in situ thermal remediation81466bf2-f6f6-41c9...2016/09/30 · the materials and information herein...
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© Arcadis 2016
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About the Presenter
27 September 2016 3
o 248 994 2260c 248 867 1805e [email protected]
MARK KLEMMER, PEVice President | Technical Expert
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Thermal Remediation: Broad range of disciplines
Geology / Hydrogeo
Biology
Inorganic Chemistry
Civil Electrical
Mechanical Engineering
Thermo-dynamics
Physical& Organic Chemistry
Temp
Rat
e
10C 20C 30C 40C
1X
2X
4X
8X
k = 𝐴𝐴 � 𝑒𝑒−𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇T
© Arcadis 2016
In Situ Thermal UseAddress Challenging Problems
• Source zones
• DNAPL below the water table
• LNAPL smear zones
• Low permeable settings
• Fractured bedrock
• Rapid schedule
• High probability of success
NAPL
(Env
ironm
ent A
genc
y of
the
UK,
200
3)
(courtesy of TerraTherm, Inc.)
© Arcadis 2016
Thermal Removal Mechanisms
• Volatilization of NAPL: Vapor pressure / boiling point
• Stripping of dissolved phase: Henry’s Law
(cou
rtesy
of T
erra
Ther
m)
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Thermal Removal Mechanisms
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 100 200 300 400 500
Vapor Pressures Increase Exponentially During Heating
100°C >100°C
Vapo
r Pre
ssur
e (m
m H
g)
Temperature (°C)
Target Temperature:
(afte
r Ter
raTh
erm
)
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
Total Pressure
Vapor Pressure PCE
Vapor Pressure ofWater
Thermal Removal Mechanisms
• Formation of Low Boiling Point Azeotropes
• Co-boiling at water-NAPL interface; example: PCE and Water
Vapo
r Pre
ssur
e m
m H
g
Temperature °C
1 ATM
88°C
121°C
(Ste
amTe
ch)
88°C
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Conceptual Model of Typical ISTR Site
Power distribution system
Vapor treatment
Knockout pot
Blower
Water treatmentDischargeVapor cap
Electrodes/Heater wells/Steam Injection wells
Treated vapor to atmosphere
Extraction well
Heat exchanger
Pump
Treatment area foot-print
Temperature and pressure monitoring holes
(afte
r Ter
raTh
erm
)
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Thermal Conductive Heating (TCH) – Gas-Fired Well Field Contaminant Vapors and
SteamGas Burner
Re-HeaterWell
Exhaust
GW Flux < 1 ft/day
(afte
r Ter
raTh
erm
)
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Electrical Resistance Heating
Sand
Contaminant Vapors, Steam, and Liquids
Water Water
Rate and Uniformity of
Heating Governed by Soil Resistivity
Varies by a Factor of ~200
GW Flux < 1 ft/day
(afte
r Ter
raTh
erm
)
Electrode
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ERH Well Field
MPEWells
StackedElectrodes
Power Distribution SystemFor Electrodes
Vapor and Liquid Manifolds
Water Distribution SystemFor Electrodes
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Sometimes One Technology Alone Won’t Get the Job Done Contaminant Vapors and Steam
GW GW Flux > 1 ft/day
(afte
r Ter
raTh
erm
)
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Combine ISTR Technologies to Match Site ConditionsContaminant Vapors,
Steam and Liquids
Steam Steam
(afte
r Ter
raTh
erm
)
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Smoldering Combustion
STAR and STARx are based on the process of smoldering combustion:Exothermic reaction converting carbon compounds to CO2 + H2O
Fuel
Heat Oxidant
Smoldering possible due to large surface area of organic liquids (e.g., NAPL) within the presence of a porous matrix (e.g., aquifer)
Combustion
Contaminated Soil or Waste
Product
Injected Air
Heater Element (for ignition only)
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Suitable contaminants
• High energy value / low volatility contaminants preferred:– Weathered diesel– Heating Oil– Fuel Oil– Crude Oil– Bunker Oil
• Non-crude material:– Creosote– Coal Tar
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Low Temperature Thermal – Enhanced Hydrolysis Reactions
(Klemmer, et al, 2012)
0
1
100
10,000
1,000,000
100,000,000
10,000,000,000
1,000,000,000,000
100,000,000,000,000
10 30 50 70 90 110
Cal
cula
ted
Hal
f Life
(day
s)
Temperature (°C)
1,2-DCE
PCE
1,1-DCE
TCE
CF
1,1,2-TCA
1,2-DCA
1,1-DCA
CT
CA
1,1,2,2-TeCA
1,1,1-TCA
PeCA
1,2-DCP
Data Sources: Jeffers et al. (1989, 1996) and Washington (1995)
1,1-DCEAcetic Acid
Cl
Cl
Cl
1,1,1-TCA
H
H
H
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
-300 -264 -176 13 41 69 100 125 152 219 240
Tem
pera
ture
˚C
Con
cent
ratio
n (m
icro
gram
s pe
r lite
r)
Days Since Start
1,1-DCE1,1,1-TCATemperature
Source Area Well Performance