identification of customary international law: information...

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ANNEX I Information provided by The Kingdom of the Netherlands Overview of the role of customary international law in the legal order of the Netherlands as used by the courts Note: Attached to this document is an overview with references to Dutch case law illustrating the way in which Dutch courts have dealt with the question of whether a particular norm constitutes customary international law, from the period 2005 to present (ANNEX II). Introduction For a better understanding of the case law referred to in the overview, the following is a brief description of the role of customary international law in the legal order of the Netherlands as used by the courts. • Customary international law is in principle part of the domestic legal order. Government has stated in parliament that '[U]nwritten international law must be understood as binding for the Dutch legal order'. • Customary international law forms part of the domestic legal order of the Netherlands without the need for prior transformation. In this sense the Netherlands has a monist system. Priority of domestic law over customary international law The role of international customary law in the domestic legal order is significantly limited by the fact that in case of conflict between a domestic norm and a rule of international customary law, the former takes precedence. This was concluded by the Supreme Court in 1959 in its landmark judgment in the "Nyugat" case [Supreme Court, 6 March 1959) and has been followed by the courts since. The Nuygat case The facts of this case were as follows: the Hungarian flagged and Swiss owned steamship Nyugat was captured as prize on 13 April 1941 in Surabaya in the Netherlands Indies, now Indonesia. The ship was sailing under the flag of an enemy State [Hungary) at the time of its capture, when the Second World War had not yet reached that part of Asia. After capture, the ship had been used by the Netherlands, until it was scuttled in March 1942 to prevent capture by Japan. At issue was the complaint that changes in Dutch domestic prize law during the war had led to a situation in which Dutch law differed from the international law of prize which is essentially of a customary nature. These changes had been to the disadvantage of the plaintiffs who considered that the difference between Dutch and international customary law implied they suffered an unacceptable violation of their rights under international law. This in their view was contrary to the constitutional system in which the judge could

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ANNEX I

Information provided by The Kingdom of the Netherlands

Overview of the role of customary international law in the legal order of theNetherlands as used by the courts

Note: Attached to this document is an overview with references to Dutch case lawillustrating the way in which Dutch courts have dealt with the question of whether aparticular norm constitutes customary international law, from the period 2005 to present(ANNEX II).

Introduction

For a better understanding of the case law referred to in the overview, the following is abrief description of the role of customary international law in the legal order of theNetherlands as used by the courts.

• Customary international law is in principle part of the domestic legal order.Government has stated in parliament that '[U]nwritten international law must beunderstood as binding for the Dutch legal order'.

• Customary international law forms part of the domestic legal order of theNetherlands without the need for prior transformation. In this sense theNetherlands has a monist system.

Priority of domestic law over customary international law

The role of international customary law in the domestic legal order is significantly limitedby the fact that in case of conflict between a domestic norm and a rule of internationalcustomary law, the former takes precedence. This was concluded by the Supreme Court in1959 in its landmark judgment in the "Nyugat" case [Supreme Court, 6 March 1959) andhas been followed by the courts since.

The Nuygat case

The facts of this case were as follows: the Hungarian flagged and Swiss owned steamshipNyugat was captured as prize on 13 April 1941 in Surabaya in the Netherlands Indies, nowIndonesia. The ship was sailing under the flag of an enemy State [Hungary) at the time of itscapture, when the Second World War had not yet reached that part of Asia. After capture,the ship had been used by the Netherlands, until it was scuttled in March 1942 to preventcapture by Japan.

At issue was the complaint that changes in Dutch domestic prize law during the war hadled to a situation in which Dutch law differed from the international law of prize which isessentially of a customary nature. These changes had been to the disadvantage of theplaintiffs who considered that the difference between Dutch and international customarylaw implied they suffered an unacceptable violation of their rights under international law.This in their view was contrary to the constitutional system in which the judge could

determine that the application of a particular domestic rule was contrary to internationallaw, and could decide to apply the international legal rule instead.

Since the events had taken place and the case came before the Supreme Court, the rules inthe Dutch Constitution on the applicability of international law had changed with theconstitutional reform of 1956. The text of article 66 of the Constitution [current article 94)that was relied on specifically refers to the direct applicability of self-executing provisions ofa treaty, but is silent on the applicability of customary international law. The articleprovides that "Statutory regulations in force within the Kingdom shall not be applicable ifsuch application is in conflict with provisions of treaties or of resolutions by internationalinstitutions that are binding on all persons."

With an a contrario reasoning, the Supreme Court decided that what is mentioned in theConstitution, excludes what is omitted in its text. Customary international law, described asunwritten international law, cannot be relied on in a manner similar to self-executingtreaty provisions. Thus the understanding in Dutch constitutional law is that, in accordancewith the legislative history of the Constitution and as confirmed by Nyugat, it is notpossible for the Dutch judiciary to give precedence to international customary law inindividual cases over a rule of Dutch domestic law.

The limited scope of article 66 (current article 94] of the Constitution was intentional, andwas the result of a discussion in parliament. It appears to have been the view that, whilst ajudge could decide on the non-applicability of domestic law in view of a self-executingprovision of a treaty, it would be up to the legislator to decide on the compatibility ofnational law with unwritten international law. The fact that the application of a treatyprovision by courts is quite different and more individualized and specific than the generalevaluation of the conformity of new domestic legislation with international customary lawby parliament was not addressed, nor was the related question whether in fact parliamentcould (or would) evaluate proposed legislation in the light of existing customary law.

The Nyugat (II) case is of importance as it is one of the few cases in which the Dutchjudiciary has been asked to address the direct applicability of international customary law.The understanding of the case has been that, in general, the Dutch judges do not have theauthority to apply international customary law with a view to setting aside a rule of Dutchdomestic law.

Application of customary international law

The system described above has consequences for the way in which customaryinternational law can play a role in domestic law. In certain cases domestic law expresslyprovides for a role for customary international law, but this is rare. In those cases in whichdomestic constitutional law contains a strict principle of legality (such as in criminal law)and formal legislation provides for a general power for government organs, such power canonly be limited by customary international law when this is expressly provided for indomestic law. Such express limitation is provided for in a limited number of cases. Oneexample is the International Crimes Act, which provides in Article 16 that, inter alia,

persons whose immunity from jurisdiction is provided for under customary internationallaw cannot be prosecuted on the basis of that Act.

On the basis of domestic case law, there remains uncertainty whether the priority ofdomestic legislation over customary international law is limited to "formal" domesticlegislation only (i.e. legislation that has been adopted by Government and Parliament), orwhether it also extends to "material" legislation [i.e. legislation not adopted by Governmentand Parliament but by another public authority that has the power to legislate).

Customary international law may play a role in the interpretation of domestic law

Although the role that customary international law plays in the domestic legal order islimited by the above-mentioned precedence of conflicting domestic legislation, this doesnot mean that it plays no role at all. In particular, domestic courts from time to time haveused customary international law to give further substance to a specific rule of domesticlaw. In certain cases this has been on the basis of provisions in domestic law that expresslyrefer to customary international law. This has been the case, inter alia, in the context ofimmunity from jurisdiction. In other cases, courts have used customary international law togive substance to a norm of domestic law that does not contain an express reference tocustomary international law but that leaves room for further interpretation.

As the overview illustrates, courts in the Netherlands have referred to customaryinternational law in relation to international crimes and war crimes in particular,attribution of conduct to the State, immunity from jurisdiction of states and internationalorganizations, and obligations of the State with respect to the environment (in the contextof torts). Most cases in which the courts have done so concerned cases in which individualswere prosecuted for the commission of war crimes.

Reference to external sources for finding that a rule has a customary internationallaw character

In situations in which customary law has been successfully invoked in domestic courts,these courts have never themselves made the analysis whether a rule of customary lawexisted. Rather they have relied on the analysis of outside bodies, such as the InternationalCourt of Justice, the International Law Commission, the national Advisory Committee onIssues of Public International Law (CAW), the International Criminal Court or othertribunals. Courts, including the Supreme Court, have also referred to the Articles on theResponsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts and the Articles on theResponsibility of International Organizations adopted by the International LawCommission. In addition, courts have referred to (the adoption of) treaties, in particular theUN Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and their Property. It may be notedthat this convention is not yet in force, and that the Netherlands is not a party to it.

Thus, when a Dutch court refers to a norm of customary law, this norm is likely to havebeen identified as such by a reliable (international) body. The conclusions regarding the

existence of a norm of custom by such a body tend to be easily accepted by the Dutchjudiciary, which does not engage in a distinct identification process by itself.

Also, when referring to norms of customary international law, the courts have sometimesdone so without citing sources for the proposition that the norm in question is of acustomary international law nature. One example is the "Urgenda" case, in which theDistrict Court implied that the "no harm" principle is a norm of customary internationallaw.

Overview of references since 2005 by Dutch courts to external sources in support of finding that a norm constitutes customary internationallaw

Case Reference by court toexternal source in supportof finding that a ruleconstitutes customaryinternational internationallaw

Paragraph

Citation from the court's judgment (in Englishwhere available).

Source (in Dutch unless indicatedotherwise)

District Courtof'sHertogenbosch, 24February2006,ECLI:NL:RBSHE;2006:AV2521,Prosecutor v.X

The Court referred to the ICJAdvisory Opinion on theLegality of the Threat or Use ofNuclear Weapons as evidencefor the finding that there is nosupport in the law for theproposition that the possesionof (tactical) nuclear weapons Isin violation of customaryinternational law.

Paragraphsin thejudgmentnotnumbered

"Het betoog van de verdediging dat ook het enkelvoorhanden hebben van (tactische) kernwapens instrijd zou zijn met de door de verdediging genoemdeverdragen en/of het volkerenrecht, vindt naar hetoordeel van de politierechter geen steun in het recht,zo blijkt reeds uit de beantwoordlng van vraag B. inhet door de verdediging in het geding gebrachteadvies van het Internationaal Gerechtshof te

's-Gravenhage van 8 juli 1996 (p. 48/49):

"Met elf stemmen tegen drie:

Er bestaat noch in het internationaal gewoonterecht,noch in het internationaal verdragsrecht eenalomvattend en universeel verbod van de bedreigingmet of het qebruik van kernwapens als zodaniq"."

httD;//uitsDraken. rechtsDraak.nl/inziendocument?id = ECLI:NL:RBSHE:2006:AV2521&keyword=aewoonterecht

District Courtof the Hague,25 June 2007,ECLI:NL:RBSGR:2007:BA7877,Prosecutor v.X

The Court held that inascertaining the content of thecustomary norm of superiorresponsibility, it would lookinter alia at the case law of theICTY and ICTR.

Paragraphsin thejudgmentnotnumbered

"Uit genoemd oordeel van de rechtbank vloeit voortdat de handelingen van verdachte ten tijde van detelastgelegde periode kunnen worden beoordeeld aande hand van artikel 9 van de Wet Oorlogsstrafrecht,welk artikel moet worden ultgelegd aan de hand vanhet Internationale (gewoonte)recht ter zakecommandantenaansprakelijkheid. Dit betekent dat derechtbank (uiteraard) onder meer acht zal slaan op dejurisprudentie van de ad-hoc tribunalen, ook voorzover daarin bijvoorbeeld de eis van 'effectivecommand and control' wordt gesteld."

httoi/Zuitsora ken. rechtsDraak.nl/inziendocument?id = ECLI:NL:RBSGR:2007:BA7877&kevword=oewoonterecht

District Courtof The Hague,23 March2009,ECLI:NL:RBSGR:2009:BI2444,prosecutor v.

The Court based itself on theICRC's Study on CustomaryInternational Humanitarian

Lawfor the conclusion that

commonArticle 3 of the GenevaConventions and a

19 "De in het GA 3 en een aanzienlijk deel van de in hetAPII vervatte normen hebben zich ontwikkeld totinternationaal gewoonterecht waarvan ernstigeschendingen kunnen worden beschouwd als eenoorlogsmisdrijf. De rechtbank baseert zich hierbij opeen recent (2005) en uitgebreid onderzoek van hetInternationale Rode Kruis naar het bestaan en deinhoud van qewoonterechteliik oorloqsrecht, waaruit

httD://uitsDraken. rechtSDraak.nl/inziendocument?id = ECLI;NL:RBSGR:20Q9:BI2444&kevwo rd=a ewoo nterecht

Overview of references since 2005 by Dutch courts to external sources in support of finding that a norm constitutes customary internationallaw

Joseph M. considerablenumber of provisions inAdditional Protocol II to theGeneva Conventions havedeveloped into norms ofcustomary international law.

dit blijkt."

"Verdachte heeft de persoonlijke waardigheidaangerand van mevrouw [getuige 3] en de heer[getuige 4]. Het GA 3 lid 1 onder c en art. 4 lid 2 sube AP II verbieden aanranding van de persoonlijkewaardigheid, in het bijzonder vernederende enonterende behandeling. Uit het hiervoor genoemdeonderzoek van het Internationale Rode Kruis blijkt datdit verbod tevens behoort tot het qewoonterecht."

Court ofAppeal of theHague, 16July 2009,ECLI:NL:GHSGR:2009:BJ2796,Prosecutor v.X(Appeal ofthis judgmentled tojudgment ofSupremeCourt of 8November2011 referredto below)

In determing whether thedoctrine of superiorresponsibility in internationalcriminal law was of acustomary law nature, theCourt looked to, inter alia, thecase law of domestic courtsand the ICTY and ICTR.

38

39

" Voor de verdere beantwoording van de vraag of en,zo ja, vanaf welk tijdstip het leerstuk van de'command responsibility' was geaccepteerd alsalgemeen beginsel van internationaal strafrecht enonderdeel vormde van het internationaalgewoonterecht heeft het hof meer in het bijzondergekeken naar de beslissingen en uitspraken vanplaatselijke rechtbanken en de diverse ad hoctribunalen."

"Uit de jurisprudentie van de ad hoc tribunalen blijktdat het beginsel van de 'command responsibility'thans een erkende vorm van individuelestrafrechtelijke aansprakelijkheid is onderInternationaal gewoonterecht27 en ziet op zowelinterne als Internationale gewapende conflicten."

httDi/Zuitsoraken. rechtsDraak.nl/inziendocument?id = ECLI:NL;GHSGR:2009:BJ2796&kevword=qewoonterecht

SupremeCourt (HogeRaad), 5February2010,ECLI:NL:HR:2010:BK6673,Kingdom ofMorocco v. X

The Supreme Court finds that,given the universal characterof the United NationsConvention on JurisdictionalImmunities of States and TheirProperty, the Court of Appealwas correct in finding that therule in Article 11 (2) (e) of thatConvention constitutescustomary international law.

3.3.2 "Anders dan het Koninkrijk lijkt aan te nemen, heefthet ook in de preambule van de EuropeseOvereenkomst gesignaleerde streven naar beperkingvan de gevallen waarin een staat zich voor eenbuitenlandse rechter kan beroepen op immuniteit vanjurisdictle geen einde genomen met detotstandkoming in 1972 van die overeenkomst,althans niet voor zover het gaat om niet door dieovereenkomst maar door het Internationalegewoonterecht beheerste gevallen als hetonderhavige. Dit streven heeft nadien onder meerultdrukking gevonden in de regel van art. 11 lid 2,onder (e), VN-Verdrag dat de uitzondering op dehoofdregel van lid 1 voor het geval de werknemer tentiide van het aanhanqiq maken van het qedinq de

httDi/Zuitsoraken. rechtsDraak.nl/inziendocument?id = ECLI:NL:HR:2010:BK6673&kevword=aewoonterecht

Overview of references since 2005 by Dutch courts to external sources in support of finding that a norm constitutes customary internationallaw

nationaliteit bezit van de werkgever-staat geentoepassing vindt in het zich hier voordoende geval datde werknemer op dat tijdstip zijn gewoneverblijfplaats in de forumstaat heeft. Gelet op hetmondiale karakter van genoemd verdrag heeft het hofmet juistheid die wezenlijk van het bepaalde in art. 5lid 2, onder (a), Europese Overeenkomst afwijkenderegel aangemerkt als een regel van internationaalqewoonterecht."

Court ofAppeal of TheHague, 7-7-

2011,ECLI:NL:GHSGR:2011:BR0686,Prosecutor v.

Joseph M.

Case law of ICTY and ICTR assupport for finding thatcommon Article 3 to theGeneva Conventionsconstitutes customaryinternational law.

Reference to ICTY case-law forfinding that many rules inAdditional Protocol II to theGeneva Conventions havecustomary law status.

Reference to ICRC Customarylaw Study as evidence that theprohibition of outrages uponhuman dignity, in partiular,humiliating and degradingtreatment (as prohibited incommon Article 3 to theGeneva Conventions) has acustomary law character.

16.116.217.1

"Uit de (vaste) jurisprudentie van de Internationale adhoc tribunalen volgt dat Gemeenschappelijk artikel 3,zoals omschreven in de Verdragen van Geneve, destatus heeft van internationaal gewoonterecht.140"

"Ofschoon Aanvullend Protocol II als geheel nog nietkan worden beschouwd integraal deel uit te makenvan het internationaal gewoonterecht, vormen veelvan de bepalingen ervan wel een weerspiegeling vanhet gewoonterecht en worden deze beschouwd alseen bevestiging van de bestaandegewoonterechtelijke regels.141"

"De verdachte en zijn mededaders hebben voorts depersoonlijke waardigheid aangerand van J.M. en W.B.,hen onterend en vernederend behandeld.Gemeenschappelijk artikel 3, eerste lid, onder c enAanvullend Protocol II artikel 4, tweede lid, sub everbieden aanranding van de persoonlijkewaardigheid, in het bijzonder vernederende enonterende behandeling. Uit het hiervoor genoemdeonderzoek van het Internationale Rode Kruis blijkt datdit verbod tevens behoort tot het qewoonterecht"

http://uitsDraken.rechtsDraak.nl/inziendocument?id = ECLI%3ANL%3AGHSGR%3A2011%3ABR0686

SupremeCourt(HogeRaad), 8November2011,ECLI;NL:HR:2011:BR6598,Prosecutor v.X

The Court stated that inascertaining the parameters ofthe doctrine of superiorresponsibility, it looked atcustomary international law. Inthat context it took intoconsideration case law of theICTR and ICTY.

136 "Bij de verdere juridische invulling van degezagsverhouding meerdere - ondergeschikte heefthet hof aansluiting gezocht bij het internationaaloorlogsrecht, niet alleen bij het geschreven rechtzoals dat in internationale overeenkomsten isneergelegd, maar ook bij het internationaalgewoonterecht, voor zover op oorlog betrekkinghebbende. In verband hiermee kan worden verwezennaar de eerdergenoemde doctrine van de 'commandresponsibility' die, onder andere, is teruq te vinden in

httD://uitsDraken. rechtsDraak.nl/inziendocument?id = ECLI:NL:HR:2011:BR6598&kevword = aewoonterecht

Overview of references since 2005 by Dutch courts to external sources in support of finding that a norm constitutes customary internationallaw

eerdervermeld artikel 7 derde lid van het ICTYStatuut en artikel 6 derde lid van het ICTR Statuut,alsmede naar de uitspraken van locale rechtbankenen de ad hoc tribunalen in dit verband."

SupremeCourt(HogeRaad), 13April 2012,ECLI:NL:HR:2012: BW1999,AssociationMothers ofSrebrenica eta! v. the Stateof theNetherlandsand theUnitedNations

Reference to ICJ judgment(Jurisdictional Immunities ofthe State (Germany vs. Italy))in support of finding that thereis no legal basis ininternational law for theposition that a State does notenjoy immunity it it does notprovide for an effectivealternative method of disputesettlement.

4.3.13 "En ten slotte oordeelde het IGH in paragraaf 101 vangenoemd vonnis dat in de statenpraktijk waaruit hetinternationaal gewoonterecht wordt afgeleid, geengrond te vinden is voor het oordeel dat naarinternationaal recht aan een staat slechts immuniteittoekomt ingeval is voorzien in een effectievealternatieve wijze van geschilbeslechting."

httD://uitSDraken.rechtsDraak.nl/inziendocument?id = ECLI:NL:HR:2012;BW1999&kevword=aewoonterecht

SupremeCourt (HogeRaad), 28June 2013,ECLI:NL;HR:2013:45, X. v.the State oftheNetherlands

Finding that Convention onJurisdictional Immunities ofStates and their Propertyconstitutes a codification ofcustomary international lawwith respect to immunity fromjurisdiction and execution.

3.6.2 "Het vorenstaande vindt steun in de op 2 december2004 door de Algemene Vergadering van deVerenigde Naties aangenomen, maar nog niet inwerking getreden. Convention on JurisdictionalImmunities of States and their Property (hierna: VN-Verdrag). Het VN-Verdrag behelst een codificatie vanhet internationale gewoonterecht met betrekking totde immuniteit van jurisdictie en de immuniteit vanexecutie en de aan een en ander gestelde grenzen(vgl. met betrekking tot de immuniteit van jurisdictieHR 5 februari 2010, UN BK6673, NJ 2010/524)."

httD://uitsDraken. rechtsDraak.nl/inziendocument?id = ECLI:NL:HR:2013:45&kevword= aewoonterecht

SupremeCourt (HogeRaad) 6September2013,Mustafic c.s. vthe State oftheNetherlands

3.7 "In establishing the rules developed in unwritteninternational law for deciding on what conditionsconduct can be attributed to a State or to aninternational organization, the Supreme Court willrefer to two sets of rules drawn up by theInternational Law Commission (ILC) of the UnitedNations, namely the Draft Articles on Responsibility ofStates for Internationally Wrongful Acts of 2011(below: DARS) and the Draft Articles on theResponibility of International Organizations of 2011(below: DARIO)."

httDs://www.rechtSDraak.nl/Oraanisatie-en-contact/Orqanisatie/Hoae-Raad-der-Nederlanden/Suoreme-court-of-the-Netherlands/Documents/12%2003329%20(D.pdf(English translation by the court)

Overview of references since 2005 by Dutch courts to external sources in support of finding that a norm constitutes customary internationallaw

SupremeCourt (HogeRaad) 6September2013,Nuhanovic v.the State oftheNetherlands

3.7 "In establishing the rules developed in unwritteninternational law for deciding on what conditionsconduct can be attributed to a State or to aninternational organization, the Supreme Court willrefer to two sets of rules drawn up by theInternational Law Commission (ILC) of the UnitedNations, namely the Draft Articles on Responsibility ofStates for Internationally Wrongful Acts of 2011(below: DARS) and the Draft Articles on theResponibility of International Organizations of 2011(below: DARIO)."

httDs://www.rechtsDraak.nl/Oraanisatie-en-contact/Oraanisatie/Hoae-Raad-der-Nederlanden/Suoreme-court-of-the-Netherlands/Docurnents/12%2003324.Ddf(English translation by the court)

District Courtof The Hague,11 July 2014,ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2014:8484, re. requestfor extraditionby Rwanda ofX.

Reference to case law of theIO (Reservations to theConvention on the Preventionand Punishment of Genocide,Advisory Opinion, 28 May1951), ICTR and ICTY assupport for finding thatgenocide was an internationalcrime before 16 April 1975.

6.6 "Niet alleen is Rwanda op 16 apri! 1975 toegetredentot het Genocideverdrag, maar genocide was reedsdaaraan voorafgaand volgens vaste jurisprudentiestrafbaar naar het internationaal gewoonterecht.2"

httD://uitsDraken. rechtsDraak.nl/inziendocument?id = ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2014:8484&kevword=aewoonterecht

Court ofAppeal of TheHague, 30April 2015ECLI;NL:GHDHA:2015:1082, Prosecutorv. X

Multiple references to case lawof the ICTY and Special Courtfor Sierra Leone in which thosetribunals found that specificnorms of InternationalHumanitarian Law constitutedcustomary international law.

10.2.1

10.4.2.3.210.711.3.2.2.1.

211.3.2.3.1.

1.2.

"De Trial Chamber kwam in dit verband tot hetoordeel dat 'acts or threats of violence the primarypurpose of which is to spread terror' kunnen wordenaangemerkt als oorlogsmidaden onder internationaalgewoonterecht.43 Dit werd bevestigd door de AppealsChamber die, gelet op de opinio juris, eveneens tothet oordeel kwam dat een terroristische daad (inieder geval sedert 1992) in het internationaal rechtvalt aan te merken als een oorlogsmisdaad.44"

"Gemeenschappelijk art. 3 (alsmede een aanzienlijkgedeelte van AP II) heeft in de jurisprudentie van detribunalen de status van internationaal gewoonterechtgekregenl60 en een schending van een of meer vande bepalingen is in de statuten van de tribunalenerkend als behorende tot de oorlogsmisdrijven"

"Dit de (vaste) jurisprudentie van de Internationaletribunalen blijkt dat gemeenschappelijk art. 3 destatus heeft van internationaal gewoonterecht."

httD://uitsDraken. rechtSDraak.nl/inziendocument?id = ECLI:NL:GHDHA:2015;1082&kevword=aewoonterecht

Overview of references since 2005 by Dutch courts to external sources in support of finding that a norm constitutes customary internationallaw

"De Appeals Chamber in de zaak Galic was vanoordeel dat het verbod van terreur tegen deburgerbevolking, zoals neergelegd in art, 13 lid 2 APII (alsmede overigens in art. 51 AP I) behoorde tothet internationaal gewoonterecht van ten minste hetmoment van de opname ervan in die verdragen82 endat ook in het internationaal gewoonterechtindividuele strafrechtelijke aansprakelijkheid isgevestigd voor de misdaad van terreur tegen deburgerbevolking, zoals neergelegd in vorengenoemdeverdragsbepalingen."

"In de eerste beslissing over de inzet vankindsoldaten in een gewapend conflict heeft het SCSLgeoordeeld dat de ICC Statuten en de bijbehorendeelementen van misdaden internationaalgewoonterecht inhouden voor dit misdrijf voor zowelinternationale als niet-internationale conflicten, vanaftenminste 30 november 1996."

"Vrijheidsbeneming is naar internationaalgewoonterecht onrechtmatig indien er voor devrijheidsbeneming gedurende de gehele duur van devrijheidsbeneming geen rechtmatige titel is danweldegene aan wie de vrijheid is ontnomen geen eerlijkproces (due process) krijgt.524"

District Courtof The Hague,24 June 2015,ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2015:7145, AssociationUrgenda v.the State oftheNetherlands

The Court implied that the "noharm principle' is a rule ofinternational customary law (atleast in the context of climatechange). It did not howeverrefer to an external source forthis conclusion

4.42 "De Staat is in volkenrechtelijk opzicht gebonden aanhet VN Klimaatverdrag, het Kyoto Protocol (met hetbijbehorende Doha Amendement zodra dit geldingkrijgt) en het "no harm"-beginsel."

httD://uitsDraken. rechtsDraak.nl/inziendocument?id = ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2015:7145