in-depth ied awareness training
TRANSCRIPT
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In-Depth IED Awareness Training
Chris FearnleyCrime & Intelligence Analyst
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Scope• What is an IED?• The five components of an IED
– Casing– Explosive– Power source– Detonator / Initiator– Trigger / Firing Switch
• Different types of IED– Command (RC or CW)– VOIED– PBIED– VBIED– EFP – Chemical / Biological
• IED Enhancements• Experimental IEDs
– Drone-borne– RC-driven VBIEDs
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The Casing• Virtually anything can
be used as a casing for an IED!
• Serves two purposes:– Conceal the device
from being detected– Enhance the explosive
power
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The Explosive• Two types: High explosive and low
explosive• Comes in all shapes, sizes, granularity
and colour• Low explosive:
– Black powder • Obtained from shotgun cartridges
– Potassium perchlorate • Obtained from fireworks & match heads
• High explosive: – TNT
• Harvested from conventional munitions
– Ammonium nitrate-based • Obtained through processing of fertiliser
– TATP (triacetone triperoxide) • Favoured in Europe, precursors freely available
• Terrorist publications such as Inspire magazine regularly feature scientifically-accurate ‘how-to’ guides for manufacturing homemade explosives
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The Power Source• All IEDs require a
power source, except for incendiary devices
• Common items include 9V batteries, car batteries, motorcycle batteries, AA batteries…
• Possibilities are endless… even stored mechanical energy can be used, such as a coiled spring.
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The Detonator / Initiator• Explosives require
some sort of method or component to initiate an explosive
• Detonators– Can be mechanical
or electrical– Hard to acquire in
UK, an improvised detonator is more likely to be seen
– Contain a low explosive
• Initiators– Different from
detonators– Used to ‘initiate’ low
explosives, such as black powder
– Often improvised, easy to make
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The Trigger / Firing Switch• Every IED
requires some sort of action or input to cause the device to function
– A button– A switch– A timer
• IRA often used a mercury tilt switch
• Mobile phones and UHF/VHF radios favoured by IS
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The Different Types of IED
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Command: CW (command wire) or RC (radio-control)
• The IED receives a ‘command’ that causes it to initiate
• Two types:– Command wire
(CW)– Radio-controlled
(RC)
• IS frequently use mobile phones or radios
• Command wires less popular, difficult to conceal, limited range
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VOIED: (Victim-operated)• The IED is
initiated as a result of some sort of action or motion of the victim
– Pressure plate– Pressure release– Motion sensor
(PIR)– Tilt switch
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PBIED: (Person-borne)• Also known as a “suicide
vest”• Worn around the
waist/chest• Two types:
– Defensive• Anti-capture device• Bataclan theatre
– Offensive• Inflict mass casualties• Contains fragmentation matrix• Stade de France
• IS utilise female and child operatives to infiltrate secure locations
• IS Have experimented with internal PBIEDs
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VBIED: (Vehicle-borne)• Huge destructive
power• Main charges up to
50 tonnes seen!!• Suicide & non-
suicide• Perimeter breach• Mass casualty
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EFP: Explosively Formed Projectile
• Design originated from the Iranians
• Used to great effect during the first Gulf War
– Destroyed a US M1 Abrams MBT
• Identifiable by the concave ‘liner’, usually made of copper or steel
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Chemical/Biological IED
• Chemical and biological weapons have added ‘fear factor’
• IS have been experimenting for years
• Main difficulty exists in getting explosive power correct
– Too low, the agent will not be dispersed
– Too high and the agent will be vaporized/destroyed
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Refrigerant 134aMixtures with high concentrations of air at elevated pressure and/or temperature can be ignited. Contact of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane with flames or hot surfaces in excess of 250 °C (482 °F) may cause vapour decomposition and the emission of toxic gases including hydrogen fluoride and carbonyl halides.
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IED Enhancements• Additives or
damage multipliers added to enhance the lethality or destructive capability of an IED
• Most common is fragmentation
– Ball-bearings– Nuts and bolts– Steel rebar– Bullets
• Accelerant to increase incendiary effect
– Gasoline– Kerosene
• Pressurised containers– Gas cylinders
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Experimental IEDs
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Drone-borne IED
• Terrorists using drones for several years
– Reconnaissance– Assassination
• Technique not perfected
– Technical hurdles– Weight– Targeting– Stable flight– Navigation– Counter-measures
• Propaganda value and creates ‘terror’
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RC-Driven VBIEDs• Remote-controlled
vehicle filled with explosives
• Technical and design hurdles
• Often slow-moving, difficult to maneuver
• Vulnerable to interdiction
• No requirement for a suicide operative
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tr4y6kaiiBY
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Supply of IED Components to Iraq/Syria
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Supply of Det Cord to Iraq/Syria
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Supply of Electric Detonators to Iraq/Syria