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In context of Subcontinent Dated:22-09-2013 By Muhammad Ali Khan Evolution and Growth of Muslim Society in Subcontinent 1

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Outline Introductory Society Evolution and Growth Muslim Society Evolution of Muslim Society o Earlier period (Prior to 712) o 712 to 1526 o Governing Principles of Evolution Growth of Muslim Society Mangols 1526-1757 Governing Principles of Growth Fall 1757-1857 Impacts on Subcontinent Appraisal 2

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Society People who interact in such a way as to share a common culture The cultural bond may be ethnic or racial, due to shared beliefs, values, and activities The term society can also have a geographic meaning and refers to people who share a common culture in a particular location 3

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Constituents of A Society Culture Laws Government Institutions Religion Economy Art and Architecture Identity/Ideology Collective Consciousness 4

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Culture Consists of the beliefs, behaviors, objects and other characteristics common to the members of a particular group or society Through culture, people define themselves, conform to society's shared values, and contribute to society Culture includes many societal aspects: language, customs, values, norms, mores, rules, tools, technologies, products, organizations, and institutions Institution refers to clusters of rules and cultural meanings associated with specific social activities. Common institutions are the family, education, religion, work, 5

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Culture "The complex way of knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, morals, customs, and other capabilities and habits of man". Language Family as Unit of Society Division of labor Moral Code Art and Architecture 6

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Muslim Society 7 Having Muslin Identity Culture Sources of Law Ideology

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Determinants of Muslim Society Invaders Settlers /Refugees Sufis /Ulemas/Intellectuals Reformists Movement Service Gentry 8

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Evolution of Muslim Society o Earlier period (Prior to 712) o Pre-Muslim Civilizations o Early Links by o Traders o 712 to 1526 o Invaders o Sufias/Ulema o Role of Service Gentry o Refuges and Settlers 9

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Evolution(Earlier Period) Trade relations have existed between Arabia and the Indian subcontinent from ancient times in Malabar region, which linked them with Arab peninsula In Malabar, the Moppilas may have been the first community to convert to Islam as they were closely connected with the Arabs than others with the ports of South East Asia 10

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Cont Invasion of Muhammad bin Qasim,Sindh became the easternmost province of the Umayyad Caliphate Arab traders transmitted the numeral system developed Muslims to India Many Sanskrit books were translated into Arabic as early as the Eighth century during the reign of the second Abbasid caliph al-Mansur [754775] 11

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Three Political Centers of Muslims The first was the rich Mali Kingdom in Africa, which attained its zenith under Mansa Musa (d. 1332) The second was the Mamluke Empire embracing Egypt and Syria The third, and by far the most powerful, was the Sultanate of Delhi 12

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Cont The Slave Dynasty The Khiljis (1296-1316) conquered all of India and Pakistan, from Peshawar to Malabar, an area covering more than a million and half square miles The Tughlaqs (1316-1451) Muhammad bin Tughlaq (d. 1351), primarily because we know a great deal about his court through the writings of Ibn Batuta So rich was the Delhi Sultanate that Ibn Batuta, 1335-1341, records that whenever the Emperor passed through the streets of Delhi, the courtiers following him threw coins of gold and silver in the streets for the amah (common folk) use to pick It was in this magnificent Delhi court that the final resolution of the tug-of-war between the Sufis, the anti-Sufis, the philosophers, the doctors of law and the ruling elite took place 13

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Invaders South- Arabs712 North-Ghouriz1196-1206 West -Afghanis998 to 1120 14

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Iran / Mongolia: Ghazan Khan (r.1295-1304) with his wife Kokachin at court, 13th century By the middle of the 14 th century, trade routes between Africa, Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, India and China, which had been cut by the Mongol invasions, had been restored With the conversion of Ghazan the Great (1295), Persia was back in the fold of Islam This removed the barrier to travel by land from India to West Asia and from there to Africa and Spain. A flexible Islam welded together a world order wherein people and ideas traveled freely from one continent to another 15

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Settlers/ Refugees Mangools,Qureshis,Drawadian,Arayan The Mongol devastations resulted in a substantial migration of men of learning from Central Asia and Persia into India The influx of the Sufis provided the spiritual momentum for the spread of Islam in India and present Pakistan, The migration was not confined to dervishes and Sufis A large number of Ulema and kadis also fled and sought employment in Hindustan Others migrated further east to the Indonesian islands 16

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Reformist Movements Islmists Mujaddid Alaf Sani Hazrat Baqi Billah Assimilation Bhagat Kabir1398-1518 Guru Nanak1469-1539 17

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Role of Service Gentry 18 In Slave Dynasty Chihalgani was the group of most important and powerful forty nobles or highly placed officers in the court of Iltutmish Iltutmish had organized them as his personal supporters Modern Kitchen Cabinet Influencing the establishment of Military and Administration and Annexation of areas

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Some Theories of Spread of Islam Muslims are descendants of migrants from the Iranian plateau or Arabia (Settlers and Refuges) Conversions occurred for non-religious reasons of pragmatism and patronage such as social mobility among the Muslim ruling elite or for relief from taxes, Conversion was a result of the actions of Sufi saints and involved a genuine change of heart Conversion was due to Invadors 19

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Cont. Conversion came from Buddhists and the masses conversions of lower castes for social liberation and as a rejection of the oppressive Hindu caste system As a socio-cultural process of diffusion and integration over an extended period of time into the sphere of the dominant Muslim civilization and global polity at large 20

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Growth of Muslim Society 1526-1757 21 Period of Growth 1526-1757 Chughtai Turks Reformist Movements Role of Service Gentry Settlers

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Invaders 22 A large number of Ulema and kadis also fled and sought employment in Hindustan after Babur and Hamuyns return, Many Settlers came with Babur too Reformist Movements Mujadaid Alaf Sani Shah Wali Ullah Settlers North_West-Chughtai Turks1526 West Afghan/Patthan1739 and 1721

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Education Ders-e-Nizami Farangi Mahal Lakhnow, Mulla Nizam-o-Din Ideology of Life Dunya as Maya to Balance of lives Language Persion,Urdu,Lashkari Intellectual Development Sheikh Mubarak, Faizi,abu Al-Fazal, Shah Wali Ullah 23

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Earlier Social System India, whose social structure was fossilized by the caste system, was ready to accept a universal religion like Islam The most important reason for the success of the Sufis lay in the spiritual bent of the Indian mind by humanity, and dignity of man Every culture produces an ARCHETYPE that personifies the ethos of that culture. Islam introduced the concept of Equality 24

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Role of Sufia 25

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Work of Sufis The Sufis were eminently successful not just because of Zikr, and carity, but because they established effective institutions to do their work in their own lifetime and to continue it after they departed Purification by Qawwalli and Arifana Kalam, Chanting Slogans 26

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Cont The first Moghul emperor Babur was himself a Sufi mystic. Emperor Akbar was a murid of Shaykh Salim Chishti (Fatehpur Sikri, d. 1572) He made annual pilgrimages on foot to the tomb of Shaykh Salim as well as to the tomb of Khwaja Moeenuddin of Ajmer Since the methods and processes of the Sufis have changed little over the last thousand years, the Chishtiya order, together with its sister Qadariya and Suhrwardi orders, provide a cultural link between modern Islam with the Middle Ages. 27

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services rendered by the Muslim Saints for the propagation of Islam during the sultanate period Spreading the message of Islam Academic persuasion- Fataqa e alamgiri by sheikh nizam ud din Burhan puri Islamic way of justice at courts Introduced education system in subcontinent They made society pragmatic Jizya was abolish in the regime of khilji on recommendation of Sufiz 28

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Khanqahss role in the demonstration of Islamic idea of Tauheed as a working principal in the social life of India 29

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Role of Ulama and Umara in the development of Sultanate of Delhi Geographical spread of Islam was possible due to Sufis Introduction of mystical Islam in subcontinent They travelled from one corner to other to spread of message of Islam Khangah, an institution of education, shelter and peace Urs- a festival, a social event a commerce, a chance to reinforce the message of the sufi Lahger as help of poor and the needy 30

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Four Pillar of Sufiism Tolerance Piety and Chirsma and Purity of Character Adaptation and Flexibility 31

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Study of origin and teaching of chastity order 32

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services rendered by sufis and Ulemas in developing the Muslim society in the sub continent 33

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comparison between the teachings, Khanqah organization and attitude towards the state of sufi saints of Chistiya and suharwardi orders or silsilahs of sufism in India 34

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the teachings of suharwardi and Chistia orders 35

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Khanqah organization of suharwardi and Chistia orders 36

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Attitude towards the state of Sufi saints of Chistiya and suharwardi orders 37

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Famous Sufis 38 Bahudin Zakria 1182-1262 Moin-ud-Deen Chisti1142 -1236

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Chistia The first of the Chishti saints was Abu Ishaq Shami (d. 329 /AD 940 41), Abu Ishaq Shami established the Chishti order in Chisht During the reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq, who spread the Delhi Sultanate southward, the Chistiyyah order spread its roots all across India During the Mongol invasion in AD 1220 and Safavid attack in 1509 many Chishti Sufis migrated to Uch, Ajodhan, Bhakkar and Sehwan in Sindh The Khanzada subdivision of the Rajput clan was converted to Islam by Chishti Sufis 41

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Teachings of Chistia Away from pom and show Aloofness from who were in the power Avoided meeting the rulers They did not accepted any appointment in the palace Non chalant Peaceful 42

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Shurwrdia The first of the Suhrawardi saints was Abu al- Najib Suharwardi (490563 AH). The Suhrawardiyyah order achieved popularity in Bengal The Qadiri order was founded by Abdul-Qadir Gilani, whose tomb is in Baghdad. It is popular among the Muslims of South India, Kernatka and Kerala 43

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Qadria Qadria_The origin of this order can be traced back to Khwaja Yaqub Yusuf al-Hamadani (b. AD 1140 It was patronized by the Mughal rulers, as its founder was their ancestral p r, or spiritual guide "The conquest of India by Babur in 1526 gave considerable force to the Naqshbandiyya order, who lived in Central Asia 44

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New Class Identity in Muslim society Turk ElitesGovernance Ulema Court, Judicial System SufisReligion SadatsKhan/Maik/Ameens/Bureaucracy CommunityBased on Profession 45

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Role of Service Gentry Muslims Elites/Nobels Establishing the Modern trends Used to control the masses and Influence the King Sheikh Mubarak Abu Alfazal Sheikh Faizi 46

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Cultural Context Spread of Islam Case one By Invaders If accepted by Elites Society became Islamic, Islam Spread Fast Local culture was absorbed Example Iran and Africa If accepted by Common Masses Society did not became Islamic, Islam Spread Slow Local culture was not absorbed Example Subcontinent 47

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Cont Case two By Sufis If accepted by Elites Society became Islamic, Islam Spread Fast Local culture was absorbed Example Iran and Africa If accepted by Elites Assimilation of Society, Islam Spread Slow Local culture was not absorbed Example Subcontinent 48

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Appraisal 49 Evolution of Muslim Society Early LinksTraders IntroductionInvaders Spread and Social FabricSufis/Ulemas Preliminary FabricAltutmash Early ConsolidationBalban Initial Economic StabilityKhilgis

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Growth of Muslim Society 50 Annexation and FederationBabur-The Lion Heart Development of Infrastructure Sher Shah Suri Revenue System Sher Shah and Akber Art, Music, ArchitectureJahangir and Shahjahan Education and IdeologyAurangzeb Islamic IdentityAurangzeb Cultural GrowthEarly Mughls Art and LiteratureLate Mughals

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Concluding Remarks - an Empirical Frame Work of Muslim Society Ethnic Response Raja Dahir, Khushal khan Khatak, Muslim Identity Sufia, Mujadad Alaf sani, Alamgir Assimilation or Synthesis Bagat Kabir, Guru Nanak, Akber 51

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Evolution of Muslim Society 52 o Pattern of Evolution o Introduction by Traders/Invaders o Spread by Sufis o Early Identity as Muslim o Cultural Identity o Art and Architecture o Struggle for strong Military o Establishment of Administrative/Govt System o Consolidation of Masses o Synthesis by,Bagat Kabeer and Gru Nanak Governing Principles o Strike on cast system and Equality o Piety and Humanitarianism by Sufis o Tolerance o Freedom of Worship

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Growth of Muslim Society 1526-1757 53 Pattern of Growth Building Institutions (Revenue System and Administration) Political Maturity (Establishment of Central Govt.) Development of Collective Consciousness (Nationalism and Muslim Nationalism) Defined Sources of Islamic Law (Fatawa-e-Alamilgiri) Development of Islamic Ideology (Dara v/s Alamgir) Mature Education System (Dars-e-Nizami, Shadat-e-Amliya, Shadat-e-Fazliya) Strong Military and Political System Social Harmony (Deen-e-Elahi) Reformist Movements (Alaf Sani and Baqi Billah, Shah Wali Ullah) Consolidation of Muslim Identity (Reversal of Deen-e-Elahi by Alamgir) Appointment of Qazi to administor Muslim Law Creation of Large Educated Muslim Class Muslim Culture

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Factors contributing in Growth of Muslim Society 54 Strong Military Economic Strength Social Harmony Popularity of Monotheism Strong Court System Patronage of Art and Culture Music,Poetry,Language,Dress,Festivals,Culinary Department,Painting and Miniatures, Ventilated House, Treat/Party

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Impacts Islam Introduced in this land Sultanat was one of the three power centers of Muslim Rule Introduction of Public Policy Economic Prosperity and growth Establishment of Early State and Central Govt New Education System Introduction of system of Administration and Revenue 55

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Cont Isolation of India was broken Rise of Regional Languages (560) Social Democracy Hospices/Khangah as unit of Development Arrival of man of learning New Language-Lasraki Fusion of three great Cultures/Civilizations Impacts were so strong that Hindus Reformis movements as Anti thesis, Arya Samaj, Brhamo Samaj 56

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Traders Economic Cultural Service Gentry Social Intellectual Reformist Movement Religious Social Invaders Political Ideological Sufis Social Educational Settlers/Refuges Social Economic Cultural 57

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Patterns and Governing Principles for Growth 58 Pattern of Growth Building Institutions (Revenue System and Administration) Political Maturity (Establishment of Central Govt.) Development of Collective Consciousness (Nationalism and Muslim Nationalism) Defined Sources of Islamic Law (Fatawa-e-Alamilgiri) Development of Islamic Ideology (Dara v/s Alamgir) Mature Education System (Dars-e-Nizami, Shadat-e- Amliya, Shadat-e-Fazliya)

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Cont. 59 Strong Military and Political System Social Harmony (Deen-e-Elahi) Reformist Movements (Mujadad Alaf Sani and Baqi Billah, Shah Wali Ullah) Consolidation of Muslim Identity (Reversal of Deen-e- Elahi by Alamgir) Patronage of Man of Qualities/Intellectuals Appointment of Qazi to administer Muslim Law Creation of Large Educated Muslim Class Promotion of Muslim Culture

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Governing Principles of Growth of Muslim Society 60 Strong Military Economic Strength Popularity of Monotheism Effective Court System Control by Central Government Cultural Identity Patronage of Art and Culture

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Impacts New Education System Sultanat was one of the three power centers of Muslim Rule Introduction of Public Policy Economic Prosperity and growth Establishment of Early State Introduction of system of Administration and revenue 61

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Cont Isolation of India was broken Rise of Regional Languages (560) Social Democracy Hospices/Khangah as unit of Development Arrival of man of learning New Language-Lasraki Fusion of three great Cultures/Civilizations Impacts were so strong that Hindus Reformis movements as Anti thesis, Arya Samaj, Brhamo Samaj 62

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Fall of Muslim Society 1757 to 1857 It is an irony of Islamic history that those who should have been the most liberal in their tolerance of dissident thought, namely the philosophers, turned out to be the most intolerant Weak Military Foreign Invasion 63