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Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.
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Micro-Organizational Behavior:Micro-Organizational Behavior:Perception and LearningPerception and Learning
Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.
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StereotypesStereotypes
• Beliefs that all members of specific groups Beliefs that all members of specific groups share similar traits and are prone to behave share similar traits and are prone to behave in the same way.in the same way.
• Why do we rely on stereotypes?Why do we rely on stereotypes?
Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.
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Overcoming BiasesOvercoming Biases
• Don’t overlook external causes of others’ Don’t overlook external causes of others’ behaviorbehavior
• Identify and confront your stereotypesIdentify and confront your stereotypes
• Evaluate people based on objective factorsEvaluate people based on objective factors
• Avoid making rash judgmentsAvoid making rash judgments
Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.
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LearningLearning
A relatively permanent change in A relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior that results from knowledge or behavior that results from practice or experience.practice or experience.
Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.
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Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning
Learning that takes place when the learner Learning that takes place when the learner recognizes the connection between an recognizes the connection between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus.stimulus.
Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.
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StimulusStimulus
• Conditioned Stimulus:Conditioned Stimulus: A neutral stimulus A neutral stimulus that, as a result of being paired with an that, as a result of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus, elicits a response.unconditioned stimulus, elicits a response.
• Unconditioned Stimulus:Unconditioned Stimulus: Anything that Anything that produces an unconditioned response.produces an unconditioned response.
Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.
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ResponseResponse
• Unconditioned Response:Unconditioned Response: A response that A response that occurs naturally in the presence of a given occurs naturally in the presence of a given stimulus.stimulus.
• Conditioned Response: Conditioned Response: A response that is A response that is called forth by a previously neutral stimulus called forth by a previously neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus.)(the conditioned stimulus.)
Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.
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Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning• Learning that takes place when the learner Learning that takes place when the learner
recognizes the connection between a behavior and recognizes the connection between a behavior and its consequences.its consequences.– Behaviors with positive consequences are acquired.Behaviors with positive consequences are acquired.
– Behaviors with negative consequences are eliminatedBehaviors with negative consequences are eliminated
• Law of Effect: tendency for behaviors leading to Law of Effect: tendency for behaviors leading to desirable consequences to be strengthened and for desirable consequences to be strengthened and for behaviors leading to undesirable consequences to behaviors leading to undesirable consequences to be weakenedbe weakened
Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.
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Operant Conditioning
Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.
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An ExampleAn Example
Manager praisesemployee
Employee performsjob properly
Manager shows employee how to
do a job
Example of the Operant Conditioning Process
Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.
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Operant Conditioning KeysOperant Conditioning Keys
• Antecedents:Antecedents: Anything that tells workers Anything that tells workers about desired and undesired behaviors and about desired and undesired behaviors and their consequences.their consequences.
• Behaviors:Behaviors: Desirable organizational Desirable organizational behaviors and undesirable organizational behaviors and undesirable organizational behaviors.behaviors.
Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.
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Operant Conditioning KeysOperant Conditioning Keys
• Consequences of Behavior: Consequences of Behavior: Include Include positive reinforcement and negative positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement for desirable organizational reinforcement for desirable organizational behaviors; and extinction and punishment behaviors; and extinction and punishment for undesirable organizational behaviors.for undesirable organizational behaviors.
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Consequences of BehaviorConsequences of Behavior
• Positive Reinforcement:Positive Reinforcement: Administering Administering positive consequences to workers who positive consequences to workers who perform the desired behavior.perform the desired behavior.
• Negative Reinforcement:Negative Reinforcement: Removing Removing negative consequences to workers who negative consequences to workers who perform the desired behavior.perform the desired behavior.
Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.
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Consequences of BehaviorConsequences of Behavior
• Extinction: Extinction: Removing whatever is Removing whatever is currently reinforcing the undesirable currently reinforcing the undesirable behavior.behavior.
• Punishment:Punishment: Administering negative Administering negative consequences to workers who perform the consequences to workers who perform the undesirable behavior.undesirable behavior.
Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.
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Operant Conditioning
Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.
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Reinforcement StrategiesReinforcement Strategies
• Immediate ReinforcementImmediate Reinforcement
• Delayed ReinforcementDelayed Reinforcement
• Continuous ReinforcementContinuous Reinforcement
• Partial ReinforcementPartial Reinforcement
Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.
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Reinforcement SchedulesReinforcement Schedules
• Fixed-Interval ScheduleFixed-Interval Schedule
• Variable-Interval ScheduleVariable-Interval Schedule
• Fixed-Ratio ScheduleFixed-Ratio Schedule
• Variable-Ratio ScheduleVariable-Ratio Schedule
Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.
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ShapingShaping
The reinforcement of successive and closer The reinforcement of successive and closer approximations to a desired behavior.approximations to a desired behavior.
Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.
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Organizational Behavior Organizational Behavior Modification (O.B. Mod.)Modification (O.B. Mod.)
The systematic application of the principles of The systematic application of the principles of operant conditioning for teaching and operant conditioning for teaching and managing important organizational managing important organizational behaviors.behaviors.
Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.
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The Basic Steps of O.B. Mod.The Basic Steps of O.B. Mod.
• Identify the behavior to be learned.Identify the behavior to be learned.
• Measure the frequency of the behavior.Measure the frequency of the behavior.
• Establish a criterion or goal.Establish a criterion or goal.
• Choose a reinforcer.Choose a reinforcer.
• Selectively reward the desired behavior.Selectively reward the desired behavior.
• Measure the frequency of the behavior.Measure the frequency of the behavior.
Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.
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Social Learning TheorySocial Learning Theory
A learning theory that takes into account the A learning theory that takes into account the fact that thoughts and feelings influence fact that thoughts and feelings influence learning. Necessary components include learning. Necessary components include vicarious learning, self-control, vicarious learning, self-control, andand self- self-efficacyefficacy..
Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.Copyright 1999 by Brent Smith, Ph.D.
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Social Learning TheorySocial Learning Theory
• Observational Learning (Modeling):Observational Learning (Modeling): people can learn new behaviors by people can learn new behaviors by observing the rewards and punishments observing the rewards and punishments given to others.given to others.