Identify and List… Theory behind the studyAim of study

Identify and List… Identify the Independent and Dependent VariablesIndependent Variable – something that is

changed by the scientist What is tested What is manipulated

Dependent Variable – something that might be affected by the change in the independent variable What is observed What is measured The data collected during the investigation

Identify and List…Confounding variables – undesirable

variables that influence the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Demand characteristics – people act differently

because they are in an experiment. Researcher bias – observer bias, the

experimenter sees what he or she is looking for.

Participant variability – Characteristics of the sample affect the dependent variable.

Identify and List… Operational definition of variables

An operational definition describes exactly what the variables are and how they are measured within the context of your study. For example, if you were doing a study on the

impact of sleep deprivation on driving performance, you would need to operationally define what you mean by sleep deprivation and driving performance.

Identify and List… Every study has two hypotheses; one stated

as a difference between groups and one stated as no difference between groups. Research hypothesis

The hypothesis is directly related to a theory but contains operationally defined variables and is in testable form. Hypotheses allow us to determine, through research, if our theory is correct.

Null hypothesis The null hypothesis is a competing hypothesis. It’s

basically the opposite of the research hypothesis.

Identify and List… Selection of sample population – how and why

they used the participants.Effects of participant and researcher expectations

Researcher Unintentionally gives information about experiment that

could change the way participant acts. Face expressions of researcher can change response of

participant Researcher voices cues that give person confidence, so

they may do better on the test.

- Participant Expectation of how they should behave Placebo effect

Identify and List… Findings – explain the results and what the

researcher foundUse of statistics – explain how the researcher

used the statistics in the study, in results or part of experiment.

Strengths and limitations of experiment – The strength of an experiment is its capacity to

demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships. In order to confirm cause-and-effect, the researcher must construct a situation where all other possible causes are eliminated. The result may be an artificial situation that is removed from the real world.

Identify and List… Validity

Ecological - For a research study to possess ecological validity, the methods, materials and setting of the study must approximate the real-life situation that is under investigation

Cross-Cultural – research study applies to multiple cultures, not just one.

Identify and List… Reliability

Reliability is the consistency of the study’s measurement, or the degree to which an instrument measures the same way each time it is used under the same condition with the same subjects. In short, it is the repeatability of the measurement.

Ethical Issues For Participants - Safety, privacy, informed consent,

how adverse events handled.

Identify and List… Application to real life

How this study could be used in real life, what impact could it have

Write a Conclusion – summary of the important aspects of the study.