Imperialism

Think BackQ: How did the Industrial Revolution contribute to wars of the 20th century?

1. I.R. deadlier weapons and machines that could be used against enemies.

2. I.R. better forms of transportation easier to attack

3. I.R. industrialized countries needed more raw materials and

markets Imperialism

Imperialism• When nations seek to dominate other countries

politically, socially, and economically.Ways to control

1. Political: _______________

2. Social: _______________

3. Economical:_______________

Imperialists Create Colonies• Colony: an area under the control of

another country, typically a distant one.– Colonies help a nation’s sphere of

influence grow.

• Different types of imperialism practiced in colonies1. Direct rule: local leaders are replaced

by colonial leaders-total economic, political, social control

2. Indirect rule: local leaders are left in power but are puppets controlled by colonial leaders

19th Century Imperialism REASON EXPLANATION

1. Economic 1. Need for raw materials-Materials: gold, diamonds, rubber, timber-Food: Spices, tea, sugar, coffee

2. Need for markets to sell goods in

2. Political 1. National pride(the more colonies the better)

2. Advantage over rival nations

3. Social 1. Missionary (religious)work: “White Man’s Burden”

2. Racism Europeans began to believe that they were better than the African, Asian, and Latin American people

*technological advancements contributed to this *Justified by Social Darwin Theory

Social Darwinism• This is Darwin’s Theory of

Evolution (animals) applied to humans

• Social Darwinism: The best people should be above lesser people – Best people: have wealth and

success and are considered superior to others. • These people had the right and duty to

bring their “progress” to other lands

– Lesser people: Non-Europeans

What idea does this cartoon illustrate?

Imperialist Powers

•

The sun never sets on the British Empire

How Colonization was Justified?1. Economically:– We need resources and markets in order to continue economic

growth

2. Socially:– The strong control the weak—this is natural not cruel= Social

Darwin– We must educate them about the “right” religion and form of

government = White Man’s Burden

3. Politically:– We need to be the strongest, biggest, and most producing

country so we don’t fall behind other countries (rivals).• If we are the strongest, we have bragging rights nationalism

Imperialism in Southeast Asia

Beginnings of S.E. Asian Imperialism• In the late 1800s only 2 areas were controlled by

Europeans, the Philippines and the Dutch East Indies.

• By 1900 just about every area was under European control EXCEPT Thailand

Thailand: The Exception• Thailand (Siam) was able to

maintain independence because of 2 reasons:

1. King Mongkut & his son (King Chulalongkorn)

-promote European learning -maintained friendly relations with Europeans

2. British and French agree to make it a buffer zone between their S.E. Asian colonies.

Types of Imperialism in S.E. Asia• Explain the types of imperialism used?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1. Indirect rule used in the East Indies (Dutch East Indian Company) by the Dutch.

2. Direct rule used in Burma by Great Britain.

* France used both types in Indochina

U.S. In S.E. Asia • Spanish had colonized the

Philippines

• Final conquest in S.E. Asia occurred in 1898 during the Spanish-American War. – U.S. navy defeats the Spanish navy

Philippines becomes a U.S. colony.

• Emilio Aguinaldo did not want his country under any foreign rule. – He fought against the Americans but

lost

S.E. Asian Colonial Economies• Europeans did not want their colonies to develop

industries.– Europeans stress that colonies EXPORT only – Plantation agriculture created in the colonies in order to

meet raw material demands of the Europeans• Europeans take away land and force natives to work on

plantations for low wages. • Conditions were bad. • Natives paid heavy tax paid in order for European officials to

receive their salaries

S.E. Asian Resistance • Many natives were upset about being ruled– At first, most revolts conducted by the native

government. – Some peasants revolted too.– Early resistance failed because the Europeans were too

strong.

• Beginning of the 1900s, a new generation of S.E. Asians comes into the spot light– Born under colonial rule= they are westernized– Liked European ideas, hated the colonial rule– NATIONALISM used to revolt against imperialist powers

Imperialism in Eastern Asia

China• I.R. foreigners encroached further

upon China– all claimed exclusive trading rights to

certain parts.– Some claimed to own the territory

within their sphere of influence– forced China to make humiliating

concessions.

• As the 20th century was about to begin, the empress of the Ch'ing Dynasty, searched for a way to rid her empire of “foreign parasites”.

Open Door Policy• Foreign powers bickered over

who controlled China’s resources and markets– Open Door Policy is introduced= all

would have equal access to China’s markets and resources

– Foreign countries liked but said they could not enforce

John Hay

Boxer Rebellion: Nationalism • Secret society, Fists of Righteous

Harmony, attracted thousands of followers.– Foreigners called them "Boxers"– First wanted to overthrow the imperial

gov. and then expel all "foreign devils“.– roamed the countryside, slaughtering

foreigners and Chinese Christians.• The nationalist movement was ended

by a combined Western and Japanese force

Imperialism in Africa

Beginning of Imperialism in Africa1.Between 1880-1900 what

happened in Africa?It was virtually all placed under European

2. Why? How does this cartoon show that?

Rivaling European countries wanted to have the best colonies.

Imperialism In Africa1. What countries placed almost all of Africa under European rule?1. France2. Britain3. Germany4. Spain 5. Portugal6. Belgium7. Italy

2. What do these European countries have in common geographically? They are western European

3. Where in Africa did this colonization take place? All over

4. Which two African countries will succeed in remaining independent? Ethiopia and Liberia

North Africa—Egypt 1.What empire controlled Egypt before the imperialist era of the 19th century? Ottoman (Turks)

2. Who created an independent Egypt?Army officer Muhammad Ali

3. What is a canal? Man-made waterway

4. Why did the Europeans want to build a canal in Egypt?To connect the Mediterranean to the Rea Sea. As a result, it would be easier for them to travel by sea.

5. Label Egypt, Mediterranean Sea, and Red Sea on your map.

6. What is the canal in Egypt called? Suez Canal

7. Why did the British want control of the Suez Canal?This was their lifeline to India.

8. What did the British do to gain control of the Suez Canal?They bought Egypt’s share of the canal and put down Egyptian revolts.

North Africa—Ethiopia 1. What European power failed to colonize Ethiopia? Italy

2. Why was this humiliating for them?They were the only European power to be defeated by an “inferior race”

3. What other factor helped Ethiopia remain independent?They were largely Christian so the Europeans didn’t see the need to “civilize” them.

4. What other African nation was able to remain independent? Liberia

Central Africa1. What type of people helped generateEuropean interest in Central Africa? Explorers

2. What famous explorer spent 30 years in Central Africa? Dr. David Livingston

3. Who was sent out to find Dr. Livingstoneafter he went missing? Journalist Henry Stanley

4. What two countries did Henry Stanley try toconvince to colonize Central Africa? Great Britain and Belgium

5. Which country actually listened to Stanley? Belgium

6. What was the reaction of the other imperialist countries when Belgium began colonizing Central Africa?They became concerned and rushed to colonize land within that area.

Berlin Conference 1884-18851. Where is Berlin? Germany

2. How did European rivalry lead to the Berlin Conference?The Europeans needed to settle conflicting claims to various portions ofAfrica. No country was willing to give up a claim because colonies meant power.

3. What were two results of the Berlin Conference?Africa was divided up among the European powers and a process was establishedby which a European country could officially claim African land.

4. Who was invited to the conference?The Imperialist powers of Western Europe

5. Who was not invited to the conference? Why is that odd?Any African representatives. This is odd because it is their country being divided up and yet they have no say in the matter.

South Africa1. What European country was the first to colonize S. Africa? Netherlands

2. The decedents of the Dutch living in S. Africa were known as the Boers.

3. During the Napoleonic wars, who took away control of S. Africa from the Bores? British

4. After having moved, what African tribe did the Boers come into conflictwith? Zulu

5. What European power was finally successful in defeating the Zulu?The British

6. What two European powers fought against each other during the Boer War of 1899 -1902? WHY? Britain and the Netherlands fought each other because neither of them wanted to give up control or power in the region.

7. What European country won the Boer War? Britain

Imperialism in India

British Controlled India • Mid 18th century, India became

one of Great Britain's most important colonies.– relied heavily on Indian raw

materials like tea and cotton

• The British gov. gave the British East India Company (a trading company) power to get involved in India’s political and military affairs. • BEIC ruled India

British East Indian Company (BEIC)

• In order to rule India, they established their own forts and brought their own soldiers.

• Also hired Indian soldiers (Sepoys) to protect the company’s interests in India. – Sepoys were either Hindu or Muslim.

• BEIC was very successful in ruling India until the Sepoy Rebellion occurred.

Sepoy Rebellion• Rumor : BEIC was issuing their Sepoys

bullets greased with cow and pig fat. – Cows are sacred to Hindus and pork

taboo for Muslims

• Some Sepoys refused to load their rifles British arrested them other Sepoys revolted

• Numerous bloody battles occurred between the Sepoys and the BEIC for over a year.

The War

of

Indepen

dence

Queen Takes Over• After helping the BEIC regain

control of India, the British crown took direct rule of the nation.– Queen Victoria became ruler of

India the Indians were now her colonial subjects.

* India became one of the many jewels on the British crown.

British Rule Positive Effects Negative Effects

1. Order & stability to an Indian society divided into many states and political systems.

1. British manufactured goods destroyed local Indian industries.

2. New education system setup Indian children trained to serve in gov. and army.

2. Heavy taxes imposed on the natives by the British.

3. Railroads, telegraphs, and post offices introduced.

3. British emphasis on production of goods famines of 1800-1900 (30 mil. die)

* British put a lot of money and time into India in order to improve it. However, they did this to benefit themselves not the Indians.

4. British arrogance putting down the Indian people and culture. * Will lead to nationalism

- British rule had positive and negative effects on India.

“All of the historical information written in the Indian language is less valuable than what may be found in short textbooks used at the preparatory schools in England.”

Indian Nationalism • Indian nationalists were upper-class

and western educated. • At first they just wanted reform, but later they

will demand independence.

• Indian National Congress (INC) formed and demanded a share in governing India. – Goal: seek independence for India– INC had problems because of

disagreements between Hindus and Muslims.

Indian Nationalism: Mohandas Gandhi• Born in India but studied in London

to become a lawyer. • Return of Gandhi from S. Africa

brought new life to India’s struggle for independence. – Main leader of India’s independence

movement. – His tactics were based on non-violence

resistance. – Ultimately his movement will lead to

Indian independence in 1947.