In Quest of the Dates of the Vedas

A comprehensive study of the Vedic and the Indo-European flora, fauna and climate over the last 10,000 years in light of the information emerging from the disciplines of archaeology, archaeo-botany, geology, genetics and linguistics

by Premendra Priyadarshi

Partridge Publishers. Published September 2, 2014

http://www.amazon.com/Quest-Dates-Vedas-Comprehensive-Indo-

European/dp/1482834251/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1424606756&sr=8-

1&keywords=In+quest+of+the+dates+of+the+vedas

See Preface at : http://aryaninvasionmyth.wordpress.com/2014/09/29/in-quest-of-the-dates-of-the-

vedas-preface/

Word-Index

Acacia arabica 276

Acacia catechu 64, 67

Acacia, pre-Harappan 92

Aegilops tauschii 56

Ahar, iron at 41

ah (cow) 352 ahi-dvi (mongoose) philology 84 ahi-phena (opium) 280

aihwatundi 155fn

AIT 128-9; horse in 134

aja (goat) 350

ajagara (python) 83,323

akwa (horse), absent in Hittite 130

Allchin, on horse Harappan 136

alligator 300

Altai, past climate 25

Altyn Depe Indus seal 97; Indus inscriptions at 114

Amarakosha, willow 173

ml 104fn amulet 37; amulet of zebu Ur 117

Anatolia hypothesis 129-30; Anatolian origin 196

Anatolian, farming words lost in 131

Anau horse 123; Marshall on 139

ancient DNA, goat, France 343

Ancient DNA, horse 164; in Spain 162

Ancient DNA, Indian (human) West Asia 100

Andronovo culture, date of 109, genesis of 112

Andronovo posterior to Pirak 125

Andronovo pottery 40

ant (vamra) philology 259

Anthony, David, claim by 134-5; retracted 135

au millet YV 63

Apis 327

apple, IE cognates 282

apup, apup RV 241 Aq Kupruk, caballus horse 139; goat at 340

aquatic animals in YV 83

Arab horse origin 143, 144,147,148; ribs 149

Arabia, horse statue 166

ara (fire-stick) 256 araya, grassland in RV 153; habitat of horse 153; as forest 153. Aratta 119

aravinda, cognates 281

arid region 88

aridity, and zebu 118; in China 168; in steppe 110; NW India 169

Arkaim 110, 115, 125

Artemisia 190, 191,193; as incense 193

artemisinin for malaria 190

artisans, Indus 115, migration of 116

Arundo grass-reed 92

Aryan arrival, absence of DNA evidence 19

Aryan farmers 128

Ash-tree, see Fraxinus.

Asparagus 246

aspen 73-4, 248-; horses dislike for 255 aspen, cognates 253; and ava 253; and avattha 254; etymology 254; aspen, habitat 254; a. in northern route 254; medicinal properties 257

ass, philology of 154

Assyria, bull cult in 118

avattha 70,73,74, leaves of 70 avattha, home of Goddess 240 avattha, -pen for horse-sacrifice 255; in TS 256; confusion identification in S.Br. 257; abode of mother Goddess 257

avin kumaras 76,191; and poplar 253 Avins RV 253 Atharva-Veda 89, date of 64,89

Australia, Indian migration to 22,96

avaka grass YV 49, 50

Avesta, date of 85

Azzaroli 121-2,124,127

babhru 31,84, 298-9

Bactria, oldest horse of 123

Badam, Inamgaon 137

Bagor, horse at 138

balano (Gk.) oak 209

balbaja grass RV, YV 60, 61, AV 64

Bali, Indian migration to 96

Baltic, absence of oak 198

Baluchistan, desertion of 90; forest 95

banyan 74

baraqat (Arabic word) 265

Barb horse, origin of 147, ribs in 149

bargad tree 222

barkara 348

barley cultivation 55

Baudhayana rautastra 119 bdellium 93, sea-trade of 93

beans 59, AV 64, hyacinth 59

beaver 31; cognates 299; in YV 83; 2000 BC skeleton 31,298; at Gufkral 85; at Burzahom 85;

bee 326-7

beech 226; distribution 224,227; expansion 226; home of 223

beech, absent Baltic languages 198; cognates in Germanic 218; philology 210,229

beech-line 224,225

Begash 107; horse at 167

Bellwood, Peter 11;

bent 174

berry terracotta Harappa 241

betel-nut 207-8

betula philology 196

Betula, see birch.

Betula-Salix in steppe 243

bezoar 342

bhago-, meanings of cognates 229

bho-s 223 Bhargava, M.L. 25

Bhimbetka, camel 367; horse 145

Bhirrana 21,37,40,87

Bhoja etymology 211

bhgu 246-7 bhrja etymology 212 Bhutan, pig DNA 329

birch (tree) absent Iran 201; disappears fr S.Europe 200; Early Holocene India 26; expansion

198; in Gobi 168, extinct 168; in northern route 197, 199; in NW Indus Valley 177; in steppe

168; post-glacial 25

birch (word) absent in southern languages 201; cognates 195-6; Iran and South Europe 195;

loss of meaning 196; Tocharian 200

birch-pine forest 198,242

Black Sea coast 5000 BC 25

black-millet 62, 64

Blapek (linguist) 211

Blastophaga 71

blood-horse 145

Bloomfield, on Vedic climate change 23-24; 189; 249

Blyxa octandra see avaka.

BMAC 109; absence of horse 113,141; aridity 115; migration to west from 115; mirror 112;

ruin of 112

BMAC settlements in Indus Valley 101

boar, Uralic word for 103

Bokonyi, S. 32,124; on extinction of Indian horse 145; on Harappa horse 138

Botai, horse 134; imported from outside 160; mares milk 160 bottle-gourd in AV 64; in RV 237; juice of 238

Bouckaert, linguistic study of 130

boxwood 235,236

brahma (mulberry) 274

bramble 155fn; cognates 275

brick, burnt-, 36-37,110,112,318; absence of 21,35,36

Bronze Age Belgium, mulberry in 273, 274

Bronze Age Mesopotamia, Indian DNA in 100

Bronze Age migrations to Ukraine 99

Bronze Age trade 93

buffalo 83; in Early Holocene 32

buka Nepali oak 210

bukka (goat) 347-8

bull, Arpachiyah 117; cognates of 351-52

bull-cult Assyria 118

burgundy colour 266-7

burj (Pers.) 196

Burzahom, beaver at 31

caballus etymology of 157

caballus horse, wild 123;

cail (wood) 232 Calamus rotang 174

Calotropis 277

camel (struz) linguistics 370

camel 86-7, 355-374; Andronovan 356; archaeology of 357-366; Bactrian 357; Bactrian, at

Kausambi 364-5; bones 367; domestication 358; dromedary, domestication of 359-60; in

Vedas 366; West Asia 360-61

camel, migration, India to East Africa 368

candy 288

cane, Calamus rotang 178

capra 348-9

carp fish 300-301

Caspian (Iranian) horse 123,163

castor 85,299

Castor, see beaver.

Castro, horse at 124

cat, domestic, in Harappa 137

cattle migration 114, 117; in steppe 167,168

cedar 239

Cedrus 177; arrival in India 233; absent Mehrgarh 233

Cedrus deodara 231,236; pre-Harappan 92

Cental Asia climate mid-Holocene 26

Central Asia, hunter culture 105

chaga (goat) 349-50

Chakrabarti, D.K. 136

chameleon 315

chariot, Harappa 142-3, copper- 120-21; Daimabad 121; bird- 121; Swat 127

charioteering, IA words for 121

Chinese horse DNA 162

cicer (L.) 277

c tree 231 citadel 110

Clift et al 78

climate change 173; in Bronze Age 22; Bloomfield on 249; early post-glacial 23-26

climate of, 1500 BC India 25; YV 367; Bronze Age 318, 319

Coix grass 50

comb-shell 294

Commiphora wightii 93

common millet 63

conch 292-3

Conus 293

copper 40-41,95

Costantini 177,216

costum (L.) 192

Costus 189

cotton, seed 76; tree 38

cow in Germanic 353

crab 294-5

craniometry, Tarim Basin skulls 98

crime, in Late Harappa 87

crocodile 85-6,300; in YV 83; not in AV 94

Crooke 143, 144

crops in YV 53-4

crow 87

cuckoo 315-16

Cynodon dactylon 65

Cyprinus 300

Daimabad 121

Dalbergia sissoo, see sissoo.

Darra-I-Kur, horse at 140

dru philology 214 date of migration 200

date-palm 75

Datura 278

death, in Late Harappa 22

deer, sambar, Harappa 91, Mohenjo-Daro 82; spotted- 91

Deh Morasi, iron 41

Dennel, Robin 19

deodar, deodara 231,232

Deotare 33,81,95

Dereivka horse 134; date of 135

desert, flood in 34

desertification 87

deva-dru 231; philology 232; Sushruta 233; for tuberculosis 233 deva-dru, names confusion 236 Dhavalikar 136

dhupa 230

Dikshit, K.N. 87

Dilmun, Arabia 359

disease in late Harappa 22

Divodasa 30

DNA ancient, horse 161; and human migration 19; study of camel 368; of Kazakh horse 98

dog in Harappa 137

dolphin 83

domestic horse, origin 159; US report 159

domestication of plants in YV 51

domestication of wheat 55-6

domestication, horse, multiple 164

donkey, African origin 154

drainage system YV 36

draught in Indus 111

dromas (camel) cognates 269

dromedary camel, Central Asia 367; Harappa 361

Dupree, Afghan Neolithic 140

durum 55, at Mehrgarh 56

drv grass 65 Duryodhana, horn of 152

Early Harappa 21

Early Holocene, climate 68,194; ecosystem 32; P-E 175

earth-quake in Himalaya RV 34

east to west migration 163

echidna 312

echinos 313

ecology, influence on language 214

ecosystem, Early Holocene 21

hi 312 einkorn 55; in Levant 56

ekka 142

elephant 88; with horn 152

Eleusine 60-62

elite dominance 128

emmer 55

ephedra 92,185

epiphyte Ficus rel. 256

Epona 156

Equus (etymology) 156

Equus hemionus in RV, YV, AV 154

Equus namadicus 136, date of 136,140; 19th

century 143

Equus sivalensis, see sivalensis.

Etruscan tombs 122; arrival 127

etymology aika 119; satta 118; panza 119

Eurocentric 40,56,104,135-6,187,268-9,340-41,343; Meadow 138; Witzel 178,182,227

European horse different 144

Event, 4.2 Kilo 82,218,367

Event, 8.2 Kilo 30,40,64,67,194

Ewart 123,144,146; on sivalensis 146

excavation report, Harappa 142

fagus from phagos 210

Fagus, see beech.

farming 21

fauna RV 45; Sama-Veda 80, YV 81-8

fern 246,261

ferret 313

fever, willow for 174,180

Ficus, charcoal at Mehrgarh 256; in AV 64; infectoria 203; religiosa in TS 256; in Shatapatha

Br. 256; not in Early Holocene 261; species 69-74; migration of word 264

figurine, Mehrgarh 110

fig-wasp 71,259

finger millet 8,60,61,62,64

Finno-Ugric 102

fire-worship 38

fir-pine forest Anatolia 243

flax 282; cognates of 268

flood from glaciers RV 34

flora RV 49

fluvial 28

fly (insect) 326

food-gathering 52

food-production, increase in 120

forager 60

forest, open- 21

fortified culture 110

foxtail millet 62-3

foxtail-millet 8;

Frachetti 2012, 9,105, 108

Fraxinus 246; philology 195

frog, hibernation RV 33; cognates 297

Gagghar river basin 53,54,55

gallnut 205

Ganga Valley 310; archaeology 21; Neolithic 129

gardabha 154; philology 154

gau, cognates of 353

Gauses Law Competitive Exclusion 160 gavdhuka see Coix grass. genetic diversity, horse 166

gharial, Harappa 88

ghogh 293 Ghundai, iron 41

Gimbutas 159

Giosan et al 78; Sarasvati geology 35

giraffe 380

glaciers, Himalayan 21; water trapped in 28

glans as oak 208-9

glass, synthetic at Indus 116; not in RV 116; in Shatapatha Br. 117; volcanic 117

Gmelina 257

goat 339-51; archaeology 339-41; burial, Mehrgarh 339; DNA data manipulation 343-4

goat lineage C northern route 344

Goat-Cult Neolithic 140

Gobi, last willow forest 175

goddess, with horn 152,

Goddess, sahuagik 152 golden willow 174,176,179,180-1,187

Gossypium 76

grape 57-8, Harappa 57, Swat Valley 57

grape-pips 57

grape-vine 184

grassland 89; in RV 153; Early Holocene 21; Thar 81,82,95

grass-reed 178,181

Greek horses 163

grey ware 111

gha etymology 43-4 grinding-stone, absence of 108

gulgulu, AV 93

Gupta, S.P., horse 138

Hakra-ware 40

handmade pottery 38,39,40

Harappa horse, Upinder Singh 137;

Harappa, culture 35; end of 87; foreign settlers in 100-101

Harappa, Populus in 248

Harappan animals 318

hedgehog 312; and pig 331

Hellenthal, G. 19

hemionus, Turkmenistan 123;

Hemphill 98

Herodotus 299

Himalayan horses 154

hiraa, cognates 354 hirayamaya vetasa 176 honey 326-7

horn, ornamental 151; of horse 150

horse (ekwa), philology 155-6; loss of cognates in Hittite 156; loss from Slavic 156-7

horse bad omen in Harappa 11,154; as food in RV 152; taboo in Indus-Valley 11

horse bone, Malvan 136; Harappa 159; 1500 BC 149; rare in Kurgans 168

horse breeds: Etruscan 122,124,126; Oriental 122, 124; Kazakh 122; daft 122; draught 122;

Przewalskii 122; Mongolian 122; steppe 122; Vyatka 122; Akhal Teke 122; European 123;

sivalensis, 10,11, 123, 124; BMAC 123; Oldest of Bactria 123; Marwari 123,127; Anau 123;

Bhutia 124; Spiti 124; Kathiawari 127; of Thar 127; Dereivka 134

horse, domestication in Europe 165; Afghanistan 139; horse, Dereivka 10; draught type 148

horse habitat 152-3,169; in Harappa and early India 137-8; hunting of 105; Indian country-

bred 139; Javanese 144, 145; Sulu 144,145

horse, glacial period extinction 136

horse, lumbar vertebrae 136; -jaw, Marshall 139

Hulas 72

human migration, DNA study 19-22

humped bull, in West Asia 117, Susa 118, Tell Agrab 118

hunter society of steppe 105

hunter-gatherers 95

hydra 298

hyena YV 83; as food Greece 331

Iberian ancient horse 162

ichneumon YV 83

iltis (philology) 84

Inamgaon, sivalensis horse 137

incense 230; plant 192; -wood 237

incised coarse ware 112

Indian migration Central Asia 98, Syria 100

Indo-Aryan, enclaves of 99,104; language in steppe 102,104; loan words 115; Margiana 118;

migration to West Asia 100; Mittani 118; vocabulary dispersal 99; West Asia 102

Indo-Iranian in Siberia 97-98

Indra 28

Indus trade with steppe 108

Indus Valley Civilization, abandoning of 22

Indus Valley, BMAC settlers in 101

invasion vs. language-conversion 11, 13

iron 40, 41; AV 94; YV 95; in Bronze Age India 41

iron, Chanhu Daro 41

Iron-Age 42

iron-ore 42

J2b migration 20

jackal 323

jackal, Russian word for 103

jahaka 313, 314

jmbla 281-2 Jammu-horse, private allele 164

jamun 281

jartila 50

Jeitun, einkorn at 56

Joglekar 136

Joshi, Manjunath 341

jowar 64-5

jujube 76,77

juniper 241; medicinal role 234; modern distribution 230; smoke of the God 235; trade at

Meluhha 235

juniper, Akkadian name of 240

Juniperus macropodis, Harappa 234

Juniperus, see juniper.

kaddu (gourd) 237

kadru 237-8

kakar-singhi 205

kksingi 205 Kala river 41

kamala, cognates 281

kamaha 296 kacana 294

ka 287 Kanewal, camel at 363

kagha 293 kakata 293 Kantanen on cow DNA 107

kapila (horse) 157

kar 206 karka, karkaa, 294

karkandhu 76

karkaa tree 204-5 karkaa, cognates 295 karpsa 284-5 kaya 320 kaik 313 kastor 299

kasturi, kastr 85,299 Katelai, horse burial at 121-2,125

Kathiawar horse 144

Kayatha horse 139

Kazakh horse 148

Kazanas, on horse in Indian archaeology 11;

KD phase, camel at 363

k dra 236; IE philology of 237 Kennedy on Harappan horse 140

Kenoyer, on skeletons 100-101

k ar, philology of 320,321 khadira, see Acacia catechu.

Khair-Sissoo Forest 67

kha 287 khara, philology of 154-5,

kharjra 75 khas (perfume) 193

kkaa RV 276 kikkar, kikkir (Acacia arabica) 276; cognates 277

Kikkuli 121

konj (horse, Slavic) 157

Kot Diji, decline in pottery 30; iron at 117

kdara YV 236,238 Kuntasi horse-bone 136

Kurgan, graves 114; hypothesis 159

kuha 189,192-4; for fever 190; in China 190; trading in AV 190 kutsa 191,194

kuutth 191

kuyava 30

Kyzyl Khak 105

Labeo 308

Lachs Theory 12,301-8

Lagenaria siceraria 237

lk, lak 307,302 lakaa 307 lakmaa TS 307-8 lakm (etymology) 307 lakso- 301

lchana 307 language change 24,41,128

language of Vedas 41

Larsen (pig DNA study) 103

Last Glacial Maximum 19; oak refugia 219; goat in 341; population growth after 20; sea-

level rise after 178

Lawler on Begash 107

lead 41

leech 84

lentil 7,52,59-60

leprosy, treatment 190

Lethyrus bean 52

Levant, camel in 360

Levine 9; on horse 134

LGM, see Last Glacial Maximum

lily 281

Linearbandkeramik 329

linguistic study, biased 130; manipulation of 130-1,131fn;

linum 282

lion 79,317-322; at Kish 87; archaeology 88; AV 89-90; YV 91; cognates of 322

lion-seal 319

lizard 315

lobster 296

lopasha, cognates 324

Lothal, iron 41

lotus 281; in RV 68

Lydekkar 143,147

Mackay on Harappan chariot 121

madar 277

madder 278-9

madhu 326

madhura-vka 274 Mahagara, horse at 138

makara, IE cognates 300

malaria, treatment of 174,189

mandra 277 mandible of horse, 139

Mani (author) 87

manipulation by Naderi 343-4

manjari 291

mares milk, Botai 160 Margaret, cognates 291

Margiana, Indus objects at 114

Marshall, J. on horse 139,143,234

martya 103

Maruta 385

Marwari horse 141

maaka 326 mat of reed 93, Shatapatha Brahmana 93

Meadow, Eurocentricity of 138-9

meat-import, camels 366 Mehrgarh 21; camel at 363; Populus at 248

Mehrgarh II 21; burnt bricks in 37

meka (goat) 347

Meluhha, son of 97; juniper cultivation at 235

ma, cognates 338 Mesopotamia, juniper trade 235

metals in YV 41

Middle-Asia 97

Mid-Holocene, climate 8,10,26; cotton use in 38; Ficus in 75; Optimum 75; and RV 30,33;

sesame in 50

migration of, J2b 212; R1a1a 199

migration to Central Asia 98; to SEA 207

migration, Bronze-Age 22,96-101; dating of 220; J2b 228; south to north 108, 114, 115

millets 60-63

mna (fish) 301 miners 115

minnow 301

mistletoe, Russian word for 103

Mittani 102,118; names 119

mohana (opium) 279

Mohenjo-Daro, climate 90; horse 193,137; horse jaw 139; Prosopis 91; sambur deer 82; seal

239-240; tiger 87

Moisture, Effective 175

mollusc 292-4

mongoose 84

monsoon change 21,27, 28; southwest as Varuna 44

Morus, see mulberry.

mosquito 326

Mother Deity 246

mouse 309-311

mtDNA M Central Asia 98

mulberry 273-6; spread of 273; philology 274

Mundigak, iron at 41

musk 85, -deer 85,299

nabha 131fn

naa (reed) 92,176 nadtam 78 nakula 84

nalada 191-3

nalina 281

namadicus, see Equus namadicus.

nard 192

Nardostachys 191

Neneveh, bull at 117

Neolithic, Central European 107

Newstead pony/horse 144, 147

nla, flax 283 nipple, IE cognates 259

nvara 52,53 nomad 120; in Thar 82

nomadism as niche 168; steppe, date of 168

noria 30,110

north to south migration 161

Nostratic, oak 211

nyagrodha 69

oak (philology), Dardic kak 204; Hindi karhr 204; Pashto kharawah 204 oak 177; absence from Italy 228; arrival in N. Europe 198; distribution in past 215; Early

Holocene 212; expansion in Europe 219; habitat 220

oak savannah Iran 216; Indus Valley 216; Jammu 216; Nepal 217; Iran 217

oak, names in European 202-3; no common name 202

olive (philology) 285

opium 279-280

Oriental horse, origin of 122

orja (Arya) 103

oadhi 70 Osborn 123; on sivalensis 146

ostrich 375, linguistics of 376-7; RV 379

otter 297-8

Outram 160

oyster 291-2

Padova, horse burial at 127

pain, willow for 174

palla (millet) 64 Pamir 106,107,108,164

Panicum, dactylon 65; frumentaceum 62, 64; italicum 62; miliaceum 63; miliare 64;

sumatrens 64

panther 323

Panthera leo, see lion.

Paraechinus 312

Parjanya RV 266

parka 203; abundance 265; Austronesian cognates 206; European meanings 264; philology of 206,263; thunder-God 264-5

para 246,261 parn-mga RV 378 parrot in Harappa 137

pastoral 66; economy 113

pastoralism 21

patella 292

patolaka 291

pearl 292

perkwu-s (PIE) 203, chimera word 203

Petrovka 114

phagos applied to beech 215; philology 210

Philippines Agricultural Review 149

Philippines, sivalensis horse in 147

Phoenix species 75

Phragmites 181; P. karaka 92

pig 328-31; Europe 329; absent from Balto-Slavic 331

Pindos horse 163

pine 239; -forest Early Holocene 186; in Iran 244; philology 186

Pinus in India 242

pinus-steppe 243-243

pipal, Goddess in 240

Piper longum 77

piplik, ant AV, 259; absent in RV 260 pippak 315 pippala (trembling) cognates of 258; IE philology of 250

pippala (tree) 69,70,72; leaves 72; transfer of name 260

pippali, pippal 77,257 Pirak, horse 113; horse figurines 140; camel figurine 365

Pistachio 205

Pistacia 205

pit-dwelling 43-4

plk- cognates meaning garment 270; meaning shape of pipal leaf 269-270 plka 74 plka and parkati 267; and plexus 267; and wood 269; cognates meaning flickering 270; fluttering 271

playa 33; Thar 81

pl k - cognates meaning weaving 271 plough, philology of 131-3;

polecat 313

Pontic-Caspian steppe, hunter culture 105; absence of cattle from 105;

poplar 70,71,72, agro-forestry 73, cultivation 73

poplar, no common name in Europe 250; habitat 252; and horse 252; philology of 250;

salicylic acid in 252; and Sarasvati river 252

poplar-cultivation 251; in YV 251; end of 260

population growth, after LGM 20, 21; and migration 119-20

Populonia burial 124;

Populus 71,177,248-262

porcupine 296,314

Port, Derawar 40

Post-glacial Asia 199

potters wheel 38-9 pottery, handmade 38,39,40,111, in RV 4; Grey-ware 111; Quetta Ware 97; red 39; Sintashta

112

pdaku 322 premolar, large 149

pre-orbital, pit 144, depression 149

prishniparni 77

private allele, Yunnan 164; Jammu 164

priyagu 8,62-3 production, of food 22; industrial 22

proso millet 63

Prosopis 74,91,256

Proto-Indo-European 15

padava 384 pat 384 Psnigu 77 pthu-dru 239; cognates of 239 Przewalskii (horse) 9,148; different species 160; non-domesticable 160; never domesticated

165; not ancestral 158,159; Ridgeway on 159; dissimilar to Swat h. 124; in AIT 134

pga betel-nut 211 puarka 323

Pupulus tremula, see aspen.

pura, meaning of, 34

Purandara 29,34

Purukutsa 77

pukara, RV 68 ptudr 239 python 83-4

quercus altered meaning N. Europe 199; IA cognates of 204-5; meanings of cognates in

Europe 204; Valpi on 203

Quercus, see oak.

Quetta, BMAC person in 101

quinine 174

qust (Arabic) 192

R1a1a migration 20; Y DNA ancient 97

racehorse 148

ragi millet 60, 64

rain in desert RV 33; YV 82

rainy beginning of year 33-4

Rakhigarhi, Early Harappa, 21

rattan palm 178

Rau Wilhelm on Vedic pottery 39

Ray Lankester on horse 147

reduplication 299

reed, AV 176-7; grass- 92,

refugia, 19-20, 21; in India 197; beech 226; Populus in 249

resveratrol 185

rhinoceros 82,85-6; in Harappa 88; not in AV 94

ribs, seventeen pairs of 146,148,149

rice 52-55,64

Ridgeway, on Indian horse 144

riding, date of 141; riding, onset of 120; in Ur 123

Rig-Veda, absence of rice 7; climate change in, 23; date-palm in 7; millets in 7; wheat in 7

Rig-Veda-10.97 in Harappan seal 239-240

Rissman, on domestication 144; on horse 139

rohi 307-8 Rohira 92

ya-ga i 152 Rule, Allens 123; Bergmanns 123; Russian lang., IA words in 103

Saami (Uralic), IA loanwords in 103

Sahoo, Sanghamitra 19,20,104

Said Kala Tepe, iron at 41

Saka, see Shaka.

sl tree 69 la, see Shorea. salicin 174, in Populus 174

salicylic acid 71,174,180,188,252,258

Salix alba 174,180

Salix babylonica 178, in Jammu 179;

Salix tetraspermia, Amarakosha 173

salix (philology) 182

Salix, see willow.

Salmanasar II 360

salmon 301-2

alyaka, cognates 311-12,314 Sama-Veda 8, climate of 78-80

sm, am,74,256; AV 91 aka, akha 293 sakaa 293 sanobar (juniper) 231

aphara (fish) 300 sapta-mtrik 240; Harappa 234 Sarasvati, disconnect from glaciers 34; dried 27; Goddess in AV 27,79,94; river in Vedas 27;

drying of 78-9

Sarazm 106,108; contact with Indus 108; domestic sheep 108

Sargat culture 97

sarpa 315; philology 84

satellite data 78

Saussurea 191,192

Scythian era horse DNA 161

SEA horse in Spain 162

sea voyage in YV 44

seal no. DK 6847, 239; M-478A, 245

Senuwar 59

sepia 292

sesame 285; in YV 50; cultivation of 51-2; Indus Valley 51; Mesopotamia 51

Sesamum, see sesame.

kas 313 Setaria italicum 62

Seven Mothers 234-5,240; RV 235

sewer workers YV 37

Shah Tepe, camel at 365

Shahr-i-sokhta, camel at 362,365

Shaka migration 98

shaman 240; in RV 257

Shamash, hymn to 235

Sharma, G.R. 136; on Bolan horse 138; on goat 341

Sharma, R.S. on Indian horse 138

Shatapatha Brahmana, glass in 116, date of 117

sheep 106,331-39; archaeology 335-7; Central Asia, from India 333; domestic at Sarazm 108;

in steppe, only recent 333-4; wild, NW India 331-2

sheep philology 338-9

sheep, wild, absent Europe 334

Shell, Turbinella 101

Shetland poly, domestication 165

Shikarpur horse 139; -bone 136

Shinde, V. (2008) 7,43,52-5

Shiva in Syrian inscription 235

Shorea 69

Shortughai, camel 363

shrew 311-12

shuka 316

Siberia, Indo-Iranian migration to 97; western 97

siha 321 imap, see sissoo. Sind Ibex 342

Singh, Bhagwan 29

singhos 321

Sintashta 104,114

sippik 291,292 sr Goddess 73 ssam 41 sissoo 67, in RV 67; absent from AV 91; leaves of gold 68; Mehrgarh 67, Mesopotamia 68;

pollen, pre-Harappan 92

sivalensis (horse) 123,126,144; extinction of 136,140; habitat 169; migration 127; in

Southeast Asia 137

sivalensis ancestor of, native Indian horse 143; Arab horse 143

skin-burn, treatment of 49

skull-pit (in horse) 143, 145

snake 84,315; in YV 83-4

snake-eater 312

soma 184; -drink RV 92; God AV 92; grape 58; lord of plants 240; philology 185; tuberculosis

treatment by, 58-9

Son Valley horse 138

Sorex 311

sorghum 64-5

Southeast Asia, Bronze Age migration to 22

southern route, oak in 217,228; pine in 244; poplar in 250

Spanish horse, local domestication 162,165, 166

spider 295

spoked-wheel 121

gla, cognates 323 gra 152 steppe-hypothesis rejected 99

steppe, absence of- beech in 223,224,225,227,228; domestic sheep in 167; pig in 329-30

steppe, climate of, at 4200 BC 135; Early Holocene 242; farming in 135; forest before 3000

BC 168; nomadism in 135; oak in 221; pastoralism in 135; turned forest 199

steppe, southern influence on 112

steppe-horse domestication 159; no local domestication 162; origin of 165

steppe-nomadic complex 108

sthan, meaning in Russian 103

sthava 372; cognates of 373-4

Stockwell horse 143

store-room YV 236,238

suber (L.) 208

sugar 287

Sultana, on goat DNA 342

Sulu horse 148

Sumer, lion in 88; travellers account 235 n Goddess 73

Suncus 311

supari 208

supar 378 suparna oak 208-9,238

supar (philology) 209 suparik 209 supippala 72-3,251; flowers of 258

Surkotada horse 137, 154,159

Sushruta-Samhita 234; tuberculosis 241

ua 3,194 Sutlej River 78

swastika 114

Swat horse 121-2,127; figurine 125; grape 57; human DNA 19;

swine, cognates 330

ym 62, yma 94 ymaka 62 ymam 41 Syria, Indian DNA in ancient 100

taboo against horse-seals 150

Tajikistan, sivalensis 136

takmna 189 tar from pine 214

Tarakai Qila 59-60

Tardiglacial 20-21

Tarim Basin skull 98

Tarpan horse 148

tear-gland, horse 144

Tentek-sor, absence of cattle from 105; Asian Wild Ass at 105; horse bones at 167

terpene 231

Terqa, Indian DNA in 100

tetraploid 61; wheat 55

textile from Ficus fibres 267-8

Thar grassland 90; hunter-gatherers in 95; lakes in 95; playa 33

Thar, afforestation of 81

Thieme 301-2

Thompson, J.A. 10; on sivalensis horse 148

thorn-apple 277

Thoroughbred, ancestry of 143,147

tiger 79; absence from Rig-Veda 14; t. in Harappa 91; in YV 83

tika 350-51 tila, cognates 286

tittira 316

toad, cognates 296

Tokwa 59

tonga (chariot) 142

tortoise 86,88,295; in YV 83

Tosi on camel 361

trade, pre-historic Afro-Arabian 93

Trautmann, Eurocentric 136

traveller to Sumer 235

treatise, Hittite 121

tree with fruit RV 240

tree without flower RV 240,245

tree-line 219

tri-kadruka RV 237

trikakuta 151

true horse 160

tuberculosis 234,241; and Vitis (soma) 58-9; treatment 185

Tulasidas 41

Turkmenistan, Indus seal in 97; wheat Neolithic 56

turtle 88,295

Tusratta 119 Udmurt 102

udumbara 74

Ukraine, Eastern human invasion into 99

Ukrainian cow, DNA study of 107

Underhill, Peter 20,97

unicorn, seals 150; Harappan 151

Uralic languages 102

Uraria 77

US Bureau report on sivalensis 147; on horse origin 159;

ura cognates 369-70,371-2 vaca, Calamus rotang 178

vjin-vat 252 Varaha 151

Varuna, ends drought 27; the Rain-God 44

vata tree 74

Vats, M.S. 120; on unicorn 150

Vedic pottery 39

vetasa 173; vetasa AV 93; for fever MaxMuller 180; for pain TS 179; habitat in river 181

vetche 52

Vetiveria 193

vetra 178,

Vindhyan Neolithic 129

violence at Harappa 87

Vitast river 176 Vitis 59,177; V. vinifera pre-Harappan 92; v. philology of 183

vrhi 52 Vrtra 28,29

Vtrasura 83 war-chariot 142

wasp 326fn 30

water-logging YV 52

water-wheel 110; in RV 30

wax, bees 327 weaving, oldest 268

wheat 52,54; absent from RV 57; import in Begash 107-8; in Bronze Age Ukraine 56; wild 55

wild camel RV 366

wild cat 331

wild horse, Indus 125; death of 125; in RV

wild mares from many regions 165

wild rice 52,53

willow 93; as common tree 186; golden- 93; habitat of 175,176; Early Holocene, Central Asia

175; Early Holocene steppe 185-6; in homeland 176; in northern route 185; soil-type for 176;

species in India 179

willow pollen at Mehrgarh 174,177; at Jammu 177; absence from steppe 175

willow, in Indo-Aryan lang. 187; philology 182-3

willow-forest, Mongolia 168, Gobi 168

Witzel demolished 261; on beaver 298; on beech 213,216,218,223; on oak 221; on beech in

Greece 227; on birch 196-7; on camel 371; on mouse 309; on willow 178-9

wolf 79,90,324-5

wool 38; RV 32; of camel 361

writing 38

Yajur Veda climate 367; use of bricks in, 36, 37

yakma RV 241; treatment of 190 Yamuna River 78

Zagros, goat 340

zebu 352; DNA in Ukraine 107; migration to west Asia 117, to Oman 118

Zeder, Melinda 338, 340

Zeravshan valley 113

Ziziphus 76