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257

Index

ʿ Abd al-Al, Sa ʿ id, 207 ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz (King). See Al Sa ʿ ud, ʿ Abd

al- ʿ Aziz ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz, Ahmad bin. See Al Sa ʿ ud,

Ahmad bin ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz, Mish ʿ al bin Sa ʿ ud bin

(Prince). See Al Sa ʿ ud, Mish ʿ al bin Sa ʿ ud bin ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz

ʿ Abd al-Jabbar, ʿ Abd al-Wahid, 84n81 ʿ Abdallah, ʿ Issam Muhammad Abu, 209 ʿ Abdallah, Mish ʿ al bin (Prince). See Al

Sa ʿ ud, Mish ʿ al bin ʿ Abdallah bin ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz

ʿ Abd al-Qays tribe, 24–5 Abdul Aziz (King). See Al Sa ʿ ud, ʿ Abd

al- ʿ Aziz Abdullah (King). See Al Sa ʿ ud, Abdullah

bin ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz Abu al-Sa ʿ ud, ʿ Ali bin Hasan, 76–7 Abu al-Sa ʿ ud, Zaki, 185n98 , 190 Abu Khamsin, ʿ Abd al-Rahim, 191 Abu Khamsin, ʿ Adil, 204n42 Abu Khamsin, Baqir, 62–3 , 176 Abu Khamsin, Hussayn (18th and 19th

century), 42 Abu Khamsin, Hussayn (20th century), 99 Abu Khamsin, Jawad, 62 Abu Khamsin, Muhammad, 40–1 ,

42 , 43–4 Abu Khamsin, Muhammad Baqir, 60–1 Abu Khamsin, Musa, 46–7 , 60 , 61–2 ,

98–9 , 148–9 Abu Khamsin family, 42 , 42n73 Abu Khamsin Investment Company, 62

Adala Center for Human Rights, 188–9 ʿ Afaf (journal), 123 al- ʿ Afaliq, Muhammad, 193n143 Afghanistan, American invasion of, 183–4 Agriculture, effect of oil industry on, 66–7 Ahl al-Bayt (journal), 141 al-Ahmad, ʿ Ali, 178n73 al-Ahmad, Fu ʾ ad. See Ibrahim, Fu ʾ ad al-Ahsa

Amir of, 77–8 geography of, 4 hawzat in, 167–8 Ibn Saud, conquest by, 45–54 informal courts in, 35 maraji ʿ in, 39 , 40–5 , 48–9n101 ,

60–4 , 65 municipal elections in, 77–8 , 189–90 , 191 Ottoman rule in, 28 , 29–30 , 32–4 public processions in, 179 Shia courts in, 19 , 35 , 60–4 , 176 Shia population in, 4–6 , 4n7 , 5n8 Sunnis in, 1–2 2003 petitions in, 181 2011 uprisings and, 201–3

al-Ahsa ʾ i, Ahmad, 41–4 . See also Shaykhiyya

al-Ahsa ʾ i, Nasir, 46–7 , 60–1 Akhbar al-Dhahran (newspaper), 72–3 ,

74–5 , 76 Akhbari school, 41 , 58 , 99 , 175–6 al- ʿ Alawi, Fadil, 162–3 al- ʿ Alaywat, Muhammad, 121n39 ʿ Ali, Nasr al-Shaykh, 79n57 al- ʿ Ali, Hussayn, 60

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Index258

al- ʿ Ali, Hussayn bin ʿ Ali, 150–1 , 151n62 al- ʿ Ali, Muhammad (journalist), 125–6 ,

143n19 , 176–7 , 181n82 , 185n98 al- ʿ Ali, Muhammad (Shia judge in

al-Ahsa), 60–1 , 62–3 al- ʿ Ali, Muhammad ʿ Ali, 63n172 al- ʿ Ali, Sadiq, 204n39 al- ʿ Alq, Khalid ʿ Abd al-Hamid, 135n114 ,

136 al- ʿ Amir, Tawfi q, 202–3 , 204n42 , 206 Amnesty agreement (1975)

generally, 86–7 Baath Party and, 83–4 , 160 , 160n114 Communist Party and, 160 criticism of, 86–7 , 87n92 divided opposition resulting from, 161–2 return of opposition because of, 95–6

Amnesty agreement (1993), 156–60 generally, 218–19 criticism of, 165 Ghazi al-Qusaybi and, 152 Hamza al-Hasan and, 165 Hasan al-Saffar and, 156 , 157 ,

158–9 , 165 Hizbullah al-Hijaz and, 160–1 , 164–5 Khat al-Imam and, 160–2 , 164–5 King Fahd and, 156–60 Nimr al-Nimr on, 161–2 , 165 overview, 22 , 164–5 RMS and, 158–9 , 160 shirazi movement and, 164–5 Uthman al- ʿ Umayr and, 152

ʿ Amr, ʿ Abd al-Hakim, 69–70 al- ʿ Amri, ʿ Ali, 198n10 . See also Nakhawila al- ʿ Amri, Muhammad ʿ Ali, 198–200 Anak

hussainiyya in, 101–2 Qatif municipality and, 190n129 , 192–3 sectarian tensions in, 183 , 192–3 urbanisation in, 39

Ancient Bahrain, 24–5 , 25n4 Arabian American Oil Company.

See ARAMCO Arab nationalism

Baath Party ( See Baath Party) as language of protest, 73–4 MAN ( See Movement of Arab

Nationalists) Nasserism, 69–71 as political ideology, 19–20 , 67–8 ,

81–6 , 87 Arab National Liberation Front, 75 , 87–9

Arab Socialist Action Party in the Arabian Peninsula (hizb al- ʿ amal), 87 , 87n95 , 125–6 , 145–6 , 160

Arab Socialist Baath Party in Saudi. See Baath Party

Arab Spring. See 2011 uprisings ARAMCO

generally, 13 “American camp,” 70 Arabian Affairs Division, 68–9 Baath Party and, 81–2 contractors, 94–5 creation of, 66–7 education and, 44–5 employees as leftists, 126, 89–90 ,

109 , 125–6 expatriate employees at, 70–1 football clubs, 170–1 imperialism and, 70 intifada and, 104–5 , 112–13 leftist opposition in, 75 nationalisation of, 112–13 1967 riots against, 84 OIRAP and, 104–5 , 136n116 “Saudi camp,” 70 Shia employees, 68–9 , 74–5 ,

112–13 , 135–6 strikes at, 68 , 70–1 , 70n19 , 74–5 Sunnis in, 68–9

Asabiyya capitalism, 21 al- ʿ Asfur, ʿ Abd al-Rida, 100–1 Ashura rituals, 101–10 , 179 , 183 ,

198–200 , 208 . See also intifada ; Muharram

al-Assad, Hafi z, 120 , 132n98 Association of Democratic Women in

Saudi, 88n102 Association of Female Muslim Mujahidin

in Iraq, 122–3 Association of Muslim Women in the

Arabian Peninsula, 123 ʿ Atuq, Ahmad, 84n81 al- ʿ Awwami, ʿ Ali, 78 , 80 , 87–8n96 al- ʿ Awwami, Hasan, 79n57 , 80 ,

94–5 , 96n15 al- ʿ Awwami, Majid, 48–9n101 , 51–2 al- ʿ Awwami family, 40 al- ʿ Awda, Salman, 142–3 , 186 al-Awjam Charitable Society, 172n38 .

See also Charitable organisations al-Awjami, ʿ Abdallah, 210 al-Awjami, Wajih, 175–6






Index 259

Awqaf (religious endowments), 35 , 37–9 , 38n55 , 43–4 , 49–50 , 55–6 , 94–5 , 111–12 , 173–4 . See also Khums ; Shia courts

Awwamiyya Akhbaris in, 41 , 58n142 Ashura rituals in, 101–2 , 103 awqaf in, 38–9 hussainiyyat in, 40n67 intifada in, 105–6 leftists in, 84–5 municipal elections in, 190 1929/1930 rebellion in, 51–2 , 53–4 notable families in, 32 religious publishing in, 168 shirazi movement in, 98–9 2009 protests in, 197–8 2011 uprisings in, 201–5 , 207–8 , 209 ,

212–13 , 212n98 al-Azzaz, Salih, 125–6

Baath Party, 81–6 . See also Arab nationalism

ARAMCO and, 81–2 in army, 83–4 Iran-Iraq War, effect of, 83–4 in Iraq, 94 National Command, 82 1975 amnesty agreement and, 160 ,

160n114 publications of, 82 , 109n73 repression against, 83–4 in Syria, 120 in United States, 87

al-Badr, Hasan ʿ Ali, 47–9 , 48n101 al-Bahar, Sa ʿ id, 133 , 162–3 , 163n131 Bahrain

Ancient Bahrain, 24–5 , 25n4 attempted coup (1981), 118–19 ,

118n26 , 119n28 British rule in, 30 “Greater Bahrain,” 181 High Executive Committee, 72–3 IFLB ( See Islamic Front for the

Liberation of Bahrain) Iran, anti-Bahraini propaganda in,

116–17 khums in, 39–40 MAN and, 83–4 , 83n77 , 85 Popular Front in Bahrain, 125–6 Saudi opposition links to,

137–8 , 140–1

Saudi protests in support of 2011 uprisings, 200 , 203 , 205–6 , 219

Saudi troops sent into, 203 , 216–17 segregation in, 16 2011 uprisings in, 22–3 , 200 , 200n15 ,

203 , 213 , 219 al-Bahrani, Yusuf, 41 Bahrani nativism, 24–5 Bahth al-kharij (highest level of

Shia religious teaching), 60–1 . See also Hawzat

Balkans, Saudi sectarianism compared, 15 Bandar (Prince). See Al Sa ʿ ud, Bandar bin

Sultan bin ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz Bani Khalid tribe, 26–7 , 28 , 32–4 , 52–3 al-Banna, Hasan, 96–7 al-Baqi ʿ (cemetery in Medina).

See also Medina ; Nakhawila demonstrations at, 129–30 sectarian clashes at, 197 symbolism of, 128–30

al-Baqi ʿ Foundation for the Revival of Heritage, 129–30

al-Barrak, Sa ʿ d, 193n143 Barth, Fredrik, 18 Basic Law of Government

(1992), 150–1 Basra, 37 , 42 , 60–1 al-Bayat, Mansur bin ʿ Abdallah, 94–5 al-Bayyash, ʿ Abd al-Rasul, 79n57 bin Baz, ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz (Grand Mufti),

9–10 , 151–2 , 177–8 Bazargan, Mehdi, 116 Bedouins, 68–9 Beirut. See Lebanon Bek, Ibrahim, 34 al-Birr (charitable organisation), 172 Bouazizi, Muhammad, 200 al-Brahim, Nabih, 190 al-Bu ʿ Ali, Ahmad, 193n143 al-Bu ʿ Ali, Tawfi q, 204n42 al-Burrayk, Sa ʿ d, 177–8 Bushehr, 37

Cairo. See Egypt California Arabian Standard Oil

Company, 66–7 Cassette tapes, use of in propaganda,

99–100 , 100n37 CDLR. See Committee for the Defence of

Legitimate Rights Central Intelligence Agency, 104–5






Index260

Charitable organisations, 62–3 , 167 , 171–2 , 195–6 . See also Civil society

Christians beheading of converts to, 151–2 in eastern Arabia, 35–6 in leftist organisations, 89–90

Churchill, Winston, 97–8 Civil Committee for Human Rights, 184–5 Civil society

in Bahrain, 67–8 in Saudi Arabia, 166 , 170–3

Coalition for Freedom and Justice, 201 Committee for the Advancement of

Students, 72 Committee for the Defence of Legitimate

Rights, 152–4 Committee for the Defense of Human

Rights in Saudi, 145–6 Communism, 72 , 81–2 , 83–5 , 86–9 , 87n96 Communist Party in Saudi.

See also Leftists ; National Democratic Group in Saudi ; National Liberation Front

amnesty agreement and, 160 arrests of members, 125–6 Crown Prince Abdullah and, 160 demise of Soviet Union, effect of, 145–6 democratic front, calls for, 126 , 126n68 Dhufar rebellion and, 85n86 formation of, 87–9 intifada and, 109 , 110 Shia notable families in, 89–90 Syria, operation in, 120–1

Confessionalism, 14–15 , 15n42 , 77–8 Constitution (1992), 150–1 Consultative Council. See Majlis al-Shura Cooperation Council for the Gulf

Opposition, 144–5 Council of the Committee of Senior

ʿ Ulama ʾ , 1–2 , 62–3 Coup attempt (1969), 84–5 , 84n81 Coup attempt (Bahrain 1981), 118–19 ,

118n26 , 119n28 Court of Appeals, 59–60 Cultural festivals, 172–3 Culture for the Masses (OIRAP), 121–2 Cyprus, as base for Saudi Shia opposition,

120 , 141 , 165

Damascus. See Syria Dammam

Central Prison, 206

courts in, 54–5 leftists in, 82–3 , 107–9 municipal elections in, 76–7 , 77n48 ,

189–93 , 190n129 newspapers in, 193–4 1967 demonstrations in, 82–3 alleged OIRAP bombings in, 119n30 public library, 72–3 relocation of administrative seat to, 4 ,

73–4 , 80 Shia in, 42 , 59n151 , 151n62 , 179 ,

183 , 191–2 Shia mosques in, 151–2 urbanisation in, 77n48

al-Dandan, ʿ Abdallah, 151–2 al-Dandan, ʿ Ali, 204n42 Dar al-Safa (publishing house), 121–2 Darin, 55–6 al-Da ʿ wa. See Islamic al-Da ʿ wa Party Democracy, calls for. See Municipal

elections ; Political reform, calls for Department of Zakat and Income Tax,

172 Dhahran. See also ARAMCO

Airbase, attempted Hizbullah al-Hijaz bombing at, 70 , 136–7

courts in, 54–5 municipal elections in, 77n48 , 191–2 newspapers in ( See Akhbar al-Dhahran ) “Saudi camp” in, 70 urbanisation in, 73–4

Dhufar rebellion, support of Saudi leftists for, 85 , 85n86

Dickson, H.R.P., 101–2n43 al-Dihnin, ʿ Ali, 169n12 Diwaniyyat (discussion forums), 62 ,

176–8 , 194–5 . See also Civil society Dukhala Festival, 172–3 al-Dumayni, ʿ Ali, 87–9 , 125–6 ,

184–5 al-Dusari, ʿ Ali, 190n129 al-Dusari, Khalid, 192–3

Eastern Province Provincial Council, 150–1 , 151n62

“Eastern Province Revolution” (social media page), 201

East Germany, support for leftists from, 87–9 , 87n96

Education, 44–5 Egypt

Egyptian workers in Saudi Arabia, 70–1






Index 261

Nasserism, 69–71 rivalry with Saudi Arabia, 69–70 rule of in eastern Arabia, 28

Egyptian Revolution (1952), 69–70 Elaph (newspaper), 152n71 Elections. See Municipal elections “Ethnic entrepreneurs,” 18 , 217

Fadlallah, Muhammad Hussayn, 168–9 , 169n13

al-Fadli, ʿ Abd al-Hadi, 62n167 , 91–2 , 168 , 168n10 , 170 , 170n21

Fahd (King). See Al Sa ʿ ud, Fahd bin ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz

al-Fajr al-Jadid (newspaper), 72–3 Familial society, 173 al-Faqaha (journal), 168 al-Faqih, Sa ʿ d, 161 al-Faraj, ʿ Ali, 212n98 al-Faraj, Hussayn, 212n98 al-Faraj, Khalid, 77n46 al-Faraj, Muhammad bin Hussayn, 51n109 al-Faraj, Muhammad Hasan, 79n57 al-Faraj, Salman, 38–9 al-Faraj family, 38–9 al-Farid, ʿ Aliyya Makki, 123 , 172 al-Faris, Muhammad Salih, 78 al-Farisi, Muhammad, 29n26 al-Fath (journal), 134 Fatwas

against Hasan al-Saffar, 100–1 against protests, 205–6 against Shia, 9–10 , 50–2 , 152–3 , 184

Fawaris mosque, 42 , 61–2 Fawzi, Muhammad, 114 Faysal (Crown Prince). See Al Sa ʿ ud, Faysal

bin ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz al-Faysal, Saud (Prince). See Al Sa ʿ ud,

Sa ʿ ud al-Faysal bin ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz al-Faysal, Turki (Prince). See Al Sa ʿ ud,

Turki al-Faysal bin ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz al-Filfi l, ʿ Ali, 207–8 al-Filfi l, Muhammad, 210 Football clubs, 170–1 Foundation for the Revival of Shia

Heritage in the Arabian Peninsula, 179n76

General Intelligence Directorate, 116–17 , 146–7

al-Ghafari, ʿ Abd al-Amir, 62n167 al-Ghanim, Muhammad, 204n39

bin Ghanim, ʿ Ali bin ʿ Abdallah, 28–9n23 Ghannam, ʿ Ali, 81–2 , 83–4 , 160n114 Goldberg, Jacob, 29n26 Grand Mosque (Mecca)

occupation of (1979), 70–1n20 , 103 , 107–9 , 112–13

smuggling of explosives at (1989), 137–8 stampede at (1987), 131 , 131n92 , 162–4

“Greater Bahrain,” 181 . See also Ancient Bahrain ; Bahrani nativism

Group of Fighting ʿ Ulama ʾ in the Arabian Peninsula, 129–30

Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), 118–19 , 144–5

Gulf War, 142–8 effect on Shia, 22 , 143 Hasan al-Saffar and, 143–4 Iran and, 147–8 OIRAP, effect on, 142–3 petitions movement (1990/1991), effect

on, 142–3

al-Habib, Muhammad, 121n39 , 169 al-Hadad, ʿ Ali al-Hussayn, 155n89 al-Hajari, Majid, 192–3 al-Hajari, Muhammad, 63–4 , 63n172 , 176 Hajj (pilgrimage)

IAO and, 128n73 importance for Saudi state, 128–9 Iran and, 126–8 , 128n73 , 130 , 131 Khomeini and, 126–9 National Liberation Front and, 75 OIRAP and, 128–9 , 130 Sayyida Zaynab and, 128–9 , 133 stampede at (1987), 131 , 131n92 , 162–4

al-Hakim, Muhsin, 59–60 , 62 , 91–3 , 168–9 Halbwachs, Maurice, 101 Hamdan, Makkiyya ʿ Abdallah, 123 al-Hamid, ʿ Abdallah, 152 al-Hammad, Ghalib, 174–6 ,

175n52 , 205–6 Hanafi tradition, 1–2 , 35 Hanbali tradition, 29 , 54–5 , 218–19 al-Haramain Islamic Information Centre,

161–2n124 al-Haramayn (journal), 129–30 ,

161–2n124 al-Hasan, Hamza

generally, 147n47 al-Jazira al- ʿ Arabiyya and, 144–5 local historiography of Shia and, 10–12 ,

29n26 , 59n149 , 146n44 , 178–9






Index262

1993 negotiations with King Fahd and, 147n47 , 152–3 , 153n76 , 154 , 165

in shirazi movement, 99 2011 uprisings and, 201 al-Waha and, 178–9

Hashemi, Mehdi, 115 , 131–2 , 132n95 , 132n98

al-Hawali, Safar, 142–3 , 152–3 , 184 , 186 Hawzat (communities of learning)

in al-Ahsa, 42 , 167–8 Hasan al-Saffar and, 114 Hizbullah al-Hijaz and, 167 in Iran, 114 , 122–3 Khat al-Imam in, 167 khums and, 168–9 under King Abdullah, 22 limitations on, 167–8 local, 167 marji ʿ iyya and, 167–8 Muhammad al-Shirazi and, 167 Muhammad Taqi al-Mudarrisi and, 114 Nimr al-Nimr in, 121n39 OIRAP and, 99 in Qatif, 167–8 in Sayyida Zaynab, 133 , 167 shirazi movement and, 94 , 96–7 in Syria, 120–1 Tawfi q al-Sayf and, 96–9 women in, 122–3 , 167–8

Hawzat al-Hijaziyya (Qom), 133 Hawzat al-Qa ʾ im (Tehran), 114 , 120–1 ,

122–3 , 134–5 , 167 Hawzat al-Rasul al- ʿ Azam (Kuwait), 94 , 96–7 Hawzat al-Sadiq/al-Qa ʾ im (Sayyida

Zaynab), 120–1 , 167 al-Hayik, Muhammad Hasan, 136 al-Hayy, ʿ Abd al-Khaliq al- ʿ Abd, 188–9 al-Hayy, ʿ Ali, 190 Hegemony, 166 , 167 High Commission of Industrial Security,

112–13n94 Higher Shia Council, advocacy of, 218n4 al-Hijaz (journal), 119 Hijaz ʿ Ulama ʾ Group, 133 al-Hijjaj, Azhar ʿ Ali, 135n114 , 136 al-Hijji, Salman, 191 , 193n143 al-Hirz, Muhammad, 42n73 al-Hirz, Siba, 91 , 114 , 194 Historical background of eastern Arabia.

See also al-Ahsa ; Local historiography of Shia ; Qatif

al-Ahsa, Shia courts in, 60–4 awqaf system, 37–9 early periods, 24–9 Ibn Saud’s conquest, 45–54 Ottoman rule, 29–37 overview, 64–5 Qatif, Shia courts in, 54–60 Shaykhiyya, 40–5

Hitler, Adolf, 97–8 Hizb al- ʿ amal. See Arab Socialist Action

Party in the Arabian Peninsula Hizbullah (Lebanon), 134–5 , 138–9 ,

162–4 , 186 Hizbullah al-Hijaz, 131–8

generally, 56–7 alliance with Sunnis, opposition to, 152 amnesty agreement and, 160–2 , 164–5 arrests of members, 139n129 assassinations by, 137–8 bombings by, 135–137 , 135n111 ,

136n116 , 148 on democratic front, 126n68 Dhahran Airbase, attempted bombing

at, 136–7 in hawzat, 167 al-Hubayl in, 133 Iran and, 133–4 Jubail, bombing at, 135–6 Khamenei and, 140 Khat al-Imam and, 137–8 Khobar Towers bombing and, 22 , 162–4 al-Mubarak in, 56–7 MVM and, 134–5 National Dialogue and, 186 OIRAP and, 134 origins of, 117–18 , 126 , 133–4 ,

134n104 overview, 21–2 , 139 Ras al-Juaima, bombing at, 135–6 ,

135n111 , 136n116 release of members, 156–7 2011 uprisings and, 208n69

Hourani, Albert, 30–1 al-Hubayl, ʿ Abd al-Karim

arrest of, 139n129 in Hizbullah al-Hijaz, 133 Iran and, 170 Khobar Towers bombing and, 162 2003 petitions and, 183 2011 uprisings and, 204–6 , 208 , 211n90

Hufuf hawzat in, 42

al-Hasan, Hamza (cont.)






Index 263

Ibn Saud, conquest by, 46–7 judges of, 29 as Ottoman administrative seat, 32–4 relocation of administrative seat from,

4 , 73–4 urbanisation in, 77n48

al-Hulaymi, ʿ Abdallah, 191 , 193n143 Hulayqa, Ihsan Bu, 185n98 , 187–8 ,

187n115 Human Rights Commission, 188–9 Human rights organisations, 171 ,

184–5 , 188–9 al-Humud, ʿ Abd al-Karim, 75 , 75n40 ,

75n41 , 86–7 , 86n91 , 130 al-Huri, ʿ Ali, 162–3 Hussainiyyat (mourning houses or

community centres), 22 , 40 , 40n67 , 101–3

Hussayn (Imam), 96–7 , 101–2 , 101n43 al-Hussayn, Ahmad, 34 Hussein, Saddam, 83–4 , 133 ,

143–4 , 167 Huwaydar, Wajiha, 185n98 al-Huwayl, Sami, 193n143

IAO. See Islamic Action Organisation in Iraq

Ibn ʿ Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad, 27–8 , 29 , 139

Ibn Baz. See bin Baz, ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz Ibn Saud (King). See Al Sa ʿ ud, ʿ Abd

al- ʿ Aziz al-Ibrahim, Badr, 11n25 Ibrahim, Fu ʾ ad

al-Jazira al- ʿ Arabiyya and, 144–5 books by, 10–12 on Iran-Contra affair, 132n95 on MVM, 96–7 on Shia courts, 59 2011 uprisings and, 201 in United Kingdom, 179 , 179n74 al-Waha and, 178–9

Ibrahim, Sayyid, 51–2 “Identity entrepreneurs,” 18 , 195–6 , 217 IFLB. See Islamic Front for the Liberation

of Bahrain Ikhwan (tribal army), 8 , 50–2 Ikhwan, ʿ Abdallah ʿ Ali, 77n46 Ilaf Centre for Disabled Children

Care, 172 Imagined communities, 111–12 , 193–5 India, MVM in, 140–1

Indian merchants in eastern Arabia, 35–6

Institute for Gulf Affairs, 178n73 Intellectuals, Saudi Shia, 176–9 Intelligence Service, 70–1n20 .

See also General Intelligence Directorate

Interior Ministry. See Ministry of Interior International Committee for Human

Rights in the Gulf and Arabian Peninsula, 141 , 146 , 147

Internet, Shia and, 193–5 . See also Social media activism

Internet Services Unit, 193 intifada (1979/1980), 101–10

generally, 87 , 167–8 ARAMCO and, 104–5 , 112–13 in Awwamiyya, 105–6 Communist Party and, 109 , 110 Hadi al-Mudarrisi and, 102–3 Iranian Revolution, impact of, 105–6 ,

115–16 Khobar Towers bombing and, 162–4 Khomeini as symbol, 105–7 leftists in, 107–9 militarisation, effect on, 112–13 Muhammad Taqi al-Mudarrisi and,

115–16 notable families and, 110–12 OIRAP and, 104–5 , 106–7 ,

109–10 overview, 20 , 112–13 in Qatif, 59 responses to, 110–12 in Safwa, 105–6 in Saihat, 101–2 , 104–6 shirazi movement and, 101–10 2011 uprisings compared, 214

Iran American embassy, seizure of

(1979), 116 anti-Bahraini propaganda, 116–17 anti-Saudi propaganda, 116–17 Foreign Ministry, 117 Gulf War and, 147–8 hajj and, 126–8 , 128n73 , 130 , 131 hawzat in, 114 , 122–3 Hizbullah al-Hijaz and, 133–4 al-Hubayl and, 170 improvement of Saudi relations with,

140 , 147–8 , 159–60 Iran-Iraq War ( See Iran-Iraq War)






Index264

Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, 114 , 132 , 133

marji ʿ iyya , links to, 21–2 , 38–9 , 126 , 133 , 134–5 , 138–9 , 140

Muhammad Taqi al-Mudarrisi and, 115n6

OIRAP and, 133 , 167 Revolution ( See Iranian Revolution) severing of Saudi diplomatic relations

with, 136–7 shirazi movement and, 138–9

Iran-Contra affair, 115 , 131–2 , 132n98 Iranian Revolution (1979), 114–15

ARAMCO, effect on, 112–13 intifada, impact on, 105–6 , 115–16 Khomeini and, 114–15 Muharram rituals and, 103 MVM and, 114–15 OIRAP and, 114–15 sectarianism, impact on, 16–17 , 216 2011 uprisings compared, 214

Iran-Iraq War Baath Party, effect on, 83–4 end of, 140 pilgrimages, effect on, 128–9 Saudi position in, 131 Shia groups, effect on, 117 “Tanker War,” 131

Iraq American invasion of, 16–17 , 186 ,

218–19 Baath Party in, 94 civil war, 219 Gulf War ( See Gulf War) Iran-Iraq War ( See Iran-Iraq War) marji ʿ iyya , links to, 38–9 , 58 , 59–60 Saudi sectarianism compared, 15 ,

16n54 Shia ascent to power in, 186 Shia parties in, 91–2 Shia uprising in, 143–4 suppression of Shia in, 167

Iraq War (2003-) sectarianism and, 16–17 , 218–19 Shia ascent to power following, 186

IRGC. See Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps

al-Ish ʿ a ʿ (newspaper), 72–3 Islamic Action Organisation in Iraq,

117–18 , 122–3 , 128n73

Islamic al-Da ʿ wa Party, 62 , 91–2 , 170 , 191–2

Islamic Ecumenism, 177–8 Islamic familialism, 21 Islamic Front for the Liberation of

Bahrain, 102–3 , 117–19 , 121–2 , 121n41 , 140–1

Islamic Group of ARAMCO Workers, 104–5

Islamic Jihad Organisation in the Hijaz, 137–8

Islamic Republic Party, 115 Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, 114 ,

132 , 133 Islamic Union of Students of the Arabian

Peninsula, 119 Islamism. See Shia Islamism Islamo-Liberal alliance, 181 Ismailis, 2–3 , 4–8 , 9–10 , 76 , 186–7 ,

194 Israel

Iran-Contra affair and, 131–2 propaganda against, 126–8 Shia fi ghting against, 85 , 134–5 Shia protests against, 197

Al ʿ Ithan, ʿ Ali, 63 Al ʿ Ithan, Muhammad, 40–1 , 43–4 ,

46–7 , 60

Jabar, Faleh A., 93n5 al-Jabar, Nahid, 193n143 Jalawi bin ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz bin Mus ʿ ad

(Prince). See Al Sa ʿ ud, Jalawi bin ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz bin Mus ʿ ad

al-Jarash, ʿ Abdallah, 162–3 Jawhar, Hasan, 61–2 al-Jazira (newspaper), 72–3 al-Jazira al- ʿ Arabiyya (journal)

generally, 150–1 , 152 Islamo-Liberal alliance and, 181 negotiations with King Fahd and,

158–9 , 161 overview, 144–6

al-Jazira al-Jadida (journal), 85–6 al-Jaziri, Muhammad Hasan, 176 Jews

in eastern Arabia, 35–6 in leftist organisations, 89–90

bin Jibrin, ʿ Abdallah, 152–3 Jihadi violence, 183–4 Jihad tax, 51–2 , 51n110

Iran (cont.)






Index 265

bin Jiluwi, ʿ Abdallah, 49 , 52 , 53–4 , 53n122 , 60 , 60n155

bin Jiluwi, ʿ Abd al-Muhsin, 58 , 80 , 123–4 bin Jiluwi, Sa ʿ ud, 53–4 , 80 , 123–4 al-Jirani, Muhammad, 175–6 , 209 al-Jiriyan, Khalid, 193n143 al-Jishi, ʿ Abdallah, 72 , 76 , 76n44 al-Jishi, ʿ Abd al-Rasul, 72–3 al-Jishi, ʿ Ali, 48–9n101 , 55–6 , 76 al-Jishi, Hasan, 72 , 78n53 , 79–80 , 84n81 al-Jishi, Jamil, 10n20 , 159–60 , 159n111 al-Jishi, Mahdi Ahmad, 76–7 al-Jishi, Mansur, 55–6 , 208 al-Jishi, Maytham, 204n39 al-Jishi, Muhammad ʿ Ali, 55–6 , 76–7 al-Jishi, Muhammad Hasan, 55–6 al-Jishi family, 40 , 55–6 Jomhuri-ye Eslami (newspaper), 106–7 Jones, Toby, 12 Journals, 22 , 72–5 , 168 . See also Public

sphere Jubail

Hizbullah al-Hijaz bombing at, 135–6 leftists in, 72–3 , 81–2 Royal Commission for Jubail, 159n111

al-Jubran, Sadiq, 157 , 185n98 Judicial system in Saudi Arabia, 55n128 .

See also Shia courts al-Juhayman, ʿ Abd al-Karim, 74–5 bin Jum ʿ a, ʿ Abd al-Hussayn, 45–6 , 47–8 ,

49–50 , 50n107 bin Jum ʿ a, Mansur, 34–6 , 43–4 , 47 , 49–50 bin Jum ʿ a family, 49–50 Al Jumay ʿ , Habib, 178–9 , 179n76

al-Kalima (journal), 176–7 Karbala

maraji ʿ in, 60–1 , 93–4 Shaykhis and, 60–1 , 63 shirazi movement and, 92–3

Karroubi, Mehdi, 130 al-Katib, Ahmad, 117n16 Kechichian, Joseph, 70–1 Keyhan (newspaper), 143n23 al-Khabbaz, Munir, 177–8 , 203–6 , 208 Khalid (King). See Al Sa ʿ ud, Khalid bin

ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz al-Khalidi, ʿ Ali, 192–3 al-Khalidi, Khalid, 190n129 al-Khalifa, ʿ Abdallah, 59n151 , 63n172 al-Khalifa, ʿ Abd al-Munim, 191n131

al-Khalifa, Hussayn, 59n151 al-Khalifa, Sadiq, 62n169 Al Khalifa, Shaykh Ahmad bin ʿ Ali, 34–5 Khamenei, ʿ Ali, 132 , 140 , 170 al-Khamis, Hussayn ʿ Abd al-Rahman, 191 Khat al-Imam

amnesty agreement and, 160–2 , 164–5 founding of, 133 and hawzat, 133 , 167 Hizbullah al-Hijaz and, 137–8 Khobar Towers bombing and, 162 Khomeini and, 133 literature on, 10–12 National Dialogue and, 186 overview, 21–2 , 65 , 138 religious wing, 148 shirazi movement and, 139 2011 uprisings and, 201 , 203

al-Khatim, ʿ Ali ʿ Abdallah, 135n114 , 136 al-Khatir, ʿ Abd al- ʿ Azim, 193n141 al-Khatti, ʿ Abd al-Hamid, 58–60n144 ,

149 , 174 al-Khayri, Jamil, 188n117 Khazal (Shaykh), 49–50 Khobar

closure of Shia mosques in, 195–6 , 206 municipal elections in, 191–2 newspapers in, 73–4 OIRAP bombings in, 119n30 public processions in, 179 urbanisation in, 73–4 , 77n48

Khobar Towers bombing, 162–4 Hizbullah al-Hijaz and, 22 , 162–4 al-Hubayl and, 162 indictments for, 162–4 , 164n135 intifada and, 162–4 Khat al-Imam and, 162 prisoners, demands for release of,

201–3 , 204–5 al-Qaeda and, 163–4

Khoeiniha, Mohammad Mousavi, 128–9 , 130 Khomeini, Ruhollah

generally, 21–2 , 65 , 132 death of, 140 , 163n131 hajj and, 126–9 intifada and, 105–7 Iranian Revolution and, 114–15 Khamenei and, 170 Khat al-Imam and, 133 as marji ʿ of Saudi Shia, 140 , 170 Muhammad al-Shirazi and, 114






Index266

MVM and, 126 , 134–5 Rafsanjani and, 147–8 shirazi movement and, 138–9

al-Khu ʾ i, Abu al-Qasim arrest of, 143–4 khums and, 93–4 as marji ʿ of Saudi Shia, 62 , 174 popularity of, 168–9 , 168n11 Saudi Shia clerics and, 58–60n144 ,

62 , 91–4 shirazi movement, confl icts with,

92–4 , 100–1 Khums (religious tax)

in Bahrain, 39–40 football clubs and, 170–1 hawzat and, 168–9 institutions funded by, 195–6 in Kuwait, 94 marji ʿ iyya and, 39–40 , 93–4 , 168–9 MVM and, 140–1 overview, 39–40 shirazi movement and, 94 wukala ʾ and, 93–4 , 94n10

al-Khunayzi, ʿ Abdallah historical background, 91–2 in Shia courts, 174–5 shirazi movement and, 95–6 2011 uprisings and, 203–6 , 208 ,

211n90 al-Khunayzi, ʿ Abd al-Muhsin, 84–5 al-Khunayzi, ʿ Abd al-Ra ʾ uf, 72 , 80 al-Khunayzi, Ahmad Hasan ʿ Ali,

53–4 , 76–7 al-Khunayzi, ʿ Ali Abu ʿ Abd al-Karim (Abu

ʿ Abd al-Karim), 38–9 , 40n67 , 44–5 , 44n81 , 47–8 , 51–2 , 56–7

al-Khunayzi, ʿ Ali Abu al-Hasan (Abu al-Hasan), 38–9 , 48–9n101 , 51–2 , 58 , 78n50

al-Khunayzi, Ghassan, 185n98 al-Khunayzi, Hasan, 78 , 78n50 al-Khunayzi, Mirza, 81–2 , 83–5 al-Khunayzi, Muhammad, 188–9 , 188n117 al-Khunayzi, Muhammad ʿ Ali, 38–9 , 51–2 al-Khunayzi, Muhammad Sa ʿ id al-Shaykh

ʿ Ali, 57n135 al-Khunayzi, Muhammad Sa ʿ id al-Shaykh

Muhammad ʿ Ali, 79n57 al-Khunayzi, Najib, 82n68 , 87–9 , 176–7 ,

185n98

al-Khunayzi family, 39n58 , 40–1 , 47–8 , 55–6 , 84–5

al-Khuwayldi, Hasan, 97–8 King Abdul Aziz Centre for National

Dialogue. See National Dialogue Knowledge Society for the Struggle,

72–3 , 78 al-Kuhaymi, Ahmad, 130 Kuttab (schools), 76 . See also Hawzat Kuwait

Gulf War ( See Gulf War) Hawzat al-Rasul al- ʿ Azam, 94 , 96–7 Hizbullah in, 137–8 khums in, 94 MAN and, 84–5 opposition in, 144–5 Shaykhis/Hasawis in, 169–70 Shia in, 216 shirazi movement, relocation of in, 94

al-Labbad, ʿ Adil, 156n94 al-Labbad, Khalid, 212–13 Lacey, Robert, 147n47 bin Laden, Osama, 162–4 , 183–4 Law of the Consultative Council

(1992), 150–1 Law of the Provinces (1992), 77n47 , 150–1 Lebanon

Arab Socialist Action party in, 87n95 Communist Party in, 109 Hizbullah in, 134–5 , 138–9 , 162–4 , 186 Iran-Contra affair and, 131–2 Lebanese workers in Saudi Arabia, 70–1 Saudi Shia case compared, 15 , 18 ,

64 , 138 Saudi Shia fi ghting and training in,

117–18 , 134–6 , 148 Saudi Shia publishing in, 168 Saudi opposition in exile in, 81–2 ,

89–90 , 161–2 , 165 2006 war in, 186 , 197

Leftists alliance with Shia Islamists, 152 amnesty agreement and, 86–7 ,

87n92 , 160 ARAMCO employees as, 89–90 Baath Party ( See Baath Party) declining appeal of, 123–6 democratic front, calls for, 126 , 126n68 East German support for, 87–9 , 87n96 in intifada, 107–9

Khomeini, Ruhollah (cont.)






Index 267

Jews in leftist organisations, 89–90 Marxism ( See Arab Socialist Action

Party in the Arabian Peninsula ; Communism ; Communist Party in Saudi)

municipal elections and, 75–81 notable families and, 89–90 oil industry and, 68–75 opposition to ARAMCO, 75 overview, 19–20 , 21 , 89–90 repression against, 84 , 125–6 Shia in leftist organisations, 89–90 Soviet support for, 87–9 2003 petitions and, 184–5 in United States, 87

Liberals, 142–3 , 181 , 186 “List of 23 Wanted,” 209 , 212–13 Literature on Saudi Shia, 10–14 ,

11n23 , 178–9 Local Councils. See Municipal councils ;

Municipal elections Local historiography of Shia,

11n23 , 178–9 Lou ë r, Laurence, 115n6 al-Luwaymi, Muhammad bin ʿ Abdallah,

60–1 , 176

al-Madluh, Sa ʿ id, 175–6 Mahdi (Imam), 96–7 , 97n25 al-Mahdi, Yusuf, 97–8 , 167n3 , 211n90 Mahfuz, Muhammad, 173 , 176–7 al-Mahmud, Iyad, 132n98 Majalis, 62 . See also Civil society ;

Diwaniyyat (discussion forums) al-Majid, Ahmad, 77n46 Majlis al-Shura

advocacy of, 76 , 142–3 , 145–6 , 149–50 appointments to, 187–8 basis for establishment of, 150–1 expansion of, 185–6 Shia inclusion in, 187–8 , 189 2003 petitions and, 182

al-Makarim, ʿ Abd al-Majid, 58 al-Makarim, Sulayman Abu, 175–6 Makki, Yusuf, 82–3 , 185n98 al-Makrami family, 2–3 Mal Allah, Sadiq ʿ Abd al-Karim, 151–2 Maliki tradition, 1–2 MAN. See Movement of Arab

Nationalists (MAN) al-Manasif, Fadil, 207

al-Manqur, Nasir, 147n47 Mansur, Shaykh, 51n109 . See also bin

Jum ʿ a, Mansur Mansur Pasha, 36–7 . See also bin Jum ʿ a,

Mansur Maraji ʿ . See Marji ʿ iyya Marginal recognition of Saudi Shia, 22 ,

166 , 219 al-Marhun, ʿ Ali, 162–3 al-Marhun, Mansur, 44–5 Marji ʿ iyya (religious authority)

hawzat and, 167–8 Iraq, links to, 58 , 59–60 Iran, links to, 21–2 , 126 , 133 , 134–5 ,

138–9 , 140 khums and, 39–40 , 93–4 , 168–9 limitations on, 167–8 local, in al-Ahsa and Qatif, 39–40 , 40–5 ,

48–9n101 , 60–4 , 65 municipal elections and, 191 political organisation of, 91–4 .

See also Movement of Vanguards’ Missionaries

Shaykhi, 41–4 system of, 168–70 2011 uprisings and, 200–1 wukala ʾ ( See Wukala ʾ )

Marr, Phebe, 79n57 Marriage patterns, 32 Marxism, 72 , 81–2 , 83–5 , 86–9 , 87n96 al-Marzuq, ʿ Ali, 77n46 al-Marzuq, Muhammad, 144–5 al-Mas ʾ ari, ʿ Abdallah, 152–4 al-Mas ʾ ari, Muhammad, 153–4 , 161 al-Masira (journal), 125–6 The Masses and the Revolution

(OIRAP), 121–2 Al Matar, Ahmad, 212–13 al-Matrud, ʿ Abdallah, 110 , 110n82 , 172 al-Ma ʿ tuq, ʿ Abdallah, 48–9n101 Mawdudi, Abu al-A ʿ la, 96–7 al-Maydani, Munir, 209 McFarlane, Robert, 131–2 Mecca

Grand Mosque ( See Grand Mosque) hajj ( See Hajj (pilgrimage)) as holy place, 1

Mecca Calling (journal), 129–30 Medina

al-Baqi ʿ cemetery ( See al-Baqi ʿ ) destruction of tombs in, 129–30






Index268

as holy place, 1 Nakhawila ( See Nakhawila) sectarian violence in, 197–200 , 201 ,

216–17 Shia in, 3–4 , 4n6 . See also Nakhawila Treatises against Shia in, 9–10

Mein Kampf (Hitler), 97–8 Memorandum of Advice, 149–50 Midhat Pasha, 29–30 , 38 Mihna, ʿ Abd al-Karim, 79n57 al-Milad, Zaki, 176–7 al-Milani, Muhammad Hadi, 63 Ministry of Culture and

Information, 187–8 Ministry of Endowments and Islamic

Affairs, 182 Ministry of Interior

amnesty agreement (1993) and, 157–8 under King Faysal, 81 oil industry and, 112–13 Shia courts and, 174 2011 uprisings and, 202–3 , 206 , 207 ,

209–11 , 210n88 Ministry of Justice, 59 , 59n148 , 174–5 Ministry of Labour and Social

Affairs, 184–5 Ministry of Municipal and Rural

Affairs, 81 Ministry of Social Affairs, 171 al-Miza ʿ il, ʿ Isa, 147 , 156–7 , 190 al-Miza ʿ il, Kamal, 193n141 Montazeri, Hossein ʿ Ali, 115 , 132 Montazeri, Muhammad, 115 , 132 Mosques (of Saudi Shia), 22 , 40 , 170–3 Mourning rituals. See Ashura; Muharram Movement of Arab Nationalists (MAN).

See also Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine

coup plots and, 84–5 Dhufar rebellion and, 85 Saudi branch of, 83–4 , 85 , 87 .

See also Arab Socialist Action Party in the Arabian Peninsula ; Popular Democratic Party in the Arabian Peninsula

Movement of Vanguards’ Missionaries (MVM)

generally, 169 in Bahrain ( See (Islamic Front for the

Liberation of Bahrain)

disintegration of, 140–1 founding of, 92–3 as global movement, 97–8 Hadi al-Mudarrisi in, 140–1 Hizbullah al-Hijaz and, 134–5 Ibrahim on, 96–7 in India, 140–1 intifada and, 102–3 in Iraq ( See Islamic Action Organisation

in Iraq) in Iran, 133 Iran-Contra affair and, 131–2 Iranian Revolution and, 114–15 journals, 99–100 Khomeini and, 126 , 134–5 khums and, 140–1 in Kuwait, 94–101 moderation of OIRAP and, 124–5 Muhammad Taqi al-Mudarrisi in, 140–1 negotiations with King Fahd and, 155–6 Nimr al-Nimr and, 169 , 169n17 in Saudi Arabia ( See Organisation for

the Islamic Revolution in the Arabian Peninsula)

in Sayyida Zaynab, 146–7 al-Shirazi and ( See al-Shirazi, Muhammad) split in, 126

al-Mu ʿ allim, Mustafa, 162–3 al-Mu ʿ aybad, Yusuf, 78 , 79–80 Al Mubarak, Qays bin Muhammad bin

ʿ Abd al-Latif, 2n1 al-Mubarak, ʿ Abd al-Hamid, 150–1 al-Mubarak, Ja ʿ far, 56–7 , 139n129 ,

156–7 , 162 al-Mubarak, Muhammad, 38–9 ,

39n58 , 56–7 al-Mubarak family, 56–7 al-Mudarrisi, Hadi

hawzat and, 63–4 intifada and, 102–3 Islamic Front for the Liberation of

Bahrain and, 117–18 . See also Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain

in MVM, 140–1 in shirazi movement, 96–8

al-Mudarrisi, Muhammad Taqi hawzat and, 63–4 , 114 intifada and, 115–16 Iran and, 115n6 as marji ʿ of Saudi Shia, 169 in MVM, 140–1

Medina (cont.)






Index 269

negotiations with King Fahd and, 155 , 156

on 1985 arrests, 125n61 in shirazi movement, 92–3 , 96–8 , 169 2011 uprisings and, 200–1

Mudarrisiyya (followers of Muhammad Taqi al-Mudarrisi), 169 , 200–1

al-Mughassil, Ahmad, 134–5 , 161–3 al-Mughis, Hussayn, 162–3 Muhammad (Prophet), 14 , 145n34 , 209 Muhammad bin Fahd (Prince). See Al

Sa ʿ ud, Muhammad bin Fahd bin ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz

Muharram rituals, 101–10 , 203–4 , 208 . See also Ashura ; intifada

al-Muhayshi, Nasir, 207–8 al-Muhsin, ʿ Ali, 211n90 Mujtahids (senior clerics), 47–9 , 47n96 ,

48n101 , 51–2 , 54–60 al-Mulayhi, Falah, 190n129 al-Mulham, Muhammad, 193n143 al-Mulla, ʿ Ali, 151n62 Al Mulla family, 46–7 Municipal councils, 150–1 , 150n60 ,

189–93 Municipal elections, 75–81 , 185–6 ,

189–93 , 192n138 , 195–6 Munif, ʿ Abd al-Rahman, 82 Al-Murra tribe, 150–1 Musa, ʿ Abd al-Amir, 144–5 bin Musallam, ʿ Ali, 154 al-Musawi, Hashim al-Salman, 40–1 , 43–4 al-Mushaykhas, ʿ Abd al- ʿ Azim, 48–9n101 al-Muslim, Hussayn, 210–11n88 al-Muslim, Muhammad Sa ʿ id, 72–3 Muslim World League, 182 al-Mustafa, ʿ Abd al-Rasul, 79n57 al-Mustafa, Hussayn, 167n3 al-Mustafa, Riyyad, 190 al-Mutawwa ʿ , ʿ Abd al-Hamid, 130 , 150–1 ,

151n62 , 154 MVM. See Movement of Vanguards’

Missionaries

Naba TV (television station), 201 al-Nadwa (journal), 62 , 62n167 Nayef (Prince). See Al Sa ʿ ud, Nayef bin

ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz al-Na ʿ imi, ʿ Ali, 112–13 Najaf, 91–4 , 167 Najran. See Ismailis

Nakhawila (Shia in Medina), 3–4 , 4n6 , 5n8 , 186–7 , 194 , 198–200 , 198n10

al-Nasir, ʿ Abd al-Karim, 162–3 al-Nasir, ʿ Abd al-Latif, 139n129 al-Nasir, Salman, 130 bin Nasir, Hussayn, 45–6 , 47 al-Nasr, ʿ Abdallah bin Hussayn, 76 Nasrallah, ʿ Abdallah, 44n81 , 51n109 Nasrallah, Hasan, 77n46 , 197 Nasrallah, Muhammad Rida, 187–8 , 214 bin Nasrallah, Ahmad bin Mahdi, 32–5 al-Nasser, Gamal ʿ Abd, 66 , 69–70 Nasserism, 69–71 National Democratic Group in Saudi,

145–6 . See also Communist Party in Saudi

National Dialogue, 171 , 177 , 185–7 , 186n104 , 218–19

National Guard, 103 , 105–6 , 113 , 146–7 National Liberation Front, 75 , 87–9 National Liberation Front in Saudi, 85–6 National Reform Front, 70–1 , 75 National Revolution Organisation in

Saudi, 84–5 National Society for Human Rights, 188–9 Nationalism

Arab nationalism ( See Arab nationalism) Bahrani nativism, 24–5 Saudi nationalism, 177 , 215

Nehru, Jawaharlal, 97–8 Newspapers, 72–5 . See also Public sphere Nicaraguan Contras, 131–2 al-Nidal (journal), 85–6 al-Nimr, ʿ Abd al-Karim, 162–3 al-Nimr, ʿ Abdallah, 139n129 al-Nimr, Ghassan bin ʿ Abdallah, 151n62 al-Nimr, Hasan, 133 , 186 , 191–2 al-Nimr, Muhammad, 48–9n101 ,

51–2 , 178–9 al-Nimr, Nimr

on amnesty agreement, 161–2 , 165 arrest of, 210 , 213 in hawzat, 121n39 MVM and, 169 , 169n17 sectarian violence and, 197–8 2011 uprisings and, 205

al-Nimr family, 151n62 9/11 attacks

Saudi national security, effect on, 183–4 Saudi reputation, effect on, 181 sectarianism and, 218–19






Index270

Northern Ireland, Saudi sectarianism compared, 15 , 16

Notable families in al-Ahsa, 60–4 in Awwamiyya, 32 in Communist Party, 89–90 intifada and, 110–12 leftists from notable families, 89–90 Muhammad al-Shirazi and, 100 National Dialogue and, 186 “politics of notables,” 30 in Qatif, 54–60 in Saihat, 32 Shia courts and, 173–6 shirazi movement, opposition to, 100 in Tarut, 32

al-Nuaim, Mishary Abdalrahman, 47n95 al-Nujayda, Hijji, 191n131 Nusus Mu ʿ asira (journal), 168 , 168n10

Oil industry agriculture, effect on, 66–7 ARAMCO ( See ARAMCO) leftists and, 68–75 Ministry of Interior and, 112–13 overview, 19–20 radicalisation caused by, 67–8 socio-political change caused by, 66–8

Oil prices, 130 OIRAP. See Organisation for the Islamic

Revolution in the Arabian Peninsula (OIRAP)

Okruhlik, Gwenn, 21 Oman

Dhufar rebellion in, 85 , 85n86 Shia in, 100–1 shirazi movement in, 100–1 2011 uprisings in, 200n15

Online activism, 193–5 Ordinance of Municipalities (1976), 77n47 Ordinance of Regions (1963), 77n47 Organisation for the Islamic Revolution in

the Arabian Peninsula (OIRAP) generally, 95–6 bombings by, 119n30 Central Committee of, 120 , 141 , 154 ,

155–6 , 158–60 Consultative Council of, 141 , 142 Gulf War, effect of, 142–3 hajj and, 128–9 , 130 Hasan al-Saffar in, 121–2 , 143n23

hawzat and, 99 Hizbullah al-Hijaz and, 134 human rights, focus on, 141 intifada and, 104–5 , 106–7 , 109–10 Iran and, 133 , 167 Iranian Revolution and, 114–15 al-Khatti and, 149 logo of, 144–5 , 145n34 Majlis al-Shura and, 141 moderation of, 124–5 , 126 Muhammad bin Fahd and, 130 negotiations with King Fahd, 154–6 publications by, 121–2 relocation out of Iran, 120–2 reorganisation of, 141 repression against, 124–5 Saddam and, 143–4 Syria, operation in, 120–2 Tawfi q al-Sayf in, 142 in United States, 141 women in, 123n52

Organisation of Arab Students, 87 Organisation of Free Men of the Arabian

Peninsula, 81–2 Organisation of Islamic Cooperation,

210–12 The Others (al-Hirz), 91 , 114 , 194 “Others,” Shia as, 218 Ottoman Empire

administration under, 26–7 , 29–37 al-Ahsa, rule in, 25–6 , 28 , 29–30 , 32–4 courts under, 32–5 Qatif, rule in, 26–7 , 32–4 Shia requests to for protection, 49 Shia under, 19 United Kingdom, rivalry with, 29–30

Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza (Shah), 103 , 116 , 174

Pan-Shia Association in Saudi, 148–9 , 155–6

Partners in the Nation (2003 petition), 182–3

People’s Friendship University (Moscow), 88n99

Petitions movement (1990/1991), 148–52

Petitions movement (2003), 181–5 Philby, H. St. John, 28–9n23 Pluralism and Freedom in Islam (al-Saffar),

142 , 142n15






Index 271

Political reform, calls for, 142–52 , 176–7 , 179 , 195–6

“Politics of notables,” 30 . See also Notable families

Popular Democratic Front in the Arabian Peninsula, 83–5

Popular Democratic Party in the Arabian Peninsula, 84–7

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, 85 , 87

Popular Front in Bahrain, 125–6 Popular Struggle Front, 85–6 Population fi gures of Shia, 6n10 Populism, anti-Shia discourse and, 10 Porter, Gareth, 162–4 Portugal, control of eastern Arabia by, 24–6 Prince Sultan Benevolent Society, 62–3 .

See also Charitable organisations Prisoners, demands for release of, 76–7 ,

86–7 , 201–5 Public sphere, 22 , 72–5 , 168 Public Traffi c Department, 187–8

al-Qaeda, 162–4 , 183–4 Qafi lat al-Zayt (journal), 74–5 al-Qahtani, ʿ Abdallah, 192–3 al-Qal ʿ a. See Qatif al-Qallaf, Hussayn, 210–12 Qarmatians, 24–5 , 76 al-Qarus, Muhammad ʿ Ali, 135n114 , 136 al-Qasab, Mustafa, 162–3 Qatif

agricultural council in, 34 Amir of, 76–7 British, relations with, 36–7 Civil Administration Council, 34–5 Council of Ministers and, 79–80 demonstrations in, 124–5 destruction of Old Town of, 111–12 geography of, 4–8 hawzat in, 167–8 Ibn Saud, conquest by, 45–54 intifada in, 59 local maraji ʿ in, 39–40 , 40–5 ,

48–9n101 , 65 municipal elections in, 76–7 , 78–80 ,

189–90 , 192–3 Ottoman rule in, 26–7 , 32–4 population of, 5n8 , 79n56 public library in, 76 requests to British for protection, 45–6

Shia courts in, 19 , 54–60 , 76 , 173–6 Shia in, 4–6 Turkish Custom House in, 35–6 2003 petitions in, 181 2011 uprisings in, 201–3 , 208 urbanisation in, 39n59 , 77n48 zoning laws, 200

Qatif Charitable Society for Social Services, 171n33 . See also Charitable organisations

Qatif Festival, 172–3 al-Qazwini, Murtada, 94–5 , 102–3 al-Qudayhi, ʿ Ali al-Shaykh Hussayn,

79n57 al-Quran Nur (journal), 168 bin Qurayn, Habib, 60–1 al-Qusaybi, ʿ Abdallah bin Hasan, 49–50 al-Qusaybi, Ghazi, 152 al-Qusaybi family, 47n95 , 172 Qutb, Sayyid, 96–7

al-Rabi ʿ , Hussayn, 212–13 , 212n93 al-Rabi ʿ , Muhammad, 81–2 Rabia ʿ iyya. See Tarut al-Radi, Hasan, 204n42 al-Radi, Hussayn, 133 , 162 , 204n42 Radio Ahwaz, 116–17 Radio Baghdad, 83–4 Radio Moscow, 87–9 Radio Tehran, 116–17 , 117n17 , 161–2 Rafsanjani, Akbar Hashemi, 132 , 147–8 ,

159–60 al-Ramadan, Salih, 162–3 al-Ramis, 38–9 . See also Awqaf Ras al-Juaima, Hizbullah al-Hijaz bombing

at, 135–6 , 135n111 , 136n116 bin Rashid, ʿ Abdallah, 51n109 al-Rashti, Kazim, 42 Rasid (website), 192–3 , 193n140 , 194 ,

195n154 al-Rasid al-Sahafi (newsletter), 161–2n124 Ras Tanura

bombing at refi nery, 135–6 municipal elections in, 77n48 1967 protests in, 84 Shia opposition mobilisation in, 104–5 ,

136n116 Reagan, Ronald, 131–2 Real Estate Development Fund, 110–11 Reformist Movement in Saudi (RMS)

generally, 179






Index272

amnesty agreement and, 158–9 , 160 Committee for the Defence of Legitimate

Rights and, 152–4 moderation of, 144–5 , 147 name change, 143 . See also Organisation

for the Islamic Revolution in the Arabian Peninsula ; shirazi movement

supporters of, 146–7 Religious police, 1 , 2–3 , 8 , 101–2 , 124–5 ,

198–200 Rentier state theory, 20–1 Revolutionary Students Vanguard, 82–3 al-Ribh, Ahmad, 212–13 al-Ribh, Ja ʿ far, 167n3 , 211n90 Risalat al-Haramayn (journal), 134 , 161–2 RMS. See Reformist Movement in Saudi Royal Commission for Jubail, 159n111

Sadaf (Saudi Arabia Petrochemical Company), 135–6

al-Sadiq, Muhammad, 11n25 al-Sadiq, Sahib, 102–3 , 114 al-Sadr, Muhammad Baqir, 58–60n144 , 65 ,

94–5 , 133 al-Sadr, Musa, 120 al-Safa Charitable Society, 172 , 172n38 .

See also Charitable organisations Safavids, 25–6 al-Saffar, Hasan

generally, 94–101 , 97n25 accommodationism of, 201 amnesty agreement and, 156 , 157 ,

158–9 , 165 articles by, 144–5 assassination plot, 183 Committee for the Defence of Legitimate

Rights and, 152–3 fatwas against, 100–1 football clubs and, 171 Gulf War and, 143–4 hawzat and, 114 Islamic Ecumenism and, 177–8 moderation of, 124–5 , 141–2 municipal elections and, 189–90 National Dialogue and, 186 negotiations with King Fahd and, 156 in OIRAP, 98–9 , 121–2 , 143n23 petitions movement and, 148–9 , 150–1 Shia courts in Qatif and, 174 in shirazi movement, 96n13 , 98–9

al-Sistani and, 169n12 2003 petitions and, 182 2011 uprisings and, 204–6 , 208 , 209–10 ,

211n90 al-Safi r (newspaper), 132n98 Safwa

awqaf in, 39 demonstrations in, 124–5 geography of, 4–8 Hizbullah al-Hijaz in, 56–7 hussainiyya in, 101–2 intifada in, 105–6 municipal elections in, 79–80 population of, 79n56 shirazi movement in, 98–9 2011 uprisings in, 197 , 201–3

al-Sahil (journal), 30n28 , 178–9 , 179n76 Sahwa (Sunni Islamist social movement),

149–50 , 184 Sa ʿ id, Shaykh Muhammad, 50n107 Al Sa ʿ id, Zuhayr, 209 al-Sa ʿ id, Nasir, 70–1 , 70n20 , 75 al-Sa ʿ idi, Sharaf Hasan, 193n141 Saihat

awqaf in, 39 demonstrations in, 124–5 geography of, 4–8 intifada in, 101–2 , 104–6 leftists in, 82–3 , 84–5 notable families in, 32 population of, 79n56 requests to British for protection, 45–6

Saihat Society for Social Services, 171n33 , 172 . See also Charitable organisations

Salafi s, 1 , 10 , 144–5 , 150–1 , 152 , 160–1 , 184

Salameh, Ghassane, 75n41 ibn Salih, Hussayn, 79–80 Salman, ʿ Abd al-Hadi, 155n89 al-Salman, Hashim, 204n42 al-Salman, Nasir, 204n42 Salons. See Diwaniyyat Sanabis. See Tarut al-Sannan, Hussayn, 204n39 Al Sa ʿ ud, ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz (King)

generally, 182 , 185–6 al-Ahsa, conquest of, 45–54 anti-Shia policies of, 8 governors appointed by, 53–4 Hufuf, conquest of, 46–7

Reformist Movement in Saudi (cont.)






Index 273

petitions to for rights, 76–7 Qatif, conquest of, 45–54 wives of, 52–3

Al Sa ʿ ud, ʿ Abdullah bin ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz (King)

accession to throne, 173–4 Communist Party and, 160 as Crown Prince, 123–4 meetings with Shia opposition, 157–8 reforms of, 218–19 Shia hopes regarding, 146–7 2003 petitions to, 181–3 , 184–5 , 184n95 generally, 197–8 National Dialogue and, 185–6 Shia courts and, 173–6 Shia under, 8 , 22 , 166 , 219 2011 uprisings and, 210–12 , 214 on women, 192n138

Al Sa ʿ ud, Ahmad bin ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz, 110 , 123–4

Al Sa ʿ ud, Bandar bin Sultan bin ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz, 104–5 , 147

Al Sa ʿ ud, Fahd bin ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz (King) accession to throne, 123–4 as Crown Prince, 57–8 , 104–5 as “Custodian of the Two Holy

Places,” 128–9 death of, 173–4 human rights organisations and, 188–9 negotiations with, 152–6 1993 amnesty agreement with, 156–60

( See also Amnesty agreement) petitions movement and, 149–51 requests to for reform, 142–3

Al Sa ʿ ud, Faysal bin ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz (Crown Prince) 69–70 , 81 , 86–7

Al Sa ʿ ud, Jalawi bin ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz bin Mus ʿ ad, 204–5

Al Sa ʿ ud, Khalid bin ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz (King), 59 , 86–7 , 110–11 , 123–4

Al Sa ʿ ud, Mish ʿ al bin ʿ Abdallah bin ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz, 186–7

Al Sa ʿ ud, Mish ʿ al bin Sa ʿ ud bin ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz, 186–7

ibn Saud, Muhammad, 27–8 Al Sa ʿ ud, Muhammad bin Fahd bin ʿ Abd

al- ʿ Aziz generally, 150–1 development programs under, 123–4 negotiations with King Fahd and, 154 OIRAP and, 130

replacement as governor, 214 2011 uprisings and, 202–5 , 206 ,

208 , 214 Al Sa ʿ ud, Nayef bin ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz (Crown

Prince), 157–8 Al Sa ʿ ud, Sa ʿ ud al-Faysal bin ʿ Abd

al- ʿ Aziz, 130 Al Sa ʿ ud, Sa ʿ ud bin ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz, 69–70 ,

73–4 , 76 Al Sa ʿ ud, Sa ʿ ud bin Nayef bin ʿ Abd

al- ʿ Aziz, 214 Al Sa ʿ ud, Talal bin ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz, 75 ,

75n41 Al Sa ʿ ud, Turki al-Faysal bin ʿ Abd

al- ʿ Aziz, 146–7 Al Sa ʿ ud family, Factional divisions

within, 185–6 Sa ʿ ud bin ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz (King). See Al

Sa ʿ ud, Sa ʿ ud bin ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz Sa ʿ ud bin Nayef (Prince). See Al Sa ʿ ud,

Sa ʿ ud bin Nayef bin ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz Saudi Arab Manpower Committee, 112–13 Saudi British Bank, 106–7 Saudi Council for Solidarity and Peace,

87n92 Saudi Institute, 178n73 Saudi nationalism, 177 . See also Arab

nationalism Saudi-Wahhabi alliance, 27–8 Sawt al-Bahrayn (journal), 72–3 Sawt al-Jazira al- ʿ Arabiyya (radio

program), 85–6 Sawt al-Tali ʿ a (journal), 83–4 Sawt al-Ukhdud (website), 194 Sawt al- ʿ Ummal (journal), 89n103 al-Sayf, ʿ Abd al-Jalil, 187–9 al-Sayf, Ahmad bin Mansur, 94–5 , 157 al-Sayf, ʿ Ali Muhammad Taqi, 118–19 al-Sayf, Fawzi, 94–5 , 96–8 , 99 , 167n3 al-Sayf, Mahmud, 94–5 , 96–8 , 99 , 121n39 al-Sayf, Mansur, 97–8 , 99 al-Sayf, Muhammad, 114 al-Sayf, Muhammad Taqi, 94–5 al-Sayf, Nadir Muhammad, 118–19 al-Sayf, Tawfi q

generally, 147n47 , 187–8 accommodationism of, 146–7 in hawzat , 96–9 negotiations with King Fahd and, 130 ,

154 , 155 in OIRAP, 142






Index274

petitions movement and, 149–51 in shirazi movement, 94–5 writings of, 144–5 , 179n74

al-Sayf family, 94–6 , 118–19 , 187–8 al-Sayhati, Najib ʿ Abdallah ʿ Ali, 193n141 al-Sayigh, Hani, 162–3 al-Sayyid Nasir, ʿ Ali, 59n151 , 63n172 ,

169n12 , 191–2 , 211n90 Al al-Sayyid Salman family, 167–8 Sayyida Zaynab (Syria)

hawzat in, 133 , 167 Khat al-Imam operating in, 161–2 MVM operating in, 146–7 OIRAP operating in, 120–2 pilgrimage to, 128–9 , 133 relocation of shirazi movement to, 130 ,

140–1 , 147–8 Al al-Sayyid Salman family, 49 Scott, James, 193–4 Sectarianism, 215–19

Balkans compared, 15 communal politics and, 14 discrimination and, 17–18 elites, role of, 216 historical analysis of, 15 historical background, 217 “identity entrepreneurs” and, 217 Iranian Revolution, impact of,

16–17 , 216 Iraq compared, 15 Iraq War and, 16–17 , 218–19 Lebanon compared, 15 , 18 9/11 attacks and, 218–19 Northern Ireland compared, 15 , 16 Saudi-Iranian relations, effect of, 216 Shia courts, role of, 217–18 state policies, role of, 218–19 Syria compared, 15 , 16 treatises against Shia and, 9–10

Sectarian violence, 183 , 197–200 , 201 , 216–17

Segregation, 16 Sexuality, 194 al-Shabib, ʿ Abd al-Latif, 121n39 Shaery-Eisenlohr, Roschanack, 18 Shafi ʿ i tradition, 1–2 al-Shahid (journal), 99–100 Shah of Iran. See Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza al-Shakhs, Hashim, 133 , 162 , 204n42 al-Shakhs, Muhammad Baqir, 91–2

al-Shakhuri, Akbar, 210 al-Shammari, Mikhlif, 205–6 al-Shammasi, ʿ Abbas, 172n37 , 193n141 al-Shammasi, ʿ Abdallah, 78 , 79n57 al-Shammasi, ʿ Abd al-Majid, 82–3 al-Shammasi, Hasan, 76–7 al-Shammasi, Majid, 84n81 Shariati, Ali, 96–7 Shariat-Madari, Muhammad Kazim, 95–6 al-Sharq (newspaper), 193–4 al-Sharq al-Awsat (newspaper), 152 al-Shawaf, Hussayn, 62n169 al-Shayib, Ja ʿ far

diwaniyya of, 176–7 in human rights organisations, 188–9 municipal elections and, 189–90 , 192–3 negotiations with King Fahd and, 147 ,

153–4 , 157 and Shia courts, 174–5 2003 petitions and, 185n98 in United States, 141

Al al-Shaykh, Ibrahim bin Muhammad, 59 Al al-Shaykh family, 27–8 al-Shaykh, Hussayn Salih, 155n89 al-Shaykh, Sa ʿ id b. ʿ Abdallah, 188n117 Shaykhiyya

in al-Ahsa, 41–4 , 61–2 , 63–4 , 64n180 , 169–70 . See also al-Ahsa ʿ i, Ahmad

in Kuwait, 169–70 maraji ʿ , 41–4

Shia courts, 173–6 ʿ Abdallah al-Khunayzi and, 174–5 in al-Ahsa, 19 , 60–4 , 176 Appeals Committee, 63n172 Hamza al-Hasan on, 59n149 Hasan al-Saffar and, 174 Ibrahim on, 59 King Abdullah and, 173–6 Ministry of Interior and, 174 notable families and, 173–6 in Qatif, 19 , 54–60 , 76 , 173–6 al-Shayib and, 174–5 symbolism of, 217–18

Shia Islamism, 20–1 , 91–4 , 218 al-Shira ʿ (journal), 131–2 , 132n98 al-Shirazi, Hasan, 63–4 , 92–3 , 120 al-Shirazi, Mahdi, 63 al-Shirazi, Muhammad

generally, 102–3 , 120 arrest of, 138–9 death of, 169

al-Sayf, Tawfi q (cont.)






Index 275

hawzat and, 167 Khomeini and, 114 notable families and, 100 shirazi movement and, 10–12 , 92–3

( See also shirazi movement) al-Shirazi, Sadiq, 63–4 , 167 , 169–70 shirazi movement, 94–101

ʿ Abdallah al-Khunayzi and, 95–6 amnesty agreement and, 164–5 in Awwamiyya, 98–9 Hadi al-Mudarrisi in, 96–8 Hamza al-Hasan in, 99 Hasan al-Saffar in, 96n13 hawzat of, 94 , 96–7 hawza wing of, 155 , 161–2 intifada and, 101–10 Iran and, 138–9 Khat al-Imam and, 139 Khomeini and, 138–9 al-Khu ʾ i in, 91–4 , 100–1 khums and, 94 in Kuwait, 94 literature by, 10–12 Muhammad Taqi al-Mudarrisi in, 92–3 ,

96–8 , 169 municipal elections and, 189–90 National Dialogue and, 186 notable families’ opposition

to, 100 in Oman, 100–1 overview, 20 , 138 in Safwa, 98–9 Sayyida Zaynab, relocation to, 130 ,

140–1 , 147–8 Shaykhiyya and, 63–4 , 64n180 in Tarut, 98–9 Tawfi q al-Sayf in, 94–5 2003 petitions and, 184–5 2011 uprisings and, 201 , 203 in United States, 119 women in, 99–100 , 122–3

Shu ʾ un Su ʿ udiyya (journal), 179 Shuwaykha, 207–8 , 210 al-Shuwaykhat, ʿ Ali, 178–9 al-Shuyukh, Muhammad, 193n140 al-Sistani, ʿ Ali, 59–60 , 63–4 , 168–9 ,

169n12 , 203–4 The Situation of the Rejectionists

in the Lands of Monotheism (al- ʿ Umar), 9

Six Day War, 84

Social media activism, 193–5 , 201–3n21 , 214

Society of ʿ Ulama ʾ , 91–2 Soldiers of Justice, 137 South-East Asia, Saudi sectarianism

compared, 15 South Yemen, Saudi opposition in, 85–6 Soviet Union. See also Communism ;

Communist Party in Saudi demise of, 144–6 support for leftists from, 87–9

Sport. See Football clubs Standard Oil Company of California, 66–7 Steinberg, Guido, 29n26 Students’ Union in Saudi, 88n102 al-Subay ʿ i, ʿ Abd al-Rahman, 193n143 Sudayri faction, 185–6 al-Sudayri, Hassa bint Ahmad, 185–6 Suez Canal, 69–70 Sufi s, 2 al-Sulayfi h, Hamad, 152–3 Suleiman the Magnifi cent, 25–6 al-Sultan, ʿ Ali, 193n143 al-Sunayd, ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz, 75n41 Sunbal, Ahmad, 79n57 Al Sunbal, Lu ʿ i Muhammad Shuqi,

59n149 Sunnis

alliance with Shia, problems with achieving, 152

in ARAMCO, 68–9 Islamic Ecumenism and, 177–8 Islamist opposition, 22 Islamo-Liberal alliance, 181 sectarian violence and, 183 , 197–200 segregation from Shia, 16 Shia authors and, 11n25 split with Shia, 14 , 16–17

Supreme Commission for Industrial Security, 112–13n94

al-Suwaylim, ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz, 53–4 al-Suwaylim, ʿ Abd al-Rahman, 49–50 ,

53–4 , 76–7 al-Suyud, ʿ Ali Hilal, 121n39 Syria

Baath Party in, 120 Communist Party operating in, 120–1 hawzat in, 120–1 Muslim Brotherhood in, 120–1 OIRAP operating in, 120–2 Saudi sectarianism compared, 15 , 16






Index276

Saudi-Syrian relations, 121 , 148 Sayyida Zaynab ( See Sayyida Zaynab)

System of Governors and Administrative Councils (1940), 77n47

Talal bin ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz (Prince). See Al Sa ʿ ud, Talal bin ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz

“Tanker War,” 131 bin Taqiqa, Shaykh Ibrahim, 75n41 Tariq al-Kadihin (newspaper), 87–9 al-Tariqi, ʿ Abdallah, 75n41 Tarut

awqaf in, 39 dukhala festival in, 172–3 Hizbullah al-Hijaz in, 135–6 notable families in, 32 sectarian violence in, 183 shirazi movement in, 98–9

al-Taruti, Salih, 141–2 , 142n13 , 154 Tatbir (self-fl agellation), 92–3 Tax farming, 34 , 52 Thabit, Anwar, 83–5 Thalib Pasha, 36–7 al-Thawra al-Islamiyya (newspaper),

109–10 , 119 , 130 , 144–5 Transnationalism, 13 , 39–40 , 60–1 , 90 ,

117–18 , 120 , 137–8 , 161–2 , 216 Turki al-Faysal (Prince). See Al Sa ʿ ud,

Turki al-Faysal bin ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz al-Tuwayjri, ʿ Abd al- ʿ Aziz, 146–7 , 147n47 al-Tuwayjri, ʿ Abdallah, 152 2011 uprisings

ʿ Abdallah al-Khunayzi and, 203–6 , 208 , 211n90

in al-Ahsa, 201–3 arrests during, 203–5 in Awwamiyya, 201–5 , 207–8 , 209 ,

212–13 in Bahrain, 22–3 , 200 , 200n15 , 203 ,

213 , 219 deaths in, 207–8 , 209–13 declaration regarding, 205–6 failure to spread, 213–14 Hamza al-Hasan and, 201 Hasan al-Saffar and, 204–6 , 208 ,

209–10 , 211n90 al-Hubayl and, 204–6 , 208 , 211n90 Ibrahim and, 201 intifada compared, 214 Iranian Revolution compared, 214

Khat al-Imam and, 201 , 203 King Abdullah and, 210–12 , 214 manhunts in, 209–13 marji ʿ iyya and, 200–1 Ministry of Interior and, 202–3 , 206 ,

207 , 209–11 , 210n88 Muhammad Taqi al-Mudarrisi

and, 200–1 municipal elections, effect on, 192–3 Nimr al-Nimr and, 205 in Oman, 200n15 overview, 22–3 , 213–14 prisoners, demands for release of, 201–5 in Qatif, 201–3 , 208 in Safwa, 197 , 201–3 shirazi movement and, 201 , 203 technology, impact of, 214

al- ʿ Ubaydan, Muhammad, 175–6 ʿ Ulama ʾ (religious scholars)

education and, 44–5 Shia ʿ ulama ʾ , 40–1 , 61–2 .

See also Marji ʿ iyya ; Mujtahids Wahhabi ʿ ulama ʾ , 29 , 57–8 , 64–5 ,

101–2 , 174 al- ʿ Umar, Nasir, 9 , 210–12 al- ʿ Umayr, ʿ Uthman, 152 , 152n71 ,

154 , 156–7 al- ʿ Umran, Faraj, 10–12 , 76 al- ʿ Umran, Hasan, 76 , 84n81 al- ʿ Umran, Hussayn Faraj, 169n12 Union of Democratic Youth in Saudi,

88n102 Union of People of the Arabian

Peninsula, 70–1 Union of Workers in Saudi, 87–9 United Kingdom

Bahrain, rule in, 30 Ottoman rivalry with, 29–30 Qatif, relations with, 36–7 Shia requests to for protection,

45–6 , 49–50 shirazi movement in, 179 , 179n74

United States Afghanistan, invasion of, 183–4 ambassador in Saudi ( See West, John C.) Baath Party in, 87 Consulate in Dhahran, 80 , 84 ,

104–5 embassy in Iran, seizure of (1979), 116 Iraq War, 16–17 , 186 , 218–19

Syria (cont.)






Index 277

Khobar Towers bombing, indictments for, 162–4 , 164n135 . See also Khobar Towers bombing

leftists in, 87 military presence in Saudi Arabia, 136–7 ,

144n26 , 149–50 9/11 attacks, 181 , 183–4 , 218–19 shirazi movement in, 119 , 141

al- ʿ Urayfi , Muhammad, 210–12 Urbanisation, 66–7 , 77n48

in Anak, 39 in Dammam, 77n48 in Dhahran, 73–4 in Hufuf, 77n48 in Khobar, 73–4 , 77n48 in Qatif, 39n59 , 77n48

al-Usku ʾ i, Mirza ʿ Abdallah al-Ha ʾ iri al-Ihqaqi, 169–70

al-Usku ʾ i, Mirza ʿ Ali b. Mirza Musa al-Ha ʾ iri al-Ihqaqi, 61–2 , 63 , 169–70

al-Usku ʾ i, Mirza Kamal al-Din al-Sulaymi al-Ha ʾ iri al-Ihqaqi, 169–70

al-Usku ʾ i, Mirza Muhammad Baqir, 43–4 , 61–2

al-Usku ʾ i family, 61–2 . See also Shaykhiyya Usuli school, 41 , 43–4 , 58 al- ʿ Utaybi, Juhayman, 103 ʿ Uyun al-Jazira (journal), 161–2n124

Velayati, ʿ Ali Akbar, 130 Vidal, Federico, 13 Vision for the Present and the Future of the

Homeland (2003 petition), 181

al-Waha (journal), 30n28 , 178–9 . See also Local historiography of Shia

Wahba, Hafi z, 52 Wahhabism

generally, 27–8 hostility toward Shia, 8 , 50–2 , 218 Shia and, 1–10 ʿ ulama ʾ and, 29 , 57–8 , 64–5 , 101–2 , 174

Websites, Shia and, 193–5 . See also Social media activism

West, John C., 104–5 , 105n55

Wikileaks, 169n17 , 170n22 , 175n52 , 176n62 , 187n110 , 195n154 , 197n2 , 205n47

Winder, R. Bayly, 28–9n23 , 29n26 Women

Association of Democratic Women in Saudi, 88n102

Association of Female Muslim Mujahidin in Iraq, 122–3

Association of Muslim Women in the Arabian Peninsula, 123

in charitable organisations, 172 in hawzat, 122–3 , 167–8 King Abdullah on, 192n138 in leftist movements, 85–6 ,

88n102 , 125–6 liberals and, 142–3 municipal elections and, 192n138 in OIRAP, 123n52 in shirazi movement, 99–100 ,

122–3 World Association for Muslim Youth,

182 al-Wuhaybi family, 29 Wukala ʾ (local representatives of maraji ʿ ),

92–4 , 94n10 , 166 , 169 , 169n12 . See also Marji ʿ iyya

Yam tribe, 2–3 Ya ʿ qub, Ishaq al-Shaykh, 87–8n96 Ya ʿ qub, Yusuf al-Shaykh, 72–3 al-Ya ʿ qub, Ibrahim, 162–3 al-Yawm (newspaper), 125–6 , 193–4 Yazdi, Ebrahim, 116 Yemen

civil war in, 69–70 Houthi rebels, 216–17 South Yemen, Saudi opposition in, 85–6

Zabani, Hussayn, 210–12 al-Zahra (journal), 123 Zakat (religious tax), 195–6 .

See also Khums Al Zayid, Hasan, 207 Zoning laws, 200 . See also Urbanisation






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