ichep `06, moscow the auger project – status and results g. matthiae university and sezione infn...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results
G. Matthiae
University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata”
Study of the highest energy cosmic rays • 17 Countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Australia, Brazil,
Rep.Ceca, France, Germany, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, UK, USA, Vietnam.
• About 300 physicists
![Page 2: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
1 particle/km2/century
![Page 3: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
p + γ 2.7 K → N+ π
Above Ethr ≈ 7*1019 eV, protons loose rapidly energy via pion photoproduction. Interaction length ≈ 6 Mpc Energy loss ≈ 20 % / interaction
Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin
![Page 4: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• AGASA sees a continuation of the spectrum beyond the GZK suppression
• Dashed curve represents the spectrum expected for extragalactic sources distributed unifomly in the Universe.
• Extremely poor statistics - only 11 events above 1020 eV
![Page 5: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Auger hybrid detector Fluorescence Detector (FD)
• Longitudinal development of the shower
• Calorimetric measurement of the energy
Calibration of the energy scale
• Direction of the shower
12% duty cycle !
Surface Detector (SD)
• Front of shower at ground
• Direction of the shower
• “High” statistics
![Page 6: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Southern Observatory (Argentina)
• Very low population density (< 0.1 / km2)
• Very good atmospheric conditions (clouds, aerosol…)
35o S latitude 69o W longitude
≈ 1400 m height ≈ 875 g/cm2
Very flat region“Pampa Amarilla”Malargüe (Argentina)
Future plan for Northern Observatory inColorado (USA)
![Page 7: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
50 km
Total area ~3000 km2
1600Surface detectors (“water tanks”)
1.5 km spacing
24 fluorescence telescopes 6 in each of 4 buildings
The Auger Observatory
About ¾ installed and operational
Completion in 2007
![Page 8: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
A surface detector (“water tank”) installed in the Pampa
![Page 9: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Water Tank in the Pampa
Solar PanelElectronics enclosure40 MHz FADC, local triggers, 10 Watts
Communication antenna
GPS antenna
Batterybox
Plastic tank with 12 tons of water
three 9”PMTs
![Page 10: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
• -response ~ track• e/-response ~ energy
-signal of order em-signal
Inclined: em UP
![Page 11: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
SD calibration & monitoring
single muons
Noise
Base-Temperaturevs Time
Signal-Height vs Time
Signal-Height vs Base-Temp
Single tank response
Huge Statistics!Systematic error ~5%
± 3%
~100 p.e.
VEM
![Page 12: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Vertical Equivalent Muon (VEM)
![Page 13: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Doublets
Dia Noche
11m
Time resolution
Low energy events (~ 1015 eV) used to compare the time measurement of each tank
: physical dispersion due~13 ns) Time precision of individual tanks ~ 12 ns
![Page 14: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Young & Old Shower‘‘young’ showeryoung’ shower
‘‘old’ showerold’ shower
density falls by factor ~150
… by factor ~4
![Page 15: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
(m)
~11020eV~1020eV
Lateral Distribution Function
~ 14 km
~ 8 km
One event of high energy:~1020 eV, ~60°34 tanks
~60°~60°
LDFS=A [r/rs (1+r/rs)] -β
rs = 700 mA, β from fit (β= 2-2.5)
S(1000) energy estimator
propagation time of 40 µs
![Page 16: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Angular resolution from the surface detector depends on the number of tanks
Improved for hybrid events:
~ 0.6 degrees
![Page 17: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The FD telescope (Schmidt optics)Field of view 30x30 degrees
Spherical mirror
PMT camera
Diaphragm
UV Filter
Shutter
![Page 18: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The Schmidt optics
C
Spherical aberrationComa aberration
Diaphragm Coma
suppressed
C
C
C
spot
F
Spherical focal surface
![Page 19: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Six Telescopes viewing 30°x30° each
![Page 21: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Fluorescence Telescope
Spherical mirror (R=3.4 m)
Diaphragm and camera
![Page 22: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Diaphragm, corrector ring and camera
Field of view: 300x300
Camera: 440 photomultipliersAperture of the pixels: 1.50
![Page 23: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Atmospheric Fluorescence
Nitrogen emission spectrum 300 – 400 nm
Photon yield as a function of heightError about 15%
![Page 24: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
FD Absolute Calibration
Drum: uniform camera illumination
pulsed light sources, several wavelengths and intensity
light diffusing
Tyvek walls
light flux measured
by absolutely
calibrated PMT About 5 photons/ADC count
![Page 25: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
FD “TEST BEAM”Central Laser Facility
355 nmSteerable laser
optical fiber
SD tank
![Page 26: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Laser Mirror DAQ
Backscattering
(Raman)
Elastic bcks. molecular/Rayleigh &
aerosol/Mie
LIDARAtmospheric absorption
![Page 27: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
LIDAR Station
Steerable system: “Shoot on shower” technique
![Page 28: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Event FD on-line bin=100 ns
![Page 29: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Background event
![Page 30: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Longitudinal profile of showers from the FD telescopes
Fit with empirical formula of Gaisser-Hillas
Calorimetric measurement of the energy.
![Page 31: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Another event well contained
![Page 32: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Correction for energy loss (neutrinos, muons)
8 – 12 % at 1019 eV
![Page 33: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
New upper limit on photon fraction E0>10 EeV
• Xmax from showers longitudinal profile observed by the fluorescence detector
• ΔXmax ≈ 25 g cm-2
• 29 events
events
![Page 37: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Distribution of the differences Δγ in standard deviations
between primary photon prediction and data
Δγ = 2 – 3.8
![Page 38: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
New Photon Limit (29 events)
HP: Haverah ParkA1,A2: AGASA
Constraint on top-down/non acceleration models
End 2009: about 2% limit at 10 EeV, 15% at 35 EeV
16% upper limit
![Page 39: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Comparison to AGASA
Energy interval (1.0 – 2.5 EeV), angular scale 20°
2116 / 2159.5 ratio = 0.98 ± 0.02 ±0.01
(22% excess would give 2634 and a 10- excess)
Comparison to SUGAR
Energy interval (0.8 – 3.2 EeV), angular scale 5°
286 / 289.7 ratio = 0.98 ± 0.06 ± 0.01(85% excess would give 536 and a 14.5- excess)
Study of excess from the Galactic Center
![Page 41: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Zenith angle dependence of the energy estimator S(1000)
![Page 42: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Energy calibration – hybrid eventsEnergy obtained by the calorimetric measurement of the fluorescence detector sets the absolute energy scaleSimulation not needed.
log10 S(1000)
log10 E (EeV)
FD energy
Absolute calibration of the energy estimator S(1000) Corrected to 38 degrees
![Page 43: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Statistics is now about ½ year of full Observatory (~7000 km2 sr yr) Efficiency =100% above 3 EeV
Systematic error onthe energy ±~ 25%
![Page 44: ICHEP `06, Moscow The Auger project – status and results G. Matthiae University and Sezione INFN of Roma “Tor Vergata” Study of the highest energy cosmic](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f4e5503460f94c6efef/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Auger