Impoundment of funds When the President___________________________

Nixon was infamous for this

_______________ of 1974 Congress requires President to spend all

appropriated funds __________________ – president enforces the

Constitution, treaty, law or modify rules of the bureaucracy; has the force of law

Ex. FDR – Japanese internment camps, Obama shut down Guantanamo Bay, Johnson enforced integration

President’s Domestic Powers

President’s ________ __________ powers to exert influence over domestic policy:

Has legislative powers (veto, pocket veto, signing bills) Can call Congress into special session Appointment power (to a domestic office) For

example judges, Cabinet members Makes the State of the Union Address (at beginning

of the year/beginning of the yearly session. Chief executive role (faithfully execute the law via his

agencies that actually carry out laws)

President and Domestic Policy troublesLimitations/ troubles with Presidential ability to influence policy

in Congress:

_______ _______ period - Period of time that a president’s term comes to an end (at end of second term)->President’s power is perceived as weak; president does not exert

control over Congress->President’s approval ratings usually at lowest point

Party ________________ - increased party differences and party loyalty->Opposing party blocks president’s goals; no moderates to build a

coalition

_________________ spending - spending that is nondiscretionary; fixed amounts of money in the budget-> budgetary constraints cause difficulty in accomplishing goals;

budget cuts difficulty

Formal powers of President

Commander in chief; power to commit troops

Appointment of ambassadors and foreign policy officials

Negotiate/ make treaties

Recognition of nations (diplomatic power)

Receive ambassadors and other public ministers

Formal powers of Congress

Declare war Confirm ambassadors Power of the purse in

military/ foreign policy affairs

Ratify treaties Pass laws/ resolutions on

foreign policy issues Regulate foreign commerce

(trade agreements); appropriations, funds

Impeachment

________ ___________ of the president:

Executive agreements Access to media/ bully pulpit/ morale building Agenda setting- determines what is addressed

Meet with world leaders Crisis manager International coalition building President has access to more info, knowledge, or

expertise than does Congress Recognized as global leader

Can ___________ Congress, persuade ______, and can get around the formal process

President/ Congress Conflict on Foreign Policy

CONSTITUTIONAL CONFLICT…WHEN TO GO TO WAR

- President is commander-in-chief, Congress has power to declare war

_________ _________ _____________ Goal: Limit the power of the President over war making President must notify Congress within 48 hours of sending

troops into combat Conflicts are limited to 60 days unless Congress takes

action Congress can extend time from the initial 60 days or can

withdraw troops after 60 days

Divided Government

___________ Government - Government in which one party controls the White House and a different party controls one or both houses of Congress Democratic President Bill Clinton, Republican Congress Norm over the last 50 years due to split-ticket voting

___________ – inability to get anything done because the branches bicker with one another and make decisions difficult (no compromise/ bargaining) Paralysis of policy-making Slows the process but true checks and balances

Vice presidents

Vice Presidency – _______ _______ _________; only official task is to preside over the Senate and vote in case of a tie AND to decide on the question of presidential disability (hasn’t happened) Absent a crisis, vice president is ___________ Most important role is to take over Presidency if President is

unable to fill term 8 presidents died in office (4 assassinations – Lincoln, Garfield,

McKinley, and Kennedy), Nixon resigned

Vice Presidency role is chosen by President Represents Pres at ceremonies, advise him on specialized issues,

special projects (LBJ = civil rights, Gore = environment)

Succession and presidential disability What if the president is seriously ill but does not

die?___ Amendment (1967) – VP serves as acting President

when the pres cannot discharge his duties of officeEither the President decides or the VP and a majority of

the cabinet or 2.3 vote in Congress decides is President cannot serve

_______________ of 1947 – If both Pres and VP are unable to serve, 3) Speaker of the House, 4) Pres Pro Tempore, 5) Cabinet members

If vice pres steps up, who becomes the new vice president? VP nominates a new VP, confirmed by majority in both

houses

Office of the President Overview

White House Office (West Wing)closest to president

Executive Office of the President Cabinet Independent Agencies

* Rule of Propinquity The most powerful and influential staff members are

___________________ (physical and political)to the President

Heads of the 15 executive departments who “_________” (give suggestions) to President on specialized areas

President _________; Senate ________; President rewards political friends and supporters

Not mentioned in the Constitution Historically met regularly with the president to help with

decision making (“___________ cabinet”) Modern day – not influential over Pres decisions and Pres

has little power over departments Cabinet members see selves as representatives of their

depts WHO is chosen?

Appointments come from private business, universities, interest groups, labor unions, state officials, or Congress experienced, prior federal experience

Politically and demographically diverse

Examples of independent executive agencies include ________, the General Services Administration, and the EPA.

Some independent executive agencies are far from well-known, such as the Citizens’ Stamp Advisory Committee.

The independent executive agenciesinclude most of the independent agencies.

The most important difference between the independent executive agencies and the 14 executive departments is that they simply._______

___________________

The independent regulatory commissions stand out among the independent agencies because they are largely __________ ___ __________ of presidential direction and control.

Term length of members and staggering of member appointments keep these commissions from falling under control of one party.

The regulatory commissions are quasi-legislative and quasi-judicial, meaning that Congress has given them certain legislative-like and judicial-like powers.

The President’s closest advisors work in the West Wing of the White House, near the oval office.

White House Office/West Wing President’s _________ assistants – oversee the political and policy

interests of the President West Wing of the White House

Not approved by the Senate; hired and _________ at at will by the President

Organization of personal staff ___________ structure

Most assistants report through a hierarchy to a chief of staff who deals directly with the pres.

+Orderly flow of information; effective use of time -isolates or misinforms the pres.; chief of staff = powerful

___________ structure Cabinet secretaries, assistants and committees report directly to pres +ideas from several sources -too much info – confusion and conflict; ineffective use of time

Most end up with pyramid structure for efficiency

Executive Office of the President Agencies report directly to the President and perform specified

services for him; experts; career civil servants Top positions are appointed and confirmed by Senate; can be fired by

President at will *Office of _____________ ___ ______________

-Assembles and analyzes the yearly budget the President submits to Congress; reviews & reorganizes the work of departments; 500 person staff

___________ ___________ Council -lead advisory board in the area of national and international security;

advises Pres on military and foreign affairs (Pres, VP, Sec of State and Defense, National Security Advisor

-Office of National Drug Control Policy-CIA-Council of Economic Advisers

Leading economists who inform Pres on nation’s economy