcularors

Medicine

• Medical personnel started to really focus on finding antibiotics to fight infection.

• They also looked for new drugs to help arthritis, diabetes, cancer, and heart disease.

• There were also breakthroughs in surgery.

• All of this allowed the life expectancy rate to rise:

• Women 71.1, men 65.6

Polio was a huge problem in the 1950’s•It was an epidemic in the United States, having even struck FDR restricting him to a wheelchair•The disease struck different parts of the country each summer, crippling and killing many.•No one knew what caused the disease so no one knew where it would strike: playgrounds and beaches were closed. •In 1952, 58,00 cases were reported.•Finally Jonas Salk developed a vaccine lowering the number of cases to 3,277 by 1960.•Albert Sabin developed an oral vaccine and the disease is almost completely gone.

Air and Space• The Soviet Union developed the first space shuttle

called Sputnik in 1957. This was problematic for the USA who desperately wanted to catch up with their Soviet rivals

• On January 31, 1958, the USA (only 4 months after the Soviets) launched their own satellite from Cape Canaveral, Florida.

• NASA established in 1958

Mass Media: It all began with the TV

• By the 1950’s TV’s were everywhere in America

• In 1952 for the first time, television news was able to broadcast the Republican and Democratic conventions live from Philadelphia to the rest of the nation.

• “I Love Lucy”• “Leave it to Beaver”• “The Lone Ranger”• “Lassie”• “The Nat King Cole Show”

The New Youth Culture

• During the 1950’s, a lot of young Americans decided that they didn’t agree with conformity.

• In general these youth wanted freedom and and excitement, free from parental pressure.

• This lead to many new ideas. Perhaps the most memorable being rock n’ roll.

• Alan Freed noticed white teenagers buying African American rhythm and blues records and dancing to the music in the store.

• He asked for permission to begin playing the music on his radio.

• The teenagers went crazy over it.

• Soon, white musicians started making music that stemmed from these African American rhythms and a new form of music was born: Rock N’ Roll

Rock N’ Roll

• Most Rock N’ Roll centered around romances, cars, and other things important to teenagers.

• Some of the most famous artists were Buddy Holly, Chuck Berry, Bill Haley and the Comets, as well as Elvis Presley.

• Elvis Presley would eventually become the “King of Rock n’ Roll”

• Issues with Rock N' Roll

• Jailhouse Rock• Maybelline• Johnny B. Goode• Rock Around the

Clock

i. post-wwii outcomes 1) united nations- formed near end of wwii as a body of nations to prevent...

Documents

defined slide

origins of cold war

stand slide

foreign policy slide

west soviet union

blockaded west berlin

soviet union reaction

collapse of soviet union