icelandic eyjafjallaj kull volcanic ash conference paper · 2016-03-17 · figure 6: alaska volcano...

Copyright © 2010 The Boeing Company All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2010 The Boeing Company

All Rights Reserved.

Icelandic EyjafjallajÖkull Volcanic

Ash Conference Paper

September 15-16, 2010

“A jet aircraft manufacturer’s perspective

of volcanic ash”

Douglas J. Kihm

Technical Fellow

Certification & ETOPS

Copyright © 2010 The Boeing Company All Rights Reserved. 2

Figure 1: Notable Volcanic Eruptions

1980 - Mt. St. Helens, United States

1982 - Galunggung volcano, Indonesia 1989 - Mt. Redoubt, United States

1991 - Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/Redoubt/dds39_063_large.jpg


Figure 2: 9 Worldwide Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers

(VAAC)

ICAO and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) define volcano monitoring

procedures

9 Worldwide Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers (VAAC) track volcanic plumes

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VAAC_Coverage.jpg


Figure 3: Example of Advisory Information from

Anchorage VAAC

Source: Anchorage VAAC



Figure 4: Example of Graphical Advisory Information from

Anchorage VAAC


Figure 5: ICAO Handbook Document 9766

ICAO Disseminates Global Aviation Procedures for Dealing with Volcanic Eruptions

Handbook on the International

Airways Volcano watch (IAVW)

(Document 9766-AN968)

Available at ICAO website:

www.icao.int


Figure 6: Alaska Volcano Observatory Weekly Bulletin


Alaska Volcano Observatory Provides Key Information for Aviation on Alaska’s Volcanoes


Figure 7: Volcanic Ash, Reported & Significant Inflight

Events

VAACs Have Played an Important Role in Diminishing Significant Inflight Volcanic Ash Encounters


Bleed Systems (all) Inspect for ash build up within components only if engines have history of ash contamination

Air-conditioning packs Observe for ash build up -Ram Air Inlets / Ducting -Face Of Heat Exchangers -Coalescer bags (if installed) and only if bleed system is suspect for contamination

Outflow Valve(s) Observe for ash build up and / or abrasions

Barrier Air Filters (all) Observe for excessive ash build up - Equip Cooling - Recirc

Main Equipment Centers General observations for noticeable ash build up

Ozone converters (if installed) Inspect for internal build up only if engines have history of ash contamination

Pitot & TAT Probes AOA sensors General observations for abrasions and free AOA sensor motion

Light Lenses (all) Observe for abrasions

Flight Deck Windows (all) General observations for abrasions

Radome & Forward Fuselage General observations for abrasions

Leading edges of all exterior

surfaces and components General observations for unusual abrasions

Generic Airplane

APU Inlet observe for ash build up and / or abrasions only if APU operated where ash was present

Volcanic Ash - Customer Feedback

Received responses from 22 operators representing

approximately 1000 aircraft that were operated inside Europe

during the Eyjafjallajökull event

All reports stated that no damage or sign of ash encounters

existed

One operator reported a smell of sulfur in the flight deck and

“yellow” ice crystals on the wipers. Upon inspections per the

AMM no ash, or damage was detected.

Airframe & Systems areas of

observations for operations in vicinity

of volcanic ash (AMM Chapter 05)

Figure 8: Volcanic Ash Conditional Inspections

European Operators Have Not Reported any Damages Due Eyjafjallajökull Event


Boeing position is to avoid discernable ash** – Basis for successful operations world-wide

– Operational & maintenance guidance provided if an encounter occurs

Figure 9: Discernable Volcanic Ash Clouds

** Discernable to flight crew, PIREPS, satellite imagery, ground observers, etc., augmented by model predictions as required

Source: USGA website: http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3084/


Figure 10: Mt Redoubt – March 2009 SIGMET Advisory

Based on All Available Information

Satellite imaging

PIREPS

Ground Observations

Atmospheric modeling

SIGMET advisory only



Figure 11: Flight Crew Operation Manual on Volcanic Ash

Airplane Manufacturers Provide Training and Instructions for Detecting and Exiting a Volcanic Ash Encounter


Figure 12: Ring of Fire

Ring of Fire

Pacific Region Regulatory Authorities, Operators and Pilots have Extensive Experience Working Together to Safely and Effectively Avoid Volcanic Ash Encounters

Extensive experience in dealing with volcanic ash throughout the world

Source: USGA website: http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/PlateTectonics/Maps/map_plate_tectonics_world.html

Mt Sakurajima, 2010

Mt Redoubt, 2009


Figure 13: Alaska Interagency Operating Plan for Volcanic

Ash

U.S. Government Inter-agency Plan Coordinates Activities to Facilitate Safe and Efficient Aviation Operations during Volcanic Ash Events

Source: USGA website: http://www.ofcm.gov/p35-nvaopa/regional_plans/AK%20IA%20plan_2008.pdf


Figure 14: U.S. Air Traffic Disruptions due to Feb 2010

Snow Storm

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation


Figure 15: ICAO’s European and North Atlantic Volcanic

Ash Contingency Plan Proposal

ICAO’s European and North Atlantic (EUR/NAT) Office has Enhanced Procedures Ready for the Next European Volcanic Event

Validity and use of “Areas of Low/Medium/High Concentration” absolute values needs to be further evaluated

Volcanic Ash Contingency Plan

EUR and NAT Regions

(EUR Doc 019)

(NAT Doc 006, Part II)

Available at ICAO website:

www.icao.int


Each volcanic eruption has unique

physical and chemical composition Ash becomes finer with distance

from the volcano

Figure 16: Volcanic Ash Clouds are not consistent

Source: USGA website: http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/ash/properties.html Source: USGA website: http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/ash/properties.html


Figure 17: Eyjafjallajökull Eruption April 2010

Ash Concentration Values from Forecasting Models are a Strong Function of the Input Values (e.g., Total Amount, Composition, and Particle Size of Ash being Ejected from Volcano)

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eyjafjallajokull_volcano_plume_2010_04_18.JPG September 8, 2010


Figure 18: UK CAA MET Office Ash Concentration

Forecast for FL000 to FL2000, May 18, 2010

Eyjafjallajökull Eruption April 2010

Source: © British Crown Copyright 2010, The Met Office

EUR/NAT Absolute Values for “Areas of High Concentration” may not correlate to areas of discernable ash for next Volcanic Ash Event


Aircraft and engine ash concentration standards unlikely in near term – Given the unique composition of each volcanic ash event and the inability to accurately predict

ash concentration

Figure 19: Composition of volcanic ash constituents from

historic eruptions

Source: USGA website: http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/ash/properties.html

An Aircraft and Engine Ash Concentration Standards may not provide any additional safety or operational benefits over successful approaches used elsewhere in the World

Each volcanic eruption has unique physical and chemical composition


ICAO International Volcanic Ash Task Force (IVATF)

Inaugural meeting July 27-30

Participation from FAA, U.S. Geological Survey, NOAA, NASA, EASA, EC, UK

CAA, JCAB, IFALPA, IATA, ICCAIA, et al.

ICAO European and North Atlantic Volcanic Ash Task Force (EUR/NAT VATF)

UK CAA Airworthiness International Volcanic Ash Teleconferences

Figure 20: ICAO International Volcanic Ash Task Force

Inaugural Meeting July 27-30, 2010

Boeing is supporting Volcanic Ash Task Forces


Figure 21: Volcanic Ash Detector Technology

Boeing is following the development of aircraft-mounted ash detection systems

Boeing needs to better understand their capabilities and operational characteristics

Boeing needs to assess the maturity of the technology, compatibility with existing

airplane systems, and overall benefit

Copyright 2009 by Nicarnica AS and/or its suppliers. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2010 The Boeing Company All Rights Reserved.

Boeing supports efforts by ICAO and industry to accumulate and review the world’s

best practices for addressing airspace control during a volcanic eruption

Boeing does not consider controlling airspace in the presence of volcanic ash

based solely on an ash dispersion model is pragmatic approach

Operators should be provided advisory information based on the best available

data to make their operational decisions

Thank You for Your Time

icelandic eyjafjallaj kull volcanic ash conference paper · 2016-03-17 · figure 6: alaska volcano...

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