I(01OL NU)4RtR 2 SItIIFL 1-ASI IfATON 4695jBIBLIOGRAPHC DATA SHEET ISA 9 AJ-30-OI150- G5901NOAAJ-t8___ |L i0-1 51-G59q

A ) s UBFifL (240) The impact of a special high-yielding-rice program in Burma

4 IR-S-O XI AUtHiO KS (100)

Win U K Nyi U N Price E C

()11OSA rEAUTHORS I101)

IRRI

6 0ILH ENT DATE (110) UMP1 E OiF P26F 18 W75)

9 RkIELENCL ORC IAILATION (130) IRRI

I stUPLEMENTARY NOTES (500)

(In IRRI res paper ser no 58)

I ASiR ACT (9))

12 DESCRITORS (920) I PROJECT NIM iWER (I))

Rice Technological change 4719800 Rice research Burma 14 CONTRACT 4 - - -TiCONTRACT

Plant breeding High yield A1ID-492- 310-T

TYPE (140)

L Modernization 16 TYPn OF DOrIMFNT IICC

ASD 590-7 (1079)

_ I

44

1 1qi i ~iis j 4il

44

-1N

The impact of a special high-yielding-rice program in Burma

HSHI R I

-r xricprtoduction I designated I-theWholcent I o( niship Rice lrt w

i lroram as intrtxLiudcd in Hurni I hec trate conitd of fti

eomponeIIINb

A ratcc

a Iprownn n- tcentchno o

t erntlric ital upport in] liadcilip

chltci and C tti ion

lontLIllllt oivaiiiatlon and bull de ontlrat ioilndio iIllpetilon

Rices icid in the 2S pi olcto nhp increawcd from 211 ha inl 1977-7X toi IN

hat in I1- 11 In 8 hen 23 to nhip or 221 ol the riceln)ia-XEJ

gro ingarea cc incitdititiinthe pog a ieil increicad Irom 26 tol I t hc iaed from 2X to 34 t haoer i et dJcr ploict aica In I)XII-nlicld inc

Aproduction I nt n tiilted h multiple regreon to account for the

the ild chnge could N- eplain hthesources at icid incrN huit 9 it

regrcesmon anal I th pcrcntaie At contribution to the Feld increas of

ariou lactorerc urca hrillic apphition 44Y

1 ih fo recoincid age hett trati rin tt IX rotranplant ing 24

Spo1th h fllier 14applicat ion Sinect Control I Ihc prograi r1i tI l th larrlerand nonlarmers andd the anlard ingol

the countr Iihole

H IKhin Jactit gr iuwramI usn I urnu I M Hi I i idcpuIirmcranIon mninag LarLgr t-U centsgri rnmi In l ig t I t ind 1dr in 1 Ir I It icr Iamp4 h

I Soc (clalllt c CMmn-r l4Ihgunj Ihprint uhnliteito hw IRRI Rwh PIi

INTENTIONALLY LEFT

BLANK

--------

3 IRIS No U larch lYXl

The of a special high-yielding-c-pace programw Buma

) The diffusion ofmodemnriceproduction technology among farmers in a esdloping country isoftendifficuh I-armem in developirig countries specially the small farner with limited land labor and capital rsourms regurd new teih-nology with skeplicism ihesmall farmer isnot unwillingso try the nw it is only that the new has often failed him le is not awer to risk he demands only that the risk he reasonable t

High-yiclk ng modern rich Amere lirt introIxed in Burma in 1966but thcirdilfusion asslow because of t+- rasons

SThey were short and not suitable for the moderately deep water area aihere rice isgriomn in lower I3urma

Thy had poor eating qualihy compared with local rices and

The Agricultural Extension Organiation assmall and could not aggre iVely promote the new modern vareties

With this situation an action program was needed to ge the new rice technology widely diffused among farmers It was Ckar from the scope of the problem and the s of the potential rea of productios-that the approach iould have to he one of sclivc application and exploitation

A I IA IK i0 IRO I)I (IIO N

Rice Burmas major crop is grown in diverse oiland climatic ionditions The major rice growing areas are along thecoast and in the Irrawaddy Delta Most ofthe land isa flat fertile plain hose areai annual rainfal pattern is

Table 1Nie area and national production Burma 1950 T1n

Sn Harsted AverAe Natiol I sown area(thousand ha area ield production

39h rt

195C55I 3 1 3810 146 5515 1956-60 1961-65

4189 4898

3910 4812

156 168

6105 8076

1966-70 4975 4664 160 7483 1970-71 1971-721972-73

4975 49784862 r w

4809 47644r528

170 172163

817981927372

1973-74 1974-75

509 5177

- 48W1 4884

171 176

8620 8601

1975-76 1976-77

5203 5078

5030 4912

183 190

9227 9339

1977-78 5136 4864 195 9482

unini al Annual rai4sll i 25OIM400 mm he rice growing Mils arm mainly Fluewls and (Glyolso4

Rice cultivation in Burmais grouped into fiveaccording to water regine rainfed wtland irripted dryland sinshyter and depwater rice Rainfed wcotand isabout 9l(4 ofthc total area Irrigated rice isnext in importance

The growth of rice production since 1950 has l n lugshygish with some acceleration only during the past 5 ycArs (Table 1) Changes in percentage ofarea growing miecm varicties am seen in Table 2 The most common tnoclern variely in 1971-79 A Manawhari (Masuni) followed by ValyawIRS)Shcwahtun(an IRSmutant) Scintaly(anw IR-Iocalcrom) and C4-63 (a variety frorm the Philippines)

hble2Totie gowingamamp swn tomodemvaietiesin Bae T eo7o d t + _ S~a rea

147-68 01 1968-69 35 196970 3 1 1970-71 1971-72 39 1972-73 441 197374 69 1974-75 69 197b-76 T91976-77 8 9

1977-78 100 1978-79 140

-

R (O-I IRAM IONA RII GROWIi SI1

Burmese rime farm famleuro average 5- nmmrc of whom rcc iefrmfm-aeae3 ebrs fwo

about 2adultsare engaged in farming Most familiisi own a pair of bullocks or buffalo a plow acart harrows and

-aneetarioct orohand~jothersimpleimplcmcnts Few farmersownhandtractorsor engine-driven water pumps In major rice-producing areas 4-wheel tractors and siljz ps can he hired from the

Agricuttural Mechaniation I1epartnct or from village colperatives

Rice k4ampis 1ieaveragerceyieldforetlandanddrylandrainfedareas is about 15 1 ha The value of production is about

31 17ha perycar th an amra v-nablecost ofaboutUS$ i aprrihnvcaeaibeotthu S77A 5-hafarmearnsanetincomeofaboutSlS0whichis hardly sufficient for food clothing and other basic rd

S0S shy

_ I

44

1 1qi i ~iis j 4il

44

-1N

The impact of a special high-yielding-rice program in Burma

HSHI R I

-r xricprtoduction I designated I-theWholcent I o( niship Rice lrt w

i lroram as intrtxLiudcd in Hurni I hec trate conitd of fti

eomponeIIINb

A ratcc

a Iprownn n- tcentchno o

t erntlric ital upport in] liadcilip

chltci and C tti ion

lontLIllllt oivaiiiatlon and bull de ontlrat ioilndio iIllpetilon

Rices icid in the 2S pi olcto nhp increawcd from 211 ha inl 1977-7X toi IN

hat in I1- 11 In 8 hen 23 to nhip or 221 ol the riceln)ia-XEJ

gro ingarea cc incitdititiinthe pog a ieil increicad Irom 26 tol I t hc iaed from 2X to 34 t haoer i et dJcr ploict aica In I)XII-nlicld inc

Aproduction I nt n tiilted h multiple regreon to account for the

the ild chnge could N- eplain hthesources at icid incrN huit 9 it

regrcesmon anal I th pcrcntaie At contribution to the Feld increas of

ariou lactorerc urca hrillic apphition 44Y

1 ih fo recoincid age hett trati rin tt IX rotranplant ing 24

Spo1th h fllier 14applicat ion Sinect Control I Ihc prograi r1i tI l th larrlerand nonlarmers andd the anlard ingol

the countr Iihole

H IKhin Jactit gr iuwramI usn I urnu I M Hi I i idcpuIirmcranIon mninag LarLgr t-U centsgri rnmi In l ig t I t ind 1dr in 1 Ir I It icr Iamp4 h

I Soc (clalllt c CMmn-r l4Ihgunj Ihprint uhnliteito hw IRRI Rwh PIi

INTENTIONALLY LEFT

BLANK

--------

3 IRIS No U larch lYXl

The of a special high-yielding-c-pace programw Buma

) The diffusion ofmodemnriceproduction technology among farmers in a esdloping country isoftendifficuh I-armem in developirig countries specially the small farner with limited land labor and capital rsourms regurd new teih-nology with skeplicism ihesmall farmer isnot unwillingso try the nw it is only that the new has often failed him le is not awer to risk he demands only that the risk he reasonable t

High-yiclk ng modern rich Amere lirt introIxed in Burma in 1966but thcirdilfusion asslow because of t+- rasons

SThey were short and not suitable for the moderately deep water area aihere rice isgriomn in lower I3urma

Thy had poor eating qualihy compared with local rices and

The Agricultural Extension Organiation assmall and could not aggre iVely promote the new modern vareties

With this situation an action program was needed to ge the new rice technology widely diffused among farmers It was Ckar from the scope of the problem and the s of the potential rea of productios-that the approach iould have to he one of sclivc application and exploitation

A I IA IK i0 IRO I)I (IIO N

Rice Burmas major crop is grown in diverse oiland climatic ionditions The major rice growing areas are along thecoast and in the Irrawaddy Delta Most ofthe land isa flat fertile plain hose areai annual rainfal pattern is

Table 1Nie area and national production Burma 1950 T1n

Sn Harsted AverAe Natiol I sown area(thousand ha area ield production

39h rt

195C55I 3 1 3810 146 5515 1956-60 1961-65

4189 4898

3910 4812

156 168

6105 8076

1966-70 4975 4664 160 7483 1970-71 1971-721972-73

4975 49784862 r w

4809 47644r528

170 172163

817981927372

1973-74 1974-75

509 5177

- 48W1 4884

171 176

8620 8601

1975-76 1976-77

5203 5078

5030 4912

183 190

9227 9339

1977-78 5136 4864 195 9482

unini al Annual rai4sll i 25OIM400 mm he rice growing Mils arm mainly Fluewls and (Glyolso4

Rice cultivation in Burmais grouped into fiveaccording to water regine rainfed wtland irripted dryland sinshyter and depwater rice Rainfed wcotand isabout 9l(4 ofthc total area Irrigated rice isnext in importance

The growth of rice production since 1950 has l n lugshygish with some acceleration only during the past 5 ycArs (Table 1) Changes in percentage ofarea growing miecm varicties am seen in Table 2 The most common tnoclern variely in 1971-79 A Manawhari (Masuni) followed by ValyawIRS)Shcwahtun(an IRSmutant) Scintaly(anw IR-Iocalcrom) and C4-63 (a variety frorm the Philippines)

hble2Totie gowingamamp swn tomodemvaietiesin Bae T eo7o d t + _ S~a rea

147-68 01 1968-69 35 196970 3 1 1970-71 1971-72 39 1972-73 441 197374 69 1974-75 69 197b-76 T91976-77 8 9

1977-78 100 1978-79 140

-

R (O-I IRAM IONA RII GROWIi SI1

Burmese rime farm famleuro average 5- nmmrc of whom rcc iefrmfm-aeae3 ebrs fwo

about 2adultsare engaged in farming Most familiisi own a pair of bullocks or buffalo a plow acart harrows and

-aneetarioct orohand~jothersimpleimplcmcnts Few farmersownhandtractorsor engine-driven water pumps In major rice-producing areas 4-wheel tractors and siljz ps can he hired from the

Agricuttural Mechaniation I1epartnct or from village colperatives

Rice k4ampis 1ieaveragerceyieldforetlandanddrylandrainfedareas is about 15 1 ha The value of production is about

31 17ha perycar th an amra v-nablecost ofaboutUS$ i aprrihnvcaeaibeotthu S77A 5-hafarmearnsanetincomeofaboutSlS0whichis hardly sufficient for food clothing and other basic rd

S0S shy

The impact of a special high-yielding-rice program in Burma

HSHI R I

-r xricprtoduction I designated I-theWholcent I o( niship Rice lrt w

i lroram as intrtxLiudcd in Hurni I hec trate conitd of fti

eomponeIIINb

A ratcc

a Iprownn n- tcentchno o

t erntlric ital upport in] liadcilip

chltci and C tti ion

lontLIllllt oivaiiiatlon and bull de ontlrat ioilndio iIllpetilon

Rices icid in the 2S pi olcto nhp increawcd from 211 ha inl 1977-7X toi IN

hat in I1- 11 In 8 hen 23 to nhip or 221 ol the riceln)ia-XEJ

gro ingarea cc incitdititiinthe pog a ieil increicad Irom 26 tol I t hc iaed from 2X to 34 t haoer i et dJcr ploict aica In I)XII-nlicld inc

Aproduction I nt n tiilted h multiple regreon to account for the

the ild chnge could N- eplain hthesources at icid incrN huit 9 it

regrcesmon anal I th pcrcntaie At contribution to the Feld increas of

ariou lactorerc urca hrillic apphition 44Y

1 ih fo recoincid age hett trati rin tt IX rotranplant ing 24

Spo1th h fllier 14applicat ion Sinect Control I Ihc prograi r1i tI l th larrlerand nonlarmers andd the anlard ingol

the countr Iihole

H IKhin Jactit gr iuwramI usn I urnu I M Hi I i idcpuIirmcranIon mninag LarLgr t-U centsgri rnmi In l ig t I t ind 1dr in 1 Ir I It icr Iamp4 h

I Soc (clalllt c CMmn-r l4Ihgunj Ihprint uhnliteito hw IRRI Rwh PIi

INTENTIONALLY LEFT

BLANK

--------

3 IRIS No U larch lYXl

The of a special high-yielding-c-pace programw Buma

) The diffusion ofmodemnriceproduction technology among farmers in a esdloping country isoftendifficuh I-armem in developirig countries specially the small farner with limited land labor and capital rsourms regurd new teih-nology with skeplicism ihesmall farmer isnot unwillingso try the nw it is only that the new has often failed him le is not awer to risk he demands only that the risk he reasonable t

High-yiclk ng modern rich Amere lirt introIxed in Burma in 1966but thcirdilfusion asslow because of t+- rasons

SThey were short and not suitable for the moderately deep water area aihere rice isgriomn in lower I3urma

Thy had poor eating qualihy compared with local rices and

The Agricultural Extension Organiation assmall and could not aggre iVely promote the new modern vareties

With this situation an action program was needed to ge the new rice technology widely diffused among farmers It was Ckar from the scope of the problem and the s of the potential rea of productios-that the approach iould have to he one of sclivc application and exploitation

A I IA IK i0 IRO I)I (IIO N

Rice Burmas major crop is grown in diverse oiland climatic ionditions The major rice growing areas are along thecoast and in the Irrawaddy Delta Most ofthe land isa flat fertile plain hose areai annual rainfal pattern is

Table 1Nie area and national production Burma 1950 T1n

Sn Harsted AverAe Natiol I sown area(thousand ha area ield production

39h rt

195C55I 3 1 3810 146 5515 1956-60 1961-65

4189 4898

3910 4812

156 168

6105 8076

1966-70 4975 4664 160 7483 1970-71 1971-721972-73

4975 49784862 r w

4809 47644r528

170 172163

817981927372

1973-74 1974-75

509 5177

- 48W1 4884

171 176

8620 8601

1975-76 1976-77

5203 5078

5030 4912

183 190

9227 9339

1977-78 5136 4864 195 9482

unini al Annual rai4sll i 25OIM400 mm he rice growing Mils arm mainly Fluewls and (Glyolso4

Rice cultivation in Burmais grouped into fiveaccording to water regine rainfed wtland irripted dryland sinshyter and depwater rice Rainfed wcotand isabout 9l(4 ofthc total area Irrigated rice isnext in importance

The growth of rice production since 1950 has l n lugshygish with some acceleration only during the past 5 ycArs (Table 1) Changes in percentage ofarea growing miecm varicties am seen in Table 2 The most common tnoclern variely in 1971-79 A Manawhari (Masuni) followed by ValyawIRS)Shcwahtun(an IRSmutant) Scintaly(anw IR-Iocalcrom) and C4-63 (a variety frorm the Philippines)

hble2Totie gowingamamp swn tomodemvaietiesin Bae T eo7o d t + _ S~a rea

147-68 01 1968-69 35 196970 3 1 1970-71 1971-72 39 1972-73 441 197374 69 1974-75 69 197b-76 T91976-77 8 9

1977-78 100 1978-79 140

-

R (O-I IRAM IONA RII GROWIi SI1

Burmese rime farm famleuro average 5- nmmrc of whom rcc iefrmfm-aeae3 ebrs fwo

about 2adultsare engaged in farming Most familiisi own a pair of bullocks or buffalo a plow acart harrows and

-aneetarioct orohand~jothersimpleimplcmcnts Few farmersownhandtractorsor engine-driven water pumps In major rice-producing areas 4-wheel tractors and siljz ps can he hired from the

Agricuttural Mechaniation I1epartnct or from village colperatives

Rice k4ampis 1ieaveragerceyieldforetlandanddrylandrainfedareas is about 15 1 ha The value of production is about

31 17ha perycar th an amra v-nablecost ofaboutUS$ i aprrihnvcaeaibeotthu S77A 5-hafarmearnsanetincomeofaboutSlS0whichis hardly sufficient for food clothing and other basic rd

S0S shy

INTENTIONALLY LEFT

BLANK

--------

3 IRIS No U larch lYXl

The of a special high-yielding-c-pace programw Buma

) The diffusion ofmodemnriceproduction technology among farmers in a esdloping country isoftendifficuh I-armem in developirig countries specially the small farner with limited land labor and capital rsourms regurd new teih-nology with skeplicism ihesmall farmer isnot unwillingso try the nw it is only that the new has often failed him le is not awer to risk he demands only that the risk he reasonable t

High-yiclk ng modern rich Amere lirt introIxed in Burma in 1966but thcirdilfusion asslow because of t+- rasons

SThey were short and not suitable for the moderately deep water area aihere rice isgriomn in lower I3urma

Thy had poor eating qualihy compared with local rices and

The Agricultural Extension Organiation assmall and could not aggre iVely promote the new modern vareties

With this situation an action program was needed to ge the new rice technology widely diffused among farmers It was Ckar from the scope of the problem and the s of the potential rea of productios-that the approach iould have to he one of sclivc application and exploitation

A I IA IK i0 IRO I)I (IIO N

Rice Burmas major crop is grown in diverse oiland climatic ionditions The major rice growing areas are along thecoast and in the Irrawaddy Delta Most ofthe land isa flat fertile plain hose areai annual rainfal pattern is

Table 1Nie area and national production Burma 1950 T1n

Sn Harsted AverAe Natiol I sown area(thousand ha area ield production

39h rt

195C55I 3 1 3810 146 5515 1956-60 1961-65

4189 4898

3910 4812

156 168

6105 8076

1966-70 4975 4664 160 7483 1970-71 1971-721972-73

4975 49784862 r w

4809 47644r528

170 172163

817981927372

1973-74 1974-75

509 5177

- 48W1 4884

171 176

8620 8601

1975-76 1976-77

5203 5078

5030 4912

183 190

9227 9339

1977-78 5136 4864 195 9482

unini al Annual rai4sll i 25OIM400 mm he rice growing Mils arm mainly Fluewls and (Glyolso4

Rice cultivation in Burmais grouped into fiveaccording to water regine rainfed wtland irripted dryland sinshyter and depwater rice Rainfed wcotand isabout 9l(4 ofthc total area Irrigated rice isnext in importance

The growth of rice production since 1950 has l n lugshygish with some acceleration only during the past 5 ycArs (Table 1) Changes in percentage ofarea growing miecm varicties am seen in Table 2 The most common tnoclern variely in 1971-79 A Manawhari (Masuni) followed by ValyawIRS)Shcwahtun(an IRSmutant) Scintaly(anw IR-Iocalcrom) and C4-63 (a variety frorm the Philippines)

hble2Totie gowingamamp swn tomodemvaietiesin Bae T eo7o d t + _ S~a rea

147-68 01 1968-69 35 196970 3 1 1970-71 1971-72 39 1972-73 441 197374 69 1974-75 69 197b-76 T91976-77 8 9

1977-78 100 1978-79 140

-

R (O-I IRAM IONA RII GROWIi SI1

Burmese rime farm famleuro average 5- nmmrc of whom rcc iefrmfm-aeae3 ebrs fwo

about 2adultsare engaged in farming Most familiisi own a pair of bullocks or buffalo a plow acart harrows and

-aneetarioct orohand~jothersimpleimplcmcnts Few farmersownhandtractorsor engine-driven water pumps In major rice-producing areas 4-wheel tractors and siljz ps can he hired from the

Agricuttural Mechaniation I1epartnct or from village colperatives

Rice k4ampis 1ieaveragerceyieldforetlandanddrylandrainfedareas is about 15 1 ha The value of production is about

31 17ha perycar th an amra v-nablecost ofaboutUS$ i aprrihnvcaeaibeotthu S77A 5-hafarmearnsanetincomeofaboutSlS0whichis hardly sufficient for food clothing and other basic rd

S0S shy

--------

3 IRIS No U larch lYXl

The of a special high-yielding-c-pace programw Buma

) The diffusion ofmodemnriceproduction technology among farmers in a esdloping country isoftendifficuh I-armem in developirig countries specially the small farner with limited land labor and capital rsourms regurd new teih-nology with skeplicism ihesmall farmer isnot unwillingso try the nw it is only that the new has often failed him le is not awer to risk he demands only that the risk he reasonable t

High-yiclk ng modern rich Amere lirt introIxed in Burma in 1966but thcirdilfusion asslow because of t+- rasons

SThey were short and not suitable for the moderately deep water area aihere rice isgriomn in lower I3urma

Thy had poor eating qualihy compared with local rices and

The Agricultural Extension Organiation assmall and could not aggre iVely promote the new modern vareties

With this situation an action program was needed to ge the new rice technology widely diffused among farmers It was Ckar from the scope of the problem and the s of the potential rea of productios-that the approach iould have to he one of sclivc application and exploitation

A I IA IK i0 IRO I)I (IIO N

Rice Burmas major crop is grown in diverse oiland climatic ionditions The major rice growing areas are along thecoast and in the Irrawaddy Delta Most ofthe land isa flat fertile plain hose areai annual rainfal pattern is

Table 1Nie area and national production Burma 1950 T1n

Sn Harsted AverAe Natiol I sown area(thousand ha area ield production

39h rt

195C55I 3 1 3810 146 5515 1956-60 1961-65

4189 4898

3910 4812

156 168

6105 8076

1966-70 4975 4664 160 7483 1970-71 1971-721972-73

4975 49784862 r w

4809 47644r528

170 172163

817981927372

1973-74 1974-75

509 5177

- 48W1 4884

171 176

8620 8601

1975-76 1976-77

5203 5078

5030 4912

183 190

9227 9339

1977-78 5136 4864 195 9482

unini al Annual rai4sll i 25OIM400 mm he rice growing Mils arm mainly Fluewls and (Glyolso4

Rice cultivation in Burmais grouped into fiveaccording to water regine rainfed wtland irripted dryland sinshyter and depwater rice Rainfed wcotand isabout 9l(4 ofthc total area Irrigated rice isnext in importance

The growth of rice production since 1950 has l n lugshygish with some acceleration only during the past 5 ycArs (Table 1) Changes in percentage ofarea growing miecm varicties am seen in Table 2 The most common tnoclern variely in 1971-79 A Manawhari (Masuni) followed by ValyawIRS)Shcwahtun(an IRSmutant) Scintaly(anw IR-Iocalcrom) and C4-63 (a variety frorm the Philippines)

hble2Totie gowingamamp swn tomodemvaietiesin Bae T eo7o d t + _ S~a rea

147-68 01 1968-69 35 196970 3 1 1970-71 1971-72 39 1972-73 441 197374 69 1974-75 69 197b-76 T91976-77 8 9

1977-78 100 1978-79 140

-

R (O-I IRAM IONA RII GROWIi SI1

Burmese rime farm famleuro average 5- nmmrc of whom rcc iefrmfm-aeae3 ebrs fwo

about 2adultsare engaged in farming Most familiisi own a pair of bullocks or buffalo a plow acart harrows and

-aneetarioct orohand~jothersimpleimplcmcnts Few farmersownhandtractorsor engine-driven water pumps In major rice-producing areas 4-wheel tractors and siljz ps can he hired from the

Agricuttural Mechaniation I1epartnct or from village colperatives

Rice k4ampis 1ieaveragerceyieldforetlandanddrylandrainfedareas is about 15 1 ha The value of production is about

31 17ha perycar th an amra v-nablecost ofaboutUS$ i aprrihnvcaeaibeotthu S77A 5-hafarmearnsanetincomeofaboutSlS0whichis hardly sufficient for food clothing and other basic rd

S0S shy

Mos~t lirrer s ho ccf dira c Income frorn tihing cuztting harnKb it orathcr uhdjar ixacupmtons

Rainfed wetland area

In raitb 1 ilauaIai aa farrnciustaaff gni~ asiielc crip tit rc7 I h u-Lalh p-cpari Lind In fJaic atitr 2 ii 3

monsoiroal~ hima~crN I and aIir plilLcd uath aill iml drattil iajlih Iiiad pIlo IfraiiLg a1 lid h t- 111r-I k 1igt fter tildtI 11ic a a mICha 11WLInM liltS Ill hCtt~l 111h iad tll Iltilh- I iiot arc InotCLeedtrLe Ii

IIIihic10 LIAd riCPIatao hCLIaaC0 f(t ordtn ii

hCcLAUICidc~l JarC nAnld 1ICIIxl OM~Pud

lIr pall1 ot Ill Saanir here raniplantcr ti saciix t11rICTI h Cdi ~I ( WWIer-lara11 onpudidCai ilnc

m (o 4 -dkax-old CLedlie arc rnlic I ill 1I-

nul11AMU5 1 0 MArIMIC 11 Ipplltd And fm i s a~ltINa k0110 INdiI C I mi ll 111C a faa111 c hutud the 00P 11Il i

taasaataalSairI oal phlaIi 111inIP 111C~111- 1i IIIi

rlL11Cticd1lia ct IN till lLi t( )1POIBIC( Ili t lth frtil c I )tcCr~x-r ftic11~ lar i I citd Ilal I1lio~k aimi Ileic L1 11 crOp

Rainfed drsIland airei Riec prndii ltIon I isilntCd dt 1111d ai Ic siria ti tohat Il

rife ICld 1 c p ta Land asprcpaictl v h 4 jr

oa fItilaiataanl ildnL Or nrcchlstanaaa1ol as dosuc f tic

airisitfi [ ki l if l a l~ a l I C 11C ll L KCLt1li t1111i)Illttf1L t

rainteil ctlard iarca Il i o satci dvr~flaanl ioips arc

Irrirated riCC Area

Ii nr ~ rii cIaN diltihic-caappaing as practaccd here

altti t aih~ mlost tit -1 k- Cdf hL atis anat a~al~al tr~anh~aat cnitnst fai i~sauIlii c~aiicc

IIaII and nnamc I Ii gmrudriiat Patt1crl arc IO A

FaIlt l a ti fCrtaicc anctaadait00 IIsLOIClnes arnd

itll prIcA0kC 1c irtaltiation and other umpro~cid nhict hai

Nah aie ahoiat 2 hai~peaa [i o Ofr a ILCd aIc crop tiaci m alaicktpisaductuari aIS Is h~at a ill ill ahaat NI Iflo a

net prow~ ilf 21 in a i-h~a h~rim I ar11F 11111 11aionica IIILenlIDC hOM other cioap

fil N~IH tR I I4N i aM N1I I I sIm

lI i alurcase riallcdl-macc prisaiacliori h 11 1 miioann anriiaaiI

the gracuituiail( srporataorinot l~itiaNouaghf lin nniuICC ne race ic himnainae thi oaeh a Specaal Iliagh NaiICU 1rgrarl A~ t rainaing anrd a a c tINao appia xMuhch has heen tawnd NLltCccfl Mrnunam toumntrue as tcrIian aic of Burmas rice graaiang ccas I hc aspproaach him~ecr la not aprropriatc liar Htarinew conrdations antLi a tratcg tOwa ilould take niaaini ad~ antagr of Burmnese crondation sadesagned Dci)eagratcd the ft innc ig mll 464 1hr~r-4hiu mo a sigag tit ana enrnuhivrntette ita

I he prog~rai hadl file Lfipalenti a prownritic icchnoloajag S goia nricria I uppori aind Icadcrhip 0 s~ci it and crlricniiotI ni Ciallialialrallt nOtFXIIIIathaii and dihItlltiattitl an tariiiIIIfbIaII

11rollen ne Iechhrai

Mii ieMcaS1hlit IninC hhad CI Ic atitlern arie ieid tanA11111

lmlicri lIilLc pd1mit [lpufaiitol rliiiitic andi atcr rIIVI~tCnl1Caat I 1hCICAkcrc Ieu1IS vic IC~adaIl Ialahl hilt had noat lxeu dhiv-inlatl 11ItthC TIC pF(gFIatli filtershy

Itls~l iNemahlcd 1

kqrupanentN aeP0naa a t1W 1111dapplaritaroonll

andl flre0amph icnlt ic andian ppikp atUC ILflsnnali piowgratnl lt platiedci

(fmaernnfienaal uporn anti leadnfnhip liiC LtiilimaI ( oi jloratia i d it ticnti aikct

n f a

ICiLlaisalsa

I 11h1Ca t likilL aaetCc hatla C011aan~d

ppaatill M11 pajoan fi Itae TI aclicpmrndaactar

Ul hO1h

2 IPCpiacrailacL

I high Plant psaP1niat ll PCi U1111aca

4 11Itransplant l of -i ti -old lscrlargT1 1

5 appli-Iiii it 1illCl1 iaII(Ii tc ICS Li)CII)aC1l fL

I Illi

t hal appliialiot ill flaniiairI iiiIivi

Xr n5lpid ~1Idc11111LCriiCtut

ill si

Il riiaaannie aa o-sc at liarwL~taing

4i 011i i NCArid dasNCc arid

l~rokaima i lacanw an pctaictrai- roialac- Ieadcrhip in and uppsrt it lii holt I oi nrilp R cc Irinadaiin Program

M1IlIi 11111a1asaaila Ihitc ic~ci proatad

IC IlIarrtIA a11161 Iliart staic agenciand

I li fnaacr cchclonr iataipdi~I oiiaIai[

lilat aiiporiara iornilitcc wIL Ioii 11fiti nihip

iil

I Itgractiituirai lraLcllict I imlliatce 2 cu Iattatnr Actal atac(l iiad

I1 isciamliciI rIld Di)athutinan of Input Committee

4 Di)casc an I acct Uant r i ( anit tc I tic limsanshap Palat I nit ( ornifilitccand itic I )n~hip ICn Conil cn1o iac iscitc pinagrain As reLshy

dcrt[ of1 IlIC11titaup thc rir crclamala~i a Aiih the ph~ cal ha logacal social and ccenin saiConditlins rat t hearcona limet tic alo had it icraridinatecig i- hirt h

Illiaclt c 1C Vowrnnmcnt~l ameNa ulthaintas ilth aranau th omaimahli mnake d1ccaon during the aitpk-shyi anrd cauldh mnltal on (it tfle prog~aim

I he Alracullural I tcnaan Nrace a aic nutthe rv~pon-IhIlt iil the AgriculturalR orporat ion Organriaiannall

her inc di ioil nuige~~r I r cchdii i n a iitoxinihip inner-hilt Alcn thc rcp Allithe ttixinthip Illonwh~~i

nlaagceahfotx~ ~hi il~ig trct lintigLo lilt itii crc caigcr t o p1iii~idc pi ic I laii ci w ilt helighci x illage tract and a illigc mnanager lit cai~h xilic I hic ichId InIVl9N 1 111 Iiclkii St( 11LiiI CrtilmoItidnibi

c~tenrittn xtorkcr xho arc in Cttn~tani totuc xw th ti 01)thoc 14- jtlicf prod~ii1 ct-etcn s ai t I hIa thei

tarer atrI thc Ithe~ in~manlit i IILigc trIact man11- ICd plI01LuiCed MIL t11111 - I ha Ili 19N~-0 tilt iiitiIle tilJIMr 1 ich x1 11niliiOr I iim) to 2i hi it xt bit plilikct 11101ke tuu tI i~icict utl11110 Niijr1sec 1 t1

and 4iT Il Ilt1VII kie I Mtc tIiiCN lti I10IIIIIII i ker AIC ill111C~ki i 011 id~B~ a I~~i tit 4I exIC 11C II Iscixd MIXIIllIIk l hei hI inl Ir t II lAt CI 110 lia ll I il Illi Ill IItIh it I itC SCur tcklolIx alI 1 ot1 ii

hi IILiIlI nL Iia~ timjite OI 111 saif1 IIC IJCt 00t111IIII2 llit I~f~ 0 I CilIC ilt k02111112 lt I ha il

ili cr xx c il I li t-f tl k(I IIsiLI TTIi

IIIt~r lr ij CLat I L tt~u 1111J I amx iiiJd IIIIV II CLgr1 AI l 111i 9it 1i 1x1 tu 11stuip lo h

Iifiils Voeri u e 1 iict~ l l tllpfc allh itr IIC eIeT i sI k IInt d -it~ h h l iliti 1111Vi I~sk x

111L Icli hIt~i eu~ l71s11 iOldiIt1111ierskl ISibli l ii i~ttt l jIIi I i a t 1xx1rl Ii I i iIeI t al t r ITthuc itte issjinrtu xxi hitr1sm~ xr t 111

Iulkllec toIs1h]1tiILCIuIIcti N -shy 11o I~i IeeiIe Mt 111

liiittir tit ilpcdi tt~ c it 11 tL I i11 I ip I N)cho Illr~r

(irn 1iu iti mrg111irn M i 1 tICINi It oli I I~iA1 1 bpill I x 1111 nkxI Ci tItel I m

Ihe 1 r t illlIitl11 r1Ilu~l[ ed e IlllItt l iIlki P iIttLticx tk11thc hOWi eIrS inI0 C Mill IvluitNIIIA i ts

tu uhJ1001101 lxr~mla mth1II(x ITT il I-hill ii tL0 that ir I i CI idhx11C xt I IIJiI xI0 uci ili st C alkfo Ilarics I-rastCIui~l tIlmx setti~ at thei iis i itttlimit~kxccinpt-IIIolI 11t1i LT

11i L 1ce ML ICIticIII fkkii Mhii S tic o -alc i it itidoi~~i t) Ise Ill Lcpui t l iCI tI iInisctiitTI1c i

a n oicu n ti aranix a t n i l utiuihx m itii riAlIn It9It ttii 1V o61 ie lt x~l id O- iM Io tI ii i a

I reas andItut ~ J t as stlI lrarIII injIII 1 f IIctheC t Ntx s111 IIIIInCim t xI ila110 10 0tt I~ piaItin g i l tt I I nst

I n l Ier nmetiI ran it in fI ail m to tex ok r iictl t 1 111tiLMC I lilt 1dcd ic Illietix c-I InI lit(nati

thloilk~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l4mne1l lM li Itc c ~kcuia i ia1 o lil - L1 I o41 d tlla Ii It I-) ilr cut1 1e lt I CX(CIten-l 11011 ki14141 ulcen h sittn xxIIIIl uic iitnse tss ilc aaand11onmpetithio

hi Iailit 1wim ncouraget Iin eaciiic 1r men puli ill tieefli~lt It tol impted e 111pagitcturhl Cmrptiratilcro ic-ld pues for O~CndTI tlkcil tIsImps1CI1011Idk1pa-c ciilo

p iin thI ca smnci)t es I

6 IRPS 5x tarch 11

nca Iligher _ tcrtii +crrcpon can l cpcctcd th htvtr atir

lMlt I ( 11 1111 i 111( 11lllllt KOK I Silland ar-a hut ohlaaied lim- icId n e

consdrdrahle inrlca inrice priodLcti | a achlat|c hc rppl ltr crrn the program iIhch 1 t analid the rtlls o1 I armer heprinograi ttatcas agrcet lhlit tic tu rice

fh rlieric tchnolg i1|tartr ICd tall l the l tiahno g tiid IJt+uLmctll cid tllcCtlplainecd

that higher icentctIN t Ititd he a-haIc d onlI h iIng C [Wnlilt-Ut+esltM I hl0 rI1h l taIa ntrhfil-tcd it) the l1icrcacd input and thal 11I return-t ) ALc lotfile ichechnotlog

feId MIr 1M 111th t1allra la c I Ihla rIn i tested1 ltand

hI L a Iahle 4 uca11 I(I tCct or hul the Aerriaaltura ktrpmra- - htm n in hevclits trngI thc nck tccrnlul-

Hton F igr tr luttic programs ridan ong himnNhips III the i rgatci thc ltlaltcitior in og airc

01 I he nte chnolo bnd I totc larrind hnclits ercdiffetrent ccii thougi alid ilrnCA ukcre

(41 In h Kinds ot ar ca huld th progral h IIrd in sm r kauksc aN floitoded during the rain scatml id

the tuture farnucrs had additional c pndit iure for riransplIanling

Table 3 Average yield It hat of the townships before and aflter the p1Opect affel 11Ylvid| b +olt Y-1 l~lr lt In +t-as UFoa tj4-O-T

No Group Tnsthj [y 1977 p78arop t 1978 791 t 1978 1979 I t il 1t ikt| tit

1 auks 2Of 3 10 1 04 101 2 1 Paahai 243 3 S0 107 108

3 2 Yt Ci 2 15 300 85 68 4 2 Kn OOlt 2 17 260 43 52 5 2 0ian 2 10 2 61 51 42 6 2 22 68 802il 290

7 3 T ia 1 80 2 63 83 67 8 3 H-t 1 4 2 37 63 62 9 3 -1- 1 78 245 67 66

10 3 TA 201 283 82 64 1 3 241 26 482aati 267 12 3 0o - 260 365 105 83 13 3 K_ovq G1 227 288 61 59 14 3 K- 2 18 3 10 )2 80 15 3 Ba-Op 247 3 10 63 68 16 3 KALa 2 15 2 70 55 61 17 3 H nlalala 2 30 335 1 o) 80

I m tfi ohlonrdi 1 the til Im+C ctl +

Avetaq oIt tiec Jrr -flq h( (d inq N (iflit

w LI hrir s r ttr I tpir wtosi) t L I totaI t r ta + el t

o support the aillis otccled d Iroan al pai tic- land prcliaratm lhInch ex plains tie higher input costnita id

ipaliag larmcrn 21 it)nslhps (andpatn r ahascd on rlot hcr net herlclts

dalta frotm I- louinship-0 1 I l aht aturnict Ir file the erca coriplcd rainlcd drltid area icd incrcaswsA

data ct Records t the idoption totcach 11aiar or11po- cc m11lparlcent I depite high inputs I liI resulted in lou

ncnt ot the tcchnotogacal packac u crc taken henchi-cas1 rios I inquvs that arc Ihetter tuittd to thehi

a vai slot Itld he dc opcd Imllore efflicicnt Icc or method

Econarric impac ov ie program itappl agn hcrtnhlicr trwotdroa n-rcastantand r carc-

In he irr th ncrcaw crt- rciatial l high ti are irdacated losttltIhtiunhips inthe rahntedialcd arc alcd I I I hi I ahl 3) In thc raiicd drland nrcasth |laci ctlIaad ara ohlanctld t[I-( 2 tratio tit hotat llhough

increascs ere apparcntl laricd h acr In the rained I aLkk I had it high icd Increasc III I hal inputs cre

etland ar--a the awcentragc ancrease as ahout f) t Iha high hach rcducd the I-( raltio In gencral the n

cCcpt in 1 -kai uhich had a 0 ha rcaw I hcrc tcchntotlp prhornicd cll cl raicd arcainthe ampaj hveh corrltaon belten the rate tilurea cit~iver

app ed and the 0ild chango across toinships It ako nli of factlor affeiTg ield

apparthat there ias an intractmn ta1-regime -iagurc 2 theen In cid ilh high itnit-s Iplotted again-t

and tertuler e ()a and Wetit in the rainhd dr Iid area iaed uth tarrncr input Ihi wrtical dilance h ic the

applied as much hertilr as the tanshnp in the raintled lin shtas hi eid chanige In igure 2h the economie

ohhIle ll hmm I + hn IISN i N Maltil NN 7

ol lht +icld changs trc utmlniircd I hlcic arc 1io pollts

litt the line hcausc rio traditional 1tcni is Nettcr than 0l( 1he lechnoh0o applcd Ihtmcci in rainlcd dr land trca

increjsd proiltAtion hatch pa for the iddcd input cost

thc neCw cItCL0htiVl ho ecncral hawc-1Alllutph D ltta

Inch svc-iti t tnp0shyincresed icld cic inrested in

ncIn crc 1mosit inporlant

I hic ariation in1rice icld is ht pothcsicd to h dctcrshy

aiiwwd h a numci l Ilcors I his rclalonshtp i c prLcd

wti- a ftth 9tm icld ol rou1jh rice rk h)

mn itIi mxIcr n ardicicsJnrccii(agc ot irca iKVAs k FVilntal it ii i1C1l at rhl i tcd lih 25- to

Ilka -old Ccdli ngN

pcrcnltagc ill arci tralnplalntcd inl low

l1pcicclla ot al c liiat 22 bull I- c paciti

atci managcshycrccniciia aIixllaica itli i ipitro cd i

iucnlt bull 11~ pclkrlct +It li In t tlc l tlx alcd anld v td id n

It inalnurc ipplIcl (t hai1

Taikrm it ica tcrtlihc applicd tkv ha

tKymgon t rtplecli+iphi phhic hertlici applicd I k h

- nLuriltc I poliolh tcrtilicr applicd i kg IhlBassein

KPVn 0 Rbull prccllta illac t li ctil-tatlloil

KyaItLai total ltui uNcd Ida ha arnd wnlltwr of ctticnitln staIll -11ptmctd

I tic inican and taLtdirdd1 0t iotl ls ill lt lrlilhl are

Table 4 Economic comparisons before and after the start of the Whole Townst) Pice Produc

lion Program in Burma

Iill~pti cosl I1Value of fri ille inrs ri No-t hviieilproduclion incrtast ilt

Y o I Year I from tii1i ii H CTofnshp Ironi 1977 78 t) 1978 79 11978 19 protplfiiis hol 1ois ha 1977 78

132 51 22 14

76 153 24 52 3 2 KVaikse 73 Patheingy

Rainfed dfybiayff1

Ye Oo 45 9i 41 4 1 1 1 10Khin Oo 32 73 31

3b 4 1IDapavin 39 132 Wetlet 46 100 41 5 1 1

Ralfed ihlldularas 27 15 23Thongwa 61 84

Hmawbi 42 97 26 16 1 6

Hlegu 46 103 12 34 39 56 107 46 10 1 2

Kyauktaga Taikky

17 100 9 9 20 110 38 33 19Oak Po 71

Kyaung Gon 42 94 18 23 23

Kvon P aw 62 87 22 39 28 17 36Bassein 60 92 43

18 19Kvak Lat 37 78 19 50 35Hnzada 7 87 20

x IkIS o 5 larch I91I

Added value of rice output from prograyrs Yield tIha) ofter program inputs (Iho)35 75

0 0 0

20- 30

0 - Wet roinfed VA- Dry ronfead

I5 0- Irrigated IS

100 10 15 20 25 30 35Yieid Itno) befcre ptogram 0 15 30 45 60 75Added cost of pograms inputs (hal

I It - 1i11i y l I r-r l l 1r I

Ili 5ih1 n hlehe 1tiandard des latini hirr mo eai positlls correlated ariahlcents thnk I ti use Ill co ishycombined krc piciall high tor the ariahle rMlated tloi nnded edling aFs sig iliantfl corTelated icldith arItl ccdlinj age ro transplanting recommended lter tie start ofI t|c prtoran icld per hcar and llIspacing and irlprosed 4ihtr inagerncit hiII becauseI ariahl eept the area inlhsted h inse st ancreircd igshyol the shstintia Increase 0i th tI aria hle niica thc aboutithe I standard dehlion the means ereduring I9s-N relat i lhigh compared it those of the prelIols car I hat

Standaird desliahns hr sarialfhls in I0--7 4pI lltdctIlLtt Ippalicationof the tInetechnolog 51notthose hr seedling stage and satr nanagellient sere rela- tlnliforl In the project area Again insect Intlestation tis e its (Correlation colicients titthe ariathl+ -ic negAisl and signilicantl correlated with icld Proiers|tis n In Iable 6 and gencrall reflect a weak correlation stiing age urca Iertilt er application and potlsh icrtilicirhemtccn icid and the ofther sarlhh Water nn t application r ptistll correlted and statistlicalls5 inilshymanurc application potash application and lir ere leant negatis e1 correlated and corrlealiliin hiti een eld and A linear intiit isariaie respirse IInctolln aetimIated hInsect inlestalkons conlormed t)eectltionlls I oly the using 2 Cars Inputl-ot llu dalt I rom fhl 17 oiinships

Table 5 Means and standard deviations of the variables used in inalysis of the Whole Township Rice Production Program Burma Variables Years I amp II Year I Year II

1977 78amp 1978 791 11977 781 11978 791 Mean S D Mein S D Mean SDYield it tiai 252 048 2 15 023 289 036Area l-wii nodern va-tihles 452 378 145 175 759 25 1Area wiilh 25 to 30 day old seedlings 438 266 280 24 t 596 188Area Il transplanted in rows 24 1 32 8 2 3 4 9 45 9 34 4Area 11Ianmslanted at 22 5 bull15 cm spacing 338 33 n 68 102 599 253Area 1 with improved water management 43 2 4 4 31 332 3 34 7 54 2Area l(ninterculhivjted 114 t 34 53 194 220Manu-r II hal 060 01 045 094 076 108Urea lkg ha 55i3 763 309 180 698 1 3Triple superphosphate fkg hal 14 1 125 118 543 225 1203Muriate of potash lkq hal 261 444 044 078 479 548Area I) infested by insects 3 80 2 70 4 64 2 82Labor used Idays ha) 661

2 76 2 89 140 S64 78 757 120

Table 6 Correlation coefficients for the year 1977-78 in the Whole Township Rice Production Program in Surma

Y Xl X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10 XlI X12

Y 100 015 057 001 035 019 026 003 006 024 0 35 049 013 X1 015 100 Oil 012 0 73 004 013 016 041 O47 034 A)22 065 X2 057 Oil 100 009 037 0()6 028 001 006 ( 13 O Il 008 002 X3 001 0 12 009 100 018 tt07 00W5 OO 043 0 41 0 Ob oil 021 X4 035 () 3 0 37 0 18 W0 OR 0 14 4) 1 1 o44 0 1A 001 0 It 061) 5 19 004 006 007 008 100 028 0S 009 0 15 004 (09 012

X6 026 013 018 00 014 028 10( 050 001 014 018 )0- 037 X7 0 03 0 16 (01 001 O1I 005 0O 1(00 006 022 015 0 18 040 X8 OOti 041 0 06 043 044 009 001 006 1 0 O 713 032 0 32 Ow1 X9 024 047 A 047 0 7 015 014 022 (73 1(0 003 1)9 039 X10 035 0(4 11j o) 1 0001 0 04 0 18 015 ) 12 1)03 I 0 -1 O21 Xl1 049 0 32 08 01 ) 1t 0)9 0 04 01P 32 0t09 0 1 1 fx) OO X12 0 13 b5 (02 021 0 61 0 12 3 040 )o1 039 01 01)02 1 X)

Se llte n osCr Ilm I le f l1dh titvj1 ltp Iid staltiltl igrilliclilt at tie I lc l hle sigltishyertused in the etrt inion I hi irlhle t1 reprL- Clnc 0II lie I I [Lre Illn tohtlieilents tetId tiIng

ent Itrm Inpiuts ind cn irmtiii nail riah I h Ini iel I -tatistic I lulht etilIcint r not liltltiictlltat the it

IhIl Nollc I ll hle l 1 IlaIlLre Ipplcd Iihi lied

Cth dkid nht hL tie CP Ct d 01- I II tII l 2 k1 then I ) ti tlhd hdlktiin ti CIL t iniiiriilialnt iriihles Ionrlt

here ) rice icld in ki ha and the leelli I he reul ir Iililtil in h~th Liahtashyd I )I- I N I Mc uaii tl i n I a di I

inpu I ta to rs ind n iro n m rl al a ri hle n111- tile I [i e Me i nd klelllti llht cn o taI tla olli -rihl I 1 ~itIId I

aged fa~irn~lr mers h~rcent an d tatken tovl chIhi thed centd h tll hi-t o re tld itcraiter hL I I ahlc -)c olllln S trialhics all tatitiallll

til Icprigraln iiulicant at P l mlh all tS c4d ticlent It deter-

I hie ariahts iticltded Ill Ihle rgrsiton Itll1k sis irt ttitost Illlaltion Rcll sItt lIultndicatc that ic ild Fxr h ictloicIs Ina ilnl

shil n Ini I ihl 5 lld kcrihd ihot pound tt lit iiled hI he cq tiiit ilc

heand tira crtlih r ippliatio estimated ilth Ites datla Iaken t cthic t ti l9N-N iand sliarallcl+lilrt h lwar revrcson de tI ehi trallplallt - 5- to 3ik--A+ lcpi pcetageitt thle alr lit

procedure - ised such that ich equa1t ion IseiIIIIItled Ill edllII s

ith progre-sicl largei tsiih ts t ildependent itahle- reducticin ill ecld di to the t reltctlage t inwe1shy

that h st elplain hicidha tld on the i -test for statistlical Inih-tid ar

signutiance of the coellicient t determination Iahi - pecentage iil thei arca transplanted in rim s and

bulltil+ the equations th all Independent ariah - included 0 ptitsslln Iertiir app0ialiOn

and tith (tic eImost importanl rnahe ciLidCd )ita for the I9-7S crop +Xear re tst| tit cllnlte

I hle Coetli nt Ill det rinilon a accptabl1 high at equation i ar I I he cteilicint it diernitnat mn it

Table Regression equations calculated from the data obtained from 17 townsh ips in the Whole Township Rice Production Program Burma

Vear- I Iii wlr Vci I Year 11

1hn K 198 79i Fr-iuja n I -ijilh I E1ils1t it0rcn 2 qEiiateo I I jiliatoln 2

Inlelpernint varithl-s s1977 78 I1971 8t 1918 79

Ara s-wris t ierrel X 10 2 7 71 3 25rvrr s I 92 Area C sovr 2 to 30 da X 4 19 6i 001 443 I 3626 old see(rlinqs 4 46 5 60 Rov irflnspaflieI area I i X_ 3 19 111 12 2 3 34- 4 16shy22 5 15 cm srnq i cier X 1 89 13 3 133 441 4 41 Wailt r11InId nmraI I X 0 108 0 643 0 715 Inter C UIVItdlarea i ) X- 300 192 963) Manuct litlelolat X 49) 1 584 71 3 102 tUu+a ferfier palih (ktl two X 6 7 66 2 25 12 2 15 I Triple sper|)isptete ailled (kg thu X 7 0 18 9 4 95 Mutl piots applied kq hal X 22 4 24 4- 37 4 31 9 13 0 Insect inieset(I wreai X 400 346 348 340 32 1 25 Tolal Iahior wStlt X 033 1 71(ila nal 147 088 Constant 2100 1880 2820 290) 2b98 1313

Adjusted - 0 8490 0 8580 05808 06731 0 8868 0 9320

StandJard error 186 189 149 133 122 944

Stgnitcani ait h 5 level s-gnIscant at the 1 level Ara r t frtrite p A4tiv lutll iit- (io f Year I lfr lhe project Year II Project ptro[id

ohhIle ll hmm I + hn IISN i N Maltil NN 7

ol lht +icld changs trc utmlniircd I hlcic arc 1io pollts

litt the line hcausc rio traditional 1tcni is Nettcr than 0l( 1he lechnoh0o applcd Ihtmcci in rainlcd dr land trca

increjsd proiltAtion hatch pa for the iddcd input cost

thc neCw cItCL0htiVl ho ecncral hawc-1Alllutph D ltta

Inch svc-iti t tnp0shyincresed icld cic inrested in

ncIn crc 1mosit inporlant

I hic ariation in1rice icld is ht pothcsicd to h dctcrshy

aiiwwd h a numci l Ilcors I his rclalonshtp i c prLcd

wti- a ftth 9tm icld ol rou1jh rice rk h)

mn itIi mxIcr n ardicicsJnrccii(agc ot irca iKVAs k FVilntal it ii i1C1l at rhl i tcd lih 25- to

Ilka -old Ccdli ngN

pcrcnltagc ill arci tralnplalntcd inl low

l1pcicclla ot al c liiat 22 bull I- c paciti

atci managcshycrccniciia aIixllaica itli i ipitro cd i

iucnlt bull 11~ pclkrlct +It li In t tlc l tlx alcd anld v td id n

It inalnurc ipplIcl (t hai1

Taikrm it ica tcrtlihc applicd tkv ha

tKymgon t rtplecli+iphi phhic hertlici applicd I k h

- nLuriltc I poliolh tcrtilicr applicd i kg IhlBassein

KPVn 0 Rbull prccllta illac t li ctil-tatlloil

KyaItLai total ltui uNcd Ida ha arnd wnlltwr of ctticnitln staIll -11ptmctd

I tic inican and taLtdirdd1 0t iotl ls ill lt lrlilhl are

Table 4 Economic comparisons before and after the start of the Whole Townst) Pice Produc

lion Program in Burma

Iill~pti cosl I1Value of fri ille inrs ri No-t hviieilproduclion incrtast ilt

Y o I Year I from tii1i ii H CTofnshp Ironi 1977 78 t) 1978 79 11978 19 protplfiiis hol 1ois ha 1977 78

132 51 22 14

76 153 24 52 3 2 KVaikse 73 Patheingy

Rainfed dfybiayff1

Ye Oo 45 9i 41 4 1 1 1 10Khin Oo 32 73 31

3b 4 1IDapavin 39 132 Wetlet 46 100 41 5 1 1

Ralfed ihlldularas 27 15 23Thongwa 61 84

Hmawbi 42 97 26 16 1 6

Hlegu 46 103 12 34 39 56 107 46 10 1 2

Kyauktaga Taikky

17 100 9 9 20 110 38 33 19Oak Po 71

Kyaung Gon 42 94 18 23 23

Kvon P aw 62 87 22 39 28 17 36Bassein 60 92 43

18 19Kvak Lat 37 78 19 50 35Hnzada 7 87 20

x IkIS o 5 larch I91I

Added value of rice output from prograyrs Yield tIha) ofter program inputs (Iho)35 75

0 0 0

20- 30

0 - Wet roinfed VA- Dry ronfead

I5 0- Irrigated IS

100 10 15 20 25 30 35Yieid Itno) befcre ptogram 0 15 30 45 60 75Added cost of pograms inputs (hal

I It - 1i11i y l I r-r l l 1r I

Ili 5ih1 n hlehe 1tiandard des latini hirr mo eai positlls correlated ariahlcents thnk I ti use Ill co ishycombined krc piciall high tor the ariahle rMlated tloi nnded edling aFs sig iliantfl corTelated icldith arItl ccdlinj age ro transplanting recommended lter tie start ofI t|c prtoran icld per hcar and llIspacing and irlprosed 4ihtr inagerncit hiII becauseI ariahl eept the area inlhsted h inse st ancreircd igshyol the shstintia Increase 0i th tI aria hle niica thc aboutithe I standard dehlion the means ereduring I9s-N relat i lhigh compared it those of the prelIols car I hat

Standaird desliahns hr sarialfhls in I0--7 4pI lltdctIlLtt Ippalicationof the tInetechnolog 51notthose hr seedling stage and satr nanagellient sere rela- tlnliforl In the project area Again insect Intlestation tis e its (Correlation colicients titthe ariathl+ -ic negAisl and signilicantl correlated with icld Proiers|tis n In Iable 6 and gencrall reflect a weak correlation stiing age urca Iertilt er application and potlsh icrtilicirhemtccn icid and the ofther sarlhh Water nn t application r ptistll correlted and statistlicalls5 inilshymanurc application potash application and lir ere leant negatis e1 correlated and corrlealiliin hiti een eld and A linear intiit isariaie respirse IInctolln aetimIated hInsect inlestalkons conlormed t)eectltionlls I oly the using 2 Cars Inputl-ot llu dalt I rom fhl 17 oiinships

Table 5 Means and standard deviations of the variables used in inalysis of the Whole Township Rice Production Program Burma Variables Years I amp II Year I Year II

1977 78amp 1978 791 11977 781 11978 791 Mean S D Mein S D Mean SDYield it tiai 252 048 2 15 023 289 036Area l-wii nodern va-tihles 452 378 145 175 759 25 1Area wiilh 25 to 30 day old seedlings 438 266 280 24 t 596 188Area Il transplanted in rows 24 1 32 8 2 3 4 9 45 9 34 4Area 11Ianmslanted at 22 5 bull15 cm spacing 338 33 n 68 102 599 253Area 1 with improved water management 43 2 4 4 31 332 3 34 7 54 2Area l(ninterculhivjted 114 t 34 53 194 220Manu-r II hal 060 01 045 094 076 108Urea lkg ha 55i3 763 309 180 698 1 3Triple superphosphate fkg hal 14 1 125 118 543 225 1203Muriate of potash lkq hal 261 444 044 078 479 548Area I) infested by insects 3 80 2 70 4 64 2 82Labor used Idays ha) 661

2 76 2 89 140 S64 78 757 120

Table 6 Correlation coefficients for the year 1977-78 in the Whole Township Rice Production Program in Surma

Y Xl X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10 XlI X12

Y 100 015 057 001 035 019 026 003 006 024 0 35 049 013 X1 015 100 Oil 012 0 73 004 013 016 041 O47 034 A)22 065 X2 057 Oil 100 009 037 0()6 028 001 006 ( 13 O Il 008 002 X3 001 0 12 009 100 018 tt07 00W5 OO 043 0 41 0 Ob oil 021 X4 035 () 3 0 37 0 18 W0 OR 0 14 4) 1 1 o44 0 1A 001 0 It 061) 5 19 004 006 007 008 100 028 0S 009 0 15 004 (09 012

X6 026 013 018 00 014 028 10( 050 001 014 018 )0- 037 X7 0 03 0 16 (01 001 O1I 005 0O 1(00 006 022 015 0 18 040 X8 OOti 041 0 06 043 044 009 001 006 1 0 O 713 032 0 32 Ow1 X9 024 047 A 047 0 7 015 014 022 (73 1(0 003 1)9 039 X10 035 0(4 11j o) 1 0001 0 04 0 18 015 ) 12 1)03 I 0 -1 O21 Xl1 049 0 32 08 01 ) 1t 0)9 0 04 01P 32 0t09 0 1 1 fx) OO X12 0 13 b5 (02 021 0 61 0 12 3 040 )o1 039 01 01)02 1 X)

Se llte n osCr Ilm I le f l1dh titvj1 ltp Iid staltiltl igrilliclilt at tie I lc l hle sigltishyertused in the etrt inion I hi irlhle t1 reprL- Clnc 0II lie I I [Lre Illn tohtlieilents tetId tiIng

ent Itrm Inpiuts ind cn irmtiii nail riah I h Ini iel I -tatistic I lulht etilIcint r not liltltiictlltat the it

IhIl Nollc I ll hle l 1 IlaIlLre Ipplcd Iihi lied

Cth dkid nht hL tie CP Ct d 01- I II tII l 2 k1 then I ) ti tlhd hdlktiin ti CIL t iniiiriilialnt iriihles Ionrlt

here ) rice icld in ki ha and the leelli I he reul ir Iililtil in h~th Liahtashyd I )I- I N I Mc uaii tl i n I a di I

inpu I ta to rs ind n iro n m rl al a ri hle n111- tile I [i e Me i nd klelllti llht cn o taI tla olli -rihl I 1 ~itIId I

aged fa~irn~lr mers h~rcent an d tatken tovl chIhi thed centd h tll hi-t o re tld itcraiter hL I I ahlc -)c olllln S trialhics all tatitiallll

til Icprigraln iiulicant at P l mlh all tS c4d ticlent It deter-

I hie ariahts iticltded Ill Ihle rgrsiton Itll1k sis irt ttitost Illlaltion Rcll sItt lIultndicatc that ic ild Fxr h ictloicIs Ina ilnl

shil n Ini I ihl 5 lld kcrihd ihot pound tt lit iiled hI he cq tiiit ilc

heand tira crtlih r ippliatio estimated ilth Ites datla Iaken t cthic t ti l9N-N iand sliarallcl+lilrt h lwar revrcson de tI ehi trallplallt - 5- to 3ik--A+ lcpi pcetageitt thle alr lit

procedure - ised such that ich equa1t ion IseiIIIIItled Ill edllII s

ith progre-sicl largei tsiih ts t ildependent itahle- reducticin ill ecld di to the t reltctlage t inwe1shy

that h st elplain hicidha tld on the i -test for statistlical Inih-tid ar

signutiance of the coellicient t determination Iahi - pecentage iil thei arca transplanted in rim s and

bulltil+ the equations th all Independent ariah - included 0 ptitsslln Iertiir app0ialiOn

and tith (tic eImost importanl rnahe ciLidCd )ita for the I9-7S crop +Xear re tst| tit cllnlte

I hle Coetli nt Ill det rinilon a accptabl1 high at equation i ar I I he cteilicint it diernitnat mn it

Table Regression equations calculated from the data obtained from 17 townsh ips in the Whole Township Rice Production Program Burma

Vear- I Iii wlr Vci I Year 11

1hn K 198 79i Fr-iuja n I -ijilh I E1ils1t it0rcn 2 qEiiateo I I jiliatoln 2

Inlelpernint varithl-s s1977 78 I1971 8t 1918 79

Ara s-wris t ierrel X 10 2 7 71 3 25rvrr s I 92 Area C sovr 2 to 30 da X 4 19 6i 001 443 I 3626 old see(rlinqs 4 46 5 60 Rov irflnspaflieI area I i X_ 3 19 111 12 2 3 34- 4 16shy22 5 15 cm srnq i cier X 1 89 13 3 133 441 4 41 Wailt r11InId nmraI I X 0 108 0 643 0 715 Inter C UIVItdlarea i ) X- 300 192 963) Manuct litlelolat X 49) 1 584 71 3 102 tUu+a ferfier palih (ktl two X 6 7 66 2 25 12 2 15 I Triple sper|)isptete ailled (kg thu X 7 0 18 9 4 95 Mutl piots applied kq hal X 22 4 24 4- 37 4 31 9 13 0 Insect inieset(I wreai X 400 346 348 340 32 1 25 Tolal Iahior wStlt X 033 1 71(ila nal 147 088 Constant 2100 1880 2820 290) 2b98 1313

Adjusted - 0 8490 0 8580 05808 06731 0 8868 0 9320

StandJard error 186 189 149 133 122 944

Stgnitcani ait h 5 level s-gnIscant at the 1 level Ara r t frtrite p A4tiv lutll iit- (io f Year I lfr lhe project Year II Project ptro[id

x IkIS o 5 larch I91I

Added value of rice output from prograyrs Yield tIha) ofter program inputs (Iho)35 75

0 0 0

20- 30

0 - Wet roinfed VA- Dry ronfead

I5 0- Irrigated IS

100 10 15 20 25 30 35Yieid Itno) befcre ptogram 0 15 30 45 60 75Added cost of pograms inputs (hal

I It - 1i11i y l I r-r l l 1r I

Ili 5ih1 n hlehe 1tiandard des latini hirr mo eai positlls correlated ariahlcents thnk I ti use Ill co ishycombined krc piciall high tor the ariahle rMlated tloi nnded edling aFs sig iliantfl corTelated icldith arItl ccdlinj age ro transplanting recommended lter tie start ofI t|c prtoran icld per hcar and llIspacing and irlprosed 4ihtr inagerncit hiII becauseI ariahl eept the area inlhsted h inse st ancreircd igshyol the shstintia Increase 0i th tI aria hle niica thc aboutithe I standard dehlion the means ereduring I9s-N relat i lhigh compared it those of the prelIols car I hat

Standaird desliahns hr sarialfhls in I0--7 4pI lltdctIlLtt Ippalicationof the tInetechnolog 51notthose hr seedling stage and satr nanagellient sere rela- tlnliforl In the project area Again insect Intlestation tis e its (Correlation colicients titthe ariathl+ -ic negAisl and signilicantl correlated with icld Proiers|tis n In Iable 6 and gencrall reflect a weak correlation stiing age urca Iertilt er application and potlsh icrtilicirhemtccn icid and the ofther sarlhh Water nn t application r ptistll correlted and statistlicalls5 inilshymanurc application potash application and lir ere leant negatis e1 correlated and corrlealiliin hiti een eld and A linear intiit isariaie respirse IInctolln aetimIated hInsect inlestalkons conlormed t)eectltionlls I oly the using 2 Cars Inputl-ot llu dalt I rom fhl 17 oiinships

Table 5 Means and standard deviations of the variables used in inalysis of the Whole Township Rice Production Program Burma Variables Years I amp II Year I Year II

1977 78amp 1978 791 11977 781 11978 791 Mean S D Mein S D Mean SDYield it tiai 252 048 2 15 023 289 036Area l-wii nodern va-tihles 452 378 145 175 759 25 1Area wiilh 25 to 30 day old seedlings 438 266 280 24 t 596 188Area Il transplanted in rows 24 1 32 8 2 3 4 9 45 9 34 4Area 11Ianmslanted at 22 5 bull15 cm spacing 338 33 n 68 102 599 253Area 1 with improved water management 43 2 4 4 31 332 3 34 7 54 2Area l(ninterculhivjted 114 t 34 53 194 220Manu-r II hal 060 01 045 094 076 108Urea lkg ha 55i3 763 309 180 698 1 3Triple superphosphate fkg hal 14 1 125 118 543 225 1203Muriate of potash lkq hal 261 444 044 078 479 548Area I) infested by insects 3 80 2 70 4 64 2 82Labor used Idays ha) 661

2 76 2 89 140 S64 78 757 120

Table 6 Correlation coefficients for the year 1977-78 in the Whole Township Rice Production Program in Surma

Y Xl X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10 XlI X12

Y 100 015 057 001 035 019 026 003 006 024 0 35 049 013 X1 015 100 Oil 012 0 73 004 013 016 041 O47 034 A)22 065 X2 057 Oil 100 009 037 0()6 028 001 006 ( 13 O Il 008 002 X3 001 0 12 009 100 018 tt07 00W5 OO 043 0 41 0 Ob oil 021 X4 035 () 3 0 37 0 18 W0 OR 0 14 4) 1 1 o44 0 1A 001 0 It 061) 5 19 004 006 007 008 100 028 0S 009 0 15 004 (09 012

X6 026 013 018 00 014 028 10( 050 001 014 018 )0- 037 X7 0 03 0 16 (01 001 O1I 005 0O 1(00 006 022 015 0 18 040 X8 OOti 041 0 06 043 044 009 001 006 1 0 O 713 032 0 32 Ow1 X9 024 047 A 047 0 7 015 014 022 (73 1(0 003 1)9 039 X10 035 0(4 11j o) 1 0001 0 04 0 18 015 ) 12 1)03 I 0 -1 O21 Xl1 049 0 32 08 01 ) 1t 0)9 0 04 01P 32 0t09 0 1 1 fx) OO X12 0 13 b5 (02 021 0 61 0 12 3 040 )o1 039 01 01)02 1 X)

Se llte n osCr Ilm I le f l1dh titvj1 ltp Iid staltiltl igrilliclilt at tie I lc l hle sigltishyertused in the etrt inion I hi irlhle t1 reprL- Clnc 0II lie I I [Lre Illn tohtlieilents tetId tiIng

ent Itrm Inpiuts ind cn irmtiii nail riah I h Ini iel I -tatistic I lulht etilIcint r not liltltiictlltat the it

IhIl Nollc I ll hle l 1 IlaIlLre Ipplcd Iihi lied

Cth dkid nht hL tie CP Ct d 01- I II tII l 2 k1 then I ) ti tlhd hdlktiin ti CIL t iniiiriilialnt iriihles Ionrlt

here ) rice icld in ki ha and the leelli I he reul ir Iililtil in h~th Liahtashyd I )I- I N I Mc uaii tl i n I a di I

inpu I ta to rs ind n iro n m rl al a ri hle n111- tile I [i e Me i nd klelllti llht cn o taI tla olli -rihl I 1 ~itIId I

aged fa~irn~lr mers h~rcent an d tatken tovl chIhi thed centd h tll hi-t o re tld itcraiter hL I I ahlc -)c olllln S trialhics all tatitiallll

til Icprigraln iiulicant at P l mlh all tS c4d ticlent It deter-

I hie ariahts iticltded Ill Ihle rgrsiton Itll1k sis irt ttitost Illlaltion Rcll sItt lIultndicatc that ic ild Fxr h ictloicIs Ina ilnl

shil n Ini I ihl 5 lld kcrihd ihot pound tt lit iiled hI he cq tiiit ilc

heand tira crtlih r ippliatio estimated ilth Ites datla Iaken t cthic t ti l9N-N iand sliarallcl+lilrt h lwar revrcson de tI ehi trallplallt - 5- to 3ik--A+ lcpi pcetageitt thle alr lit

procedure - ised such that ich equa1t ion IseiIIIIItled Ill edllII s

ith progre-sicl largei tsiih ts t ildependent itahle- reducticin ill ecld di to the t reltctlage t inwe1shy

that h st elplain hicidha tld on the i -test for statistlical Inih-tid ar

signutiance of the coellicient t determination Iahi - pecentage iil thei arca transplanted in rim s and

bulltil+ the equations th all Independent ariah - included 0 ptitsslln Iertiir app0ialiOn

and tith (tic eImost importanl rnahe ciLidCd )ita for the I9-7S crop +Xear re tst| tit cllnlte

I hle Coetli nt Ill det rinilon a accptabl1 high at equation i ar I I he cteilicint it diernitnat mn it

Table Regression equations calculated from the data obtained from 17 townsh ips in the Whole Township Rice Production Program Burma

Vear- I Iii wlr Vci I Year 11

1hn K 198 79i Fr-iuja n I -ijilh I E1ils1t it0rcn 2 qEiiateo I I jiliatoln 2

Inlelpernint varithl-s s1977 78 I1971 8t 1918 79

Ara s-wris t ierrel X 10 2 7 71 3 25rvrr s I 92 Area C sovr 2 to 30 da X 4 19 6i 001 443 I 3626 old see(rlinqs 4 46 5 60 Rov irflnspaflieI area I i X_ 3 19 111 12 2 3 34- 4 16shy22 5 15 cm srnq i cier X 1 89 13 3 133 441 4 41 Wailt r11InId nmraI I X 0 108 0 643 0 715 Inter C UIVItdlarea i ) X- 300 192 963) Manuct litlelolat X 49) 1 584 71 3 102 tUu+a ferfier palih (ktl two X 6 7 66 2 25 12 2 15 I Triple sper|)isptete ailled (kg thu X 7 0 18 9 4 95 Mutl piots applied kq hal X 22 4 24 4- 37 4 31 9 13 0 Insect inieset(I wreai X 400 346 348 340 32 1 25 Tolal Iahior wStlt X 033 1 71(ila nal 147 088 Constant 2100 1880 2820 290) 2b98 1313

Adjusted - 0 8490 0 8580 05808 06731 0 8868 0 9320

StandJard error 186 189 149 133 122 944

Stgnitcani ait h 5 level s-gnIscant at the 1 level Ara r t frtrite p A4tiv lutll iit- (io f Year I lfr lhe project Year II Project ptro[id

Table 6 Correlation coefficients for the year 1977-78 in the Whole Township Rice Production Program in Surma

Y Xl X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10 XlI X12

Y 100 015 057 001 035 019 026 003 006 024 0 35 049 013 X1 015 100 Oil 012 0 73 004 013 016 041 O47 034 A)22 065 X2 057 Oil 100 009 037 0()6 028 001 006 ( 13 O Il 008 002 X3 001 0 12 009 100 018 tt07 00W5 OO 043 0 41 0 Ob oil 021 X4 035 () 3 0 37 0 18 W0 OR 0 14 4) 1 1 o44 0 1A 001 0 It 061) 5 19 004 006 007 008 100 028 0S 009 0 15 004 (09 012

X6 026 013 018 00 014 028 10( 050 001 014 018 )0- 037 X7 0 03 0 16 (01 001 O1I 005 0O 1(00 006 022 015 0 18 040 X8 OOti 041 0 06 043 044 009 001 006 1 0 O 713 032 0 32 Ow1 X9 024 047 A 047 0 7 015 014 022 (73 1(0 003 1)9 039 X10 035 0(4 11j o) 1 0001 0 04 0 18 015 ) 12 1)03 I 0 -1 O21 Xl1 049 0 32 08 01 ) 1t 0)9 0 04 01P 32 0t09 0 1 1 fx) OO X12 0 13 b5 (02 021 0 61 0 12 3 040 )o1 039 01 01)02 1 X)

Se llte n osCr Ilm I le f l1dh titvj1 ltp Iid staltiltl igrilliclilt at tie I lc l hle sigltishyertused in the etrt inion I hi irlhle t1 reprL- Clnc 0II lie I I [Lre Illn tohtlieilents tetId tiIng

ent Itrm Inpiuts ind cn irmtiii nail riah I h Ini iel I -tatistic I lulht etilIcint r not liltltiictlltat the it

IhIl Nollc I ll hle l 1 IlaIlLre Ipplcd Iihi lied

Cth dkid nht hL tie CP Ct d 01- I II tII l 2 k1 then I ) ti tlhd hdlktiin ti CIL t iniiiriilialnt iriihles Ionrlt

here ) rice icld in ki ha and the leelli I he reul ir Iililtil in h~th Liahtashyd I )I- I N I Mc uaii tl i n I a di I

inpu I ta to rs ind n iro n m rl al a ri hle n111- tile I [i e Me i nd klelllti llht cn o taI tla olli -rihl I 1 ~itIId I

aged fa~irn~lr mers h~rcent an d tatken tovl chIhi thed centd h tll hi-t o re tld itcraiter hL I I ahlc -)c olllln S trialhics all tatitiallll

til Icprigraln iiulicant at P l mlh all tS c4d ticlent It deter-

I hie ariahts iticltded Ill Ihle rgrsiton Itll1k sis irt ttitost Illlaltion Rcll sItt lIultndicatc that ic ild Fxr h ictloicIs Ina ilnl

shil n Ini I ihl 5 lld kcrihd ihot pound tt lit iiled hI he cq tiiit ilc

heand tira crtlih r ippliatio estimated ilth Ites datla Iaken t cthic t ti l9N-N iand sliarallcl+lilrt h lwar revrcson de tI ehi trallplallt - 5- to 3ik--A+ lcpi pcetageitt thle alr lit

procedure - ised such that ich equa1t ion IseiIIIIItled Ill edllII s

ith progre-sicl largei tsiih ts t ildependent itahle- reducticin ill ecld di to the t reltctlage t inwe1shy

that h st elplain hicidha tld on the i -test for statistlical Inih-tid ar

signutiance of the coellicient t determination Iahi - pecentage iil thei arca transplanted in rim s and

bulltil+ the equations th all Independent ariah - included 0 ptitsslln Iertiir app0ialiOn

and tith (tic eImost importanl rnahe ciLidCd )ita for the I9-7S crop +Xear re tst| tit cllnlte

I hle Coetli nt Ill det rinilon a accptabl1 high at equation i ar I I he cteilicint it diernitnat mn it

Table Regression equations calculated from the data obtained from 17 townsh ips in the Whole Township Rice Production Program Burma

Vear- I Iii wlr Vci I Year 11

1hn K 198 79i Fr-iuja n I -ijilh I E1ils1t it0rcn 2 qEiiateo I I jiliatoln 2

Inlelpernint varithl-s s1977 78 I1971 8t 1918 79

Ara s-wris t ierrel X 10 2 7 71 3 25rvrr s I 92 Area C sovr 2 to 30 da X 4 19 6i 001 443 I 3626 old see(rlinqs 4 46 5 60 Rov irflnspaflieI area I i X_ 3 19 111 12 2 3 34- 4 16shy22 5 15 cm srnq i cier X 1 89 13 3 133 441 4 41 Wailt r11InId nmraI I X 0 108 0 643 0 715 Inter C UIVItdlarea i ) X- 300 192 963) Manuct litlelolat X 49) 1 584 71 3 102 tUu+a ferfier palih (ktl two X 6 7 66 2 25 12 2 15 I Triple sper|)isptete ailled (kg thu X 7 0 18 9 4 95 Mutl piots applied kq hal X 22 4 24 4- 37 4 31 9 13 0 Insect inieset(I wreai X 400 346 348 340 32 1 25 Tolal Iahior wStlt X 033 1 71(ila nal 147 088 Constant 2100 1880 2820 290) 2b98 1313

Adjusted - 0 8490 0 8580 05808 06731 0 8868 0 9320

StandJard error 186 189 149 133 122 944

Stgnitcani ait h 5 level s-gnIscant at the 1 level Ara r t frtrite p A4tiv lutll iit- (io f Year I lfr lhe project Year II Project ptro[id

10 IRls 1 5N larch Ighl

relati~el hll i5h5W0 and onlI 3 ariahl ertatitalh utlo to ield athat taiie |ie er lith Ihe introxtution of significant Fquation 2 arI aeestimated based on Rhe the improwed technolop that Ient iith thle nodL 7 arieshytIhe ariablesthat appeared rno-t important in explaiinng te tiof tiIINbecame ullicicnlktidespread that their ield Ihe coelficient of determination as higher and all S parale llect could not h di-ccrned thvgainIron LyV

ar ahlI naicl atca m-il to modern arietti arei in iiet had r bi ouniorml been ahirhed into the h

tranppLntd m ith 25- l j3-da -old eedling applicati of manLre i ll oain and la bor inputs Acre ignllficanttat i at liteI lcl -pilication tininlure insect infestation and Iaiot inputs rc ncglit il correlated Vitleitl] Ie tahl 4i

-inall cquationt I and 2 iepert Iiatir hen

improxd tcinoloi is introduced -eAre etililled

high coellicien o dttrleterination indicated 9V for a reduced ariahlet all tith-h ere igniilikant at the 11 lxel isce I ablei I he factors that lignilicantl contrihuted to icild in the wcond ar Iere

Liw of 25- 1li-da -()Id sedlingc tranplanting in roxs application oitira fcrilhtcr application of poasiumi leifier and insect ini ation ingiatielk correiled)

Implic tionof repcsionnaial For caLh xear taken separatel and hir both cars taken together the uie if c dling of recommended age continr-tled Nignilicant ito o inwetilltatiin con- rice tld itentlreduced icld of rice iops Surex data indicated that infcted ara ere -priaid wth ineicide but ci-dentlf the contro ncatures ere not sufficient ioprexent damage itcrop- llhoalh insecticide-nlma hae prexented more Lriou damage this cannot he determined front the data because no infeted aiteas ere telluntrethd

I title chemical lertllit-i Aas used before ieiprogram Bot h ri-t rogen and potassium appeared important in earII hich i also reflected hen data for ear I and II ert combined Aflthough phopiale application aitnot s gnilishycantlx related tiieldiin t he regression thil cannot be taken a- an indication that phosphate is unimportant in Burmese

rice production A wel iIten able tihosphate ipp ication IAN) kahiglll correlated ith urea IX9) ait potasiun I X ]1 applications ihile the latter amendment ere not highl intercorrelated As a result the ield re-ponse tiurea and potasstir Ilk rev clt in part response to phos-phate Nc tai] c cannot ct - I -1i hether or not pho-phate significantlf rircb teld

1he importance oif roilIraiiaanting icar IIand ear I and II combined probahl rellect the facl that it facih-tated intercultiiation and iimproxed eeding x4hich 4erc introluced in ear II and perhapa higher response of modern xarietic to improwed aeration and interception oif solar radiation tlkcaue these associated tatlordid not figure importantl in traditional technolog rov trans-planting 4anot important in ir I

Modern ariet iecre i idel used during the wear before the high-yield program and appeared ti hIe malor contribshya

Icir II In ear I the otiumanure had a negalitcodlicient

sigitcari at lhe 5 Ilel Although not significant in ear II the codlicient kasalo negati tIn the ahntce of an lrprng ientilit ciictnc that organic manure aetuall roards rsce iel i likel that this factor i a iciated llith

interiir manlagmentcm xthich olt lhail poitic ellect that manure alone has that ilarmers Iho applx manure are those Ilho u unirproxed practices and Itihow technishycal knimvledge and managerial capacitl are lmn I hte negshyatinc aspect of their ranagcient result in behlo -ax erage iedfor I hich manure application does not compenate

I cxl oit lailr u ialo ngatix c correlated ith ield in all regreitoin ignitaitat the 5 lexcl in ear I equation 2 lost of thelilet ltcI hIiqlie requiure imort labor and prohahl the benelicial el ampImore labor isreflected in t(how other lacor- Still 1xo iot her aspects of ilabor conshy

itribute to iefd hut le nol reflected in the regreston analxii

0 I~i oiroutine Operation that all larmner conduct

tliherclorc io)iparatc post i clefect can be identlled)

nd lahor epended in correctixe Ieaure sich aeira

tillage icn a copict oil replanting additional ieedshying on parlicularl wecd plots etc

I tiecorrectlix nieaure apparentl inciimpletel cormshy

penat for the cultural problem that required more labor a resilt hat residual elect the total labor measure has oil elid appeall negatille eccatl of itasoilation ith

problem conditions

( inffrihutil of iiproited tech-luem Iii changles

in rice idd to account for the iteld change- retulting from inproed lechnolog vc followed the procedure de-crible-d abow and ued the equation 2 of earI and II combined a lhon in lable I he dilfetence in ield bhetween the 2 earsare hawd oin t I mean ialtuc of Ihe eara sho in tiable S I he act ual nean difference hLetn ithe 2 ears isabout 07 I ha

I he methid ifaccountinglor left difference holloA that used b tlerdt and Mandac f1979 It is based on the concept that the iffereniial and total hlddillerence is impl the suntit icid changeL- due to the different ariashyhiL in the regrevioin equation

I xprewing tIis in mathematical lorm Ae hawe

(2)

IRIS No K March 19l1 I

arciihiation in equation I provide the numerical values of the partial ceding improesaetatifl and sunlight interception and

a correct pkniij pipuliiiond

The partial regression ocfici-nti estimated for the yield ing i hineliciaul xcaie it iacilial in ad

derivatives pro Ide- a lrom lahk X westimate tile profit due io chemical

- fertilicrs lollov Tie rate of lertiliicrs ur a mripleet as

~aibblst~atl muriateolpotash--used in the po~in equation 2 The value - A are the grain yar is obtained from thcmeandata ofyear II(Table differences in the mean value of the inputs and em ironnn- 5) pric of urea snperphosphate andrpotash arerha id tit 54ck rspep iwly fcran co sp

Wrore and after starting he 5) Curental factors between the 2 years program The percentages of the yield differednes it t i S7 lidnd ie fortil)l i3r405t4ol tic I each input orevironmental factorarc obtained bdividing kg ofln7J t lie r a se duefto52ii0 T 4an

kV ailued at (or tet profait ofiS2130 Thus an both sides ofequation2ytheacual mean yielddifference avrage tarmer it 5 ha of land rccdcs SI107 profit from

As shown in Table ure H fertilier alone lthe technologyfertili~er appictlK1 contrib- I herefore ue conclude that the m ajor oft ilicrease r oIttlitti le Itwnship prograin is beneficial to the

uted the major portion of the yied increase II Iranis- farnmi - planting was the second most important factor increasing In 1978-7 Ilminas rice proluction increased by I mil-Ihe) ild From an agronomic point of vie- row transplant- lion imetric ton FillyI peicen is$the increase caimc from the

special rnpimat tonss hips Conseque t to the achieveshy

ileits the pigran ascxpandcd lo43 ownships in 1979-Table 8 Accountingfoyield diffencesbetween 19777 and 1978-79 17 townships In she Whole Township Rice Produc h1 covering 1331 tluousand ha and again Io 72 townships in ii-Pf -l-4 I l bringing the lotal area to 23K thousand ha-lm

Variabes Symbol Increase OIyjto ltlc yield per heviarc iuicrcased from 26 t ha to i It1 ha in N979-M) despiie inadequate raintl whLrea the yield

Uea u 1further inercaiesd froim 28 t ha to34 t halin I980-81 in the Area withwith 25- toto 30day-)ldUrea 25 n oi) irgcr project area In 9I)-l the Whole Township Rice

seedlings X3 133 18 Produ t Ion lrograim contribtited great ly towards the counshyInsect-inlested area 4) X12 4 1 trys increased rice protuction by bringing its total to 133 Row transplanted area () X4 18C 24

million tons an incrcaw of 29 million tons or 221 over theMuriate of potash applied jkg ha) XII 107 14 previous years Ii the final analysisthe programs contribu-

Residual 19 was5fais of the ssholc countrys production during Yieldincreaselkgha)duetoprograminputs 741 97 1980-81 lthough it ss1s 45 by arca

lrdt R W and A M Mandac 1979 OvsriesA iilt anld implicationstofconlraintsttrarclt 1975-1978 lRaprpresshyented at the Workshop on Rice Yield Colstriaints 311 April -3 May 1979 Kandy Sri lanka Agric lcon Pap

79-04 International Rice Rescuich IIsittlIt I as illlno

Laguna Philippinm

IRIS No K March 19l1 I

arciihiation in equation I provide the numerical values of the partial ceding improesaetatifl and sunlight interception and

a correct pkniij pipuliiiond

The partial regression ocfici-nti estimated for the yield ing i hineliciaul xcaie it iacilial in ad

derivatives pro Ide- a lrom lahk X westimate tile profit due io chemical

- fertilicrs lollov Tie rate of lertiliicrs ur a mripleet as

~aibblst~atl muriateolpotash--used in the po~in equation 2 The value - A are the grain yar is obtained from thcmeandata ofyear II(Table differences in the mean value of the inputs and em ironnn- 5) pric of urea snperphosphate andrpotash arerha id tit 54ck rspep iwly fcran co sp

Wrore and after starting he 5) Curental factors between the 2 years program The percentages of the yield differednes it t i S7 lidnd ie fortil)l i3r405t4ol tic I each input orevironmental factorarc obtained bdividing kg ofln7J t lie r a se duefto52ii0 T 4an

kV ailued at (or tet profait ofiS2130 Thus an both sides ofequation2ytheacual mean yielddifference avrage tarmer it 5 ha of land rccdcs SI107 profit from

As shown in Table ure H fertilier alone lthe technologyfertili~er appictlK1 contrib- I herefore ue conclude that the m ajor oft ilicrease r oIttlitti le Itwnship prograin is beneficial to the

uted the major portion of the yied increase II Iranis- farnmi - planting was the second most important factor increasing In 1978-7 Ilminas rice proluction increased by I mil-Ihe) ild From an agronomic point of vie- row transplant- lion imetric ton FillyI peicen is$the increase caimc from the

special rnpimat tonss hips Conseque t to the achieveshy

ileits the pigran ascxpandcd lo43 ownships in 1979-Table 8 Accountingfoyield diffencesbetween 19777 and 1978-79 17 townships In she Whole Township Rice Produc h1 covering 1331 tluousand ha and again Io 72 townships in ii-Pf -l-4 I l bringing the lotal area to 23K thousand ha-lm

Variabes Symbol Increase OIyjto ltlc yield per heviarc iuicrcased from 26 t ha to i It1 ha in N979-M) despiie inadequate raintl whLrea the yield

Uea u 1further inercaiesd froim 28 t ha to34 t halin I980-81 in the Area withwith 25- toto 30day-)ldUrea 25 n oi) irgcr project area In 9I)-l the Whole Township Rice

seedlings X3 133 18 Produ t Ion lrograim contribtited great ly towards the counshyInsect-inlested area 4) X12 4 1 trys increased rice protuction by bringing its total to 133 Row transplanted area () X4 18C 24

million tons an incrcaw of 29 million tons or 221 over theMuriate of potash applied jkg ha) XII 107 14 previous years Ii the final analysisthe programs contribu-

Residual 19 was5fais of the ssholc countrys production during Yieldincreaselkgha)duetoprograminputs 741 97 1980-81 lthough it ss1s 45 by arca

lrdt R W and A M Mandac 1979 OvsriesA iilt anld implicationstofconlraintsttrarclt 1975-1978 lRaprpresshyented at the Workshop on Rice Yield Colstriaints 311 April -3 May 1979 Kandy Sri lanka Agric lcon Pap

79-04 International Rice Rescuich IIsittlIt I as illlno

Laguna Philippinm

The Interniational Rice Research InstituteP0 Box 933 Manila Philippines

Stamp

COther papers inthis series ISS 0113t

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