identify the sound system 1planning the sound system
TRANSCRIPT
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IDENTIFY THE SOUND SYSTEM
1PLANNING THE SOUND SYSTEM
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IDENTIFY THE SOUND SYSTEM
Sound is the signal that resulted by a vibrate, can hear by human and can be transmitted
by air material, solid material, and liquid material
What’s the Sound?
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IDENTIFY THE SOUND SYSTEM
What’s the
Sound?
Sound often call as AUDIO SIGNAL
Have a frequency from 20 Hertz to 20.000 Hertz
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AUDIO SIGNAL WAVE FORM
Amplitude(Volt)
Frequency (Hertz)
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AUDIO SOURCE
HUMAN
INSTRUMENT
AUDIOGENERATO
R
ELECTRONICS
TOOLS
OTHER SOMETHI
NG VIBRATE
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AUDIO SOURCE
HUMAN
Is the sound resulted by human speech, such as we speak something.
Also resulted by Animals such as cat, dog, etc.
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AUDIO SOURCEINSTRUMEN
T
Is the sound resulted by musical instrument, such as guitar, drums, percussion, etc.
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AUDIO SOURCEAUDIO
GENERATOR
Is the electronics tool that specially used for resulting audio signal.
This tool is used in Electronics laboratories
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AUDIO SOURCE
ELECTRONIC TOOLS
TelevisionTape RecorderActive SpeakerHand phoneRadioComputer
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AUDIO SOURCE
OTHER VIBRATE
Is the vibrate that resulted the sound, but not specially, such as machine, knock the door, benda jatuh, pukulan, etc.
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PLANNING THE SOUND SYSTEM 11
THE SOUND SYSTEM
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THE SOUND SYSTEM
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AUDIO SOURCE
AUDIO PROCESSO
R
AUDIO AMPLIFIER
LOUD SPEAKER
AUDIO SIGNAL PROCESS DIAGRAM
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AUDIO SOURCE
MICROPHONE
The audio source in Sound System is :
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TAPE RECORDER
DVD/CD PLAYER
COMPUTER
FM TUNER
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AUDIO PROCESSOR
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The audio processor in Sound System is :
AUDIO MIXER
EQUALIZEREFFECT
GENERATOR
COMPOSER
LIMITER
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AUDIO PROCESSOR
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The audio processor in Sound System is :
POWER AMPLIFIER
LOUD SPEAKER- SUB WOOFER- WOOFER- MIDLE SPEAKER- TWEETER- FULLRANGE
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THE MICROPHONE
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MICROPHONE
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an acoustic to electric Transducer or sensor that converts sound
into an electrical signal
sometimes colloquially called a mic or mike
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MICROPHONE
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Microphones are used in many applications such as
telephones, tape recorders, hearing aids, motion pictures production, live and recorded
audio engineering, in radio and television broadcasting and in computers for recording voice,
VoIP, and for non-acoustic purposes such as ultrasonic
checking
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VARIETIES of MICROPHONE
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The sensitive transducer element of a microphone is called its element or capsule
A complete microphone also includes a housing, some means of bringing the signal from the element to other equipment, and often an electronic circuit
to adapt the output of the capsule to the equipment being driven
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VARIETIES of MICROPHONE
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Condenser, capacitor or electrostatic microphone
Dynamic microphone
Carbon microphone
Piezoelectric microphone
Fiber optical microphone
Laser microphone
Liquid microphone
MEMS microphone
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CONDENSER, CAPACITOR OR ELECTROSTATIC MICROPHONE
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The diaphragm acts as one plate of
a capacitor, and the vibrations
produce changes in the distance
between the plates
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CONDENSER, CAPACITOR OR ELECTROSTATIC MICROPHONE
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There are two methods of extracting an audio output from the transducer thus formed: - DC-biased - radio frequency (RF) or high frequency (HF) condenser microphones
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CONDENSER, CAPACITOR OR ELECTROSTATIC MICROPHONE
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Condenser microphones span the range from telephone transmitters to inexpensive karaoke microphones to high-fidelity
recording microphones
They generally produce a high-quality audio signal and are now the popular
choice in laboratory and studio recording applications
They require a power source, provided either from microphone inputs as phantom
power or from a small battery
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CONDENSER, CAPACITOR OR ELECTROSTATIC MICROPHONE
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Condenser microphones
are also available with
two diaphragms, the signals from which
can be electrically connected such as to provide a
range of polar patterns
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ELECTRET CONDENSER MICROPHONE
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An electret microphone is a relatively new type of capacitor microphone invented at Bell Laboratories in 1962 by Gerhard Sessler and Jim West
The externally-applied charge described above under condenser microphones is replaced by a permanent charge in an electret material
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DYNAMIC MICROPHONE
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This, coupled with their potentially high gain before feedback makes them ideal for on-stage use
Dynamic microphones work via electromagnetic induction
They are robust, relatively inexpensive and resistant to moisture
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DYNAMIC MICROPHONE
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Moving coil microphone, use the same dynamic principle as in a loudspeaker, only reversed
A small movable induction coil, positioned in the magnetic field of a permanent magnet, is attached to the diaphragm
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RIBBON MICROPHONE
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Ribbon microphones use a thin, usually corrugated metal ribbon suspended in a magnetic field.
The ribbon is electrically connected to the microphone's output, and its vibration within the magnetic field generates the electrical signal
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RIBBON MICROPHONE
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Ribbon microphones are similar to moving coil microphones in the sense that both produce sound by means of magnetic induction. Basic ribbon microphones detect sound in a bidirectional (also called figure-eight) pattern because the ribbon, which is open to sound both front and back, responds to the pressure gradient rather than the sound pressure
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CARBON MICROPHONE
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A carbon microphone is a capsule containing carbon granules pressed between two metal platesA voltage is applied across the metal plates, causing a small current to flow through the carbon
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CARBON MICROPHONE
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Unlike other microphone types, the carbon microphone can also be used as a type of amplifier, using a small amount of sound energy to produce a larger amount of electrical energyCarbon microphones found use as early telephone repeaters, making long distance phone calls possible in the era before vacuum tubes
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PIEZOELECTRIC MICROPHONE
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A crystal microphone uses the phenomenon of piezoelectricity — the ability of some materials to produce a voltage when subjected to pressure — to convert vibrations into an electrical signal
Crystal microphones were once commonly supplied with vacuum tube (valve) equipment, such as domestic tape recorders
Sound Waves
Audio Signal
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PIEZOELECTRIC MICROPHONE
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Piezoelectric transducers are often used as contact microphones to amplify sound from acoustic musical instruments, to sense drum hits, for triggering electronic samples, and to record sound in challenging environments, such as underwater under high pressure
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FIBER OPTICAL MICROPHONE
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The fiber optical microphone is an entirely new microphone concept, first invented in Israel in 1984 by Drs. Alexander Paritsky and Alexander Kots
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FIBER OPTICAL MICROPHONE
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Conversion of acoustical waves into electrical signals is achieved not by sensing changes in capacitance or magnetic fields (as with conventional microphones), but instead by sensing changes in light intensity
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FIBER OPTICAL MICROPHONE
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The fiber optical microphone has very specific advantages over conventional microphones
No electronic or metal components are used in the microphone head or the connecting fibers
The physical nature of optical fiber light propagation
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LASER MICROPHONE
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Laser microphones are often portrayed in movies as spy gadgets
A laser beam is aimed at the surface of a window or other plane surface that is affected by sound
The former implementation is a tabletop experiment; the latter requires an extremely stable laser and precise optics
?
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LIQUID MICROPHONE
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Early microphones did not produce intelligible speech, until Alexander Graham Bell made improvements including a variable resistance microphone/transmitter
A sound wave caused the diaphragm to move, forcing a needle to move up and down in the water
?The electrical resistance between the wire and the cup was then inversely proportional to the size of the water meniscus around the submerged needle
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MEMS MICROPHONE
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The MEMS (Micro Electrical-Mechanical System) microphone is also called a microphone chip or silicon microphone
The pressure-sensitive diaphragm is etched directly into a silicon chip by MEMS techniques, and is usually accompanied with integrated preamplifierMost MEMS microphones are variants of the condenser microphone designOften MEMS microphones have built in analog-to-digital converter (ADC) circuits on the same CMOS chip making the chip a digital microphone and so more readily integrated with modern digital products
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SPEAKERS AS MICROPHONES
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A loudspeaker, a transducer that turns an electrical signal into sound waves, is the functional opposite of a microphone
speakers can actually work "in reverse" as microphones
The result, though, is a microphone with poor quality, limited frequency response (particularly at the high end), and poor sensitivity
In practical use, speakers are sometimes used as microphones in such applications as intercoms or walkie-talkies, where high quality and sensitivity are not needed
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CAPSULE DESIGN AND DIRECTIVITY
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The inner elements of a microphone are the primary source of differences in directivity
A pressure microphone uses a diaphragm between a fixed internal volume of air and the environment, and responds uniformly to pressure from all directions, so it is said to be unidirectional
A pressure-gradient microphone uses a diaphragm which is at least partially open on both sides; the pressure difference between the two sides produces its directional characteristics
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CAPSULE DESIGN AND DIRECTIVITY
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MICROPHONE POLAR PATTERNS
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A microphone's directionality or polar pattern indicates how sensitive it is to sounds arriving at different angles about its central axis
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MICROPHONE POLAR PATTERNS
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OMNIDIRECTIONAL
Unidirectional
Cardioids
Bi-directional
Shotgun
Sub Cardioids
Cardioids
Super Cardioids
Hyper Cardioids
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OMNIDIRECTIONAL
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An omnidirectional (or nondirectional) microphone's response is generally considered to be a perfect sphere in three dimensions
The wavelength of sound at 10 kHz is little over an inch (3.4 cm) so the smallest measuring microphones are often 1/4" (6 mm) in diameter, which practically eliminates directionality even up to the highest frequencies.
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UNIDIRECTIONAL
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An unidirectional microphone is sensitive to sounds from only one direction
The sound intensity for a particular frequency is plotted for angles radial from 0 to 360°
The microphone faces upwards in each diagram
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CARDIOIDS
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The most common unidirectional microphone is a cardioids microphone, so named because the sensitivity pattern is heart-shaped
A cardioids microphone is effectively a superposition of an omnidirectional and a figure-8 microphone; for sound waves coming from the back, the negative signal from the figure-8 cancels the positive signal from the omnidirectional element, whereas for sound waves coming from the front, the two add to each other.
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CARDIOIDS
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SUBCARDIOID CARDIOID
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CARDIOIDS
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SUPERCARDIOID HYPERCARDIOID
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BI-DIRECTIONAL
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"Figure 8" or bi-directional microphones receive sound from both the front and back of the element
Most ribbon microphones are of this pattern
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SHOTGUN
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"Shotgun" microphones are the most highly directional
shotgun microphones are commonly used on television and film sets, in stadiums, and for field recording of wildlife
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WIRELESS MICROPHONE
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is a microphone without a physical cable connecting it directly to the sound recording or amplifying equipment with which it is associated
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WIRELESS MICROPHONE
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PLANNING THE SOUND SYSTEM 54
AUDIO DECODER
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TAPE RECORDER
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TAPE RECORDER
Play the audio / music from magnetic ribbon
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TAPE RECORDER
Digital Audio Tape (DAT)
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COMPACT DISC AUDIO
Play the music or audio from Compact Disc Digital Audio
Just Play ‘Digital Audio’ Format
Not Supported VCD and MP3 Format
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COMPACT DISC AUDIO
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COMPUTER
Multifunction, multiplayer audio software
Big capacity of sound / music track
Have many audio processor such as equalizer, effect, reverb, environment and speaker setting
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COMPUTER
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PLANNING THE SOUND SYSTEM 62
AUDIO PROCESSOR
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AUDIO MIXER
Midas Heritage 2000 Mixing Console
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PLANNING THE SOUND SYSTEM 64
AUDIO MIXER
an electronic device for combining (also called “mixing"), routing, and changing the level, timbre and/or dynamics of audio signals
In professional audio, a mixing console, or audio mixer, also called a sound board or
soundboard
A mixer can mix analog or digital signal, depending on the type of mixer
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AUDIO MIXER
Mixing consoles are used in many applications, including recording studios, public address system, sound reinforcement system, broadcasting, television, and film post-production
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AUDIO MIXER
Structure
A typical analog mixing board has three sections:- Channel inputs- Master controls- Audio level metering
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AUDIO MIXER
Channel input strip
The input strip is usually separated into these sections:
- Input Jacks / microphones pre amp
- Basic input controls
- Channel EQ (High, Middle and low)
- Routing Section including Direct Outs, Aux-sends, panning control and Subgroup assignments
- Input Faders
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AUDIO MIXER
Basic input controls
Below each input, there are usually several rotary controls (knobs, pots). The first is typically a trim or gain control
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AUDIO MIXER
Auxiliary send routing
The Auxiliary send routes a split of the incoming signal to an auxiliary bus which can then be used with external devices
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AUDIO MIXER
Channel equalization
Further channel controls affect the equalization (EQ) of the signal by separately attenuating or boosting a range of frequencies, e.g., bass, midrange, and treble
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AUDIO MIXER
Subgroup and mix routing
Each channel on a mixer has an audio taper pot, or potentiometer, controlled by a sliding volume control (fader), that allows adjustment of the level, or amplitude, of that channel in the final mix
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AUDIO MIXER
Master output controls
Subgroup and main output fader controls are often found together on the right hand side of the mixer or, on larger consoles, in a center section flanked by banks of input channels
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AUDIO MIXER
Metering
Finally, there are usually one or more VU or peak meter to indicate the levels for each channel, or for the master outputs, and to indicate whether the console levels are over modulating or clipping the signal
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EQUALIZER
An equalization (EQ) filter is a filter, usually adjustable, chiefly meant to compensate for the unequal frequency response of some other signal processing circuit or system
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EQUALIZER
An EQ filter typically allows the user to adjust one or more parameters that determine the overall shape of the filter's transfer function
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EQUALIZER
There are three primary types of equalizers with peaking filters:
PARAMETRIC EQUALIZERS
GRAPHIC EQUALIZERS
NOTCH FILTERS
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EQUALIZER
A parametric equalizer uses independent parameters for Q, center frequency, and boost/cut
PARAMETRIC EQUALIZERS
Any range of frequencies can be selected and then processed
This is the most powerful EQ because it allows control over all three variables
This EQ is predominantly used in recording and mixing
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EQUALIZER
A graphic equalizer uses predetermined Q and frequency ranges which are equally spaced according to the musical intervals, such as the octave (12-band graphic EQ) or one third of an octave (36-band graphic EQ)
GRAPHIC EQUALIZERS
These frequency ranges can then be independently boosted or cut
This type of EQ is often used for live applications, such as concerts
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EQUALIZER
A notch filter is an EQ with a very high fixed Q
NOTCH FILTER
The frequency and boost/cut remain variable
This kind of EQ is useful in multimedia applications and in audio mastering
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EQUALIZER
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COMPOSER / LIMITER
Any process by which a specified characteristic (usually amplitude) of the output of a device is prevented from exceeding
a predetermined value
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COMPOSER / LIMITER
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AUDIO EFFECT
ECHO / REPEATER
REVERB
DELAY
DECAY
ETC
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AUDIO EFFECT
EFFECT RACK
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AUDIO EFFECT
FOH EFFECT RACK
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POWER AMPLIFIER
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AMPLIFIER
Any device that changes, usually increases, the amplitude of a signal
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AMPLIFIER
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AMPLIFIER
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LOUDSPEAKER
A loudspeaker (or "speaker") is an electro
acoustical transducer that converts an electrical
signal to sound
The speaker pushes the air in accordance with the variations
of an electrical signal and causes sound waves to
propagate
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LOUDSPEAKER
The most common type of driver uses a
lightweight diaphragm, or cone, connected to a rigid basket, or frame,
via a flexible suspension that constrains a coil of
fine wire to move axially through a cylindrical
magnetic gap
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LOUDSPEAKER
SUB WOOFER
WOOFER
MIDRANGE
TWEETER
FULL
RAN
GE
SPEA
KER
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LOUDSPEAKER
SUB WOOFER
A subwoofer is a woofer driver used only
for the lowest part of the audio spectrum:
typically below 120 Hz.
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LOUDSPEAKER
NEXO SUB WOOFER LS1200
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LOUDSPEAKER
WOOFER
A woofer is a driver that reproduces low
frequencies
Some loudspeaker systems use a woofer for the lowest
frequencies, making it possible to avoid using a subwoofer
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LOUDSPEAKER
WOOFER
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LOUDSPEAKER
MIDRANGE DRIVER
A midrange driver is a loudspeaker driver that
reproduces middle frequencies
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LOUDSPEAKER
MIDRANGE DRIVER
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LOUDSPEAKER
MIDRANGE DRIVER
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LOUDSPEAKER
TWEETER
A tweeter is a high-frequency driver that
typically reproduces the highest frequency band
of a loudspeaker
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LOUDSPEAKER
TWEETER
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MONITOR SPEAKER
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MONITOR SPEAKER
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HEADPHONE
Headphones are a pair of small loudspeaker, or less
commonly a single speaker, with a way of holding them close to a
user's ears and a means of connecting them to a
signal source such as an audio amplifier, radio or
CD player
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THE END