IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES

BY: Ms. VASUDHA SINGH

We get carbohydrate from:

WHEAT

• MILLETS

• SORGHUM

• RICE

• MAIZE

WE GET PROTEINS FROM:• GRAM

• PEA

• BLACK GRAM

• GREENGRAM(MOONG)

• PIGEON PEA

• LENTIL

OILSEEDS PROVIDE US WITH NECESSARY FATS

VEGETABLES, SPICES AND FRUITS PROVIDE US WITH VITAMINS AND MINERALS

FODDER CROPS ARE RAISED AS FOOD FOR LIVESTOCK

• BERSEEM SUDAN GRASS

• OATS

• Photoperiod- duration of sunlight.• Growth of plants and flowering are dependent on sunlight.• Based on amount of sunlight required, crops are divided into-

KHARIF CROPS RABI CROPS

KHARIF CROPS RABI CROPS

Crops grown in rainy season from the month of June to October are called Kharif crops

Crops grown in winter season from the month of November to April are called Rabi crops.

E.gs., Paddy, soya bean, pigeon pea, maize, cotton, green gram and black gram

E.g., Wheat, gram, peas, mustard, linseed

HOW TO IMPROVE CROP YIELDS?

• Crop variety improvement• Crop production improvement• Crop protection management

CROP VARIETY IMPROVEMENT• Hybridization- Hybridization refers to crossing between

genetically dissimilar plants.• Intervarietal Hybridization (between two different

varieties)

Interspecific hybridization (between two different species of same genus)

Intergeneric hybridization(between different genera)

• HIGHER YIELD• BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC RESISTANCE• CHANGE IN MATURITY DURATION• WIDER ADAPTABILITY• DESIRABLE AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS

SEED SELECTION

• Manure is prepared by decomposition of animal excreta and plant waste.

• Manure increases soil fertility and its organic material iproves soil structure.

• Based on biological material used, manure can be classified as-

• Compost and Vermicompost

GREEN MANURE

FERTILISERS

MANURES FERTILISERS

It is prepared by the decomposition of animal excreta and plant waste.

They are commercially produced plant nutrients.

It is not nutrient specific It is nutrient specific.

It is bulky and difficult to transport. It is in powder form and easy to transport

It improves soil structure It does not improve soil structure.

It is not water soluble and hence takes time to be absorbed by plants

It is water soluble and can be easily absorbed

It does not cause water pollution It causes water pollution

It is cheap It is costly

IRRIGATIONThe supply of water to the crops is called irrigation.

Water is necessary for the proper growth of plants and helps to increase crop yield.

DUGWELL TUBEWELL

RIVER CANAL

RIVER LIFT SYSTEM

RIVER TANK SYSTEM

CHECK DAMS USED RAIN WATER HARVESTING

MIXED CROPPING-Growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land.

INTERCROPPING-Growing two or more crops on the same piece of land simultaneously in a definite

pattern.

CROP ROTATION-The growing of different crops on the same piece of land in a pre-planned succession.

• ADVANTAGES OF CROPPING PATTERNS• Reduces risk and gives some insurance against

failure of crops.• Ensures maximum utilisation of the nutrients

supplied.• Prevents pests and diseases from spreading to all

plants.• In crop rotation, according to the availability of

moisture and climate , crop can be selected after one harvest.

• It allows cultivation of two or more crops resulting in good harvest.

WEEDS- UNWANTED PLANTSXANTHIUM PARTHENIUM CYPERINUS

• Weeds compete for nutrients, space and light and reduce the growth of crop.

• Weeds are either removed manually, mechanically by ploughing or by using weedicides.

BORE INTO STEM SUCKING THE CELL SAP FROM LEAF

CUTTING THE LEAVES BORE INTO FRUITS

• PEST CONTROL• Pull out any weak

plants.• Build healthy,

organic soil.• Minimize insect

habitat.• Interplant and rotate

crops• Use of pesticides

1. Abiotic factors• These are the factors, which are not due to any living organism. The

various Abiotic factors which damage the stored food materials are: • (a) Temperature• (b) Moisture content in food grains• (c) Moisture in the air (humidity) • (d) Material of the containers used for storage.

STORAGE OF FOOD GRAINSThe factors which can cause damage to the stored food materials can be divided into two categories:1. Abiotic factors2. Biotic factors

FUMIGATION

STACKING UP OF GRAIN SACKS

• ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

MILCH ANIMALSDROUGHT ANIMALS

• INCREASING MILK PRODUCTION

Exotic breeds like Jersey or brown Swiss are selected for long lactation periods.

Local breeds like Red Sindhi or Sahiwal show excellent resistance to diseases. The two can be cross bred to get animals with desired characteristics.

• Caring for cattle: • Animals require regular brushing to remove dirt and

loose hair.• They should be sheltered under well-ventilated roofs• The floor of the cattle shed should be sloping so as to

stay dry and to facilitate cleaning.

Well-ventilated sheds with sloping roofs

HEALTHY ANIMAL SICK ANIMAL

Feeds regularly Doesn’t feed

Is active Is dull or listless

Normal posture Drooping posture

ECTOPARASITES

ENDOPARASITES

• Ectoparasites live on the skin and cause mainly skin diseases.

• Endoparasites like worms, affect stomach and intestine while flukes damage the liver.

• Bacteria and viruses cause infectious diseases.

• Vaccinations are given to farm animals against • infectious diseases.

POULTRY FARMING

• POULTRY BREEDS are divided into • LAYERS-for laying eggs• BROILERS- for meat production

LAYERSBROILERS

• Following desirable traits are required in cross bred poultry varieties:

• Number and quality of chicks• Dwarf broiler parent for commercial chick production• Summer adaptation capacity• Low maintenance requirements• Reduction in the size of egg laying birds with ability to

utilize more fibrous cheaper diets.

FISH PRODUCTION

• Fish is a cheap source of animal protein• Fish production includes finned true fish as well as

shelled fish.• There are two ways of obtaining fishes:• Culture fishing Capture fishing

• Marine fishes are caught using fishing nets from fishing boats.

• Popular marine fishes are- Pomphret, Mackerel, Tuna, Sardines, Bombay duck.

• Fishes like Prawns, Oysters and Mussels are cultivated in sea water. Oysters are cultivated for pearls.

MARICULTURE

MARINE FISHERIES

INLAND FISHERIES•Aquaculture is done in brackish water sources such as estuaries and lagoons.

•Fish culture is sometimes done in combination with a rice crop.

•Composite fish culture involves combination of five or six fish species in a single fish pond.

•Catlas are surface feeders, Rohus are middle zone feeders, Mrigals and common carps are bottom feeders.

BEE KEEPING

INDIAN BEEApis cerana indica

PASTURAGE FOR BEES