iceberg concept of disease occurrence and method to measure prevalence in a population
TRANSCRIPT
Iceberg concept of disease occurrence
Methods to measure prevalence in a population
EPIDEMIOLOGIST
1/10
9/10
Sub-clinical cases
Disease free group
Distribution of Heard
1
2
3
4
5
Diagnosed and controlledDiagnosed
but not controlled
Misdiagnosed casesPopula
tion at risk
Risk free group
•The marginal cost of subclinical disease per infectious unit is usually greater than the marginal cost of clinical disease per infectious unit.•This means that to prevent animal from non infectious units to a burden of one infectious unit is higher than the cost of increasing an already high infectious burden by one unit.
E.g.- Relationship between somatic cell count and decrease in milk production in case of mastitis
• Iceberg model depends upon
1. Agent-host-environment relationship2. Natural history of
disease(Progression of disease process in an individual over time)
VirulencePathogenisity
Resisatncesucceptibility
TemperatureMoisture etc.
Infectious diseases• Diseases with vast base- 1. Bovine paratuberculosis, Human tuberculosis,
Bovine lukemia virus, Mastitis (sub-clinical cases)
2. Jhones disease, prion disease, HIV, rabies (long ip)
3. Rickettsiosis (low specific and sensitive diagnostic tests)
• Diseases with visible tip-1. Tetanus, Anthrax, Clostridial infection (less sub-
clinical cases)2 Staphylococcal food poisoning, pasteurellosis,
influenza (short ip)
Non- infectious diseases• Mostly metabolic diseases• Diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism,
hypertension etc(mostly in dog), milk fever (in cattle)
How can we detect sub-clinical cases
SCREENING……..
Definition• It is the search for unrecognized
disease/sub-clinical disease in a population by means of rapid test
• Early detection of disease(prescriptive screening)
• Whole population(mass screening)• Target population(strategic
screening)• Rapid and reliable test(high
specificity and sensitivity)• Economical in term of manpower and
materials• Precise and repeatable• Scientifically accurate
Mistakes made by epidemiologist
1. Giving importance to ill animals only
2. No clinical signs no disease3. Only a single agent is cause of
infection4. False interpretation of clinical
intervention5. Dependency on clinical records
Uses –• For detection of sub-clinical and in
apparent cases• Treatment of in apparent cases • Control of diseases with more
number of sub-clinical cases• To have a detailed knowledge
regarding natural history of diseases
Methods to measure prevalence in a population
http://healthpowerforminorities.com/
• Prevalence is defined as number of instances of disease or related attributes in a known population, at a designated time, without distinction between old and new cases.
• Probability of having infection
1. Point prevalence- Amount of disease in a population at a particular point of time
• Cross sectional/snap shot of the disease
Number of individuals having a disease at a particular point of time
Population Size• Study of chronic disease
2. Period prevalence- Specified period of time(beginning +
number of new cases during that period)• Period prevalence = Number of cases that occurred in a
given period(old + new)
Study Population Size• Longitudinal type study
• Life time prevalence- Number of individuals having diseases at least part of their life
How to determine Prevalence
• By doing survey• Survey may be of 2 types1. Screening Survey2. Questionnaire Survey
Screening Survey• Survey is done using screening• Rapid, simple, inexpensensive• Can be used to detect disease on a
large scale• Includes serological, biochemical,
haematological, physical examination • Helps in quantitative estimation of
prevalence
Questionnaire Survey• Contains a series of questions which
are answered by the respondent either in written format or through verbal communiucation
• Easy to perform, quick and less man power needed
• But not reliable many times
Reference • Concepts of Epidemiology: An integrated introduction
to the ideas, theories, principles and methods of epidemiology by Raj S. Bhopal
• http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/courses-jmgay/EpiMod2.htm
• Veterinary Epidemiology by Michael Thrushfield• Veterinary medicine and human health By CW Schwabe• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevalence• http://health.knowledgeblog.org/2011/07/22/basic-sta
tistics-for-epidemiology/• Principles of infectious disease epidemiology/
http://health.mo.gov/training/epi/Mod4StudentOutline.pdf
Thank You