INFRARED INFRARED THERMOGRAPHYTHERMOGRAPHY

BY:-BY:-CHITVAN JAINCHITVAN JAINEEE (3EEE (3rdrd YEAR) YEAR)

WHAT IS WHAT IS THERMOGRAPHY?THERMOGRAPHY?

Thermal (infrared) energy is an energy, not Thermal (infrared) energy is an energy, not visible visible ((it has))Large wavelength ((it has))Large wavelength Everything with a temperature above Everything with a temperature above absolute zero emits infrared electromagnetic absolute zero emits infrared electromagnetic energyenergyThe higher the temperature of the object, The higher the temperature of the object, the greater the infrared radiation emitted. the greater the infrared radiation emitted.

All objects radiate heat in the form of All objects radiate heat in the form of infrared energy. infrared energy. As temperature increases, the object As temperature increases, the object radiates more energy, and the wavelength radiates more energy, and the wavelength gets shorter. gets shorter.

WHAT IS INFRARED WHAT IS INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY?THERMOGRAPHY?

Uses special cameras that detect radiation in Uses special cameras that detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum and produce an image of that spectrum and produce an image of that radiation. radiation.

An infrared camera is a non-contact device An infrared camera is a non-contact device that detects infrared energy (heat) that detects infrared energy (heat)

Converts IR energy to an electronic signal, Converts IR energy to an electronic signal, which is processed to produce a thermal which is processed to produce a thermal image on a video monitorimage on a video monitor

Performs calculations to indicate the Performs calculations to indicate the temperatures.temperatures.

SensorProcessor & Display

Target

Radiated Energy

Instrument

Medium

PRINCIPLE OF PRINCIPLE OF THERMOGRAPHYTHERMOGRAPHY

Technique for producing an image of Technique for producing an image of invisible infrared light emitted by objects invisible infrared light emitted by objects due to their thermal condition due to their thermal condition

IR radiation is emitted by all objects based on IR radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperaturestheir temperatures

((according to the black body radiation law, ((according to the black body radiation law, thermography makes it possible to "see" one's thermography makes it possible to "see" one's environment with or without visible illumination)). environment with or without visible illumination)).

Radiation emitted increases with temperature- Radiation emitted increases with temperature- therefore thermography allows one to see therefore thermography allows one to see variations in temperature. variations in temperature.

Higher an object's temperature,more is the Higher an object's temperature,more is the infrared radiation as black-body radiation it infrared radiation as black-body radiation it emits.emits.

A special camera detects radiation ((in a way A special camera detects radiation ((in a way

similar to a normal camera))similar to a normal camera)) It works even in total darkness as ambient light It works even in total darkness as ambient light

level does not matter (( This makes it useful for level does not matter (( This makes it useful for rescue operations in smoke-filled buildings and rescue operations in smoke-filled buildings and underground))underground))

If the temperature is above 525 ̊̊ C the object If the temperature is above 525 ̊̊ C the object emits radiation in visible spectrum ((& so we emits radiation in visible spectrum ((& so we can see it))can see it))

THERMOGRAPHIC CAMERASTHERMOGRAPHIC CAMERASEvery object having surface temperature above Every object having surface temperature above ((absolute zero)) -273 °C radiates energy ((absolute zero)) -273 °C radiates energy Energy radiated is proportional to surface Energy radiated is proportional to surface temperature. ((Utilizing our highly sensitive temperature. ((Utilizing our highly sensitive infrared cameras, it is possible to convert this infrared cameras, it is possible to convert this radiated energy into a thermal image of the radiated energy into a thermal image of the object being surveyed.object being surveyed. )) ))

The higher an object's temperature, more is The higher an object's temperature, more is infrared radiation as black-body radiation it emits. infrared radiation as black-body radiation it emits.

Cameras - Cameras - FLIR i60FLIR i60

Cameras - Cameras - FLIR T250FLIR T250

It works even in total darkness ((because ambient light It works even in total darkness ((because ambient light level does not matter. This makes it useful for rescue level does not matter. This makes it useful for rescue operations in smoke-filled buildings and underground.))operations in smoke-filled buildings and underground.))A thermographic camera( FLIR - Forward Looking A thermographic camera( FLIR - Forward Looking InfraRed) ((also known as an infrared camera)) forms an InfraRed) ((also known as an infrared camera)) forms an image using infrared radiation (( similar to a common image using infrared radiation (( similar to a common camera that forms an image using visible light))camera that forms an image using visible light)) Instead of the 450–750 nanometer range of the visible Instead of the 450–750 nanometer range of the visible light camera, infrared cameras operate in wavelengths as light camera, infrared cameras operate in wavelengths as long as 14,000 nm (14 µm)long as 14,000 nm (14 µm)Camcorder produces a live TV picture of heat Camcorder produces a live TV picture of heat radiation radiation ((it))Measures temperatures of any object or ((it))Measures temperatures of any object or surface in the imagesurface in the image

((it))Measures temperatures of ((it))Measures temperatures of any object or surface in the any object or surface in the imageimage

Produces false color images Produces false color images ((making interpretation of ((making interpretation of thermal patterns easier ))thermal patterns easier ))

There are two different types of images. There are two different types of images. Color Thermograms (photographs of the infrared Color Thermograms (photographs of the infrared image). image). Control Photos (conventional digital images of Control Photos (conventional digital images of the same scene taken during the inspection).the same scene taken during the inspection).These are provided of problem areas uncovered These are provided of problem areas uncovered during the inspection. In the thermograms, during the inspection. In the thermograms, temperatures are displayed in a spectrum of temperatures are displayed in a spectrum of colors. colors.

PROCESS OF PROCESS OF THERMOGRAPHYTHERMOGRAPHY

Thermography is that all types of surfaces will Thermography is that all types of surfaces will emit some degree of heat. emit some degree of heat. thermo graphic equipment detects heat which thermo graphic equipment detects heat which differs from the temperatures in the surrounding differs from the temperatures in the surrounding area of a surface.area of a surface.If material under inspection is heated with If material under inspection is heated with radiators (active thermography), the temperature radiators (active thermography), the temperature of the surface will rise suddenly. of the surface will rise suddenly. The speed at which the heat front dissipates into The speed at which the heat front dissipates into the material depends on the thermal properties the material depends on the thermal properties like density, heat capacity, thermal conductivity like density, heat capacity, thermal conductivity and the bonding quality between top surface and the bonding quality between top surface layer and the base material. layer and the base material.

A defect in the sub-surface creates a barrier for A defect in the sub-surface creates a barrier for the heat diffusion process and, therefore, the the heat diffusion process and, therefore, the surface temperature above the defect will surface temperature above the defect will decrease more slowly than the temperature in decrease more slowly than the temperature in other regions. other regions. The surface above such a defect will show a hot The surface above such a defect will show a hot spot for a longer time so that it can be seen by IR spot for a longer time so that it can be seen by IR cameras.cameras.The ability to measure temperature from an IR The ability to measure temperature from an IR image is called radiometry. image is called radiometry. 

WHY IS THERMOGRAPHY WHY IS THERMOGRAPHY NEEDED?NEEDED?

Infrared thermography has become a Infrared thermography has become a standard predictive maintenance practice to standard predictive maintenance practice to check electrical circuitry for loose connections.check electrical circuitry for loose connections.

The technology is now being used to scan The technology is now being used to scan pumps, steam traps, steam lines, refrigeration pumps, steam traps, steam lines, refrigeration systems, manufacturing processes, systems, manufacturing processes, manufacturing facilities, and HVAC systems.manufacturing facilities, and HVAC systems.

The technology can provide instant feedback The technology can provide instant feedback on unsafe or wasteful conditions.on unsafe or wasteful conditions.

ADVANTAGESADVANTAGESEarly indication of faults and undesirable Early indication of faults and undesirable conditions.conditions.Enable a proactive work-flow model.Enable a proactive work-flow model.More efficient planning and scheduling.More efficient planning and scheduling.Increased wrench time for maintenance Increased wrench time for maintenance technicians.technicians.Decrease in equipment failures.Decrease in equipment failures.Higher production efficiency, better quality, and Higher production efficiency, better quality, and lower maintenance costs. lower maintenance costs. It shows a visual picture It shows a visual picture so that can help compare temperatures over a large so that can help compare temperatures over a large area area It is capable of catching moving targets in real time It is capable of catching moving targets in real time

Measurement in areas inaccessible or hazardous Measurement in areas inaccessible or hazardous for other methods .for other methods .Able to find deteriorating components prior to Able to find deteriorating components prior to failure. failure. It is a non-destructive test method. It is a non-destructive test method. Make easier to find defects in shafts and other Make easier to find defects in shafts and other metal parts.metal parts.The initial cost of a camera may be high, but The initial cost of a camera may be high, but cost justification is evident when the cost of cost justification is evident when the cost of downtime is realized.downtime is realized.It is non-contact.It is non-contact.Uses remote sensing.Uses remote sensing.Keeps the user out of danger.Keeps the user out of danger.

APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONSSubstation Electrical inspections including switchgear, breakers, Substation Electrical inspections including switchgear, breakers, transformers and capacitor bankstransformers and capacitor banks

Overhead urban and rural distribution electrical inspections. Overhead urban and rural distribution electrical inspections. Locate missing or damaged insulation Locate missing or damaged insulation Identify air leakage energy losses Identify air leakage energy losses Locate radiant heating wires or pipes Locate radiant heating wires or pipes Look at combustion patterns of fuel Look at combustion patterns of fuel Mechanical bearing inspections Mechanical bearing inspections Cold Storage cooling losses. Cold Storage cooling losses. Locate old waste disposal sites Locate old waste disposal sites Motor racing suspension and tire contact diagnostics Motor racing suspension and tire contact diagnostics Disease evaluation Disease evaluation Firefighting – Locate people in burning buildings and navigate Firefighting – Locate people in burning buildings and navigate through smoke through smoke ((ELECTRICAL THERMOGRAPHY((ELECTRICAL THERMOGRAPHY:-:-It is used virtually around the It is used virtually around the world to evaluate the condition of electrical systems and world to evaluate the condition of electrical systems and equipment. When an electrical system is energized, current equipment. When an electrical system is energized, current passes through the entire system, a byproduct of this current flow passes through the entire system, a byproduct of this current flow is heat. ))is heat. ))

When there is a defect in the system, more When there is a defect in the system, more heat is generated because of high heat is generated because of high resistance, and the camera will see the resistance, and the camera will see the difference between the normal difference between the normal components and the one with a problem. components and the one with a problem.

This is a bus bar connection that is loose. The scale on the left is the temperature range. The loose connection is producing temperatures close to 175° Fahrenheit.

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