IFMBE Proceedings Volume 25/I

Series Editor: R. Magjarevic

The International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering, IFMBE, is a federation of national and transnational organizations representing internationally the interests of medical and biological engineering and sciences. The IFMBE is a non-profit organization fostering the creation, dis-semination and application of medical and biological engineering knowledge and the management of technology for improved health and quality of life. Its activities include participation in the formulation of public policy and the dissemination of information through publications and forums. Within the field of medical, clinical, and biological engineering, IFMBE’s aims are to encourage research and the application of knowledge, and to disseminate information and promote collaboration. The objectives of the IFMBE are scientific, technological, literary, and educational.

The IFMBE is a WHO accredited NGO covering the full range of biomedical and clinical engineering, healthcare, healthcare technology and man-agement. It is representing through its 58 member societies some 120.000 professionals involved in the various issues of improved health and health care delivery.

IFMBE Officers President: Makoto Kikuchi, Vice-President: Herbert Voigt, Former-President: Joachim H. Nagel Treasurer: Shankar M. Krishnan, Secretary-General: Ratko Magjarevic http://www.ifmbe.org

Previous Editions:

IFMBE Proceedings WC 2009, “World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering”, Vol. 25, 2009, Munich, Germany, CD

IFMBE Proceedings SBEC 2009, “25th Southern Biomedical Engineering Conference 2009”, Vol. 24, 2009, Miami, FL, USA, CD

IFMBE Proceedings ICBME 2008, “13th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering” Vol. 23, 2008, Singapore, CD

IFMBE Proceedings ECIFMBE 2008 “4th European Conference of the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering”, Vol. 22, 2008, Antwerp, Belgium, CD

IFMBE Proceedings BIOMED 2008 “4th Kuala Lumpur International Conference on Biomedical Engineering”, Vol. 21, 2008, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, CD

IFMBE Proceedings NBC 2008 “14th Nordic-Baltic Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics”, Vol. 20, 2008, Riga, Latvia, CD

IFMBE Proceedings APCMBE 2008 “7th Asian-Pacific Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering”, Vol. 19, 2008, Beijing, China, CD

IFMBE Proceedings CLAIB 2007 “IV Latin American Congress on Biomedical Engineering 2007, Bioengineering Solution for Latin America Health”, Vol. 18, 2007, Margarita Island, Venezuela, CD

IFMBE Proceedings ICEBI 2007 “13th International Conference on Electrical Bioimpedance and the 8th Conference on Electri-cal Impedance Tomography”, Vol. 17, 2007, Graz, Austria, CD

IFMBE Proceedings MEDICON 2007 “11th Mediterranean Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing 2007”, Vol. 16, 2007, Ljubljana, Slovenia, CD

IFMBE Proceedings BIOMED 2006 “Kuala Lumpur International Conference on Biomedical Engineering”, Vol. 15, 2004, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, CD

IFMBE Proceedings WC 2006 “World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering”, Vol. 14, 2006, Seoul, Korea, DVD

IFMBE Proceedings BSN 2007 “4th International Workshop on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks”, Vol. 13, 2006, Aachen, Germany

IFMBE Proceedings ICBMEC 2005 “The 12th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering”, Vol. 12, 2005, Singapore, CD

IFMBE Proceedings EMBEC’05 “3rd European Medical & Biological Engineering Conference, IFMBE European Conference on Biomedical Engineering”, Vol. 11, 2005, Prague, Czech Republic, CD

IFMBE Proceedings ICCE 2005 “The 7th International Conference on Cellular Engineering”, Vol. 10, 2005, Seoul, Korea, CD

IFMBE Proceedings NBC 2005 “13th Nordic Baltic Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics”, Vol. 9, 2005, Umeå, Sweden

IFMBE Proceedings Vol. 25/I Olaf Dössel • Wolfgang C. Schlegel (Eds.)

World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering 7–12 September, 2009

Munich, Germany

Radiation Oncology

123

Editors

Prof. Dr. Olaf Dössel Univ. Karlsruhe Inst. Biomedizinische Technik Kaiserstr. 12 76128 Karlsruhe Germany E-mail: olaf.doessel@ibt.uni-karlsruhe.de

Prof. Dr. Wolfgang C. Schlegel Deutsche Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) Abt. Medizinische Physik in der Strahlentherapie Im Neuenheimer Feld 280 69120 Heidelberg Germany E-mail: w.schlegel@dkfz-heidelberg.de

ISSN 1680-0737 ISBN 978-3-642-03472-5 ISBN 978-3-642-03474-9 (eBook) Also available as set Vol. I–XIII ISBN 978-3-642-03897-6 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-03474-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2009934297 © International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering 2009 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permis-sions for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The IFMBE Proceedings is an Offical Publication of the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering (IFMBE) Typesetting: Data supplied by the authors Production & Cover design: Scientific Publishing Services Pvt. Ltd., Chennai, India. Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com

Preface

Present Your Research to the World!

The World Congress 2009 on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering – the triennial scientific meeting of the IUPESM - is the world’s leading forum for presenting the results of current scientific work in health-related physics and technologies to an international audience. With more than 2,800 presentations it will be the biggest conference in the fields of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering in 2009!

Medical physics, biomedical engineering and bioengineering have been driving forces of innovation and progress in medicine and healthcare over the past two decades. As new key technologies arise with significant potential to open new options in diagnostics and therapeutics, it is a multidisciplinary task to evaluate their benefit for medicine and healthcare with respect to the quality of performance and therapeutic output.

Covering key aspects such as information and communication technologies, micro- and nanosystems, optics and biotechnology, the congress will serve as an inter- and multidisciplinary platform that brings together people from basic research, R&D, industry and medical application to discuss these issues.

As a major event for science, medicine and technology the congress provides a comprehensive overview and in–depth, first-hand information on new developments, advanced technologies and current and future applications.

With this Final Program we would like to give you an overview of the dimension of the congress and invite you to join us in Munich!

Olaf Dössel

Congress President

Wolfgang C. Schlegel Congress President

Preface

Welcome to World Congress 2009!

Since the first World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering convened in 1982, medically and biologically oriented engineers and physicists from all continents have gathered every three years to discuss how physics and engineering can advance medicine, health and health care and to assess the clinical, scientific, technical and professional progress in their fields. In the tradition and the mission of our professions, which are the only ones involved in the whole loop of health and health care from basic research to the development, assessment, production, management and application of medical technologies, the theme of WC 2009 is "For the Benefit of the Patient". Thus, in addition to scientific aspects, the Congress will focus on all aspects of safe and efficient health technology in both industrialized and developing countries, including economic issues, the perspectives that advanced technologies and innovations in medicine and healthcare offer for the patients and the development of societies, the progress of MBE and MP, including health policy and educational issues as well as the need for the regulation and classification as health professionals of those biomedical/clinical engineers and medical physicists who are working in the health care systems.

The World Congress as the most important meeting of our professions, bringing together physicists, engineers and physicians from all over the world, including the delegates of the 138 constituent organizations of the IUPESM representing some 140,000 individual members, is the best place to discuss these issues, thereby contributing to the advancement of the physical and engineering sciences, our professions and thus to global health.

It gives me great pleasure to welcome you to this important event. I wish you a rewarding and enjoyable congress and a most pleasant time in Munich, the ‘metropolis with heart’ that has so much to offer.

Joachim H. Nagel

President of the IUPESM

Preface

Let's talk! Is our level of communication between Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering, Clinical Engineering, Medical Informatics, Tissue Engineering, etc. and Medicine good enough? We would like to answer: yes, we are quite good, but not good enough! There is a lot of room for improvement. Let' start right on the spot - on the World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering 2009. And please remember: communication is 50% talking and 50% listening.

Let's work together! Do we have a perfect level of collaboration in our field? OK, we are quite good, but we can do better. Just to give an example: there should be no funded project in Medical Physics or Biomedical Engineering where there is no medical partner. And vice versa: medical doctors should join their forces with physicists and engineers if they are aiming at improvements on medical devices or healthcare systems. Let's start right here in Munich, September 2009, with innovative projects and innovative ways of cooperation. Let's get to know each other! It's known for more than thousand years: people who know each other personally and from face to face can talk with better mutual understanding, collaborate with less friction losses, are much more successful ...... and have much more fun. Plenty of chances to make new friends and to refresh old relations on World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering 2009!

And here are the numbers: More than 3000 scientists working in the field of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering meet in September 2009 in Munich. They come from more than 100 nations. They submitted about 2800 contributions. 10 plenary talks and 46 keynote lectures bring us to the top level of science in our field. 75 companies show their latest achievements in the industrial exhibition. It's definitely the largest market place of ideas and innovations in Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering of the year 2009.

August 2009

Olaf Dössel

Table of Contents

Development of New Radioactive Seeds Tm-170 for Brachytherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Amal Ayoub and Gad Shani

Implications of Histogram Analysis in Radiation Therapy (HART) Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5A. Pyakuryal

Evaluation of Dosimetric Characteristics of a Grid Block Fabricated for Mega-Voltage GridTherapy Purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Karim Ghazi-khanlou Sani

Monte Carlo Investigation of Stereotactic Radiosurgery of Spinal Metastases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13J. Deng, Z. Chen, J. Knisely, R. Decker, V. Chiang, and R. Nath

Impact of Kilo-Voltage Cone Beam Computed Tomography on Image-Guided Radiotherapyof Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

J. Deng, Z. Chen, and R. Nath

Cell Deformation by Dielectrophoretic Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21I. Guido, M.S. Jaeger, and C. Duschl

Particle-Beam Radiation Therapy for the Tumor of Pharyngeal Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25M. Murakami, Y. Niwa, Y. Demizu, D. Miyawaki, K. Terashima, T. Arimura, and Y. Hishikawa

A New Synchrotron Radiotherapy Technique with Future Clinical Potential: MinibeamsRadiation Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Y. Prezado, M. Renier, and A. Bravin

Analysis of Combined HDR Brachytherapy and External Beam Radiotherapy in theTreatment of Carcinoma of Cervix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

T.S. Kehwar, Kamlesh Passi, Rajesh Vashistha, Bikramjit Singh, Veena Jain, andSureshchandra J. Gupta

Motion Detection System with Three USB Cameras and an Active Search Algorithm forStereotactic Radiosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

K. Ogawa, G. Mamiya, H. Iyatomi, Y. Oku, and E. Kunieda

An Investigation of the Concomitant Doses from Cone Beam CT and CT Simulation inRadiotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

R. Potts and M. Oatey

Treatment Planning for Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45J.L. Bedford

The 21st Birthday Party for Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT); 21 Years from1988-2009; From Concept to Practical Reality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

S. Webb

A Dedicated Irradiation Facility for Radiotherapy Dosimetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53K. Derikum

X Table of Contents

A Beam Model Applicable to Small Fields: Development and Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56P. Caprile and G.H. Hartmann

MR Based Treatment Workflow for External Radiotherapy of Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60T. Nyholm, M.G. Karlsson, and M. Karlsson

Computational Simulation of Tumour Hypoxia as Applied to Radiation TherapyApplications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

E. Dalah, D. Lloyd, D. Bradley, and A. Nisbet

Investigation of the Recovery Behaviour as Depending on Parotid Gland Irradiation Dose . . . . . 67Reinhard Gerlach, Markus Stock, Susanne Koizar, Carmen Stromberger, Dietmar Georg, andMartin Janich

Quality Assurance Program for Radiosurgery at Clinicas Hospital: Results ofImplementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

L.N. Rodrigues, G. Menegussi, M.A. Silva, R. Rubo, L. Furnari, C.P. Sales, and G.R. Santos

Application of MRI Normoxic Polymer Gel Dosimetry for the Evaluation of Radiation DoseDistribution in External Beam Radiotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

M.T. Bahreyni Toossi, M.H. Bahreyni Toossi, Gh. Safaeian, A. Hashemian, and Sh. Bayani

On the Risks of a Constant RBE for Proton Treatment Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76M.C. Frese, Z. Taheri-Kadkhoda, J.J. Wilkens, and U. Oelfke

Comparison of Dose Distribution in Brain Tumor Conformal Radiotherapy Using CT andCBCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Effect of the Same Plan on Doses to Patients during Radiotherapy with NasopharyngealCarinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Optimization of Dose Distribution with Multi-leaf Collimator Using Field-in-Field Techniquefor Radiotherapy of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

L. Cella, R. Liuzzi, M. Magliulo, M. Conson, L. Camera, M. Salvatore, and R. Pacelli

On the Performance of Monitor Chambers to Measure the Output of Medical LinearAccelerators for High-Precision Dosimetric Investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

R.-P. Kapsch and A. Krauss

Calorimetric Determination of Absorbed Dose to Water for an 192Ir HDR BrachytherapySource in Near-Field Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

M. Bambynek, A. Krauss, and H.-J. Selbach

The First National IMRT Dosimetry Intercomparison in Switzerland Using a ThoraxPhantom with Inhomogeneities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

H. Schiefer, G. Nicolini, A. Fogliata, W.W. Seelentag, and M.K. Fix

Calibration of 125I Brachytherapy Sources in Terms of Reference Air Kerma Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97H.-J. Selbach

A Mathematical Aid Decision Tool for RT Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101O. Sotolongo-Grau, D. Rodrıguez-Perez, J.A. Santos-Miranda, M.M. Desco, O. Sotolongo-Costa, andJ.C. Antoranz

Table of Contents XI

Accuracy of GafChromic EBT Film as Dose Meter in Radiotherapy QA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105L.J. van Battum, D. Hoffmans, S. Kwa, and S. Heukelom

Low-Dose Cone-Beam CT Imaging for Radiotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109Jing Wang, Tianfang Li, and Lei Xing

The Realization and Application on Image Pasting for Cone-Beam Computed Tomography . . . . 113Yin Yong, Zhu Jian, and Lu Jie

In vivo Dosimetry Using MOSFET and TLD for Tomotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114Rajesh A. Kinhikar, Chandrshekhar M. Tambe, Dipak S. Dhote, and Deepak D. Deshpande

Dose Audit Using a Glass Dosimeter for Radiation Therapy Facilities in East-AsianCountries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

H. Mizuno, Y.K. Nakamura, S. Sakata, K. Tabushi, Y. Kusano, A. Nagano, A. Fukumura,T. Kanai, and H. Tsujii

Editing Range Compensator for Sparing Normal Tissue in Treatment Planning of Carbon-IonRadiotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

M. Mizota and N. Kanematsu

A New Device for the Measurement of the Absorbed Dose to Water for Low Energy X-RaySources Used in Brachytherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

T. Schneider, M. Meier, and H.J. Selbach

Comparison of PET Concepts for Dose Delivery Monitoring of Particle Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126D. Kunath, H. Braess, F. Fiedler, K. Laube, K. Parodi, M. Priegnitz, G. Shakirin, and W. Enghardt

Image-Guided Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy Using a Low-Z Target Imaging BeamLine and a High Dose Rate Unflattened Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

O. Gayou

Conformity of Brain Lesions Treated with Radiosurgery and Fractionated StereotacticRadiotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

M.C. Lopes, M. Capela, B.C. Ferreira, and T. Ventura

Comparing Pencil-Beam Generated and Monte Carlo Generated Dose-to-Water andDose-to-Tissue Distributions for Proton Therapy Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

H. Paganetti

In Vivo Evaluation of Photofrin II Radiosentisitivity for the Treatment of AdenocarcinomaTumors in Balb-C Mice Using Brachytherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

A. Moradi, B. Hashemi, and Z. Hassan

Extend Distance Treatment for Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy of Lung Cancer . . . . . . . . . 144Long Huang, Lech Papiez, Ramin M. Abolfath, Ewa Papiez, Robert Timmerman, and Timothy D. Solberg

Monte Carlo Dosimetry with PENELOPE Code of the VariSource VS2000 192Ir High DoseRate Brachytherapy Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

F.J. Casado, B. Mateo, E. Cenizo, S. Garcıa-Pareja, P. Galan, and C. Bodineau

Energy Dependence Investigations of GafChromic EBT Films for Pretreatment DosimetricVerification of IMRT Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

K. Che�lminski, W. Bulski, D. Georg, D. Bodzak, Z. Maniakowski, and D. Oborska

XII Table of Contents

Design and Fabrication of the Control Part of a Prototype Multileaf Collimator System . . . . . . . 155M.T. Bahreyni Toossi, A. Hashemian, and Sh. Nasseri

Quantitative Evaluation of Gating Radiotherapy System and Dynamic Tumor TrackingRadiotherapy System Developed at KIRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

Seungwoo Park, Haijo Jung, Kum Bae Kim, and Young Hoon Ji

Dosimetrical Aspect of CT Simulation Role in Radiation Therapy Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162Seyed Rabi Mahdavi, Alireza Nikoofar, Hamidreza Mirzaei, and Bahram Mofid

Implantable in vivo Dosimetric Probe Based on GaN Radioluminescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Anas Ismail, Patrick Pittet, Guo-Neng Lu, Jean-Marc Galvan, Jean-Yves Giraud, and Jacques Balosso

Pre-clinical Experiments in the Deep-Seated Tumor Heavy-Ion Therapy Terminalat HIRFL-CSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Q. Li, Z.-Y. Dai, X.-G. Liu, Q.-F. Wu, X.-D. Jin, P. Li, and J.-J. Tao

Second Source Model of Collimator Scatter and Spectra of Proton Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175W. Ulmer

Determination of Nuclear Cross Sections of Proton Beams by the Collective Model andExtended Nuclear-Shell Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

W. Ulmer and E. Matsinos

4D Monte Carlo Dose Calculations for Particle Therapy Combined with the Spring NetworkModel of Lung Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

K.L. Ishikawa, S. Takagi, K. Matthys, and S. Wada

Prognostic Analysis of Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy of Regional Lymph NodeMetastasis of the Surgical Esophageal Carcinoma Patients After Resection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Min Gao, Shuchai Zhu, and Yuxiang Wang

Quality Control of Brachytherapy Source Using MCNP5 Calculation and RadiochromicFilms Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

J. Rodenas, I. Gerardy, M. van Dycke, and S. Gallardo

A Monte Carlo Study of the Particle Angular Distributions from the Electron Applicators ofa Medical Linear Accelerator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

N. Jabbari and B. Hashemi

Four-Dimensional Computerized Tomography (4D-CT) Reconstruction without an ExternalBreath Surrogate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

Zhang Shu-xu, Zhou Lin-hong, Yu Hui, Chen Guang-jie, Lin Sheng-qu, and Zhang Hai-nan

Usefulness of GafChromic EBT Film for Dosimetry beyond 8.0 Gy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200Hideki Aoyama, Shinsuke Tokura, Yoshiharu Azuma, Sachiko Goto, and Keiji Inamura

Influence of the CT Slice Thickness on the Dose Calculation for Stereotactic TreatmentPlaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

V. Jacob and P. Kneschaurek

“F-MRI: A Method to Assess Therapy–Induced Cognitive Impairment?” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207B. Walter

Table of Contents XIII

Revaluation for Problem of Clinical Particle Therapy in Cell Biological Effects of Proton,Carbon-Ion and X-Ray at Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

S. Nagayama, M. Murakami, T. Maeda, M. Baba, Y. Demizu, Y. Hishikawa, and M. Abe

Fast and Accurate Proton Computed Tomography Image Reconstruction for Applications inProton Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

S.N. Penfold, R.W. Schulte, V. Bashkirov, and A.B. Rosenfeld

Patient Setup Using a 3D Laser Surface Scanning System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217Th. Frenzel

Therapy Optimization Based on Non-linear Uptake of PET Tracers versus “Linear DosePainting” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

I. Toma-Dasu, J. Uhrdin, A. Dasu, and A. Brahme

Ant Colony Algorithm Implementation in Commissioning Radiosurgery Photon Beams forMonte Carlo Treatment Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

S. Garcıa-Pareja, F. Manzano, P. Galan, A.M. Lallena, and L. Brualla

Respiratory Training and Guiding System Using Head Mount Display Device to Improve theRegularity of Breathing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Eunhyuk Shin, Hee-Chul Park, Youngyih Han, Jung Suk Shin, Sang-Gyu Ju, Jaiki Lee, andYong-Chan Ahn

The Use of aSi EPID for in vivo Dosimetry in Photon Beams: Clinical Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232P. Boissard, P. Franois, and A. Mazal

Response of Lithium Formate EPR Dosimeters at Photon Energies Relevant toBrachytherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

Emelie Adolfsson, Gudrun Alm Carlsson, Jan-Erik Grindborg, Hakan Gustafsson, Eva Lund, andAsa Carlsson Tedgren

Development of IMRT Treatment Planning System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240Jeong-Hoon Park, Woong Cho, Kwang-Ho Cheong, Won-Gyun Jung, and Tae-Suk Suh

An Investigation on the Internal Wedge Factor Estimation for an Elekta Linac Using MonteCarlo Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

P. Hejazi, B. Hashemi, M. Shahriari, M. Eivazi, and A. Kazemnejad

Three Dimensional Gamma-Index Analysis and Considerations of the Reference LevelDefinition for Dosimetric IMRT Plan Verification with 2D Ionisation Chamber Arrays . . . . . . . . 248

B. Poppe, A. Ruehmann, K. Willborn, B. Allgaier, and D. Harder

Parameterisation of Small Photon Fields in Off-Axis Regions for the SIEMENS 160 MLC . . . . . 250B. Poppe, J. Riediger, G. Suft, A. Ruehmann, K. Willborn, and D. Harder

Suitability of the MVCT of TomoTherapy and Siemens Oncor for Treatment Planning . . . . . . . . 252D. Schmitt, D. Albers, and F. Cremers

Measurement of Absorbed Dose to Water of a Gamma Knife Type C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256H.T. Chung, Y. Park, S. Hyun, Y. Choi, K.H. Kim, and K.J. Chun

XIV Table of Contents

On Line Neutron Dose Evaluation in Patients under Radiotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259F. Sanchez-Doblado, C. Domingo, F. Gomez, J.L. Muniz, R. Barquero, M.J. Garcıa-Fuste,G. Hartmann, M.T. Romero, J.A. Terron, J. Pena, H. Schuhmacher, F. Wissmann, R. Bottger,A. Zimba, F. Gutierrez, F.X. Guerre, J. Rosello, L. Nunez, L. Brualla, F. Manchado, A. Lorente,E. Gallego, R. Capote, D. Planes, J.I. Lagares, R. Arrans, R. Colmenares, K. Amgarou, E. Morales,J.P. Cano, F. Fernandez, G. Sroka-Perez, and O. Schramm

Lorentz Function Convolution Kernel of Narrow Photon Beam Profiles in Homogeneous andInhomogeneous Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

Djouguela, D. Harder, A. Ruhmann, K. Willborn, and B. Poppe

First Assessment of a Novel IGRT Device for Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . 266M. Speiser, P. Medin, W. Mao, L. Papiez, F. Gum, and T. Solberg

Heavy Ion Radiotherapy for Shallow-Seated Tumors at IMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270X.-G. Liu, Q. Li, and Z.-Y. Dai

Density Response Characteristics of GafChromic EBT Dosimetry Film Using UltravioletLight Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

S. Tokura, Y. Azuma, H. Aoyam, and S. Goto

Fiducial-Free Spinal Radiosurgery: Patient Motion and Targeting Accuracy in 227 SingleFraction Treatments with the Cyberknife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

C. Furweger, M. Kufeld, A. Schlaefer, and C. Drexler

Electron Arc Planning on the Commercial Radiation Treatment Planning System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281Sei-Kwon Kang, Taejin Hwang, Kwang-Ho Cheong, Soah Park, Me-Yeon Lee, Kyoung Ju Kim,Do Hoon Oh, and Hoonsik Bae

Influence of Modulation Restriction in Inverse Optimization with HIPO of Prostate Implantson Plan Quality: Analysis Using Dosimetric and Radiobiological Indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

D. Baltas, Z. Katsilieri, V. Kefala, S. Papaioannou, A. Karabis, P. Mavroidis, and N. Zamboglou

Improving the Performance of Direct Monte-Carlo Optimization for Large Tumor Volumes . . . . 287J. Alvarez Moret, M. Alt, and L. Bogner

Finite Element-Based Biomechanical Modeling of the Bladder for Image GuidedRadiotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

X. Chai, J.B. van de Kamer, M. van Herk, M.C.C.M. Hulshof, P. Remeijer, F. Pos,H.T. Lotz, and A. Bel

Verification of the Accuracy in Patient Alignment Using a Laser-Optical 3D-Surface ImagingSystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

T. Moser, S. Fleischhacker, K. Schubert, G. Sroka-Perez, M. Uhl, K. Herfarth, J. Debus, and C.P. Karger

LDR and HDR Intracavitory Brachytherapy of Cancer Cervix uterus- Rectal Doses and ERDComparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

Arun Chougule and D.P. Agarwal

Evaluation on Lung Cancer Patients’ Four-Dimensional Treatment Plans Utilizing BiologicallyEffective Uniform Dose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

Fan-Chi Su, Chengyu Shi, Panayiotis Mavroidis, Virginia Goytia, Richard Crownover,Prema Rassiah-Szegedi, Dimos Baltas, and Niko Papanikolaou

Table of Contents XV

Brachytherapy Seed Localization via Iterative Forward Projection Matching (IFPM)Algorithm Using Intraoperative Cone-Beam-CT Sinogram Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

D. Pokhrel, M.J. Murphy, D.A. Todor, D. Lazos, E. Weiss, Y. Motai, and J.F. Williamson

Using Correlated Sampson to Accelerate CT-Based Monte Carlo Dose Calculations forBrachytherapy Treatment Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

A. Sampson, Y. Le, D. Todor, and J. Williamson

Investigation of a Stereoscopic Camera System for Gated Radiotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315A. Vasquez, T. Moser, G. Echner, G. Sroka-Perez, and C.P. Karger

Extracting Breathing Traces from Any Cone-Beam Image-Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318A.P. Kavanagh, P.M. Evans, V.N. Hansen, and S. Webb

A Linear Implementation of Dose-Volume Constraints for Multi-criteria Optimization . . . . . . . . . 322A. Schlaefer, D. Ruan, S. Dieterich, and W. Kilby

Monte Carlo Dose Calculation for Radiotherapy Treatment Planning: Dose to Water or Doseto Medium? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326

C.-M. Ma and J.S. Li

Comparison of Contra Lateral Breast and Chest Wall Doses during Radiotherapy ofCa-Breast (with Mastectomy) Using Co-60 Machine and 6 MV LINAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

Shafqat Faaruq, Mehnaz, Basim Kakakhail, and Saeed ur Rehman

The Integration of the Dose-Guided Radiation Therapy Process on a Clinical Workstation . . . . 334J. Cheung, T. Boettger, W. Hu, J.F. Aubry, and J. Pouliot

First Experience with Patient Oriented Rapid Arc Treatment Plan Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338D.M. Wagner and H. Vorwerk

EGSnrc Monte Carlo-Aided Dosimetric Studies of the 192Ir microSelectron v2 HDRBrachytherapy Soure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

Liu Hong, G.A. Zakaria, and G.H. Hartmann

Motion Management in Scanned Particle Therapy: Beam Gating and Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345C. Bert, A. Gemmel, N. Saito, N. Chaudhri, R. Luchtenborg, M. Durante, and E. Rietzel

Quality Assurance and Application of a 4D in vivo Dosimetry System Using a DeformableLung Phantom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

A. Cherpak, M. Serban, J. Seuntjens, and J.E. Cygler

Dosimetric Advantages of Stereotactic IMRT of Brain Lesions Delivered with aMicro-multileaf Collimator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352

B.C. Ferreira, M.C. Lopes, and M. Capela

In Vivo Measurements of the Dose Delivered by Kilovoltage Cone-Beam CT during ProstateRadiation Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356

G. Marinello, J.P. Mege, M.L. Herve, and J.L. Lagrange

Initial Application of a Geometric QA Tool for Integrated MV and kV Imaging Systems onTrilogy, Synergy, and Vero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358

Weihua Mao, Michael Speiser, Paul Medin, Lech Papiez, Timothy Solberg, and Lei Xing

XVI Table of Contents

A New Electron IMRT Technique for Breast Cancer: Comparison to Photon IMRT andConventional Irradiation Based on Static and Dynamic Dose Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362

T. Gauer, K. Engel, A. Kiesel, D. Albers, and F. Cremers

TLD Correction Factor for Dose Delivery Verification on Gamma Radiation Cobalt-60 onClinical Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366

Heru Prasetio, Dian Milvita, and S.S. Djarwani

Development of Treatment Planning System in Peking University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370Bao Shanglian, Zhang Yibao, and Huang Feizeng

Direct Monte-Carlo Optimization (DMCO) with Biological, Physical and Hybrid ObjectiveFunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373

T. Dirscherl, M. Rickhey, and L. Bogner

4D Calculation and Biological Dosimetry of the RBE-Weighted Dose for Scanned Carbon IonBeam Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

A. Gemmel, C. Bert, N. Saito, N. Chaudhri, G. Iancu, C.v. Neubeck, M. Durante, and E. Rietzel

Radiobiological Analysis of Planned and Delivered IMRT Dose Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381P. Mavroidis, B. Costa Ferreira, N. Papanikolaou, R. Svensson, B.K. Lind, and A. Brahme

Impact of Truncation Correction in Flat-Detector Computed Tomography on Carbon IonRadiotherapy Treatment Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385

Daniel Kolditz, Michael Meyer, Yiannis Kyriakou, Eike Rietzel, and Willi A. Kalender

Reconstruction of Portal Images from IMRT Fields for Patient Setup Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389P. Haering, A. Schwahofer, C. Lang, and B. Rhein

Comparison of IMRT and Photon-Electron-Mix Technique in Radiotherapy TreatmentPlanning of Ablatio Mammae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392

K. Weidner and L. Bogner

Relative Peripheral Dose at IMRT – A Comparison between Siemens Oncor and Artiste . . . . . . 396A. Schwahofer, M. Moeller, and T. Wiezorek

EPID Calibration Method for Transit in-vivo Dosimetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399A. Fidanzio, S. Cilla, F. Greco, L. Azario, L. Grimaldi, D. Sabatino, and A. Piermattei

Guided Radiotherapy by an in-vivo Dosimetry for Lung Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403S. Cilla, A. Fidanzio, F. Greco, L. Grimaldi, G. D’Onofrio, D. Sabatino, and A. Piermattei

Implementation of a Complete IMRT QA Program and Clinical Experience with the DAVIDChamber for in-vivo Verification of IMRT Deliveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407

H.K. Looe, A. Ruhmann, R. Kollhoff, W. Kunth, N. Chofor, D. Harder, K. Willborn, and B. Poppe

Enhancing the Error Detection Capability of the DAVID System with the Use of AdaptiveWarning and Alarm Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410

H.K. Looe, A. Ruhman, D. Harder, and B. Poppe

PDD and Dose Profile for Narrow Beams of a Cobalt – 60 Therapy Unit to Be Used inStereotactic Radiosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413

A.F. Menezes, D.V.S. Batista, and L.A.R. da Rosa

Table of Contents XVII

Technical Accuracy of a Beam Tracking System for Scanned Particle Therapy ofIntra-fractionally Moving Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417

Nami Saito, Christoph Bert, Naved Chaudhri, Alexander Gemmel, Dieter Schardt, Gerhard Kraft,Marco Durante, and Eike Rietzel

A Joint Research Project to Improve the Accuracy in Dosimetry of BrachytherapyTreatments in the Framework of the European Metrology Research Programme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421

M.P. Toni, I. Aubineau-Laniece, M. Bovi, J. Cardoso, D. Cutarella, F. Gabris, J.E. Grindborg,A.S. Guerra, H. Jarvinen, C. Oliveira, M. Pimpinella, J. Plagnard, T. Sander, H.J. Selbach, V. Sochor,J. Solc, J. de Pooter, and E. van Dijk

Proposals for a ICRU-50/62 -Consistent Dose Prescription Suited for IMRT RadiationTechniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

M. Oechsner, K. Bratengeier, M. Gainey, and M. Flentje

Fast Dose Calculations in Radiation Therapy with GPUs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429Philippe Despres, Sami Hissoiny, Jean-Philippe Gariepy, and Benoıt Ozell

Robust Radiobiological Optimization for Proton Therapy Treatment Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433F. Kroupal, M.C. Frese, E. Heath, and U. Oelfke

Neutron Therapy at the FRMII – Calculation of Dose Inside a Voxel Phantom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437S. Garny, W. Ruhm, F.M. Wagner, and H.G. Paretzke

Monte Carlo Based Independent Monitor Unit Calculation in IMRT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441O. Pisaturo, R. Moeckli, and F.O. Bochud

Suggestion for an Extended Quality Assurance in 4D CT and Its Function in GatedRadiotherapy Using a Motion Phantom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445

A. Block and A. Mewes

On-line Compensation of Dose Changes Introduced by Tumor Motion during ScannedParticle Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

R. Luchtenborg, N. Saito, N. Chaudhri, M. Durante, E. Rietzel, and C. Bert

Feasibility Study of the Use of Artificial Neural Networks in Predicting Acute Rectal andUrinary Bladder Toxicity Following Prostate Cancer Radiotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

A. Pella, R. Cambria, B.A. Jereczek-Fossa, D. Zerini, C. Fodor, F. Serafini, G. Baroni, M. Riboldi,M. Ciceri, M.F. Spadea, P. Patete, M. Peroni, F. Cattani, C. Garibaldi, G. Pedroli, A. Pedotti, andR. Orecchia

Imaging QA Program for Image Guided RadioTherapy (IGRT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457K. Schubert, K. Wagenknecht, S. Lissner, G. Sroka-Perez, and J. Debus

Dose QA Using EPID and a Dose Prediction Algorithm Independent of the PlanningSystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460

J. Berndt, M. Misslbeck, and P. Kneschaurek

Investigation of the Dose Distribution Quality Achievable with Arc-Modulated Cone BeamTherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463

S. Ulrich, F. Sterzing, S. Nill, K. Schubert, K.K. Herfarth, J. Debus, and U. Oelfke

Investigating the Reproducibility of Motion for Lung Tumours Treated with StereotacticBody Radiotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467

A. Richter, J. Wilbert, K. Baier, M. Guckenberger, and M. Flentje

XVIII Table of Contents

A Feasibility Study on Multi Prompt-Gamma-Ray Telescope System for Boron NeutronCapture Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470

Y. Sakurai, H. Tanaka, M. Suzuki, G. Kashino, Y. Kinashi, S. Masunaga, K. Ono, and A. Maruhashi

Measurement of Inter-fraction Changes in Bladder Volume Using Ultrasound Image Guidancefor Gynecological Radiotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474

Hayeon Kim, Sushil Beriwal, and M. Saiful Huq

A Comparison of Dose and Energy-Based Mapping Methods for 4D Monte Carlo DoseCalculation in Deforming Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476

E. Heath, I. Kawrakow, F. Tessier, and J.V. Siebers

IGRT and Its Quality Assurance at the DKFZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479C. Lang, B. Rhein, P. Haring, and A. Schwahofer

Implementing Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT): Initial Dosimetric Results forRetrospective Patient Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481

A. Richter, J. Wilbert, T. Krieger, M. Guckenberger, K. Baier, F. Schwab, and M. Flentje

Influence of Patient Movement and Anatomy Alteration on the Quality of 3D US-BasedProstate HDR Brachytherapy Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484

N. Milickovic, I. Nikolova, N. Tselis, H.A. Azhari, N. Zamboglou, and D. Baltas

Clinical Evaluation of an Intra-Modality 3D Ultrasound IGRT System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488C. Kleefeld, M. Moore, and W. van der Putten

Quality Assurance of a Robotic, Image Guided Radiosurgery System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492C. Drexler and C. Furweger

Impact of Beam Alignment on Leakage of the Siemens 160 MLCTM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496S. Kluter, G. Sroka-Perez, K. Schubert, and J. Debus

Observations of Prostate Intrafractional Motion during External Beam Radiation Therapy . . . . 499J.S. Li, A. Pollack, E.M. Horwitz, M.K. Buyyounouski, and C.-M. Ma

Imaging Motion with a 4-Row CT Scanne (GE Light Speed RT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503C. Kornhuber, A. Mehnert, and D. Vordermark

Measurements of the Signal-to-Noise Ratio with “EPID QC Phantom R©” and “epidSoft 2.0”from PTW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507

J. Liebich, J. Licher, C. Scherf, J. Moog, E. Kara, and U. Ramm

E-IMRT: A Web Platform for the Verification and Optimization of Radiation TreatmentPlans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511

J. Pena, D.M. Gonzalez-Castano, F. Gomez, A. Gago-Arias, F.J. Gonzalez-Castano,D.A. Rodrıguez-Silva, D. Gonzalez, M. Pombar, M. Sanchez, B.C. Portas, A. Gomez, andC. Mourino

Tumor Alignment between 4DCT and 4D Cone Beam CT for Irregular RespiratoryPatient - A Phantom Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515

C. Ding, L. Huang, L. Papiez, R. Timmerman, and T. Solberg

Analysis of Error Detection in EPID-Based IMRT Pre-Treatment QA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519J.J. Gordon, J. Gardner, S. Wang, and J.V. Siebers

Table of Contents XIX

Improving the Accuracy of Entrance Dosimetry Measurements for Dose Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523J.V. Siebers, J.D. Ververs, and M.R. McEwen

Evaluation of the Twin Chamber Signal Ratio, a Physical Estimate of the Low-EnergyPhoton Contribution to Dose within Radiotherapy Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527

N. Chofor, D. Harder, K. Willborn, A. Ruhmann, and B. Poppe

Uncertainties of RBE in Treatment Planning for Ion Beam Tumor Therapy: Experimentaland Modeling Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530

T. Friedrich, T. Elsasser, and M. Scholz

Efficacy of Cummulative Biological Doses at Various Points of Lymphatic Trapzoid UsingMicroselectron HDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533

Kamlesh Passi, J.V. Zakhmi, R. Vashistha, Bikramjit Singh, Meenakshi Mittal, S.J. Gupta, andT.S. Kehwar

Obtaining Information on Intra-fraction Prostate Displacement in Radiotherapy Determinedfrom Pre- and Post-treatment kV Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535

T. Kron, J. Thomas, C. Fox, A. Thompson, R. Owen, A. Herschtal, A. Haworth, K.H. Tai, andF. Foroudi

The Investigation of Dosimetric Reduction on Organs at Risk in Nasopharyngeal Carcinomafor Static IMRT Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539

Jian Zhu, Min Liu, and Yong Yin

Dose Calculations for Clinical Proton Broad Beams by GEANT4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540T. Akagi, T. Yamashita, D. Suga, M. Murakami, Y. Hishikawa, T. Aso, A. Kimura, and T. Sasaki

Use of Nanoparticles in Brachytherapy – An Alternative for Enhancing Doses in CancerTreatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544

Maritza Rodrıguez Gual, Caridad M. Alvarez Cardona, Landy Y. Castro Gonzalez, andJesus Rosales Garcıa

Improvement in Dose Homogeneity in a Patient with Sinonasal Cancer Using NasalAccessory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548

Soah Park, Sei-Kwon Kang, Kwang-Ho Cheong, Tai-Jin Hwang, Kyoung-Joo Kim, and Hoonsik Bae

Implementations and First Measurements with Delta4 at the TomoTherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551S. Kampfer, S. Schill, and P. Kneschaurek

Dedicated Treatment Planning System for the Evaluation of the Doses Delivered to thewhole Patient Body during Radiotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555

I. Diallo, I. Alziar, N. Perret, A. Bridier, G. Bonniaud, J. Chavaudra, J.B. Ruaud, V. Rousseau,H. Kafrouni, D. Lefkopoulos, and F. de Vathaire

Dose Verification of Critical Structures in Gamma Knife Radio Surgery of PituitaryAdenoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559

A.M. Pendse, Sudesh Deshpande, Mahua Basu, S. Vandana, and B.K. Misra

Beam Angle Optimization in Particle Therapy with OptiC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562S. Speer, J. Karg, M. Schmidt, and R.G. Muller

Camera-Based Independent Couch Height Verification in Radiation Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566J. Kusters, R. Louwe, R. Claessen, R. van Seters, and H. Huizenga

XX Table of Contents

4D-CT Reconstruction Based on Body Volume Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569Zhang Shu-xu, Zhou Lin-hong, Yu Hu, Wang Shi-Qin, Chen Guang-jie, Lin Sheng-qu, and Zhang Hai-nan

Monte-Carlo Calculation of Beam Quality Correction Factors and Comparison withExperimental Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573

G.H. Hartmann, D.M. Gonzalez-Castano, F. Sanchez-Doblado, F. Gomez, R.-P. Kapsch,R. Capote, and J. Pena

Localization of High Dose Rate 192Ir Source during Brachytherapy Treatment Using SiliconDetectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577

M. Batic, J. Burger, V. Cindro, G. Kramberger, I. Mandic, M. Mikuz, A. Studen, and M. Zavrtanik

Systematic Studies on the Beam Stability and the Transient Effect of a Siemens ONCORImpression Accelerator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581

L. Wieczorkowski, C. Hoinkis, D. Lehmann, and W. Enghardt

The Dosimetric Study of Static MLC Based Electronic Tissue Compensation Using In-HouseLeaf Sequencing Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585

I. Rabi Raja Singh, J. Shiju Annlin, Henry Finlay Godson, and B. Paul Ravindran

The Monte Carlo Code MCPTV- Dose Calculation in Radiation Therapy with Carbon Ions . . . 589J. Karg, S. Speer, M. Schmidt, and R.G. Muller

Interfractional Variations of Shape and Impact on Dose of Organs at Risk in Head and NeckCancer Patients during Helical Tomotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591

M.N. Duma, S. Kampfer, V. Jacob, J.J. Wilkens, T. Schuster, M. Molls, and H. Geinitz

Experimental Determination of the Radial Dose Distribution in High Gradient Regions froma Low Dose Rate Iridium-192 Wire Sources Using EPR Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595

N. Kolbun, P. Leveque, F. Abboud, S. Vynckier, and B. Gallez

Dose Evaluation in Medulloblastoma Cancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599F. Ebrahimi Tazehmahalleh, B. Poppe, A. Ruhemann, J. Welzel, W. Horn, M. Raub, and K. Willborn

Output Measurement for Small Field Photon Beams in a Sandwiched Phantom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601R.P. Srivastava, A.M.L. Olteanu, A.N. Ebongue, B. Bekaert, and C. De Wagter

Comparison of Monte Carlo Dose Calculation with Advanced Kernel Methods in ExternalPhoton Beam Treatment Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604

I. Fotina, B. Kroupa, and D. Georg

Verification of Head and Neck IMRT-Plans by Monte Carlo Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608D. Schoenenberg, M. Rickhey, B. Dobler, T. Goetzfried, and L. Bogner

Optimization of Catheter Position and Dwell Time in Prostate HDR Brachytherapy UsingHIPO and Linear Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612

A. Karabis, P. Belotti, and D. Baltas

Real-Time Compensation of Target Motion with a Dynamic Multileaf Collimator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616M.B. Tacke, S. Nill, and U. Oelfke

An Augmented Reality Application for Patient Positioning and Monitoring inRadiotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620

J. Talbot, J. Meyer, R. Watts, and R. Grasset

Table of Contents XXI

Stationary-Gantry Tomosynthesis System for On-Line Image Guidance in Radiation TherapyBased on a 52-Source Cold Cathode X-Ray Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624

Jonathan S. Maltz, Jens Fuerst, Ajay Paidi, Franz Fadler, Ali R. Bani-Hashemi, and Frank Sprenger

Dosimetric Errors of TPS Calculations without Correction for Heterogeneity – A StudyUsing CIRS Thorax Phantom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628

S.A. Pawiro, Sugiyantari, W.E. Wibowo, K.Y. Cheung, and D.S. Soejoko

Adjustable Prescription Dose: A New Strategy to Improve IMRT Treatment Planning . . . . . . . . 631P. Lougovski, J.E. LeNoach, Y. Ma, L. Zhu, and L. Xing

Segmented Deformable Registration for Improved Modeling of the Lungs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635Y.Q. Xie, W. Liu, M. Chao, S.L. Bao, and L. Xing

Basic Investigation of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) Using Novel Boron Agentsand Accelerator Based Neutron Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638

M. Sakai, N. Fujimoto, K. Ishii, I. Murata, C.M. Lee, Y. Kaneda, H. Nakamura, and K. Awazu

Robotic Phantom to Simulate Patient Breathing Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642Nihal Danie Thomas and Paul B. Ravindran

Improved Simulation of Small Electron Fields for External Beam Radiation Therapy . . . . . . . . . . 645T.P. O’Shea, D.L. Sawkey, M.J. Foley, and B.A. Faddegon

The Feasibility of Goggle Monitor for Respiratory Biofeedback of Patient to ReduceCorrelation Error Using Real-Time Tumor Tracking System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649

Hyun Do Huh, Sang Hyoun Choi, WooChul Kim, Hun Jeong Kim, Seong Hoon Kim, Young Hoon Ji,Jinho Choi, Sam Ju Cho, Sang Wook Im, and Dong oh Shin

Improved Techniques to Assign Accurate Phase Information of Respiratory Signals for 4D CTReconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652

H.J. Park, J.W. Yoon, W.G. Jung, J.Y. Song, and T.S. Suh

Predicting Response in Lung Cancer from FDG-PET Uptake Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656I. El Naqa, M. Vaidya, A. Apte, F. Dehdashti, J.O. Deasy, and J.D. Bradley

Determination of Dose Escalation Region in Malignant Brain Tumors for RadiationTreatment Planning Based on Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660

J.Y. Park, K.J. Ahn, D.C. Woo, J.W. Lee, J.Y. Kim, W.K. Jung, B.Y. Choe, and T.S. Suh

Backscatter Factors for a Clinical 6 MeV Electron Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664Chang Heon Choi, Alvin Eufemio, Sung-Joon Ye, and Prem Pareek

Fast Optimization of Non-coplanar Beam Angle Sets for Intensity Modulated RadiationTherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667

M. Bangert and U. Oelfke

Can a Commercially Available TPS Be Used to Develop VMAT Solutions? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671C.G. Rowbottom, C.J. Boylan, C. Golby, S. Atherton, S. Smith, and R.I. Mackay

Considering Marker Visibility during Leaf Sequencing for Segmental Intensity-ModulatedRadiation Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674

Bo Zhao and Jianrong Dai

Tomotherapy Quality Assurance (TQA): A Fast and Comprehensive Software Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . 678M. Coevoet, J.M. Denis, B. Cravens, T. Krumbach, J. Figueredo, G. Olivera, and S. Vynckier

XXII Table of Contents

Monte Carlo Based Suggestion of the Best Choice for Material of a Multileaf Collimator(MLC) and the Required Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679

S. Hariri and M. Shahriari

BANG-3� Polymer Gel Dosimetry in Cyberknife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683Young-nam Kang, Jisun Jang, Byung-Ock Choi, Hong-Suk Jang, Ji-Young Jung, Hun-Joo Shin,Jae-Hyuk Seo, Ihl-Bohng Choi, Dong-Joon Lee, and Soo-Il Kwon

Production of Ac-225 with Cyclotrons for Generating Bi-213 for Targeted Alpha Therapy . . . . . 686M. Anwar Chaudhri, M. Nasir Chaudhri, Qamar Nadeem, and Qaiser Jabbar

Development of Customized Program to Generate 2D Dose Map with High Resolution for120 Leaf MLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688

Woong Cho, Jin beom Chung, Won-Gyun Jung, Jeong-Hoon Park, and Tae-Suk Suh

Development of an Image-Guided Radiation Therapy Device for Precise Irradiation of SmallAnimal Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692

Prasad Thute, Arian Khaless, Volker Hietschold, and Wolfgang Enghardt

A Finger Leaf Design for Dual Layer MLCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696Jianrong Dai and Weijie Cui

Head Scatter Factor Calculation Considering Characteristics of Scattered Photon . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700Hisayuki Miyashita, Shogo Hatanaka, Yukio Fujita, Atsushi Myojyoyama, and Hidetoshi Saitoh

Monte Carlo Dose Calculation Using GPU-Based Parallel Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704Atsushi Myojyoyama and Hidetoshi Saitoh

Different Simple Models for Optimizing Convergent Beam Multiple Field Irradiation forStereotactic Treatment Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708

N. Hodapp, R. Wiehle, F. Rohner, O. Ioan, H.-J. Koth, and M. Passmann

Sparing of Critical Organs in Radiotherapy of Mediastinal Lymphoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711S. Schill, S. Kampfer, B. Hansmeier, C. Nieder, and H. Geinitz

Evaluation of Dosimetric Accuracies of Gated Step-and-Shoot IMRT Using Dynalog Data . . . . . 714Kwang-Ho Cheong, Sei-Kwon Kang, Kyoung-Joo Kim, Soah Park, Tae-Jin Hwang, Hoonsik Bae,MeYeon Lee, Do-Hoon Oh, and Tae-Suk Suh

Linear Accelerator Photon Beam Interaction with the Virtual Physiological Human . . . . . . . . . . . 717Nabil M. Maalej, Umar M. Mwidu, Bilal Jalal, and Akhtar A. Naqvi

Investigation into the Pinnacle SmartArc Module for VMAT Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721C.G. Rowbottom, C. Golby, S. Atherton, and R.I. Mackay

Why Still Multibeam Tomotherapy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725N. Achterberg, R.G. Muller, J. Forster, R. Forster, and T. Muller

Comparison of Beam Data Using Diode and Ion Chamber in Small Field of CyberKnife . . . . . . . 728Jisun Jang, Young-Nam Kang, Hun-Joo Shin, Jae-Hyuk Seo, Moon-Chan Kim, Dong-Joon Lee, andSoo-Il Kwon

Characterization and Monte Carlo Simulation of Low- and High-Perturbation in-vivo DiodeDosimeters for 9 MV X-Rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731

M.A. Mosleh-Shirazi, D. Shahbazi-Gahrouei, S. Karbasi, and S. Monadi

Table of Contents XXIII

Development of an Optimized Pencil Beam Algorithm for Radiation Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735Martin Siggel, Simeon Nill, and Uwe Oelfke

How Much Target Average Positions in Thorax Region Change Daily? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739Lu Wang, Steve Feigenberg, James Fan, Lihui Jin, Lili Chen, and Charlie Ma

Accuracy Evaluation of Using MV EPID and / or Integrated kV Imaging System to Locate3D Positions of Internal Fiducial Markers Using a Calypso System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740

Weihua Mao, Ryan Foster, and Timothy Solberg

In-Hospital Neutron Autoradiography for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy Applications . . . . . . 744A. Mattera, D. Bolognini, S. Hasan, M. Prest, E. Vallazza, G. Giannini, P. Cappelletti, M. Frigerio,S. Gelosa, A.F. Monti, A. Ostinelli, P. Mauri, F. Basilico, A. Zanini, E. Capelli, P. Chiari, andP. Borasio

Introduction of a Breath Gating System in a Clinical Environment: A Practical Descriptionof Our Experiences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748

H. Haack, W. Kunth, R. Kollhoff, A. Ruhmann, B. Poppe, and K. Willborn

Computerized Treatment Planning Directives for Adaptive Radiation TherapyManagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750

D.L. McShan, X. Chen, M.L. Kessler, W.M. Keranen, and B.A. Fraass

Fast Range Compensation Inside the Beam Line for Beam Tracking in Particle Therapy . . . . . . . 754N. Chaudhri, N. Saito, C. Bert, P. Steidl, B. Franczak, M. Durante, E. Rietzel, and D. Schardt

Optimal Delivery of DMLC Arc Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758Lech Papiez and Dharanipathy Rangaraj

Small Photon Field Dosimetry Using Gel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762Paul B. Ravindran

A Method for Evaluation of Target Point Correction in Fractionated Radiotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . 765K. Giske, A. Stoll, E.M. Stoiber, and R. Bendl

Performance of Patient Specific Margins Derived Using a Bayesian Statistical Method . . . . . . . . . 769M. van Herk, M. Witte, and P. Remeijer

Combination of External/Image-Based Detection of Respiratory Induced Motion andAdaption with a Gating Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772

M. Schwarz, S. Nill, and R. Bendl

How Regular Motion Pattern and Patient Individual Respiration Curves Affect Contour andVolume of Geometric Structures in a 4D CT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776

A. Block, T. Noertersheuser, A. Mewes, and R. Bauer

Comparison of Daily Online Ultrasound and MV-CBCT Localization Data for PostProstatectomy Cancer Patients and Implications for PTV Margin Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780

Moyed Miften and Olivier Gayou

Comparison of Localization Techniques for Prostate Radiotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784R.D. Foster, E. Papiez, and T.D. Solberg

Optimized Spinal Cord Contour Propagation for Fractionated Radiation Therapy Planning . . . . 788A. Stoll, K. Giske, E.M. Stoiber, and R. Bendl

XXIV Table of Contents

A Comprehensive Quality Assurance Program for Radiotherapy Using TLD: The AlgerianExperience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792

M. Arib, T. Medjadj, F. Dari, M.S. Bali, S. Khoudri, A. Yennoune, and B. Hattali

Optimization of an External Beam Radiotherapy Treatment Using GAMOS/Geant4 . . . . . . . . . . . 794P. Arce, J.I. Lagares, D. Perez-Astudillo, J. Apostolakis, and G. Cosmo

Simplified Geometrical Model for Treatment Margins Evaluation in Brain Radiosurgery . . . . . . . 798P. Ballesteros-Zebadua, O.A. Garcia-Garduno, G.A. Gutierrez-Aceves, S. Moreno-Jimenez,M.A. Celis, and J.M. Larraga-Gutierrez

Characterization of a PMMA Embedded Extrapolation Chamber in 60Co Gamma Beams . . . . . 802M. Arib, A. Kouadri Mostefai, T. Medjadj, M. Tilmati, and Y. Boudouma

Comparison of Different Evaluation Programs for the Verification of Patient Irradiationswith Tomotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805

F. Cremers, S. Glessmer, D. Albers, A. Bartels, T. Schonborn, E. Thom, and M. Todorovic

Monte Carlo Simulation of Novel Procedures for Highly Conformal Percutaneous Radiationwith keV-Photons for Tumor Treatment in Skin Proximity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809

M. Petersheim, J. Hesser, and F. Wenz

Monte Carlo Benchmarking of a CCC-Based Treatment Planning System in Case ofIrregularly Shaped Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813

A.M.L. Olteanu, R.P. Srivastava, N. Reynaert, C. De Wagter, and W. De Neve

Radioiodine Biokinetics and Dosimetry in Patients with Differentiated Thyroid Carcinomaand Renal Insufficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817

L.S. Veloza, L.J. Rojas, M.G. Stabin, G. Garavito, and A.E. Llamas

Developments in MRI-Based Radiation Treatment Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821T. Stanescu, C. Kirkby, K. Wachowich, and B.G. Fallone

Electron Beam Dosimetry in Heterogeneous Phantoms Using MAGIC Normoxic PolymerGel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825

R. Ghahraman Asl, B. Bolouri, H. Nedaie, and A. Arbabi

Dosimetric Testing of a New Release of 3D Treatment Planning System with theIAEA-TECDOC-1540 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829

O.M. Makam Kom and N. Licht

Absorbed Dose Reference for LDR Brachytherapy the LNE-LNHB Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833I. Aubineau-Laniece, P. Aviles Lucas, J.M. Bordy, B. Chauvenet, D. Cutarella, G. Douysset,J. Gouriou, and J. Plagnard

Image Enhancement Techniques Allowing Observation of Intra–fractional Motion in IMRTTreatment for Prostate Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840

F. Van den Heuvel, P. Slagmolen, and J. Larrew

DIRART – A Software Suite for Deformable Image Registration and Adaptive RadiotherapyResearch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844

Deshan Yang, Issam El Naqa, Apte Aditya, Yu Wu, Murty Goddu, Sasa Mutic, Joseph O. Deasy, andDaniel A. Low

Table of Contents XXV

An Alternative Approach to Inverse Planning Optimization: Applying the ProjectionTheorem to Concave and Convex PTVs for VMAT Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848

W. Hoegele, R. Loeschel, and P. Zygmanski

3 Years of Data Collection and Analysis of Film Flatness and Symmetry Using Vidar/RITSoftware from Different Centers Nation Wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 852

Allen Movahed

Small Field MV Photon Dosimetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854Maria Mania Aspradakis

Virtual Spirometry: Utilizing an Abdominal Bellows System for Quantitatively Gating in 4DCT Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855

R. Werner, B. White, M. Schwenke, H. Handels, W. Lu, and D.A. Low

In vivo Dosimetry for Patient Specific Quality Assurance in Aperture Based IMRT . . . . . . . . . . . 859R. Alfonso-Laguardia and M. Vega-Hernandez

Validation of a Biplanar Diode Array Dosimeter for Helical Tomotherapy Delivery QA . . . . . . . . 863V. Feygelman, D. Opp, K. Javedan, A.J. Saini, and G. Zhang

Comparison between Clinically Used Irregular Fields Shaped by Cerrobend Blocks and byMultileaf Collimator Using a Clarkson Sector Integration Computer Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867

R.U. Cruzet

Evaluation of 3-D Treatment Plans Using Physical and Motorised Enhanced DynamicWedges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871

S. Sathiyan and M. Ravikumar

Integral Dose in Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy, Intensity-ModulatedRadiotherapy, and Helical Tomotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873

Ruijie Yang, Shouping Xu, and Junjie Wang

Extension of Electron Monte Carlo Dose Calculation in Eclipse to Siemens LinearAccelerators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875

M.K. Fix, J.E. Cygler, E. Vandervoort, H. Karle, J. Tertel, D. Frei, W. Volken, E.J. Born, and P. Manser

Current Status of the HIBMC, Providing Particle Beam Radiation Therapy for More Than2,600 Patients, and the Prospects of Laser-Driven Proton Radiotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 878

M. Murakami, Y. Demizu, Y. Niwa, S. Nagayama, T. Maeda, M. Baba, D. Miyawaki, K. Terashima,T. Arimura, M. Mima, T. Akagi, H. Daido, Y. Hishikawa, and M. Abe

Monte Carlo Study of Depth Dose Calculation for Low Energy Clinical Electron Beams . . . . . . . 883H. Jafari, H. Chopan, and R. Taleei

Setup Variations and Tumor Margins Using the ExacTrac X-Ray 6D in ProstateRadiotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887

J.Y. Kim, S.K. Chang, and H.S. Shin

Useful Techniques for Tomotherapy Treatment Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890V. Gurvich and V. Feygelman

Optimization of Radial Dose Function for Varian Ir-192 Brachytherapy Source ModelVS2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893

A.M. Outif and A.A. Elawadi

XXVI Table of Contents

On the Use of a Light Ion Kernel for Biologically Optimized Adaptive Inverse TreatmentPlanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897

J. Kempe

Range, Setup and Dose Calculation Errors in IMPT and Their Interrelation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 900J. Unkelbach, M. Soukup, M. Alber, and T. Bortfeld

Motion-Weighted Dose-Volume Histograms – A Novel Approach to 4D Treatment Planning . . . 904G.G. Zhang, V. Feygelman, C. Stevens, W. Li, and T. Dilling

Assessing Correlations between the Spatial Distribution of Dose to the Rectal Wall and LateRectal Toxicity after Prostate Radiotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908

F. Buettner, S.L. Gulliford, M. Partridge, M.R. Sydes, D.P. Dearnaley, and S. Webb

Design and Physical Properties of an IrisTM Collimator for Robotic Radiosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912W. Kilby, G.G. Echner, M. Lee, E. Earnst, S. Sayeh, B. Rhein, C. Lang, C.R. Maurer Jr., andW. Schlegel

Evaluation of the Clinical Utility of an IrisTM Collimator Combined with a SequentialOptimization Algorithm for Robotic Radiosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916

W. Kilby, A. Schlaefer, J. Dooley, O. Blanck, E. Lessard, and C.R. Maurer Jr.

A Quality Assurance Tool Based on kV- and MV-Image Analysis for a Linear AcceleratorIncluding an Integrated IGRT System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920

P. Winkler, C. Hofer, and R. Stollberger

MRI and CT Slice Thickness Evaluation by Computerized Dedicated Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 924G. Vermiglio, B. Testagrossa, G. Acri, M.G. Tripepi, S. Marino, and P. Bramanti

Re-planning for Compensator-Based IMRT with Original Compensators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 928G. Zhang, V. Feygelman, C. Stevens, W. Li, S. Leuthold, G. Springett, and S. Hoffe

Single-Pulse-Resolved Dosimetry with Miniaturized Detectors in Teletherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932J. Illemann

The Evaluation of Therapeutic Effect of Trastuzumab Labeled177 Lu in Breast Cancer CellLine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936

S. Rasaneh, H. Rajabi, M.H. Babaei, F. Johari, S. Sheibani, H. Salehi, M. Shafiei, Y. Tavakoli,M. Mazidi, H. Mirfallah, and M.R. Farsinejad

SURE-LET and BLS-GSM Wavelet-Based Denoising Algorithms versus Linear Local WienerEstimator in Radiotherapy Portal Image Denoising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938

A. Gonzalez-Lopez, J. Morales-Sanchez, R. Verdu-Monedero, J. Larrey-Ruiz, J.L. Sancho-Gomez, andB. Tobarra-Gonzalez

Learning from Incidents in Radiation Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 941B.G. Clark, R.J. Brown, J. Ploquin, A. Kind, and L. Grimard

Combined Dose Distribution for the External Beam Whole Breast Irradiation andMammoSite Breast Brachytherapy: Monte Carlo Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945

S. Bensaleh, E. Bezak, and T. Pham

In-vivo Proton Beam Shaping Using Static Magnetic Field for Cancer Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949D. Sardari, M. Hosseini-hamid, and P. Saeidi

Table of Contents XXVII

A Preliminary Study on Development of QA System for Stereotactic Head Frame and ItsReliability and Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 952

S. Oh, J.Y. Kim, T.S. Suh, J.Y. Hong, and S. Kim

Performance and Clinical Trial in vivo of a Scintillation Dosimeter in Brachytherapy . . . . . . . . . . . 955L.E. Cartwright, M. Nagory, D.R. McKenzie, and N. Suchowerska

Algorithm Development of Designing a Patient-Specific Block for MC-Based Dose Calculationin Electron Beam Therapy for Breast Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 959

Sang Hoon Jung, Sung Ho Park, Ik Soo Choi, Geum Mun Baek, Eun Kyung Choi, Jong Hoon Kim,Sang-wook Lee, Si Yeol Song, and Seung Do Ahn

An Air Core Scintillation Dosimeter for Megavoltage External Beam Dosimetry: ExperimentalResults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 962

J. Lambert, Y. Yin, D.R. McKenzie, S. Law, A. Ralston, and N. Suchowerska

An Air Core Cerenkov Free Scintillation Dosimeter: Monte Carlo Simulation for ExternalBeam Radiation Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 966

P. Naseri, J. Lambert, D.R. McKenzie, and N. Suchowerska

Simulation Study on Coverage of Tumor Motion Accordance with the Scanning Time inSlow-Scan CT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 970

Chun-Joo Park, Sung Ho Park, Jungwon Kwak, Eun Kyung Choi, Jong Hoon Kim, Sang-Wook Lee,Si Yeol Song, Sang Min Yoon, and Seung Do Ahn

Calibration of Therapy-Level Dosimeters in Japan by Association for Nuclear Technology inMedicine (ANTM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 973

S. Sakata, Y. Akiyama, Y. Kusano, E. Takase, K. Yajima, S. Uesaka, H. Mizuno, A. Fukumura, andT. Tanaka

Out-of-Treatment Room Set-Up for Patient Positioning in External Beam Radiotherapy . . . . . . 977L. Weber, K. Westerlund, I. Naslund, and H. Dahlin

Application of 2 Step IMRT to Spinal Tumors: A Preliminary Retrospective Planning StudyComparison with Classical IMRT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 981

M.B. Gainey, K. Bratengeier, and M. Flentje

Comparison of Two Different Methods for Describing the Geometry of a VoxelizedAnthropomorphic Phantom in Radiotherapy Treatment Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985

V. Abella, R. Miro, B. Juste, and G. Verdu

Measuring System for Testing the Mechanical Isocenter Accuracy of Medical LinearAccelerators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989

B. Casar, D. Cugura, I. Mendez Carot, I. Vojvodic, and S. Rebersek

Validation of the SUV Values Calculation in the iPlan 4.0 Treatment Planning System(BrainLAB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993

V. Jacob, P. Kneschaurek, M. Souvatzoglou, S.T. Astner, R.A. Bundschuh, R. Busch, and A.-L. Grosu

New System for TBI with Translation Method at the Institute of Oncology Ljubljana . . . . . . . . . 996B. Casar, I. Vojvodic, V. Robar, U. Smrdel, and I. Mendez Carot

Estimation of Free Electron Fraction Value p for a Parallel-Plate Ionization Chamber in HighDose Per Pulse IORT Electron Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998

R. Liuzzi, M. Salvatore, and L. Cella

XXVIII Table of Contents

VMC++: Validation of the Monte Carlo Code for Low Energies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1001D. Terribilini, M.K. Fix, D. Frei, W. Volken, and P. Manser

Dose Distribution Depending on the Number of Control Points in Forward-PlannedIntensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy for Breast Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1004

Taejin Hwang, Sei-Kwon Kang, Kwang-Ho Cheong, Soah Park, Meyeon Lee, Kyoung-Joo Kim,Do-Hoon Oh, Hoonsik Bae, and Tae-Suk Suh

Method of Combined Proton-Photon Radiation Therapy of Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1008Evgeni V. Khmelevsky, V.P. Kharchenko, Yu.D. Mel’nik, Irina N. Kancheli, Gennady I. Klenov,Michael F. Lomanov, Valentin I. Lyulevich, Valery P. Pokhvata, Oleg B. Ryazantsev, andVladimir S. Khoroshkov

Conversion of Greyscale Intensity Values from CBCT Images Acquired on Elekta XVI to HUfor Treatment Planning Dose Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1009

S. La, C. Ceberg, A. Tomaszewicz, and Lars Weber

Dosimetric Comparison between Helical Tomotherapy and Biologically Based IMRTTreatment Planning System for Selected Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1012

N.P. Ploquin, J.G. Belec, and B.G. Clark

Study of a CVD Diamond Detector for Absorbed Dose Measurement in Photon Beams withSmall Field Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016

C. Caporali, G. Conte, A.S. Guerra, R.F. Laitano, and M. Pimpinella

Analysis of Dose Shifts Induced by Organ Movements during Treatment with TomoTherapyUsing a Motion Phantom and GafChromic EBT Films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1020

C. Grohmann, R. Werner, D. Albers, and F. Cremers

Tolerance of the Spinal Cord to Hypofractionated Radiotherapy Based on a GeneralizedBiological Effective Dose (gBED) Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1024

L. Ma, A. Sahgal, and D.A. Larson

Reproducibility of Neutron Activated Sm-153 in Tablets Intended for Human VolunteerStudies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027

C.H. Yeong, P.E. Blackshaw, K.H. Ng, B.J.J. Abdullah, M. Blaauw, R.J. Dansereau, and A.C. Perkins

Sequential Optimization Scripts to Facilitate Treatment Planning for Robotic RadiosurgeryClinical Studies for Prostate and Lung Cancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031

E. Lessard, W. Kilby, J. Dooley, C. Sims, A. Schlaefer, O. Blanck, and C.R. Maurer Jr.

Comparative Study between IBT or EBRT Boost Doses at Organs at Risk in Cervical CancerTreatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1035

A. Pereira, R. Pirraco, T. Viterbo, L. Gomes, F. Borges, L. Salgado, L. Carvalho, L. Trigo, andJ. Lencart

Beam Characterization for Step-and-Shoot IMRT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1038V.P. Batel, A.R. Figueira, A.L. Carvalho, and T. Reis

Assessment of Image Guidance Using kV Orthogonal Images and Cone Beam CT for LiverStereotactic Radiosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1042

Dong-wook Park, Jungwon Kwak, Sung Ho Park, Eun Kyung Choi, Jong Hoon Kim, Sang-wook Lee,Si Yeol Song, Sang Min Yoon, and Seung Do Ahn

Table of Contents XXIX

Dosimetric Effects of Gantry Angular Acceleration and Deceleration in Volumetric ModulatedRadiation Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1046

Y. Song, P. Zhang, C. Obcemea, B. Mueller, C. Chandra, and B. Mychalczak

Evaluation of Multileaf Collimator Effect on the Build-Up Dose Region Using DifferentIonization Chambers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1051

M. Zarza Moreno, A.C. Souto, N. Teixeira, A.P. Jesus, and G. Mora

Standard Absorbed Dose to Water for HDR Brachytherapy Sources with Fricke Dosimetry . . . . 1055C.E. de Almeida, R. Ochoa, C. Austerlitz, M. Coelho, M. Gazineu, J.G. Peixoto, E.J. Pires,R.R. Allison, H. Mota, and C. Sibata

Monoscopic Imaging for Intra-fraction Motion Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1057N. Agazaryan, S. Tenn, M. Selch, J. Rehs, S. Erbel, and G. Remmert

Clinac Performance: Watching the First Seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1060A.R. Figueira, V.P. Batel, A.L. Carvalho, and T. Reis

Accelerated Dose Calculation Engine for Interstitial Brachytherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1063Omar Chibani, Belal Moftah, and C.-M. Charlie Ma

Updated Beam Parameters for Monte Carlo Simulation of Five Varian Megavoltage PhotonBeams (4, 6, 10, 15 and 18 MV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1067

Single and Multibeam Dose Distribution for Treatment Planning of Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1071Rukhsana Jabeen and M. Afzal

Quantitative Analyses of Normal Tissue Effects in the Clinic (QUANTEC): Clinical Use . . . . . . 1074R.K. Ten Haken, L.B. Marks, S.M. Bentzen, L.S. Constine, J.O. Deasy, A. Eisbruch, E.D. Yorke, andA. Jackson

The Lessons of QUANTEC (Quantitative Analysis of Normal Tissue Effects in the Clinic):Recommendations for Reporting and Gathering Data on Dose-Volume Dependencies ofTreatment Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1075

A. Jackson, L.B. Marks, S.M. Bentzen, A. Eisbruch, E.D. Yorke, R.K. Ten Haken, L.S. Constine, andJ.O. Deasy

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1077