igs ygg - working platforms - 1705 · pdf filecrawler crane / piling rig ... provide technical...
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Design of granular working platforms for
construction plant - A guide to good practice
Mark DaviesDirector, RNP Associates
WORKING PLATFORMS
IGS/YGG Joint Meeting, York, 9th May 2017
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Introduction
� Why?
� CPA “Ground Conditions for Construction Plant”
� TWf “Working Platforms”
� Analytical method for EC7
� Other matters
IGS/YGG Joint Meeting, York, 9th May 2017
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Definition
� Granular platforms for construction operations
� With and without reinforcement/stabilisation
� Carrying mobile construction plant
� Actions from wheels, tracks and outrigger pads
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Consequence of Poor Ground Support
� A major cause of overturning resulting in …
� Serious injury and fatalities
� Delays to programmes
� Potential prosecution
� Uninsured costs / increased premiums
� Damage to reputation / loss of business
IGS/YGG Joint Meeting, York, 9th May 2017
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MEWP / concrete pump
IGS/YGG Joint Meeting, York, 9th May 2017
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Crawler Crane / Piling Rig
IGS/YGG Joint Meeting, York, 9th May 2017
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Mobile Cranes / Telehandlers
IGS/YGG Joint Meeting, York, 9th May 2017
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CPA “Ground Conditions for Construction Plant”
� Sponsored by Strategic Forum Plant Safety Group (SFPSG)
� Started mid 2011 & published late 2014
� Primarily aimed at SMEs and site supervisors
� Coverage of technical matters is necessarily limited
� References TWf document for detailed technical advice
� Free from the Construction Plant-hire Association at
www.cpa.uk.net
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Load Transfer
IGS/YGG Joint Meeting, York, 9th May 2017
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Load Transfer - example
IGS/YGG Joint Meeting, York, 9th May 2017
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Enough bearing area?
IGS/YGG Joint Meeting, York, 9th May 2017
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Bearing area too large?
IGS/YGG Joint Meeting, York, 9th May 2017
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TWf “Working Platforms” Guide
� Provide technical guidance not suited to CPA document
� Address the issue of (perceived) excessive platform thickness
� Reduce cost & time for installation
� Reduce carbon and waste
� FREE ISSUE advice for all - but particularly for graduates
� New guide positioned with SP123 and BR470
� Develop a consistent analytical method for Eurocode 7
covering design situations not currently provided for
IGS/YGG Joint Meeting, York, 9th May 2017
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Document overview
� Section 1 - General Matters
legislation, responsibilities, reliability and economy, HS&E
� Section 2 – Current Methods & Guidance
Bearing capacity methods, LR1132, SP123, BR470, EC7, in-situ tests,
manufacturer’s advice, other guidance, research papers, software
� Section 3 – Overall Design
Brief, design life, check category, information needed (ground, plant,
materials), detailing, info for construction (drawings etc)
� Section 4 – Analytical Design
Platform mechanics, functional requirements, actions, partial factors,
stability calculation methods, recommended method for EC7
IGS/YGG Joint Meeting, York, 9th May 2017
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Progress
� TWf Working Group 5 formed January 2013
� Draft for Discussion published for comment end of 2015
� Comments received and (mostly!) incorporated 2016
� Comparative study with existing methods completed 2017
� Final version to be published 2017?
� Peer review at Imperial College
� Final proof read & formatting
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Analytical Methods
IGS/YGG Joint Meeting, York, 9th May 2017
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Overview of analytical methods
� Existing analytical models considered
� bearing capacity formula & dispersal
� CIRIA SP123
� BRE BR470
� All could be used as a basis for an EC7 method (for a plain
granular platform)
� Assumptions need to be considered
� Gaps in knowledge need to be considered
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Bearing Capacity & Dispersal
� Based on Terzarghi’s approach
� Bearing capacity formula for shallow footings
� Angle of dispersal traditionally taken to be 1h:2v
� With geo-synthetics can be taken to be 1h:1v or better
� Overall Factor of Safety
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Bearing Capacity & Dispersal
IGS/YGG Joint Meeting, York, 9th May 2017
� Underestimates maximum vertical pressure on formation
� Doesn’t consider horizontal shear on formation
� Doesn’t consider strength of platform
� Doesn’t consider variance in angle of dispersal
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CIRIA SP123� Based on Milligan, Jewell, Houlsby & Burd
� Lateral shear on the formation reduces bearing capacity
� Geo-synthetic resists lateral shear for full bearing capacity
� Considers strain (Geo-synthetic strength at 2-5% strain)
� Partial factor method considering ULS and SLS
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CIRIA SP123
� Only applies to soft clay sub-grades
� Ignores friction between load and top of fill
� Ignores dddd when assessing Ka and Kp
� Relatively arbitrary guidance on bbbb
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BRE BR470
� Based on Meyerhoff & Hanna
� Adopts a ‘punching’ failure model
� Geo-synthetic enhances the punching shear capacity
� Empirical load factors & “strain” factor on geo-synthetics
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BRE BR470
� Applicable for cohesive and granular sub-grades but limited
cohesive sub-grade limited (cu=20-80kPa)
� Limited to single soil layer
� Ignores overburden of platform
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BR470 - Problem with FoS
� BR470 1.6/1.2 for plain platforms
� EC7 combination 2 controls
� EC7 will allow for load case 2
� Lumped factor exceeds BR470
� 1.8/1.4 for cohesive subgrades
� 3-4 for granular sub-grades!
IGS/YGG Joint Meeting, York, 9th May 2017
EC7 BR470 SP123
ggggQ 1.301.05-
2.001.00
ggggC 1.40 1.00 1.25
ggggffff 1.25 1.00 1.25
ggggm n/a 2.001.5-
2.00
EC7 cl2.4.7.1(5) Less severe [factors] than
those recommended … may be used for
temporary structures … where the likely
consequences justify it.
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SP123 – Problem with bbbb
� Traditionally accepted as 1H:2V (Terzaghi)
� Physical tests suggested values up to 50°
� Numerical analysis (Burd & Frydman) provided a numerical
derivation for cohesive sub-grades
� very small values for strong sub-grade
� larger values for soft subgrade
� No comparable method for a granular sub-grade
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Solving the bbbb Problem
IGS/YGG Joint Meeting, York, 9th May 2017
� Use Boussinesq maximum effective pressure / effective area
� Applies to all subgrades
� Avoids having to determine bbbb directly
� Can be extended to multiple soil layers
B’
bbbb’
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Basis of TWf Method
� Adopt SP123 model
� Closer to the actual mechanism
� Potentially adaptable for use with geo-synthetics
� Use Boussinesq maximum effective pressure / effective area
� Use dddd from derivations by Hanna & Meyerhoff (for Ka & Kp)
� Use benefit of overburden term (if appropriate!)
� Determine sub-grade capacity from EC7 / BS8004
� Presumed platform material capacity from BS8004
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Comparative Study
� Comparing platform thicknesses derived from BR470 and
bearing capacity with proposed TWf method
� 4nr load case 1 models, 3nr load case 2 models plus load
models from BR470 worked examples
� 2nr each cohesive sub-grade strengths, granular sub-grade
strengths and platform material strengths
� Total of 18nr case 1 combinations and 16nr case 2
combinations for each type of sub-grade
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IGS/YGG Joint Meeting, York, 9th May 2017
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0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
pla
tfo
rm d
ep
th (
mm
)
BR470 platform depth (mm)
Granular, Case 1,
BR470 baseline, all results
TWf
BR470
FoS=2.5
Linear (TWf)
Linear (FoS=2.5)
Granular – load case 1
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0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
pla
tfo
rm d
ep
th (
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BR470 platform depth (mm)
Granular, Case 2,
BR470 baseline, all results
TWf
BR470
FoS=2.0
Linear (TWf)
Linear (FoS=2.0)
Granular – load case 2
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pla
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rm d
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BR470 platform depth (mm)
Cohesive, Case 1,
BR470 baseline, all results
TWf
BR470
FoS=2.5
FoS=2.0
Linear (TWf)
Linear (FoS=2.5)
Linear (FoS=2.0)
Cohesive – load case 1
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
pla
tfo
rm d
ep
th (
mm
)
BR470 platform depth (mm)
Cohesive, Case 2,
BR470 baseline, all results
TWf
BR470
FoS=2.0
FoS=1.5
Linear (TWf)
Linear (FoS=2.0)
Linear (FoS=1.5)
Cohesive – load case 2
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Use of tolerable settlement?
� Use of immediate
settlement calculation
� Not current practice
� Insufficient ground data?
� May offer a suitable
alternative for soft ground
� May become required as
EC7 becomes fully adopted?
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Further Economy?
� Directly derived values allow reduced factors or more
favourable parameters
� Providing greater ‘certainty’ = more economical platforms
� Plant loadings – quality of data, actions, dynamics
� Platform properties – specification, testing, inspection
& maintainance
� Sub-grade properties – better ground investigation
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Summary
IGS/YGG Joint Meeting, York, 9th May 2017
� TWf Analytical Method offers
� EC7 compliant method
� Solution for multiple soil layers
� Economy for granular sub-grades
� Possible further research may include
� Reliable small scale site tests for platforms?
� Determination of bbbb for granular sub-grades?
� Adaptation for use with geo-synthetics?
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A question for you …
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… good practice?
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QUESTIONS?
IGS/YGG Joint Meeting, York, 9th May 2017