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IIIA - Artificial Intelligence Research InstituteCSIC – Spanish Council for Scientific Research
Deliverable 2.1: e-Institutions oriented to the use of reputation
Jordi Sabater-MirIsaac PinyolDaniel VillatoroGuifré CuníCarles SierraJuan Antonio RodriguezJosep Lluís Arcos
WP2 – Tools development
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IIIA-CSIC
Annex I:
1. Using the tool for e-institutions developed by partner number 4, study and design of the extra elements that are necessary to facilitate and study the use of reputation in an e-institution environment.
2. Development of an alpha version of the e-institution tool for reputation modelling.
3. Help to develop the applications allowing the different experiments described in the rest of workpackages to be run.
Corresponding deliverables list:T0 + 12 (D2.1): e-Institutions oriented to the use of Reputation T0 + 20 (D2.2): e-Institution reputation software
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E-Institutions IIIA-CSIC
In human societies, institutions regulate the behaviour of people by enforcing laws, fixing protocols, etc.
Open multiagent systems are populated by autonomous entities and therefore, there is no guarantee about what will be the behaviour of these entities.
An e-institutions is the electronic equivalent of a traditional institution but for virtual environments.
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E-Institutions IIIA-CSIC
Some vocabulari:
Role. Standardised patterns of behaviour required by all agents playing part in a given functional relationship.
Dialogic Framework. Ontological elements and communication language (ACL) employed during an agent interaction.
Scene. Agents meetings whose interaction is shaped by a well-defined protocol.
Performative Structure. Complex activities specified as connections among scenes.
Normative rules. Define the consequences of the agent actions within scenes.
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E-Institutions IIIA-CSIC
Root
Negotiation
Reputationexchange
Delivery Exit
Agora
Performativestructure
Scenes
Institutional agents
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E-Institutions IIIA-CSIC
governor governor
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E-Institutions IIIA-CSIC
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Using reputation in e-institutions IIIA-CSIC
• Integration of reputation mechanisms in the eI.
• Integration of a cognitive agent architecture in the context of an eI.
• Specification and implementation of a common ontology for reputation.
• Human interface with the eI.
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IIIA-CSICIntegration of reputation mechanisms
Centralized reputation (eBay, Sporas...)
Distributed reputation (RepAge, ReGreT...)
E-Institution
Agent
Gov
erno
r Rep.system
E-Institution
Agent
Gov
erno
r
«interface»EInstitutionService
«interface»EInstitutionProfile
ReputationService RepProfile0..*
0..*
Rep.system
eI-service
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Using reputation in e-institutions IIIA-CSIC
• Integration of reputation mechanisms in the eI.
• Integration of a cognitive agent architecture in the context of an eI.
• Specification and implementation of a common ontology for reputation.
• Human interface with the eI.
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IIIA-CSICEIAgent architecture
API (Governor access )
En
Newmessages
Messages toeInstitution
Messages fromeInstitution
Asynchron CallsAPI (Agent access )
GOVERNOR
EIAGENT
Asynchron Calls
E1SelectTasks
RuningTasks
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IIIA-CSICEIAgent architecture
EIAgent GovernorAPI(G) API(A)
Req(A)
Ans(A)
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IIIA-CSICJadex architecture
JADEX Agent
E1E2En
Events Queue
Plans
Goals
Beliefs
SelectPlans
New ApplicationEvent
New GoalEvents
NewCondition
Events
Dispatch Goals
Read/Write Facts
GoalConditions
New MessageEvents
NewMessages
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IIIA-CSICJadex architecture
JADEX Agent
E1E2En
Events Queue
Plans
Goals
Beliefs
SelectPlans
New ApplicationEvent
New GoalEvents
NewCondition
Events
Dispatch Goals
Read/Write Facts
GoalConditions
New MessageEvents
API (Governor access )
Newmessages
Messages toeInstitution
Messages fromeInstitution
Asynchron CallsAPI (Agent access )
GOVERNOR
Asynchron Calls
Synchronous layer
EID
EJA
DE
X
capability
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IIIA-CSICJadex architecture
JADEXAgent GovernorAPIext(G) API(G) API(A)
Req(A)
Ans(A)
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IIIA-CSICJadex architecture
JADEXAgent GovernorAPIext(G) API(G) API(A)
Req(A)
Ans(A)
EIAgent GovernorAPI(G) API(A)
Req(A)
Ans(A)
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Using reputation in e-institutions IIIA-CSIC
• Integration of reputation mechanisms in the eI.
• Integration of a cognitive agent architecture in the context of an eI.
• Specification and implementation of a common ontology for reputation.
• Human interface with the eI.
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CTR1CTR1 CTR1
CTR1
CTR1CTR1 CTR1
CTR1 CTR2CTR2
CTR3CTR3
OK!
???
?
??
The problem
• What if agents using different reputation models are in the same community?
• Different semantics, different representation of evaluations….
Pepe is Good?
Pepe is 0.7?
Pepe is 5?
IIIA-CSIC
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• Let’s speak the same language!
CTR1CTR1 CTR2
CTR2
Ontology Mapping for CTR1
Common Reputation Ontology
Ontology Mapping for CTR2
Communication
IIIA-CSIC
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The Ontology: Social Evaluation
Evaluation
Target
Strength
Value
Context
Source
Entity
Focus
has
belongs to
Value
[0,1] R
0..1
1
0..1
1
1
belongs to
belongs to
belongs to
Voice
Eval.
Gossiper
Recipient
belongs tohas
0..1
0..1has
belongs to
Norm
Single Agent
Group
Institution
is
Skill
Standardis
IIIA-CSIC
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The Ontology: Evaluative Belief
Voice
Voice
has
belongs to
1
Eval.
EvaluationEntity
Entities
has
belongs to belongs to
1..n 1
Eval.
Evaluation Entity
Entities Voice
Voice
IdTransEval.
Real
has has has
belongs to belongs to belongs to belongs to
1 1..n1 1 1
Reputation SharedImage Image DExperience SharedVoice
EvalBelief
SimpleBeliefMetaBelief
is is
is
IIIA-CSIC
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Value Representation
Evaluation
Target
Context
Value
Strength
Source
Entity
Focushas
belongs to
[0,1] R
Value
0..1
1
1
1
0..1
belongs to
belongs to
belongs to
Voice
Eval.
Gossiper
Recipient
belongs tohas
0..1
0..1has
belongs to
- Accuracy +
BooleanFalse/True
Discrete Sets{VB, B, N, G, VG}
Probability Distribution
Fuzzy Sets
VB B N G VG0
1
0.5 0.5
00
1
100755025
Value
Bounded Real[0,1]
IIIA-CSIC
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Boolean{False,True}
Discrete Sets{VB, B, N, G, VG}
Probability Distribution
VB B N G VG0
1
0.5
Value
Bounded Real[0,1]
Max
Min
go
od
nes
s
False True
Max
Min
go
od
nes
s
VB B N G VG
Max
Min
go
od
nes
s
0 10.5
Boolean Discrete Set
Bounded Real
VB B N G VG0
1
VB B N G VG0
1
Prob. Distribution
Min Max
Semantic of the representations
IIIA-CSIC
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Conversions between types
VB B N G VG
Some of them…
X ≥ 0.5
VG 0.9
G 0.7
N 0.5
B 0.3
VB 0.1
[0.8,1) VG
[0.6,0.8) G
[0.4,0.6) N
[0.2,0.4) B
[0,0.2) VB
Prob. Distribution
Discrete Set{VB,B,N,G,VG}
Real[0,1]
Boolean{False,True}
5
1
)12(101)(
iiXiXCM
VB B N G VG
VB B N G VG VB B N G VG
false true
VB VG
IIIA-CSIC
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Conversion Uncertainty (CU)
• Uncertainty produced by conversion between representation types.
To
FromBoolean Discrete Set Bounded
RealProb. Dist.
Boolean 0 1.29 5.64 21.19
Discrete Set 0 0 4.32 19.89
Bounded Real
0 0 0 15.55
Prob. Dist 0 0 0 0CU values
• Let X,Y be representation types, then the CU value associated to the conversion from type X to Y is defined as:
CU(X,Y) = H(Y | X)(Conditional entropy)
IIIA-CSIC
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Input calls
Output calls
directExp(DExperience)comm(EvalBelief)
getReputation(Entity)ReputationgetReputation(Entity,Focus)ReputationgetImage(Entity,Focus)Image
API Interface
Implementation(1)
DecisionMakingModule
Communication Module
CTRy
APIy
Interface
Interface Interface
Interface
Interface
- Funcionality +
API interface and agent architecture
IIIA-CSIC
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Implementation(2)API interface for Abdul-Rahman & Hailes Model
• Distributed Model
• Agents evaluate direct experiences with {VU,U,T,VT}
• Agents can receive recommendations (direct experiences) from others.
• The model returns a degree of trust of agent A in context C with the values{Very Trustworthy, Trustworthy, Untrustworthy, Very Untrustworthy} or with an uncertain value: U+, U0, U- (between VT-T, T-U, U-VU)
• Comm(DExperience)• directExp(DExperience)
• getImage(Entity, Focus) Image
Evaluation: discrete sets {VB,B,G,VG}
1 1 1 11 1 1
VU U T VTU- U0 U+
Evaluation: probability distribution
API Implementation
IIIA-CSIC
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Implementation(3)API interface for eBay Model
• Centralized Model
• Users evaluate their transactions sending to the system {+1,0,-1}
• The reputation of a concrete user is a number between 0 and 100.000, represented by a system of colored stars.
API Implementation
• Comm(DExperience)
• getReputation(simpleAgent)Reputation
Evaluation: discrete sets
-1 VB
0 N
+1 VG
Evaluation: bounded real
IIIA-CSIC
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Using reputation in e-institutions IIIA-CSIC
• Integration of reputation mechanisms in the eI.
• Integration of a cognitive agent architecture in the context of an eI.
• Specification and implementation of a common ontology for reputation.
• Human interface with the eI.
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DB
Tomcat(web server)
DOM
SERVER SIDE
CLIENT SIDE
JavaScript(Script language)
XML(data)
AJAXHuman user
TRACKER
Root
Negotiation
Reputationexchange
Delibery
Exit
Agora
Electronic Institution
E-AgentE-Agent
I-Agent
Governor Governor Governor
SERVLET
StaffAgent
StaffAgent
Trackerdata
Institutionaldata
IIIA-CSIC