The Inca EmpireCreated by Katrina Namnama & Kathleen DeGuzman

BackgroundEmpire extended along the Pacific coast and Andean highlands from northern border of modern Ecuador to Maule River in central Chile Inca originated in village of Paqari-tampu, about 15mi south of Cuzco Official language: Quecha

Polytheistic religion- Pantheon headed by Inti-the sun godcombined features of animism, fetishism, worship of nature godsoffered food, clothing, and drinkrituals included forms of divination, sacrifice of humans and animals

Events leading to Rise and Fall1438: Manco Capac established capital at Cuzco (Peru) 1400-1500: Pachacuti gained control of Andean population about 12 million people1525: Emperor Huayna Capac died of plague; civil war broke out between two sons because no successor named 1532: Spanish arrived in Peru1535: Empire lost

Francisco Pizarro1527: Pizarro wanted to discover wealth; embarked on his third voyage to the New WorldSept. to Nov. 1532: The Cajamarca massacre- Pizarro led 160 Spaniards to Cuzco, slaughtering over 2,000 Inca and injuring 5,000

November 16, 1532: Atahualpa captured by Spaniards, offered gold for his freedom.Pizarro accepted more than 11 tons of gold ($6 million+) baubles, dishes, icons, ornaments, jewelry, & vases, but never released Atahualpa.July 26, 1533: Atahualpa was killed

Important People/PositionsEmperors known by various titles, Sapa Inca, Capac Apu, Intip Cori, or IncaManco Capac (1000 CE)Sinchi Roca (1230)Lloque Yupanqui (1260)Mayta Capac (1300)Capac Yupanqui (1320)Inca Roca (1350)Yahuar Huacac (1380)Viracocha Inca (1410)Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui (1438-71)Topa Inca Yupanqui (1471-93) Huayna Capac (1493-1525) Huascar (1527-32)Atahualpa (1532-33)

Manco Capac (1022-1107)founder of Inca dynasty declared himself Sapa Inca, divine son of the Sunskilled warrior and leader chief religious leaderexercised absolute power

Pachacuti (1438-1471)Usurped throne form brother Inca UrconConsidered the founder of the Inca Empire Skilled warrior and chief religious leaderClaimed he was divine, son of the sunExercised absolute power

Important PositionsLocal governors responsible for exacting labor tax which could be paid by service in army, on public works, or in agricultural workCoya carried out important religious duties and governed when Sapa Inca absentNobles ruled provinces w/ chieftains Inca conquered

Political Philosophypolicy of forced resettlement ensured political stabilityofficials collected taxes, enforced laws, kept records on a quipu (collection of knotted colored strings) which noted dates, events, population, cropsuse of road system strictly limited to government, military businessall land belonged to Inca, crops allotted to specific groups, government took possession of each harvestprivate property forbidden, crime nonexistent, citizens never starvedno written records; oral tradition preserved through generations

Economic Developmentsconstructed aquaducts, cities, temples, fortresses, short rock tunnels, suspension bridges, 2250mi road systemmetal works of alloy, copper, tin, bronze, silver golddeveloped important medical practices- surgery on human skull, anesthesiaresources-corn, potatoes, coffee, graincreated woven baskets, woodwinds

Military Expansionattacked, looted villages of neighboring peoples, assessing tributeprogram of permanent conquest, establishing garrisons among settlements of peoples whom they conqueredconquered and assimilated people of Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, and Perugained territory south to the Titicaca Basin, north to present-day Quito making subject peoples of powerful Chancas, Quecha, kingdom of Chimuempire reached southernmost extent in central Chile, last vestiges of resistance on southern Perurian coast eliminatedpushed northern boundary of empire to Ancasmayo River

Cultural Conflict & Cooperationreligious institutions destroyed by Spanish conquerors campaign against idolatrySpaniards superior military technology horses, muskets, cannons, metal helmets, armor, steel swords and lances Incan Bronze Age weaponsllamas, clubs, sticks, wooden spears and arrowsdivision & discontent among Inca, Spanish played on old feudsdisease brought by Europeanssurvivors felt gods were less powerful than those of conquerorsIncans believed that disasters marked worlds end

Todaydescendants of Inca are present day Quechua-speaking peasants of Andes, constitute about 45% population of Perucombine farming, herding w/ simple traditional technologyrural settlements three kinds: families living in midst of fields, true village communities w/ fields outside of inhabited centers, combination of two towns centers of mestizo (mixed-blood) populationIndian community close-knit, families usually intermarrying; much of agricultural work done cooperativelyreligion is Roman Catholicism infused w/ pagan hierarchy of spirits and deities

BibliographyBernhard, Brendan. Pizarro, Orellana, and the Exploration of the Amazon. New York: Chealsea House Publishers, 1991.

Editors of Time-Life Books. Incas: Lords of Gold and Glory. Alexandria: Time-Life Books, 1992.

Ellis, Elizabeth Gaynor & Esler, Anthony. World History: Connections to Today. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc., 2001.

Ogburn, Dennis E. The Empire of the Incas. 7 Oct. 1997. 24 Feb. 2006

"Inca." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopedia Britannica Premium Service. 26 Feb. 2006 .

Inca. Grolier Universal Encyclopedia. Volume 5. New York: Grolier Inc., 1965.

Inca: South American Indians ruled Tawantinsuyu (Incan name of empire) that extended along the Pacific coast and Andean highlands from northern border of modern Ecuador to Maule River in central ChilePolytheistic religion- Pantheon headed by Inti-the sun god, also included Viracocha-a creator god and culture hero, Apu Illapu-rain god, special attendants chosen womenPeople offered food, clothing, drink to guardian spirits; gods linked to forces of nature; each month own festival

Earliest date assigned to Incan dynastic history 1438; 1000: Manco Capac established capital at Cuzco (Peru) in 12th century1400-1500: Pachacuti began conquests in early 15th century, within 100 yrs gained control of Andean population about 12 million people1525, Emperor Huayna Capac died of unknown plague; civil war broke out between two sons because no successor named 1532, when Spanish arrived in PeruBy 1535 empire was lost

Policy of forced resettlement of large contingents from each conquered people helped ensure political stability by distributing ethnic groups throughout empire, making organization of revolt difficultOfficials collected taxes, enforced laws; specially trained kept records on a quipu (collection of knotted colored strings) which noted dates, events, population, cropsUse of road system strictly limited to government, military business; a well-organized relay service carried messages in form of knotted cords at rate of 150mi a day; Network greatly facilitated Spanish conquest of Inca EmpireCollective Farming: All land belonged to Inca, crops allotted to specific groups, government took possession of each harvestPrivate property forbidden, crime nonexistent, citizens never went hungryNo written records; history known chiefly from oral tradition preserved through generations, official memorizersInca tolerant of conquered peoples native religions

Engineers and architects constructed aquaducts, cities, temples, and fortressesInca built vast network of roads; comprised two north-south roads, one running along coast about 2250 mi, other inland along Andes for a similar distance, w/ many interconnecting linksMany short rock tunnels, vine-supported suspension bridges constructedMetalworking: best metal works in Americas; worked w/ alloy, copper, tin, bronze, silver gold; made statues of gods/goddessesMedical Advances: developed important medical practices- surgery on human skull, procedures close to use of modern antiseptics, anesthesia Resources: corn, potatoes, coffee, grainArt/Music/Architecture: woven baskets, metal ornaments, woodwinds, stone buildings

Conquered and assimilated people of Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, and PeruUnder Mayta Capac, Inca expanded by attacking, looting villages of neighboring peoples, assessing tributeUnder Capac Yupanqui, Inca 1st extended influence beyond Cuzco valleyUnder Viracocha Inca the 8th, began program of permanent conquest, establishing garrisons among settlements of peoples whom they conqueredUnder Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui, Inca conquered territory south to the Titicaca Basin, north to present-day Quito making subject peoples of powerful Chancas, Quecha, kingdom of ChimuUnder Topa Inca Yupanqui, empire reached southernmost extent in central Chile, last vestiges of resistance on southern Perurian coast eliminatedHuanya Capac pushed northern boundary of empire to Ancasmayo River before dying in epidemic, may have been brought by eastern tribe that picked it up from Spanish at La Plata