in-class discussion compare petersens and meads websites image and style issue stances presentation,...
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In-Class Discussion• Compare Petersen’s and Mead’s websites
• Image and style • Issue stances• Presentation, framing, communication strategies
• Newspaper portrayal of candidates
• Opinion• Which website is better? More organized? Visually appealing?
More informative?• If you had to vote just based on websites, who won?• Who will win the election and why?
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HOW JOURNALISTS REPORT THE NEWSBennett, Ch. 5
Dr. Kristen LandrevilleMon. 9/20, Wed. 9/22, Fri. 9/24
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Reporting Patterns• Report official lines of the day• Play “gotcha” with newsmakers
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Explanation for Reporting Patterns
1. Economics: Moneymaking in the news business (Ch. 7)
2. Dependence: Reliance on newsmakers and communication strategists (Ch. 4)
3. Organizational routines: Routine news-gathering practices (Ch. 5)
4. Professional norms: Codes of conduct (Ch. 6)
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Benefits of Organizational Routines• News is defined in similar ways across media• News sources cooperate • Daily information sharing with coworkers• News organizations produce a product on schedule• News reports moral issues with diversity
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3 Pitfalls of Organizational Routines
1. Cooperation: Reporters are pressured to cooperate with news sources.
2. Standardization: Reporters are pressured to standardize.
3. Pack Mentality: Reporters are pressured to agree.
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1. Reporters & Officials: Cooperation and Control
Pressures that Reporters Feel
• Short deadlines• Demanding editors• Reliance on officials• Persuasive news sources• Sympathetic relationships
with officials• Punishment by officials for
failing
Result = Insider Journalism
• Pseudo-events: Formulaic plot for most political stories:Which official did what official action?
in what official setting?
for what officially-stated purpose?
and with what officially proclaimed results?
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2. Reporters & News Organizations:Pressures to Standardize
Pressures that Reporters Face
• Editors’ watchful eyes• Mysterious decisions from
editors• Need to fill the “news
hole”• Closing bureaus and firing
reporters to cut costs
Result = Standardized Practices
• Coverage of pseudo-events
• Reliance on PR• Fluff stories on slow news
days• Beat reporters• Breaking news events
reported with formulas
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3.Reporters & Packs:Pressures to Agree
Social Pressures Reporters Face
• Reporters eat, travel, drink, and socialize together.
• Waiting, waiting, waiting• Tight deadlines• Editors question
departures from formula
Result = Pack Journalism
• Compare notes• Corroborate story angles• Formulaic plotlines• Feeding frenzies
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HOW JOURNALISTS REPORT THE NEWSBennett, Ch. 5
Dr. Kristen LandrevilleMon. 9/20, Wed. 9/22, Fri. 9/24
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In-Class Assignment #7• Let’s review the benefits and pitfalls of organizational
routines that journalists follow.
• Benefits team • Pitfalls teams
• Go to board and list the respective reasons under each
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Review of Organizational Routines
Benefits
• Fawn• Chris• Britney• Michael• AJ• Zak• John• Matthew
Pitfalls
• Alexa• Casey• Grant• Andrew• Jeremiah• Kelsey• Dalton• Max
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Benefits of Organizational Routines• News is defined in similar ways across media• News sources cooperate • Daily information sharing with coworkers• News organizations produce a product on schedule• News reports moral issues with diversity
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3 Pitfalls of Organizational Routines
1. Cooperation: Reporters are pressured to cooperate with news sources.
2. Standardization: Reporters are pressured to standardize.
3. Pack Mentality: Reporters are pressured to agree.
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The Paradox of Organizational Routines• Goal: Garner an audience• Strategy: Use organizational routines• Result: Hundreds of media outlets that look and feel the
same
• Paradox: Want an audience, but not unique!
• Result: Use media celebrities, branding, style, and image to create a niche
• Reality: Marketing surveys show human-interest stories rule
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In-Class Discussion• Should the market rule the news?
• Should media increase human-interest stories because they garner the most ratings?
• Does this mean people want more of these stories?
• Does the media do a good job at explaining relevance and importance of major political issues?
• Is the media being elitist when they tell the public what to care about?
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Making ChangesLocal News•Experiment in Austin, TX•Local news does best when it is either:
• All human-interest, celebrity, scandal OR
• All serious informational
•Audiences are segmenting their attention
Web 2.0•Blogging, discussion forums, iReports, Facebook, Twitter, Digg•Will this help journalism?
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INSIDE THE PROFESSION: OBJECTIVITY AND
THE POLITICAL AUTHORITY BIAS
Bennett, Ch. 6
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Objectivity Defined• Accuracy• Fairness• Balance• Truth• Comprehensiveness
• 10 Reporters, 1 Story
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A Brief History of Objective Journalism
• Early US News• Funded by political parties• Events were interpreted• Audience aware of filter
• Mid 1800s• Country and cities growing• Technology improving• Creation of AP wire
• Late 1800s to Early 1900s• Commercialization of news• Required broad appeal• Inverted pyramid
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Questioning Objectivity• Business practices of objectivity came first• Later adopted objectivity as a professional norm• But is it fair to…• Limit reporting to two sides? • Give equal time to both sides?• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aFX7kr6Y3Po
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Objectivity as Bias• Objectivity requires authority and official sources
• Facts are disputed because officials have biases
• Objectivity leads to forcing balance of an issue• Global Warming
• Objectivity leads to neglecting the “other side” when no officials can represent it• Iraq War
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Blog Post #5• What do you think?
• Is objectivity a worthy cause?
• Or is it unrealistic and harmful to democracy?
• See instructions, due Mon. 9/27
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INSIDE THE PROFESSION: OBJECTIVITY AND
THE POLITICAL AUTHORITY BIAS
Bennett, Ch. 6
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6 Standards of Objectivity in Journalism
1. Be a politically neutral adversarial • Critically examine both sides• Ensures detachment
2. Observe social standards of decency and good taste
3. Document facts, do not interpret
4. Use a standardized format• Inverted pyramid
5. Reporters should be generalists• Helps minimize interpretation
6. Use editors to ensure objectivity
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1. Politically Neutral Adversarial Role• Intended for detachment• Reality: Symbiotic relationship
• Press: Need appearance of 4th estate• Government: Need appearance of control
• Outcome: Both attack the personal, rather than institutions• Examples:
• Watergate – Deep Throat• Obama White House – Glenn Beck and conservative pundits
• Tag-team adversarial journalism out of control: Crossfire• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vmj6JADOZ-8 • Little respect, rudeness
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2. Decency and Good Taste • Intended to keep news serious• Recent downturn. How and why?• Tension between dual goals:
• Morality Police vs. Sensationalism and Profit
• Examples• Morality Police: Trent Lott• Sensationalism: Janet Jackson
• Yet, news avoids what public wants to ignore • AIDS information• Images of war, death, famine, abuse
• Why? • What do you think?
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3. Documenting “Just the Facts”• Intended to avoid embellishment, advocacy, interpretation
• Reality: • Documentation requires officials• Officials exploit this with pseudo-events
• Journalists complain, but don’t attack institutions
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4. Standardized Storytelling • Intended to distribute facts efficiently• Reality:
• Stories need characters, plots, climax, drama• Hence, 4 information biases• Media receptive to pseudo-events • Reoccurring themes: America first, America-the-generous,
America-the-embattled, responsible capitalism, individualism
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5. Reporters as Generalists • Intended to make complex information accessible to
average person.• Intended to prevent closeness to sources.• Reality:
• Deadlines, editors• Reliance on official angle• Rarely ask critical questions
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLUvP9ycDx0 • But what about beats?
• “You scare me with your information; I think we’ll put you on another beat.”
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6. Editorial Review• Intended to promote professional norms.• Reality:
• Editors reinforce and promote biases• Editors “play it safe”• Reliance on theme music, celebrity anchors and pundits, bold
headlines
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Review of Objectivity Norms
Benefits
• Alexa• Casey• Grant• Andrew• Jeremiah• Kelsey• Dalton• Max
Pitfalls
• Fawn• Chris• Britney• Michael• AJ• Zak• John• Matthew
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For Next Time…• Read Bennett Ch. 7 on The Political Economy of News
• Complete Blog Post #5 by Mon. 9/27