Increasing Sustainable Agriculture Increasing Sustainable Agriculture Production in Mozambique through Production in Mozambique through

DroughtDrought Tolerant Maize and Tolerant Maize and Conservation AgricultureConservation Agriculture

Increasing Sustainable Agriculture Increasing Sustainable Agriculture Production in Mozambique through Production in Mozambique through

DroughtDrought Tolerant Maize and Tolerant Maize and Conservation AgricultureConservation Agriculture

By Christian Thierfelder and Peter Setimela

Introduction:Introduction:Introduction:Introduction:

Unreliable rainfalls Low investments in soil fertility

(some areas with shifting cultivation) Soil degradation due to

unsustainable land management (burning, cultivation)

Use of un-improved, traditional varieties

Unavailability of improved seed Dysfunctional Input-Output markets

Constraints in Mozambiquean Constraints in Mozambiquean cropping systemscropping systems

Conservation Agriculture (CA) – a Conservation Agriculture (CA) – a sustainable systemsustainable system CA comprises the following

principles: Minimal soil movement Surface crop residue retention Crop rotations and green manure

cover crops

Drought tolerant maize varietiesDrought tolerant maize varieties

Flowering and post-flowering drought stress

● Top left: time of last irrigation● Top right: crop after flowering● Right: genotypic differences

The TeamThe Team

• The Mozambique National Agricultural Research and Extension Systems (IIAM and DNER)

• CIMMYT and other IARCs

• Seed producers and input suppliers

• American Universities (e.g. University of Tennessee)

• International NGO’s (i.e. Total Land Care)

• Donors: USAID, IFAD, ACIAR and others

Field tour with partners in Manica ProvinceField tour with partners in Manica Province

Project Progress in 2010/2011 - SeedProject Progress in 2010/2011 - Seed

Multiplication of breeder seed at CIMMYT Support to small seed companies (Dengo, Lozane, Semente Perfeita)Development of seed roadmaps with seed companiesVariety demonstrations

Participatory variety selection in Barwe, Manica Province

Development of seed roadmaps (Lozane)Development of seed roadmaps (Lozane)

Seed Road Map 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14

Breeders' Seed Production

MZ10B: CML444 – 70 kg (1 range)CML445 – 30 kg (half range)CZL054 – 120 kg (2 ranges)444/445 – 200 kg (0.25 ha, ISO)CZH0511 – 75 kg (2 ranges)

HA12A:CML444 – 70 kg (1 range)CML445 – 30 kg (half range)CZL054 – 120 kg (2 ranges)

Pre-Basic and Basic Seed Production

HA11A ISO:CML444 – 400 kg (0.5 ha)CML445 – 200 kg (0.25 ha)CZH054 –1200 kg (1.25 ha)Ukulima FarmCML444/CML445 – 3 t (3 ha)

Ukulima FarmCML444/CML445 – 6 t (6 ha)CZL054 – 3 t (3 ha)CML444 – 3 t (3 ha)HA12A:CML445 – 1 t (1 ha)

MozambiqueCML444/CML445 – 12 t (12 ha)CML444 – 5 t (5 ha)CML445 – 2 t (2 ha)CZL054 – 5 t (5 ha)

Certified Seed Production

Production: 20 t Production: 350 t Production: 750 t Production: 1200 tMOZ11A:CZH0511 – 10 ha

MOZ12ACZH0511 – 150 ha

MOZ13ACZH0511 – 300 ha

MOZ14ACZH0511 – 500 ha

Variety Demonstrations

300 demonstrations:250 g seed of the following:CZH0511ZM523MatubaHybrid

1000 demonstrations:250 g seed of the following:CZH0511ZM523MatubaHybrid

1000 demonstrations:250 g seed of the following:CZH0511ZM523Matuba

Hybrid

Variety Promotion and Marketing

3000 leaflets30 Field days

50000 leaflets50 Field days

50000 leaflets50 Field days

Seed Road Map 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14

Breeders' Seed Production

MZ10B: CML444 – 70 kg (1 range)CML445 – 30 kg (half range)CZL054 – 120 kg (2 ranges)444/445 – 200 kg (0.25 ha, ISO)CZH0511 – 75 kg (2 ranges)

HA12A:CML444 – 70 kg (1 range)CML445 – 30 kg (half range)CZL054 – 120 kg (2 ranges)

Pre-Basic and Basic Seed Production

HA11A ISO:CML444 – 400 kg (0.5 ha)CML445 – 200 kg (0.25 ha)CZH054 –1200 kg (1.25 ha)Ukulima FarmCML444/CML445 – 3 t (3 ha)

Ukulima FarmCML444/CML445 – 6 t (6 ha)CZL054 – 3 t (3 ha)CML444 – 3 t (3 ha)HA12A:CML445 – 1 t (1 ha)

MozambiqueCML444/CML445 – 12 t (12 ha)CML444 – 5 t (5 ha)CML445 – 2 t (2 ha)CZL054 – 5 t (5 ha)

Certified Seed Production

Production: 20 t Production: 350 t Production: 750 t Production: 1200 tMOZ11A:CZH0511 – 10 ha

MOZ12ACZH0511 – 150 ha

MOZ13ACZH0511 – 300 ha

MOZ14ACZH0511 – 500 ha

Variety Demonstrations

300 demonstrations:250 g seed of the following:CZH0511ZM523MatubaHybrid

1000 demonstrations:250 g seed of the following:CZH0511ZM523MatubaHybrid

1000 demonstrations:250 g seed of the following:CZH0511ZM523Matuba

Hybrid

Variety Promotion and Marketing

3000 leaflets30 Field days

50000 leaflets50 Field days

50000 leaflets50 Field days

Bakir Lozane with Molucue 1 seed production in MozambiqueBakir Lozane with Molucue 1 seed production in Mozambique

Release of new DT varieties Release of new DT varieties

Release of two OPVs (ZM309, ZM523)

and three hybrids (Molocue1, SP1, DC1)

Multiplication of seed by private companies (193 t) in 2010/2011

Project Progress in 2010/2011- SeedProject Progress in 2010/2011- Seed

Variety evaluation in seed survey (n = 145 farmers)

Promotion of new drought tolerant maize varieties (CIMMYT and seed companies)

New varieties especially ZM309 has sparked a lot of interest amongst farmers

Project Progress in 2010/2011- CAProject Progress in 2010/2011- CA

Community awareness workFarmer managed validation trialsComponent trials established with national partnersContinued evaluation of systems and varieties

Community awareness meeting

Legume

Maize Farmer Variety

Legume

Maize Farmer Variety

Legume

Maize Farmer Variety

Imp

rov

ed

Maize

V

arie

ties

Im

pro

ve

d M

aize

Va

rietie

s

Imp

rov

ed

Maize

V

arie

ties

No Fertilizer area No Fertilizer area No Fertilizer area

Legume

Basins

10m 10m

22 m

Check

Jabplanter

Legume Legume

22m

6 m

Agronomic results from the 2010/2011 cropping Agronomic results from the 2010/2011 cropping seasonseason

Effect of CA on maize grain yield averaged in each Effect of CA on maize grain yield averaged in each target community, fertilized part with improved target community, fertilized part with improved

varieties averaged, 2010/2011 varieties averaged, 2010/2011

b ab a

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

GuaraG

uara

Lameg

o

Mag

uai

Mal

omwe

Nham

izhin

ga

Nharu

chong

a

Nhaufo

Ulongu

eM

ean

Target villages

Ma

ize

gra

in y

ield

(k

g/h

a)

Control plot

Basins

Jabplanter

Effect of CA on maize grain yield averaged in each Effect of CA on maize grain yield averaged in each target community, un-fertilized part with traditional target community, un-fertilized part with traditional

varieties averaged, 2010/2011 varieties averaged, 2010/2011

b b a

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

GuaraG

uara

Lameg

o

Mag

uai

Mal

omwe

Nham

izhin

ga

Nharu

chong

a

Nhaufo

Ulongu

eM

ean

Target villages

Mai

ze g

rain

yie

ld (

kg/h

a)

Control plot

Basins

Jabplanter

Variety response to each cropping system, Variety response to each cropping system, across eight target communities under the across eight target communities under the

USAID project in 2010/2011USAID project in 2010/2011

cd

c

b ab aba

b

a aa a

d

c

b bab

a

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

loca

l n

o f

ert

loca

l fe

rt

ZM

309

ZM

401

ZM

523

ZM

625

loca

l n

o f

ert

loca

l fe

rt

ZM

309

ZM

401

ZM

523

ZM

625

loca

l n

o f

ert

loca

l fe

rt

ZM

309

ZM

401

ZM

523

ZM

625

Control treatment Basins Jabplanter

Treatments

Mai

ze g

rain

yie

ld (

kg/h

a)

Maize variety performance under Conservation Agriculture (kg/ha), Sussundenga, 2010/2011

ede cdecde cde cde cde

cde cdcd bcd bcd bcdabc

aba

-

2,000.0

4,000.0

6,000.0

8,000.0

10,000.0

12,000.0

EV8430

SRDM12

Hluvuka

ni

ZS261

Pan 6

7

SC513

CZH04007

SC635

CZH0511

ZM30

9

Mat

uba

Sussum

a

ZM62

5

ZM52

3

Tsangano

Man

ica

ZM40

1

Varieties

Gra

in y

ield

(kg

/ha)

Partial budgets from USAID project sites

– Example Barwe (Manica)

Check Basin Jab Planter Maize Cowpea Maize Cowpea Maize Cowpea Grain Yield 3339 434 3909 636 4436 563 Grain Price 0.16 0.43 0.16 0.43 0.16 0.43 Gross Revenue 534.24 186.62 625.44 273.48 709.76 242.09 Labour Land Preparation 25 25 Basin Opening 36.79 38.79 Mulching 21.43 21.43 21.43 21.43 21.43 Seeding 11.76 8.93 8.93 16.37 16.37 16.37 Weeding 1 17.86 13.39 9.39 12.28 9.28 9.28 Weeding 2 16.74 13.39 9.39 13.39 10.39 10.39 Weeding 3 17.86 Harvesting 35.71 35.71 20.01 35.71 20.01 20.01 Total Variable Cost 124.93 117.85 105.94 137.97 77.48 77.48 Input Cowpea 48.21 48.21 48.21 Maize Seed 48.21 48.21 48.21 Npk 178.57 178.57 178.57 178.57 178.57 178.57 Round Up 29.46 29.46 Urea 178.57 178.57 178.57 Total Input Cost 405.35 226.78 405.35 256.24 405.35 256.24 Total Variable Cost 530.28 344.63 511.29 394.21 482.83 333.72 Net Revenue 3.96 -158.01 114.15 -120.73 226.93 -91.63

Partial budgets from USAID project sites

– Example Maguai (Tete)

Check Basin Jab Planter Maize Beans Maize Beans Maize Beans Grain Yield 3900 821 4135 907 3925 840 Grain Price 0.18 1.1 0.18 1.1 0.18 1.1 Gross Revenue 702 903.1 744.3 997.7 706.5 924 Labour Land Preparation 51.43 51.43 Basin Opening 73.57 73.57 Mulching 21.43 21.43 21.43 21.43 Seeding 53.57 25.67 53.57 25.67 53.57 25.67 Weeding 1 42.86 30.86 35.71 25.04 35.71 26.99 Weeding 2 42.86 27.5 35.71 25.04 35.71 27.71 Harvesting 26.79 19.29 26.79 19.29 26.79 Total Variable Cost 190.72 162.25 239.28 197.54 165.71 128.59 Input Cowpea 48.21 48.21 48.21 Maize Seed 48.21 48.21 48.21 Npk 178.57 178.57 178.57 178.57 178.57 178.57 Round Up 29.46 29.46 Urea 178.57 178.57 178.57 Total Input Cost 405.35 226.78 405.35 256.24 405.35 256.24 Total Variable Cost 596.07 389.03 644.63 453.78 571.06 384.83 Net Revenue 105.93 514.07 99.67 543.92 135.44 539.17

Conclusions from maize variety - and CA validation trials in 2010/2011

● The 2010/2011 cropping season was significantly better than the previous season

● Release of five new improved maize varieties in Mozambique

● Private seed companies are getting strongly involved in project activities (over 160 t of seed multiplied)

● ZM309 is now available on the market at a competitive price

● More seed multiplication/breeding is nessesary in the country (Sussundenga)

Conclusions from maize variety - and CA validation trials in 2010/2011

● New collaboration with the University of Tennessee will enable more in-depth studies (e.g. on soil carbon dynamics and adoption)

● CA cropping systems are equal or better performing than the traditional agriculture systems

● Economic benefits are higher on CA than conventional systems in some areas

Success storiesSuccess stories

Early maturing

Risk reduction

Good taste and weevil resistance (flint)

Farmers select not always for higher yield!

Large uptake by private seed companies

100 tons of certified seed produced in 2010/2011

Extension of the variety ZM309 and ZM523:

Success storiesSuccess stories

● Early planting ● short season varieties● Two crops instead of

one● Improves food security

and nutrition● Direct impact on

farmer livelihood

Double cropping:

First and second maize and cowpea grain yield from Mr. Andrissoni, Lamego, Mozambique, 2011

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

Maize first harvest Cowpea firstharvest

Maize secondharvest

Cowpea secondharvest

Sites

Gra

in y

ield

(k

g/h

a)

Conventional control

Basins

Jabplanter

Success stories

● Reduced labour on land preparation

● Women are benefitting if herbicides are used

● Jabplanter vs dibble stick ● No-burning - Major step

towards sustainable land management systems

CA systems:

Plans for the 2011/2012 cropping seasonVariety promotion:● Facilitation of breeder seed for multiplication ● Continued support to basic seed production● Strengthening participatory variety selection on farmers fields● Variety demonstration with seed companies (seed roadmaps)● Development of more extension bulletins

Conservation agriculture extension:● Continuation of validation plots (more biophysical data taking)● Intensive farmer evaluation exercise during the season● Continuation and expansion of component trials● Support to farmer experimentation and cross-site visits

Plans for the 2011/2012 cropping season

Socio-economic aspects:● More involvement of small

agriculture input suppliers ● Institutionalization of both CA and

improved varieties● Revision of data at the annual

evaluation and planning meetings● Identification of constraints to

farmer adoption● Packaging of information to

various audiences