image harmonic

8/13/2019 Image Harmonic

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Compound imaging

Presented by: Gofran Hassan Osman Ali


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Panoramic imaging

Presented by:Nosiba Abdelbagi DafaallaMohammed


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Panoramic photography

(often called a pano ) sometimes known as wide format photographyis a technique of photography , using specializedequipment or software, that captures imageswith elongated fields of view

panoramic images are quite similar to the way.

we see the world (2-1)


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Panoramic radiography

Panoramic X-ray images provide an overview of both jaws, show missingThe panoramic radiograph continues to offer

.todaysdentist a unique patient view; covering the entiredentition and surrounding structures, the facial

bones and condoyles, and parts of the maxillarysinus (2-3).and nasal complexes


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Figure (2-2) shows Normal Panoramic

(2-2)Radiograph


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Panoramic imaging ultrasound

Panoramic ultrasound is a technical modificationof conventional ultrasound that producesimages with a large anatomic field of view.

(2-3)


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Panoramic imaging ultrasound cont

Panoramic Imaging allows you to examineextended scans as a single image by

automatically displaying an extended field-of view. Panoramic Imaging also supportsangular scanning from convex and linear

probe data acquisition (2-3) .


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Since the near-field image width is limited by thewidth of the transducer, it is difficult to obtaina wide view of shallow structures. Panoramicimaging allows the transducer to be movedalong the patient's anatomy, blending multipleimages together to form one long image with

an extremely wide field of view. (2-3)


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This extended field-of-view technique has beenupgraded to support color-flow and power-modeimaging and can be used to measure larger

structuresin the panoramic image evaluated panoramicimagings ability to measure anatomic dimensionsof structures, such as human legs, and found

that it underestimates linear distances by 1.7%(52.2%), which is similar to the spatial error range

(2-3)of normal B-mode imaging.


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How it works?

PanoView allows recording of image sequences inorder to build a larger ultrasound overviewimage by combining (gluing) the series of singleimages. The user starts a patient study as usual,e.g. by optimizing the image using TGC, Gain, and

other settings. Once the user wants to getpanoramic scan of the interesting anatomy.

(2-5)


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How it works? Cont

We just pushes the PanoView button and move thetransducer smoothly and continually with moreor less constant speed along the desired

direction A progress bar shows the current stateduring acquisition. Recording can be stopped bypressing any button on keyboard ormouse/touchpad. Once the acquisition iscompleted, a panoramic image is automaticallycreated and displayed immediately by processing

(2-5)of frame sequence


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Applications:

1-Abdominal2-OB/GYN

3-Musculoskeletal4-Color Seascape panoramic imaging isavailable as an enhancement to B/WSeascape imaging

(2-5)


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The 2D B-mode and color-flow images have alimited field of view, allowing thevisualization of only portions of larger organs [e.g.the renal transplant in Figure (2-5- a)to be seen ata time.To extend the field of view to see larger organs andtheir surroundings [e.g. the renal transplant, liver,

(2-6)and distal fluid collection in Figure(2-5-b)


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L][] j

(2-3-b) Panoramic image displayingthe renal transplant, liver, and distal

(2-6 ) fluid collection.

fig(2-3-a)Standard field ofview of kidney renaltransplant( 2-6) .


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Panoramic imaging projection

The system may be used to generate a panoramicimage of any body structure and, indeed, as isexplained further below, may also becombined with known techniques forgenerating flow information so as to create a

panoramic image on which color flow data is

(2-7)superimposed.


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Fig(2-4-a )Narrow

Angle of View (2-7)

Fig( 2-4-b ) Wider Angle

of View


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Panoramic Ultrasound of the Thyroid

Images obtained with this technique displayboth lobes of the thyroid gland on a singleimage, and provide an accurate imagingrepresentation of a variety of thyroiddisorders. This report describes the use ofpanoramic ultrasound and presents examples

(2-8)of panoramic ultrasound of the thyroid.


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Fig(2-5) Panoramic imaging of the Thyroid (2-8)


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Fig(2-6) shows Panoramic view of a simple breast(2-8.)cyst within the glandular layer of

breast tissue


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Fig(2-8) shows Panoramic ultrasoundimage of triplet gestation at 11 weeks .(2-8)


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Fig(2-9) shows panorama of the liver and

(2-8)right kidney.


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Fig(2-10) shows Leg panorama scan (2-8 )


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3) Features

1-Intuitive and easy to use;2-No additional external devices (trackers etc.) are

needed.3-Tracker-free scanning, no change of the familiarexamination procedure.

4-Panorama images possible also along curvedlines, e.g. by following the path of a vessel.


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8-Patient data and resulting images can be storedinto the integrated database, in a separate file.or printed.

9-Colorizing of the image for better contrast.resolution10-Movie clips can be stored as an uncompressed

(2-5.)file for further processing or presentations


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TISSUE HARMONIC IMAGING

Definition of Harmonics:-multiplesFrequencies that are even and odd

Of the original frequency called fundamental or(1)operating frequency.


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Figure(3-1)Frequency spectrum of the(3)transmitted and received waves.


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How are harmonic signals generated?

Harmonics are generated by the passageof the ultrasound scanner beam as it passesthrough tissue. The peaks and troughs of thetransmit pulse cause the tissue to alternativelyexpand and contract distorting itsshape; Because tissue is not linearly elastic it

contracts less than it expands.(2)


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harmonic generation(cont..)

During tissue contraction, tissue densityincreases, causing the peak of the sound waveto travel slightly faster than the trough. Theresult of this process called non-linear

propagation, is that the wave becomes progressively more asymmetrical; This

distortion results in harmonics.(2)asymmetrical


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Figure (3-2) generation of harmonic3))frequencies


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Although the amount of harmonics that tissuegenerates at any given instant is small, theharmonics build as the pulse propagatesthrough tissue as the ultrasound scanner wavetravels through more tissue, more harmonics

(2)are generated


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The region of maximal production of harmonicsis at the focal zone, because beam intensity ishighest at that location.Little or no harmonics are produced by weakwaves such as at the edges of the mainultrasound scanner beam.(2)


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Once the fundamental frequencies areeliminated only the harmonic frequencies areleft for image formation ,Indeed the quality ofthe harmonic image is primarily dependent onthe complete elimination of all echoes derivedfrom the transmitted frequencies.(2)


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Image Formation in Tissue Harmonics

Tissue harmonic imaging in ultrasound scanneroperates by transmitting a fundamental beamthat has a lower frequency ; This fundamental

pulse as it propagates through tissue inside the body ,generates the higher frequency harmonicsound(2).


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technique Tissue harmonic imaging

Tissue harmonic imaging in ultrasound scanneris a new grayscale imaging technique. Tissueharmonics uses various techniques to eliminatethe echoes arising from the main transmittedultrasound scanner beam (the fundamentalfrequencies) from which conventional images

(2)are made.


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Filtration

is the technique to remove the fundamentalfrequency , currently used most commonly to

produce tissue harmonic images. usessophisticated transmit beam formers to

produce a narrower bandwidth and signal processing techniques to filter out the spectrum

of frequencies that are likely to arise from thefundamental beam. (2)


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Filtration)cont.(

the information from both the fundamental signaland the harmonic signal overlaps. With narrow

bandwidth beams(less overlap), filtration can provide a much cleaner separation of theharmonic related information from thefundamental signal (2).


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Single Line Pulse Inversion (PI)

Pulse inversion is a technique that adds theechoes from two opposite polarity pulses tocancel the fundamental echoes leaving only theharmonic information.An initial pulse is sent into the body and the

(2)returning echoes are recorded


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This first pulse-echo cycle results in bothfundamental and harmonic frequenciesreturning from the tissue and the data receivedare stored. (2)


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Fundamental and harmonic frequencies of thesecond cycle are received and added to thedata received from the first cycle assuming no

patient motion adding the data will then cancelthe linear fundamental echoes.(2)


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Fig(3-3)Schematic diagram of phase inversion harmonicsono graphy .(4)


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(cont)Side-by-side Phase

The resulting cancellation of the fundamentalopposite phase lines leaves the harmonicsfrom which images can be made Thistechnique is a spatial cancellation techniquewhile pulse inversion is a temporal

(2)cancellation technique.


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Pulse Encoding

Pulse encoding of the transmitted ultrasoundscanner beam is another technique to cancelthe fundamental echoes and enhance harmonicdetection ,Transmit pulse encoding usesrelatively complex waveform sequences togive each a unique recognizable signature or

code.(2)


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(cont..)Pulse Encoding

This complex coded pulse is sent into the bodyThe unique code is then recognized in thereturn waveform by a special decoder that is

part of the equipment;Because the linearfundamental echoes have a specific code theycan be identified and canceled.(2)


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(cont)Pulse Encoding

The remaining nonlinear harmonic signal is then processed to form the image ,This techniquehas proved especially useful in the nearfield.(2)

l


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Comparison Between conventional usand THI US

Harmonic waves are generated within the tissueand build up with depth to a point of maximalintensity before they decrease because of

attenuation , In comparison conventionalultrasound waves are generated at the surfaceof the transducer and progressively decrease

(3)in intensity as they traverse the body


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Comparison(cont..)

Harmonic imaging improved signal-to-noiseratio by reducing noise from side lobe artifactin the near field and echo detection from

multiple scattering events , This reduced noisewas responsible for the superiority of (HI )over conventional US in the visualization of

cystic lesions and in the improved confidence(3)cystic lesions.of diagnosis for most


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Comparison(cont..)

Tissue harmonic imaging especially effective inrenal imaging, probably because of theconsiderable distortion related to the body wall

in that area.Better definition of the posterior acousticshadows in calcifications and lesions

containing air also contributed to improved(3)lesion visibility.


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Figure(3-4)liver and hepatic vein improvementcystic clearing in this vessels with harmonic

(5)image


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Advantages of Tissue harmonic imaging

1-improved axial resolution due to shorterwavelength. 2-better lateral resolution due to improvedfocusing with higher frequencies. 3-Reduced artifact due to the relatively smallamplitude which reduces detection of echoes

(2)from multiple scattering events.


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Advantages of Tissue harm(cont..)

Tissue harmonic imaging in ultrasound scannerreduces artifact in severalways, which are:-

1- Decreased Effects of the Body Wall2- Reduced Artifacts from Weak Echoes

2))3- Decreased Body Wall Reverberations


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4-tissue harmonic imaging in ultrasound scannerhas the potential to decrease the time requiredto scan some patients

5-reduced slice thickness and signal-to-noiseratio(2)..


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5-harmonic beams are produced beyond the bodywall, thereby reducing the defocusing effect ofthe body wall.

This is a theoretic advantage in imaging of obese patients. (2)


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Harmonic imaging was especially helpful inobese patients because of reduction in the Thisincreased intensity was one of the factors that

improved lesion visibility in obese patients ;whose body walls typically contain proportiona high of fat. (2)


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6-improves the image quality by primary way(improving lateral resolution, grating lobe

(1()artifacts are eliminated


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Figure(3-5)liver and portal vein improvement in penetrationand contrast resolution with(5)harmonic image


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Second harmonic)cont(

They are strong reflectors of ultrasound andresonate when placed in an ultrasound field, Asthey resonate they generate harmonics and

these harmonic echoes are larger in amplitudethan those from tissue, This makes it easier todetect and image the contrast agent within the

(6)cardiac chambers and tissues.


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Harmonic Doppler imaging

Harmonic Doppler imaging has been found to bewell suited to a number of diagnostic

(applications. (e.g echocardiography

Doppler processed harmonic signals exhibitgreater resolution than their fundamentalfrequency counterparts due to the higher

(7)frequencies involved


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(cont..)Harmonic Doppler

The harmonic echo signals are Dopplerprocessed and displayed, The harmonicDoppler signals may be displayed alone or in

combination with a fundamental frequency or(7)harmonic grayscale image.


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Limitations

H I was better for demonstrating most abdominallesions, but at times it did not have any

additional benefit over conventional US fordemonstrating a lesion, improving diagnosticconfidence or altering clinical management

patients with diffuse fatty infiltration in theliver penetration of the US beam was better onconventional US images.(2)


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References

(2-1 )www.bhphoto video.com,files .\default\sites\ indepth\\http

Panorama ,tool and technique of panoramic photography ,Friday-22feb- 10:00 am

(2-2)www.acrobat.comSuccessful panoramic radiography page 10-11

Sunday 24feb10.30 pm(2-3)www0medical ultrasound system.com,

23f \477\content\.orgpuplishingssfs.royalsociecty\\http:expantion.html.Panoramic ultrasound imagidng

Friday22 feb11:03 am.

(2-4)hwww. Telemed.com
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//indepthhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//indepthhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//indepthhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//ssfs.royalsociectyhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//ssfs.royalsociectyhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//ssfs.royalsociectyhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//ssfs.royalsociectyhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//ssfs.royalsociectyhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//ssfs.royalsociectyhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//indepthhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//indepthhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//indepth


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( )http : \ \www. Telemed. \pano view-enlt- htmPano view

Saturday-2 march -12:00 pmm(2-5)www.wikipedia.org .http : \ \en . wikipedia .org \wiki \Panoramic- photographySunday 24-feb-9:15 am(2-6)www.healthcare.siemens.com, http : \ \healthcare siemens.com \ultrasound \option and-

upgrades \clinical-application \panoramic imaging,Panoramic imagingSat 21feb -6:16 pm

(2-7)www google com


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(2-7)www.google.comimages?\wwwgoogle.com\\http:

Panoramic ultrasound imagingFriday 1-3 9:25 am(2-8)www sciencedirect.com http: \\www sciencedirect.com \. Science \article \pii

sat 2 march 12:00am
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//wwwgoogle.comhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//wwwgoogle.comhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//wwwgoogle.comhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//wwwgoogle.comhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//wwwgoogle.comhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//wwwgoogle.com


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1-Frederick w . kremkau , Diagnostic U/S(principles and-7edition-by elsevier inc(instruments

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6-www.wikipedia.com,http://www

28-2-2013,5:30pm)).ncbi. mnih/gov/published.7-www.wikipedia.com,http://www. devileye.net.(2-3-2013,10:00am )


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