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Index

Aaron (brother of Moses) 82Aaron, R., administration of justice 80Aaron (Sa‘ad’s son-in-law) 68Aaron the scholar 222, 224Abbasids, decline, eleventh century 51Abraham b. David of Posquières 71

on Isaac b. Melchizedek of Siponto 82Abraham b. R. Shabbetai (uncle of Caleb b.

Shabbetai), sale of partial-Bible 111Abraham Ben-Sasson (Barian doctor) 174Abraham (correspondent with Isaac Hazzan

al-Fasi) 202Abraham (Jewish merchant) 161Abraham (little beggar from Acre) 62Abraham (patriarch) 215Abraham, Rabbi (Venusan rabbi) 83Abraham of Thebes, R. 94Abrahams, I.

on dyeing industry 163on Jewish taxation 163

absentee husbands 70Abu Aaron (Iraqi sage) (Chronicles of Ahima’az)

82, 92Abu Eli (assistant in correspondence for Elijah the

Byzantine Jew) 160Abu Sa‘id (brother of Maliha) 69, 215, 216Abu’l-Hasan (first cousin of Seleucian doctor)

62, 112Abu’l-Hayy b. Hakim, letter 89Abulafia, Abraham, on use of Greek and Arabic in

Sicily 91Abulafia, D. 228

on Christian mercantile superiority in NormanItaly 161

on Jewish merchants 192on Jewish trade in Egypt 203on Radhanites’ decline 194on Radhanites’ trading role 193

academies, financial support 211acculturation, as mark of Jewish

Byzantinism 209

Adler, E.N. 55, 59Adler, M.N., on Constantinopolitan Jewish

community’s wealth 84Afendopolo, Kaleb, much later Patshegen Ktav

had-Dat 59agunah (pl. agunot) 108Agura, Moshe 60on Byzantine attitudes to Jews 139family letters 65reference to Byzantine reconquest of

Crete 49, 50Agus, I. A., on currency as evidence of trade

between European and ByzantineJewry 200

Ahima‘az b. PaltielChronicle of Ahima‘az 49, 95, 119

on Basil I’s forced conversion of the Jews 45on child marriages 109on contributions to the Babylonian

academies 93on excommunication 149on farming 172historical associations with the Palestinian

Academy 87, 88on internal fines 99on Leo VI’s Jewish policies 139on rabbinical academies 82, 83riot of women bakers 88

Ahima‘az clan 165Ahima‘az the elder, travels 89Ahima‘az, R., and excommunication 149Ahima‘az, R. (of Melfi) 84Ahmad b. Ali Yaqub al-Yaqubi, on the sacking of

Damietta (853) 45Ahrweiler, H., on Jews’ status 8Aleppo 71Alexandria 64, 228fondaco 162Jewish purple fishers 166redemption of captives 73, 102, 125, 174

as evidence of textile industries 171

265

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Ali b.Yefet ha-Levi (brother of Mufarraj) 202Alps

coin hoards 181trading economy 192

Alvona (Albania) 221Amalfi 228, 229

trading competition with Venice 205trading role 192

Amittai b. Shefatiah 83Amittai (patriarch of the first generation of the

Ahima’az family), engages in winemaking 122

Amittai, R. (of Oria), epitaph 80Ammianus Marcellinus 61Amorion (home of the Athinganoi) (Asia

Minor) 120Amram b. Nahum (Alexandrian; friend of

Salonican scholar) 69Anastasios the Sinaite, on apostasy 102Anatolia 225

Jewish communities 186rabbinical academies 84

Andréadès, Andreas 28, 73on Benjamin of Tudela’s census figures 29on Jewish demography (tenth century) 50on Jewish taxation 134, 135

Andronicus II (Roman emperor) 162Andros, silk industry 165Angold, M.

on Byzantine attitudes to the Jews 8on the Byzantine economy 185on Byzantine sense of self 7

Ankori, Z. 57, 58, 59, 99on Benjamin of Tudela’s census figures 29on Benjamin of Tudela’s Itinerary 202on Byzantine-Jewish social position 50on cooperative farming between Jews and

Christians 171on influence of rabbinic academies 95on Jewish community of Sulkhat (Eski Trim) 98on Jewish involvement in the silk industry 166on Jewish settlements on sea routes 25on Jewish taxation 134on Karaite seafaring 159on the Karaites and Rabbanites 58on kosher butchery 120on the Mishawites 150on ‘onashim 140Palestinian academies’ influence over

Karaites 92on pilgrimages 124Spanish Jews’ trading practices 202on the tanners’ guild 152on toleration of the Jews 44on trade in Byzantium (eleventh century) 51

anno mundi, use in ketubbot 106anonymous Byzantine doctor 174Apocalypse of Daniel see Vision of Danielapostasy 102

apostates’ loss of financial rights 100דמש41

aqolitos 106Arabic names, use by Byzantine Jews 202Arabs

conquests 13, 18, 38, 41, 63, 90of Sicily 90

influence on the Jews 18Jews’ collaboration with 36see also Islam

Aramaic, contractual use 160Aratos, John, on Nikon’s expulsion of the Jews

from Sparta 8archisynagogos/archisynagogoi 13, 86archon/archontes 156Argenti, P.

on Jewish taxation 146on Chios 29, 140, 141, 142, 184

on kephaletion 141aristocracy 186Armenia, Jewish community of 33Ascoli, G. I.

Hebrew culture in southern Italy 83on Jewish honorific titles 86on Venosan epitaphs 42

Ashi, Rav, on divorce initiated by women 109ashkenaz 55Ashtor, E. 76, 204

on Byzantine economy and Jews’ tradingrole 198

on European Jews’ role in medieval trade 190on Hasdai’s knowledge of the Khazars 201on Jewish trade 195, 203on Muslims’ economic role 191on piracy 191on the Radhanites’ trading role 193, 194

Asia Minormarket for Hebrew manuscripts 116mines 212

Assaf, S.on Byzantine ketubbot 107on Isaiah of Trani on ketubbot 106

ateliers, rents 14Athinganoi 120Attaleia, Jewish community sequestrates

apostate’s property 100Attaleia (Anatolia) 74, 186, 225

Jews captured by pirates 218aurum coronarium 135

remittance 131Av Bet Din 86

266 Index






Avi-Yonah, M.on Byzantine-Jewish population figures 28on expulsion of Jews from Jerusalem 32use of religio licita 12

avurah 216

Babylonian traditions, reflection in ketubbot 105Baghdad

rabbinical academies 81redemption of captives 101

Bahya ibn Paqdah, Hovot halevavot 117Bar Hebraeus, Chronography 58Bari 115, 116

Rabbinical authorities, administration ofjustice 99

Baron, S.on absence of the Jews from the imperial

mint 199on Benjamin of Tudela’s census figures 29on Jewish administration of justice 81Jewish demography under Heraclius 32

Baruch b. Yonah, R., epitaph 83Basil I (Roman emperor) 74

attempts to convert Shephatiah 138forced conversion of the Jews 45, 47Jewish demography 30Jewish policies 138Jewish-Byzantine demography 29persecution of the Jews 33

Basil III (Roman emperor), grants Venetiansaccess to Byzantine markets 205

Beit-Arié, M. 115Ben Shevi‘i (comrade of Seleucian

doctor) 62Benjamin b. Solomon 114Benjamin of Tudela 61

Itinerary 15, 84Byzantine-Jewish settlements 24census 27, 29, 199as evidence of Jewish trade routes 202on excommunication 150on farming 172on Genoa’s trading role 197on honorific titles 98Jews’ role in Byzantine economy 187on Jews in textile industry 166on rabbinical academies 84, 85, 86

on Jewish Byzantines in Sicily 90on the Karaites in Constantinople 58mention of Melfi 228on the office of parnas 98on Solomon the Egyptian (doctor) 174on the tanning industry 167on taxation of the silk industry 143on trading relations with Muslims 162

Biale, D., on Jewish demography in southernItaly 10

BibleGenesis 17:5 215Exodus

25:4 16528:30 82

Leviticus4:6 21511:8 16711:32 16516:14 21519:9-10 103

Numbers 26:9 227Deuteronomy

14:29 10315.9-10 103

II Samuel 22:37 216I Chronicles 29:19 98Psalms

55:7 216107:20 222119:165 222124:2 221124:3 221132.13 226144:15 221

Isaiah35:10 22653:10 221

Jeremiah23:9 21636.30 219

Hosea 3:2 104Joel 4:16 220Amos 9:15 227commentaries 54copying of scrolls of 113

bilingualism 5Black SeaByzantine trade 186forests 212Jewish sea trade 159

Blues (circus faction) 43, 64, 65bnei Romi 94Bonfil, R.on connections between the Jews of Christian

Europe and Baghdad 92on Iconoclasm and Jewish taxation 137on interculturalization in the Vision of Daniel 6on Jewish settlements 25on Jews of Byzantine southern Italy 10on the kashrut of bread 88on Palestinian academy’s influence 87on rabbinic academies 195

Index 267






Book of the Eparch 4, 15exclusion of the Jews from guilds 151Jews excluded from Venetian shipping 157on Jews and the silk trade 15, 64,

169, 179Manuel I’s interpolations 151organization of guilds 152, 153, 154, 155promulgation of 64social exclusion of Jews 178

booksbook trade 113, 119, 126Hebrew book trade 2value 113

Borsari, S., on Byzantine trade concessions 188Bowman, S. 63

on Isaiah of Trani on Jewish administration ofjustice 81

Brand, C.M., on Jewish participation inByzantine trade 155

Bryennios, John, destroys Jewish buildings 172bullion dealers 153Busi, G., on Benjamin of Tudela’s census figures

in Jerusalem 30business contracts 104, 110, 112

languages 160Byzantine Jews 213

Alexandrian community 74census 27and the Commercial Revolution 183communal sense 210and coreligionists abroad 79demography 28, 29, 30effects on the economy 75importance for economic history 24, 28outside Byzantium 31, 38owing to emigration 38, 42

economy 206emigration as result of persecution 44ethnic composition 55historical categorization 209influence on Byzantine Empire 206international contacts 63, 75links with Egyptian and Palestinian

coreligionists 207manufacturing and commerce 129market share 187in the Meditrerranean economy 17, 23mercantile standing 182redemption 72in Egypt and Baghdad 101

redemption of captives 64relationship with Byzantine economic

history 9, 13sea trade 157, 160settlements 24

social integration 176trade links with Egypt 201see also Jews; southern Italy

Byzantine-Jewish, concept 2Byzantium

attitudes to Jews 6, 9, 127, 128book trade 117changing borders, effects on Jewish

demography 30economy 207and Jewish demography 17Jewish role 178tenth century 60twelfth century 60

expansioneleventh century, effects on non-Byzantine

Jews 50, 62tenth century 47, 48

governmentand the Jewish community 79wealth control 153

Jews’ role 1, 3, 20reconquest of Crete 49trade concessions 188usury 212

Cairohides industry 170Old Cairo see Fustat

Cairo Genizah 2, 4, 17, 112, 203, 207, 208on economic importance of Tripoli 67evidence ofByzantine Jews in Sicily and southern

Italy 88export of Byzantine and western European

goods to Muslim areas 122Rabbanites studying abroad 70rabbinical academies 85

extra-biblical literature 115on Jewish sea trade 158letter from Salonica 60letter from Seleucia 60Moshe Agura’s reference to Byzantine

reconquest of Crete 49references toByzantine Jewish–Russian trading links 201hide industry 169Jews’ mercantile standing 182Jews’ role in Byzantine economy 187Maghribi 148the silk industry 165, 169

Cairo Genizah lettersconcerning the book trade 117Elijah (Salonican Rabbanite) 146as evidence of, migration 64

268 Index






from the year 1096–7 54Moshe Agura 139Rebecca (daughter of the dear elder Joseph),

ketubbah (1201) 75on redemption of captives 101Seleucian doctor 68Solomon b. Judah 90T-S 10 J 27.8 217, 218T-S 12.179 68, 222, 224T-S 13 J 9 103T-S 13 J 9.20 91T-S 13 J 11 103T-S 13 J 11.4 215, 216T-S 13 J 14.20 224, 226T-S 13 J 20.25 218, 220T-S 13 J 34 3rfigure 1 230figure 2 231figure 3 231figure 4 231figure 5 232

T-S 13 J 34.3 220, 222T-S 16.251 53, 54, 102, 226, 227figure 1 232figure 2 232figure 3 233figure 4 233

T-S 20.45 91, 228figure 1 229figure 2 229figure 3 230

T-S 28.1 100T-S Ar 53 52, 53T-S Ar 53 fol. 37 62

Calabrians, subject to head tax 137Caleb b. Shabbetai, sale of partial-Bible 111, 112calendars

Karaite calendar 92, 146Palestinian Sanhedrin’s determination of 88

Caliphate, influences Jewish demography 25Cappadocia, rabbinical academies 85captives

redemption 19, 64, 72, 75, 99, 100, 103, 125,127, 158, 174, 206, 207, 210, 216, 217, 219,220, 221

Byzantines in Egypt 64customary prices for 101and evidence of textile industries 171Palestinian Talmud 100T-S 3 J 14.20 224, 225T-S 13 J 34.3 221T-S 16.251 227

Caracalla (Roman emperor), extension of Romancitizenship 12, 40

Cassuto, D., on Venosan rabbinic academies 83

Cassuto, U., on use of ‘Rabbi’ as title 83catacombs, southern Italy 82Caucasus, silk industry 169cheese exports, from Byzantium 122Cherson (Crimea) 159Cheynet, J.-C. 14Chimaria (Shemariah) (Theophylaktos)

(Tarantan landowner) 122Chios, Jewish population 29ChonaiJews in the tanning industry 166pilgrimage trade 124

Choniates, Michaelon Jewish dyeing industry 179on Jewish involvement in the tanning

industry 168Christian jurisdiction, acceptable in divorce

cases 107Christianitycommunion liturgy 121Jewish conversions 161Judaizing 3rise affects Jewish–state relations 13, 131

Christianscooperative farming with Jews 171role in Byzantine economy 188trading relations with Jews 162trading role 198

Church, discourages Christians from consultingJewish doctors 174

circus factions 64links with Jews 43, 64

city councils, Jews’ involvement in 13, 131, 136, 145civil service, Jews excluded from 1, 144cloth trade 20Codex Diplomaticus Cajetanus 164Codex Justinianusimposition of fines 145on Jews’ participation in the slave trade 212regards Jews as heretics 132

Codex Theodosianusimposition of fines 145on Jewish sea trade 157on Jewish taxation 86, 97, 135on Jews’ participation in the slave trade 212regards Jews as heretics 132

Codice diplomatico del regno di Carlo I e IId’Angiò 164

Cohen, M. R.on Jewish demography 30on legend of the four captives 93on toleration of the Jews 6

coinageadulteration 187debasement 199

Index 269






coinage (cont.)hoards, Alps 181hyperpyra 228, 229see also currency

Colafemmina, C. P., on financial and culturalexchanges between Italy and the Land ofIsrael 87

Colorni, V., onHeraclius’ persecution of the Jews 40Colossus of Rhodes 32, 212commenda 151

heter isqa’ 150practice 161

Commercial Revolution, and Byzantine Jews183, 207

commercial traveling 74communal leaders 132competing impulses, model 11Constable, Olivia Remie, on fondaco 162Constantine I (Roman emperor) 2

expels Jews from Jerusalem 32Constantine II (Roman emperor), Jewish

involvement in the imperial weavingindustry 164

Constantine V (Roman emperor), charged withJewish-mindedness 43

Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (Romanemperor) 48

on Basil I’s forced conversion of the Jews 46De Administrando Imperio, on Khazaria 168

Constantine IX (Roman emperor), Jewish taxesremitted to Nea Mone monastery 140

Constantine X (Roman emperor)edict concerning Chios’ Jewish population 29Jewish taxes remitted to Nea Mone monastery

140, 142Constantinople 166, 228

Abydos, Jewish community 54Arabs attack (717-18) 47Jewish community redeems captives 103Jewish community’s wealth 84Jewish ghetto 7Jewish populations 58known as al-Qustantiniyah 55mitaton 162persecution of the Jews under Heraclius

questioned 35possibly cited in ketubbot 106rabbinical academies 85Radhanites’ trading role 193tanning industry 167, 168toleration of the Jews 33

Continuator of Theophanescriticism of Michael II 43on Jews’ integration with heretics in Phrygia 39on Michael II’s and Basil I’s Jewish policies 137

Corinthcoin hoard 199dyeing industry 165

Cosmas Indicopleustes, on Jews’ involvement indyeing and construction industries 164

Cowley, A., on redemption of captives 74Crete 60, 228

Byzantine reconquest (tenth century) 49, 66Byzantine trade 186, 188hides industry 170Jewish usage of Greek 66tanning industry 167trade links with Egypt 202

Crimea 55Crissa, Jewish farmers 172Crone, P., on Iconoclasm and the Jews 43Crusades

First Crusade, messianic ferment 139Fourth Crusade 2weaken Palestinian rabbinical academies 86

currencyas evidence of trade between European and

Byzantine Jewry 200exchanges 19value 73see also coinage

CyprusByzantine trade 186, 188excommunication practices 150Jews’ tax-farming activities 144silk trade 169

Dagobert, King of the Franks 40–1Dagron, G.

on Basil I’s forced conversion of the Jews 46on the Doctrina Jacobi 34on the economic hierarchy in the Doctrina

Jacobi 168on Jews and circus factions 43on Michael the Syrian 38

Damascus 67Damietta (Egypt) 65

Byzantines sack (853) 45Daniel bar Nathan (donor of Torah scrolls) 113Danon, A., edition of Afendopolo’s Patshegen

Ktav had-Dat 59David b. Nathan 118David ha-Levi (son of R. Isaac) 225De Lange, N. 54, 63, 66

on Byzantine Jews 4on fines laid on apostates 100function of Byzantine Greek 5on Jewish Hebrew commercial terms 148

decurionate, Jews’ compulsory involvementwith 136

270 Index






dekhir le-tav 96Demetrios Chomatenos of Ochrida, on Jewish

segregation 9demography 1, 181

and Byzantine economy 17Chios 29and farming 181as indicator of Jews’ role in Byzantine

economy 17tenth century 50

Déroche, V., on the Doctrina Jacobi 34, 35dhimmi 162Diasporic minorities, and sense of

community 210dîbāj 194diglossia 5Dimitroukas, I. 65, 70

on travel and communication in theByzantium 28

divorce 5, 104bills 106contracts 106, 110

Doctrina Jacobi 34, 64on absence of professing Jews in North

Africa 39on circus factions and links with the

Jews 43on conversion of Jews 161economic hierarchy 168evidence of Jewish communications 64Heraclius’ persecution of the Jews 32historicity 34on Jewish involvement in the textile

industry 168on persecution of the Jews 33, 35, 37in the Holy Land 36

prologue 35Dölger, F.

on Jewish taxation 133on kephaletion 141

donations 127recognition of 97to synagogues 97

Donnolo, Shabbetai 165, 174redemption 102Sefer Hakhmoni 119Sefer ha-mirkahot/Sefer ha-yawqar 175

dowries 61, 62, 104Byzantine women’s management

of 107usufruct 108

drink see food and drinkDunlop, D. 55

on al-Mus‘udi on Leo III’s persecution of theJews 44

dyeing industry 166, 179Sicilian Jews’ involvement 90taxation 163

Dyrrachium 106Jewish community 51

Eastern Europe, trade links with Khazaria 200economic historyinfluence on Byzantine Jews 206as a measure of social relationships 208, 211

economyas affected by Byzantine-Jewish demography

75, 77economic exchange 80economic life, see also inner economyeffects on Jewish demography 31importance of Byzantine-Jewish demography

24, 28Jewish communal life 78Jewish economy 126, 128Jews’ influence on 3, 9, 13, 14, 17and migration 63values reflected in prices 14see also inner economy; Jews, economy

Edessa 58conquest (1032) 58Jews’ emigration from 38

Edessan Jew, purchase of scrap metal from theColossus of Rhodes 212

Edom 88Edomites 226educationadministration 80Byzantine Jews’ reputation 81

EgyptByzantine trade with 187dating of ketubbot 106Greek-speaking community (tenth

century) 66Hebrew book trade 117Jewish demography 48

eleventh century 52Jewish landholdings 171links with Byzantine Jews 201, 207redemption of captives 64, 72, 75, 101trade links with Crete 202see also Cairo; Fustat; North Africa

Eleazar b. Hanukkah (scribe) 114eleutheroi 142Elhanan b. Shemariah 94on eleventh-century persecution of the Jews 51

Eliah (T-S 16.251) 227Eliaqim b. Eliaqim (Corinthian dyer) 165Jacoby on 165

Eliaqim, R. (Parnas of Constantinople) 98

Index 271






Elias of Nisibis, Byzantine attitudes to the Jews 57Eliezer b. Nathan of Mainz

on transfer of Jewish real-estate to Gentiles 172Sefer Raban, on Venetian economic influence

on Jewish trade 190Elijah (Byzantine Jew), correspondence 160Elijah the Greek, R. (Salerno) 84Elijah (Salonican poet) 117, 146Eliyah, Mar (pilgrim) 124emigration 47

Jewish demography, with the rise of Islam38, 42

Jewish emigration under Heraclius 37and persecution 33, 37, 49

emperors, attitudes to Jews affects tax status 132Enoch the Jew (Egyptian Jewish landowner) 171Ephraim b. Shemariah 88, 125

on redemption of captives 73on Sicilian links with Palestinian

academies 91epigraphs

rabbinical academies 83titles of office-holders 86

epistolary fundraising 73epitaphs

poetic citations 83rabbinical epitaphs 80

Eppenstein, S., on Pesikta Rabbati 46Erfurt, Synod of (June 932) 48Esau (eponymous ancestor of Rome) 6Eski Krim, Jewish community 59, 98ethnic segregation 11, 12Eudocia (Evdokia)(wife of Namer b. Elqanah)

ketubbah 73Eutychius (Patriarch of Alexandria), on

persecution of the Jews 32Evagrius Scholasticus 15Evdokia (Caleb b. Shabbetai’s mother) 112Evyatar ha-Kohen, R. (head of Salonican

academy) 66exchange, history 19excommunication 149

cheapening 149and international trade 149

exkousseia 142, 143extra-biblical literature 115

family relations, effects on Jewish migrations 53farming 171, 207

and demography 181role in Byzantine economy 185

Faustinos (son of Isaiah) (Venosan doctor) 174fines

internal fines 99, 103levied on Jews 132

Finkelstein, L., on alienation of land tonon-Jews 154

Firkovitch, Abraham 17on Karaite donation of partial-Bible 98

fishmongers 153, 154Fleischer, E., on Palestinian determination of the

calendar 88Flusser, D., on Sefer Yossipon 118food and drink

Jewish seals 122kashrut of bread 88kosher edibles 119, 120, 123kosher food production 11wine kashrut 121

forced baptisms 44revocation 50see also persecutions

forced conversions 32, 33effects under Heraclius 38and emigration 35under Basil I 45, 47see also persecutions

four captives, legend 93, 100France, Jews’ economic role 191Friedman, M., on ketubbot 105, 106funduq/fondaco 162Fustat 62

Palestinian Jewish community 88, 90wine and cheese imports 122see also Cairo

Gaeta, Jews’ involvement in the dyeingindustry 164

Galilee, rabbinical academies 81Gamaliel II (Patriarch) 132Gaon 86Gay, J., on Oria 165gazagà 172Genoa

influence on Jewish trade 22mercantile standing 182trading role 197

Genoese, understand Gazaria as applied to theCrimea 55

geographical references, as criterion for sense ofcommunity 210

Georgios (eparch of the region of Carthage),conversion of the Jews 34, 35

Germany, Jews’ economic role 191Gero, S., on Jewish and Muslim influences on

Iconoclasm 43gerousiarch 86Gershom, R. (scribal copyist) 119

on divorce and polygamy 110ggra, city of 116

272 Index






Giesebrecht, Wilhelm von, on Byzantine-Jewisheducation 81

Gil, M. 60, 67, 93, 116on Abu’l-Hayy’s letter 89on Jewish Byzantine culture in southern Italy

and Sicily 89on Jews’ exceptionality 196on the legend of the four captives 93, 94on the Radhanites 193trading role 193

on settlements in Palestine 125Ginzberg, L., on Yehudai Gaon’s responsa 41glassblowing 14, 211Goitein, S. D. 10, 53, 60, 62, 69, 88, 116, 122

cites Ramsay 61on economic history 14on food exports to Muslim areas 122on al-Hakim’s persecution of the Jews 52on redemption of captives 100, 101on Sa‘ad’s letter to Aaron 68on the silk industry 105, 164on “son of the seventh” 99on T-S 12.179 222, 223

Golb, N. 226, 232on ketubbot 106on Sicilian Jewish Byzantines 90

gold 14Gottheil, R. J. H., on numerical ranks among

synagogal offices 99grain trade 123

Sicilian Jews’ involvement 91Greece

Jewish-Byzantine demography 29rabbinical academies 84

Greekfalls out of use in Sicily 91as a Jewish language 5, 6Jewish usage in Crete 66

Greek islands, Jewish demography 30Greek students 71Greens (circus faction) 43, 64Gregory of Nicaea

on Basil I’s forced conversion of the Jews 46, 138on Jews’ involvement in the tanning industry 167

Greif, A.on Jews and international trade 148model for Jewish trade coalitions 151

Güdemann, M., on dyeing industry 163guild system 4, 214

and the Jews 151, 152, 156organization 152, 154, 155

Guillon, A., on Jews’ involvement in the silkindustry 165

gulgolet (head tax) 139, 140gwryyl 114

Hadassi, JudahEshkol ha-kofer 171on the Rabbanites 5on rents from real estate 173

Hadrian (Roman emperor), expels Jews fromJerusalem 32

Hagia Sophia, renovation and Jewish taxation142, 159

Hai b. Sherira, on use of Greek in bills of divorce 5Hai Gaon of Pumbedita 71, 93, 94on foreign students in Baghdad 70

hakham 85Al-Hakim (Caliph)persecution of Christians 51persecution of Jews 51, 52

halitsah 222Hall, J., on ethnic segregation 12Hamawi, R. 61Hananel, R. (of Oria)care of the poor 103, 104reclamation of goods lost in Arab raids

disputed 99Hananiah ha-Kohen (Av Bet Din of Palestinian

court) 89Hannah b. Abraham (mother of Jacob and

R. Isaac) 98, 114Harvey, A.on Byzantine expansion (tenth century) 47on Byzantium and the Commercial

Revolution 184Hasdai ibn Shaprut 173, 174book purchases 118knowlege of Khazar Jews 200, 201

hazaqah 172head taxgulgolet 139kephaletion 136

hearth tax (kapnikon) 139, 142Hebrew 3, 5, 18importance 63, 68role as cohesive force among Jews 63use as common language 120use in epigraphies 83use for trade 160

Helena (wife of Constantine VII) 48Hellenism, in Jewish society 5Hendy, M.on Byzantine expansion (tenth century) 47on Byzantine mercantile development 184on the hyperpyra 147trade and agricultural profits 26

Heraclius (Roman emperor) 1implementation of the theme system 135, 136Jewish policies 13persecution of the Jews 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 42, 127

Index 273






heresies and heretics 59, 120Heyd, W. 55, 193Hezekiah (Karaite Patriarch) 59hides industry 66, 79, 100, 129, 166, 167, 170, 176,

178, 202, 204Jewish participation 163

Himyar Republic (Aden) 174historical speculation 16Hoferer, M., on Christian–Jewish trade

relations 161Holy Land

Jewish demography 38Jews’ migration to 38persecution of the Jews 36pilgrimages 123see also Israel; Palestine

Horayat haqore’ 115Howard-Johnston, J. on Jewish collaboration

with the Arabs 36Hoyland, R. G.

on Michael the Syrian and Sebeos 37on Sebeos 36

Hushiel, R. (father of Rabbenu Hananel) 93hyperpyron/hyperpyra 146, 147, 229, 230

Ibn Da’ud, Abraham 146on Jewish demography 30on Jewish sea trade 158Jewish settlements on sea routes 24Sefer ha-qabbalah, legend of the four captives 93

Ibn al-Faqih, on the Radhanites 194Ibn Khordadhbeh

Book of Roads and Realms 137lack of references to the slave trade 212on the Radhanites 65, 194, 195trading role 196, 197

on the spice trade 175Ibn Verga, Shevet Yehudah 50Ibn Ya’qub, on trade between Eastern Europe and

Khazaria 200Ibrahim ibn Ya‘qub 200Iconoclasm 3, 137, 144

iconoclasts not alone in being accused of Jewishaffiliations 43

Jews’ involvement 43immigration, women’s problems with 68imperial legislation, effects on Jewish taxation 135imperial mint, Jews absent from 199inner economy 127

and majority culture and economy 78, 80see also economy

integrationcollective integration 179concept 9and segregation 208, 210

international trade 147, 162and excommunication 150Jews’ internal system of exchange 152

IraqBabylonian academies, influence 86, 92Talmudic academies 18

Irene (empress), accession as Regent (780) 47Isaac Alfasi 67Isaac b. Melchizedek of Siponto 82

Greek culture 81Isaac (eleventh-century letter writer) 88Isaac Hazzan al-Fasi (Syrian Jew) 202Isaac, R. (brother of Jacob, donor of partial-Bible)

98, 114Isaac, R. (father of David ha-Levi) 225Isaac, R. (pilgrim) 124Isaiah of Trani 39, 94, 108

on Byzantine women’s management ofproperty 107

on child marriages 108on divorce 110on Jewish administration of justice 81on ketubbot 106on rabbinical academies 85

Islameffects on Jewish demography 31Jewish legal status 162Jewish migration 38, 42, 47, 75Jewish responses to 41rise 131, 157, 204influence on Jewish trading role 198

wine forbidden 121Israel

dating of ketubbot 106Jewish settlements 125see also Holy Land; Palestine

Israel b. Nathan, wife of 70Italian city-states

influence on Jewish involvement in trade 12, 22mercantile standing 182trade links 188trading role 189, 192

Italians, role in Byzantine economy 184Italy

economic importance 87Hebrew book trade 118merchants’ role in Byzantine economy 186rabbinical academies 81see also southern Italy

Jabarah b. Mukhtar 225Jabarah (son of Mukhtar b. Jabarah) 219Jacob b. Reuben

on Byzantine-Jewish cooperation 151on commenda 150

274 Index






Sefer ha-osher, on shea‘atnez 165on sha‘atnez 155, 165on tanning 167

Jacob b. Samuel (target of Sahl b. Masliah’spolemics) 120

Jacob (Doctrina Jacobi) 168Jacob (donor of partial-Bible) 98, 114Jacob (hides merchant) 66Jacob ibn Habib, R., on Byzantine women’s

management of property 107Jacob (Jewish apostate) (Doctrina Jacobi) 33, 35, 64Jacob (son of Rabbi Samuel) 83Jacob (textile merchant) 168Jacoby, D.

on the artistic representation of Jews 8on Benjamin of Tudela’s census figures 29Byzantine Jews’ economic role 187on Byzantine trade with Egypt 170on Christian–Jewish trade relations 161on Eliaqim b. Eliaqim 165on expulsion of Jews from silk industry 16on Jewish international trade 155on Jewish involvement in the silk industry 166on Jewish purple fishers in Alexandria 166on Jewish silk workers 152migration into Byzantium 166

on Jewish trade and smuggling 178on the Jews and the guild system 152, 155, 156on ketubbot 105on Orthodoxy’s antipathy to Judaism 7on persecution of the Jews 32on religious categorization of Jews 168rise in trade among the elite of Byzantine

society 198on the silk industry 155, 165on status of the Jewish traders 155

Jamal ad-Din Abu’l Hasan, on al-Hakim’spersecution of the Jews 52

Jerusalem 86Jewish community 30under Heraclius’ persecution 41

Jewish migration to 38Jews expelled from 32, 35, 38

Jerusalem Temple 45destruction 106

Jewish communities, influence of Arabconquests 18

Jewish Patriarchate (Tiberius), termination of 13Jewish–state relations, as affected by

Christianity 131Jews

absence from imperial mint 199apostasy to Christianity 161Arabic Jews, migration into Byzantium 54, 63artistic representation 8

autonomy, reflected in divorce contracts 107Byzantine attitudes to 6, 9and circus factions 43, 64collective consciousness 210communities

autonomy, reflection in ketubbot 105and the Byzantine government 79government, lack of official standing in the

empire 176as imperium in imperio 135life described in economic terms 78

concept 144, 182, 199Crimean Jews 55economy 2, 27

influence on Byzantine society 14, 17internal aspects 19see also economy

Egyptian Jewsredemption of captives 64role in Byzantine economy 185

excluded from the guild system 151, 152expulsion from Jerusalem 32expulsion from Sparta 8familial ties 68, 69financial support for institutions 96, 104Frankish communities 54Hebraic education 11Iconoclasm, involvement in 43as imperium in imperio 143inner economy 177

interaction with international trade 148internal system of exchange 152international network 200law 3

administration 11legal status 9, 40

as a religious minority, and internationaltrade 151

under Islam 162marginal groups 210marriage with and co-option of women of the

imperial weaving establishment 155merchants 181, 192messianic fervor 66, 67as middlemen 191, 193migration

patterns 24, 63to Khazaria 44

non-Byzantine Jews, within the Empire,eleventh century 50, 62

participation in slave trade 192possibly able to exact fines 146price controls 153redemption after sacking of Damietta (853) 45redemption of captives 64

Index 275






Jews (cont.)regarded as heretics 132religion 2, 12riots, involvement in 40role in Byzantium 1, 3, 20Roman Jewry’s antiquity 12Salonican community 56shipping interests 143social integration among non-Jewish

population 130subculture 6trading role 153, 181, 196in Byzantine economy 188and Italian city-states 22and maritime Italian city-states 197, 199, 204in medieval trade 189relations with Christians 162and the rise of Islam 198

trading systems 11trading viability 203worship, conflicts within 38see also Byzantine Jews; demography; economy;forced conversions; guild system; innereconomy; Karaites; persecutions; Rabbanites;taxation; Jewish taxation

John of Damascus, on Iconoclasm 144John the Monk, Liber de Miraculis, on

Jewish–Christian trade 161Joseph b. Hiyya (scribe) 115Joseph the Constantinopolitan, Adat devorim 116Joseph (Egyptian Jew) 201Joseph (King of the Khazars) 200Joseph, R. (Parnas of Harmylo) 98Josephus Flavius 87Jotabe, island of 173Judah, R. (Greek student in Egypt) 71Judah b. Jacob (scribe) 116Judah b. Sa‘adiah, Nagid 217Judah Hadassi 58Judah al-Harizi, deridesByzantineHebrewpoetry 80Judah, Mar (son of Mar Shabbetai)(nephew of

R. Michael of strlys) 115Julian the Apostate (Roman emperor), on

taxation of the Jews 97justice

administration 79, 80, 81in rabbinical academies 82

Justinian I (Roman emperor)Jewish policies 13see also Codex Justinianus

Kaegi, W. E., on theme system 136kapnikon (hearth tax) 139, 142Karaite–Rabbanite schism, and imposition of

fines by Jews 146

Karaites 76and the ancient Zadokites 57butchers 120Byzantine community of the eleventh

century 71Byzantine Karaites, religious literature 116calendar 146communications with Rabbanites 64of Eski Krim, donation of partial-Bible 98kashrut standards 120ketubbot 108migration to Byzantium 57, 60Palestinian academies’ influence over 91pilgrimage tradition 125and Rabbanites 225Rabbanites redeem 210scholarship 85sea trade 159support for Palestinian academies 95taxation 134see also Jews

Karmi, R. (Greek student in Egypt) 71Kassia (daughter of R. Shefatiah) 109katartarioi 152Katz, J. 10

on social integration 177Kaufmann, D., on the Chronicle of Ahima‘az b.

Paltiel 45Kazhdan, A., on rise of landlords and economic

development 184Kedar 59Kedrenos, G., lack of references to Jewish

taxation 133kephalaion 140kephaletion (head tax) 136, 139, 140, 141ketubbot 15, 73, 104, 107, 112, 122

biblical interpretations 104breaking 99Byzantine ketubbot 107dating 106real-estate ownership 172Rebecca (daughter of ‘the dear elder Joseph’) 75references to the silk trade 170

Khan, G., on ggra 116Khazaria 54, 55, 168

Jewish immigration 44tenth century 48

and Jewish sea trade 159Radhanites’ links with 195trade links with Eastern Europe 200trading role 192

kirt.a’ 115Kraemer, J. L.

on Byzantine expansion 51on al-Tabari on the sacking of Damietta (853) 45

276 Index






Krauss, S. 55on changing Byzantine borders and Jewish

demography 30on Jewish-Byzantine demography 29on Jews’ involvement in the silk industry 165Jews’ monopoly of Sicilian silk industry 200on Leo VI’s Jewish policies 139Studien zur byzantinisch-jüdische Geschichte 1

Külzer, A., on the Doctrina Jacobi 34

Laiou, A. E.on the commenda 151on Italians’ role in Byzantine economy 185on Jews’ legal standing 9

Lambrechts, P. 191landlords, and commercial development 184leather industry 20

Jewish participation 163leather softeners’ guild 152legal days 150Leo (Byzantine Jew involved in redemption of

captives) 101Leo III (Roman emperor) 137, 144

charged with Jewish mindedness 43Ecloga 136on fines 136, 145property rights in marriage 108

Jewish head tax 139persecution of the Jews 33, 38, 145, 146influenced by Iconoclasm 43

taxation system 137Leo VI (Roman emperor)

Jewish policies 138, 139persecution of the Jews 33removal of legislation concerning city

councils 145revocation of forced baptism 50toleration of the Jews 46

Leo (Marathean Jew living in Alexandria) 53, 74Leo (T-S 16.251) 227Leo (Tarantan landowner) 122Leon b. David (from Melos), wife’s epitaph 25Leon, H. J., on Venosan epitaphs 42Leontius, anti-Jewish polemics 32Levant, Venetian trade 181Lewis, A.

on Byzantine economy 186, 187, 188Christian and Jewish role in Byzantine

economy 188on the Radhanites 201

Life of St. Nikon 8Linder, A., on Jewish intermarriage with women

in the imperial weaving industry 164linen merchants 154logging 212

Lombard, M., on Muslims’ economic role 191Lopez, R. S.on currency as evidence of trade between

European and Byzantine Jewry 200on exclusion of the Jews from the silk

trade 15, 16on Jews’ economic role in France 191on Manuel I’s interpolations into the Book of

the Eparch 151on silk industry 155

Lothar (grandson of Charlemagne) 191

McCormick, M.on international commerce 157on the Radhanites 195

Macedonian dynasty 26Magdalino, P. 60Maghribi, and international trade 148Maimonides 173on Brindisi 84

Mainz, responsum concerning redemption ofcaptives 103

Maliha (Egyptian immigrant to Byzantium) 69,76, 103, 215, 216

Maniakes, G. 58Mann, J. 28, 55, 70, 75, 102, 115, 116, 160, 232on Abu’l-Hayy’s letter 89on bnei Romi 94dating of ketubbot 106on financial support for rabbinic academies 92on Gaon and Av Bet Din 86on al-Hakim’s persecution of the Jews 52on the hyerpera 146on Jewish Byzantine culture in southern Italy

and Sicily 89on Jewish migrations 47

to Jerusalem 38on Jewish titles 83on numerical ranks among synagogual

offices 99on Pesikta Rabbati on forced conversion of the

Jews under Basil I 46on redemption of captives 72, 100on Salonican Karaite–Rabbanite schism

92, 146on Solomon b. Judah’s mission for financial

support for the Palestinian academy 90on ‘son of the seventh’ 99on stpyls 115on T-S 10 J 27.8 217, 218on T-S 13 J 11.4 216on T-S 13 J 14.20 224, 225, 226on T-S 13 J 20.25 218, 219, 220on T-S 13 J 34.3 220, 221, 222on T-S 16.251 226, 227

Index 277






Mann, J. (cont.)on T-S 20.45 228, 229on Willibald on the Jews in Tiberias 39on Yehudai Gaon’s responsa 41

Mansur ibn al-Khabith 201Mansur ibn Moses 201Manuel Comnenos, subjects Jews to Christian

courts 79Manuel I (Roman emperor)

interpolations into the Book of the Eparch 151petitioned by Jewish apostate for return of

property 100taxation of Jews 159

manufacturing, Byzantine participation 186Manzikert (battle, 1071) 53, 60Al-Maqrizi

on Egyptian Jewish demography 52on al-Hakim’s persecution of the Jews 52, 53

Maratheia 102, 226, 232Maritimes see Italian city-statesmarket life, Jews in Byzantium 123market manipulation 154Marmorstein, A. 201marriage contracts see ketubbotmarriages

child marriages 108, 109levirate marriages 222

Masliah b. Eliah (Sicilian judge) 93Mastaura (Asia Minor) 25, 226

ketubbot 105, 106, 170real-estate ownership 172

Al-Mas‘udi, Prairies d’Or (Muruj al-dhahab)48, 65

Maximos, St., on persecution of the Jews 34, 42medicine 173Mediterranean

demographics 1economy, Byzantine Jewry’s role 17, 23Jews’ trading networks 198

melathrarioiMelfi (southern Italy) 84, 228Menahem b. Elijah, on Jewish messianic

fervor 66Menfi 228Metcalf, D.M., on Corinthian coin hoard 199Michael Choniates, on Jewish dyers and

tanners 166Michael I (Roman emperor), interpolations into

Book of the Eparch 151Michael II (Roman emperor)

accused of being influenced by the Jews 3criticized by Continuator of Theophanes 43Jewish policies 137

Michael III (Roman emperor), defeat ofIconoclasm 137

Micha[el], R. (of stplys), purchase of partial-Bible 115

Michael the Syrian (Patriarch of Antioch), onHeraclius’ persecution of the Jews 37,38, 42

Middle Byzantine period 1middle classes 186migration, and economics 63military, Jews excluded from 1military landholdings, Byzantium 207milling 171mining 212Mishawites 150mitaton 162mohar 105, 106money, circulation 184Mongols 55Moses b. Jacob (silk trader of Jerusalem) 169Moses b. Solomon (son of Solomon b. Joseph),

sale of partial-Bible 111Moses, R. (father of R. Hanokh) 93mourners of Zion 46Mouzalon, Nikolaos (Archbishop of Cyprus), on

Jews as tax farmers 144Mu‘awiya, victory over the Byzantines (635) 67Mufarraj (Egyptian Jew) 202Al-Mu‘izz (first Fatimid caliph of Egypt) 49, 93Mukhtar b. Jabarah 219Muslims

economic role 191fondaco 162influence on Iconoclasm 43role in Byzantine economy 188

Muthesius, A.on the Jews and the trade guilds 151on silk industry 165

nadiv (donor) 85Nahrai b. Nissim (Tunisian-Egyptian

merchant) 125Namer b. Elqanah, ketubbah 73Nathan ha-Kohen, Mar Rav 219Nathaniel b. Meshullam, R. (Hebraic

translator) 116Nathaniel b. Nissi 114

purchase of partial-Bible 111Nea Mone (monastery, Chios), Jewish taxes

remitted to 140, 141, 142, 143Neilammon (Egyptian Jewish headman) 132Nemoy, L. on Sahl b. Masliah’s polemics 120Nethaniel ha-Kohen 224, 225Neubauer, A. 58

Hebrew culture in southern Italy 83on Jewish demography under Basil I 30publication of Chronicle of Ahima‘az 92

278 Index






newborn, registration 133Nicaea, Second Council (787), toleration of Jews

32, 44Nicephoros III (Roman emperor), Jewish taxes

remitted to Nea Mone monastery 140Nicephorus (Patriarch of Constantinople), on

Jews’ involvement in riots 40Nicol, D.

on Amalfitan competition with Venice 205on Venetian shipping 158

Niehoff-Panagiotidis, Johannes, on Byzantineattitudes to the Jews 9

Niketas (Bishop of Chonai) 124Nikon, St.

antipathy to Jews 8Life 165

Nile, hardship of the low season 52, 53Nilos of Rossano (Christian doctor) 174Nirenberg, D., on religious discrimination and

Jewish taxation 141No-Amon, community 227non-economic exchange 80non-Jews

courts 107interaction with Jewish inner economy 78Jews’ social integration with 130role in kosher food industry 123

North Africaabsence of professing Jews 39, 41cultural influence over Sicily 90dating of ketubbot 106Jews’ forced conversion under Heraclius 32Jews’ mercantile standing in Islamic

states 182persecution of the Jews 33, 42see also Egypt

North Europe, trading economy 192

Oikonomides, N.on Byzantine control of trade 155on the head tax 140on the hearth tax 139on Jewish participation in the silk

industry 156on Jewish taxation and the exkousseia 142on prices as reflection of economic

values 14‘onashim (‘onesh) 139, 140Oria (southern Italy) 46, 165

economy 188home of Ahima‘az clan 165Jewish settlement 87rabbinical academies 82, 83silk industry 165

Orthodox Church, attitudes to Jews 7, 209

Otranto (southern Italy)bills of divorce 106economy 188rabbinical academies 83

Palaia 61palatini 135PalestineJewish population declines 19links with Byzantine Jewry 207Talmudic academies 18see also Holy Land; Israel

Palestinian academiesinfluence 86, 92, 95

over Sicily 88, 91Palestinian Patriarchate (Tiberias) 86Palestinian Sanhedrin, determination of the

calendar 88Palestinian Talmud, on redemption of

captives 100Palestinian traditions, reflection in ketubbot

105, 106Paltiel (ancestor of author of the Chronicle),

financial support for rabbinicacademies 93

parnas (provider) 85, 98paroikoi 141partial-Bibles 114contracts concerning 111as evidence of donations 97

Patriarchate, abolition 131Pera (Constantinople) 168Peret (Jewish dyer) 164, 168Perles, F., on T-S 20.45 228Perles, J., on Jews and circus factions 43persecutions 127effects on Jewish demography 31, 38and emigration 49Al-Hakim (Egypt) 51Heraclius’ persecution of the Jews 39, 42Romanus Lecapenus’ persecution of the

Jews 48see also forced baptisms; forced conversions

Persians, Jews’ possible collaboration with 34Pesikta Rabbati 46Petahyah of Regensburg 55on the Crimea 55on Jewish communities in Byzantium 56Jewish-Byzantine demography 29on the Karaites 58on persecution of the Jews 33uses the terms Kedar and Khazaria 59

pharmacology 173Phrygia, Jews’ integration with heretics 39pilgrimages 123, 124, 126

Index 279






piracy 158, 217economic effects 191and redemption of captives 72T-S 13 J 20.25 218

Pirenne, H. 197, 198, 204, 212on European Jews’ role in medieval trade

189, 193on Italian city-states and Jewish involvement in

trade 22on Jewish trade 203

Pirqoi (student of Yehudai Gaon) 41poetry, epitaphs 83Polanyi, K., distinction between internal and

external trading systems 11Poliak, A.N. 55poor, care of 103Porgès, N. 116pork, eating of 32pork sellers 154possessorship 172postal networks 160Poznański, S., on the Mishawites 150Prague 200presbyters 86price controls 153, 154prices, as reflection of economic values 14primary markets, Jewish commerce 163, 171property

Byzantine women’s management of 108transfer contracts 104

property rightsdivorce cases 107, 110in marriage 108

proselytism, Jews fined for 145public service, rabbinical academies 82Puglia (southern Italy)

Jewish Byzantine culture (eleventh/twelfthcenturies) 89

Jewish traditions 87rabbinical academies 81

Pumbedita academy 86, 87, 225purple fishers 166

Qadosh, recitation 38Qipchaks 55qirat 115Quinisext Council (692) 3

as evidence of Jewish integration 40quitclaims 111

“R.” 85Rabbanites 5, 76

butchers 120communications with Karaites 64fine imposed on 228

involvement in the tanning industry 167and Karaites 225kashrut standards 120ketubbot 108migration to Byzantium 57, 60redemption of Karaites 210scholarship 85Spanish Rabbanism 71studying abroad 70support for rabbinic academies 95taxation 134see also Jews

rabbinical academies 80, 96investment in scholarship 85, 87public support for 84reputations 81, 83

rabbisBabylonian rabbis accept Byzantine practice in

divorce cases 109Byzantine rabbis accept the legality of a divorce

procured in state courts 109Rabbi, title 83יבר /Rabbi 85, 86

Radhanites 65, 193, 201decline 194and economic competition 16silk trade 169and the slave trade 212spice trade 175trading role 193, 194, 197

Ramadah 225Ramleh, silk trade 169Ramsay, William Mitchell 61rav 86ha-rav ha-gadol (the great master) 85ha-rav (the master) 85Ravah bar Mar Rav Huna, Mar 109Ravyah, R. (pilgrim) 124Raymond, I., on Jews’ economic role in France 191real estate 154, 172, 173Rebecca (daughter of the dear elder Joseph),

ketubbah (1201) 75Reinach, T.

on Jewish demography 32on ketubbot 74

religio licita 12religious discrimination, and Jewish taxation 132,

141, 143religious life, links with economic life 78religious rivalry, Jewish taxation policy not

dominated by 135religious sensibilities, effects on Jewish economy 126Renfrew, C.

on Jewish economy 2on trading systems 11

280 Index






residence, as mark of Jewish Byzantinism 209responsa 94Rhodes 60

Jacob (convert to Christianity) visits 64Moshe Agura’s dislike of 65

Rivka (daughter of ‘the dear elder Joseph’) 68Rivkin, E. 18roads, communication infrastructure 51Roger II (King of Sicily) 199

establishment of silk industry 165Romah 52Romaioi 94Roman citizenship 12, 40Romaniote, concept 4Romanus Lecapenus (Roman emperor) 29, 48

persecution of the Jews 33, 38, 44, 48,50, 119

Rome, Jewish resentment against 6Romi 94rosh (head) 85Runciman, S. 14

on Romanus Lecapenus’ persecution of theJews 48

Russiatrade links 159with Byzantine Jews 201with Salonica 201

Russian merchant (unnamed visitor to Salonica),pilgrimage 125

Sa’ad, letter to son-in-law Aaron 68Sa’ad (author of T-S 12.179) 223, 224Sacy, S. de, on al-Hakim’s persecution of the

Jews 52saddlers 153Sahl b. Masliah (Karaite scholar and

polemicist) 125polemics against the Rabbanites 120

sail menders (men of Bonosos) (Doctrina Jacobi)64, 65

sails, importance 65St. Petersburg Genizah 114Salonica

as cosmopolitan center of Jewish culture66, 67

Jewish property ownership 172Karaite–Rabbanite schism, results in

imposition of fines 146rabbinical academies 85silk industry 166trade links with Russia 201

Salonican Jews, taxation 139Salonican scholar 60, 81

on emigration from Egypt 53family concerns 56, 60, 62, 68

Salzman, M. 79on apostates’ loss of rightson Byzantine-Jewish education 81

Samuel b. R. Judah (Egyptian Jew), influence ofBabylonian academies 94

Samuel ha-Bavli (bookseller) 94, 117letter (T-S Ar 53 fol. 37) 62

Samuel (emissary of Hasdai ibn Shaprat) 118Samuel,Mar (emissary of Hasdai ibn Shaprut) 174Samuel (Paltiel’s son) 93Schechter, S. 17, 71on Babylonian rabbinical acceptance of

Byzantine practices 109on legend of the four captives 100

Schneider, A. 63Schur, N. 57scribes 112patrons 118wages 114

scrolls, copying 113sea routes, Jewish settlements 24sea trade 157, 160Sebeos, on persecution of the Jews 36, 37secondary markets 171, 175Sefer Yosippon 87, 118, 119segregation, and integration 208, 210Seleucia 61ketubbot 170rabbinical academies 85, 94

Seleucian doctor 57, 60, 62, 68, 69concerns about books 117letter reflects Jewish social conditions (twelfth

century) 60, 61refers to “son of the seventh” 99on the spice trade 174wine cellar 122

Seleucid dating, use in ketubbot 106serikarioi 152, 156Severa (daughter of R. Jacob), epitaph 80sha‘atnez 155, 165Shabbetai 224Shabbetai b. Nethaniel (of Attaleia) (pilgrim and

redeemed captive) 125Shabbetai Ravilon 66Shabbetai (son of R. Elijah), sale of partial-Bible 115Sharf, A. 64on Benjamin of Tudela’s census figures 29on Continuator of Theophanes on Basil I’s

Jewish policies 138on Heraclius’ persecution of the Jews 38Jewish demography under Heraclius 32on Jewish social integration 39, 40, 156on Jewish taxation 134, 136on Jews’ collaboration with the Arabs under

Heraclius 37

Index 281






Sharf, A. (cont.)on Jews’ exclusion from civil service 144on Jews and the guild system 156on kephaletion 139on toleration of the Jews 33on Vision of Daniel and Byzantine-Jewish

demography 50Shefatiah, R.

Basil I attempts to convert 138on child marriages 109on direction of rabbinical academies 83dispute with Basil I over forced conversion of

the Jews 45on Jewish demography 30Jewish-Byzantine demography 29

Shema‘Jews forbidden to read 41, 42recitation 38

Shemariah (Chimaria) (Theophylaktos)(Tarantan landowner) 122

Shemariah, R. (son of R. Elhanan) 93Sherira Gaon, R., on divorce initiated by

women 109shipping 186, 188shohetim 120Sicily

Arab conquest 90cheese industry 122Jewish Byzantine community, salvation at the

end of days 89Jewish Byzantine culture (eleventh/twelfth

centuries) 88, 90, 91Jewish financial support for rabbinic

academies 93Sicilians subject to head tax 137silk industry 165, 166Jews’ monopoly 200

toleration of the Jews 33Silano, R. 82

excommunication 149, 150silk industry 153, 155, 156, 165, 169, 182

ban of Jewish silk exports 64Byzantine-Jewish role 206Byzantium’s role 208economic role 164Jewish participation 163Jews’ exclusion from 15, 155, 179Jews’ monopoly in Sicily 200Jews’ role 4silk’s value 105taxation 143Venetian investments in 198

Simeon, R. (pilgrim) 124Simon b. Saul, on redemption of

captives 103

SipontoJews influenced by Babylonian academies 94rabbinical academies 85

slave trade 79, 211, 217Jewish role 192Jews fined for owning non-Jewish slaves 145Radhanites’ role 193

smuggling 178Solomon b. Joseph, purchase of partial-Bible 111Solomon b. Judah (son of the Palestinian Goan),

mission for financial support of thePalestinian academy 90

Solomon ben Abraham ibn Adret of Barcelona 94Solomon (brother of Maliha) 69, 216Solomon the Egyptian (doctor to the Emperor

Manuel I) 174Solomon, Mar 215Solomon, R. (Rosh) 98“son of the seventh” 99southern Italy

Brindisi 84dating of ketubbot 106dyeing industry 164economy 188epitaphs of office-holders 86Jewish demography 10Jewish demography (tenth century) 49Jewish settlements 25Jewish Byzantine communities 84Leo III’s taxation system 137rabbinical academies 81, 83Radhanites’ trading role 193Salerno 84, 121toleration of the Jews 33see also Bari; Italy; Oria; Otranto; Puglia;Venosa

Spanish Jews, economic effects of expulsion fromSpain 28

Spartaexpulsion of Jews 8woollen industry 165

Speck, P.on the Doctrina Jacobi 34on Heraclius’ persecution of the Jews 34

spice trade 154, 173, 174, 182Starr, J. 102, 201, 217, 232

on apostasy 102on Basil I’s forced conversion of the Jews 45on Benjamin of Tudela’s census figures 29on the Doctrina Jacobi 35on al-Hakim’s persecution of the Jews 52on Heraclius’ persecution of the Jews 40on Ibn Khordadhbeh’s misunderstanding of

Byzantine tax system 137on Jewish migrations 47

282 Index






on Jewish shipping interests 143on Jewish taxation 133, 135, 136on Jews’ involvement in Italian silk

industry 165on ketubbot 105on ‘onashim and kephaletion 139on Romanus Lecapenus’ persecution of the

Jews 44Salonican Jews subjected to the head

tax 139on synagogues 100on T-S 13 J 11.4 215on T-S 13 J 14.20 224, 225on T-S 13 J 34.3 220, 221, 222on T-S 16.251 226on T-S 20.45 228, 230

Stemberger, G., on Haraclius’ persecution of theJews 42

Stobi, donative inscription 97stolen property, buying back 154Stow, K., Jews’ economic role 191stpyls 115Strobilos 25, 186, 221, 230

redemption of captives as evidence of textileindustries 171

Strobilote Jewstaxation 142, 143and the sea trade 159

students, foreign students 70, 71, 73supply chain, control 154Sura academy 86, 87, 225Svoronos, N., on the Byzantine economy

185, 186synagogues

donations 206financial support for 96, 97functionaries 98homilies 82

Synesius (bishop), on Jewish sea trade 157Syracuse, Jewish community petitions for

rebuilding of synagogue 98Syrians, economic role 191Szyszman, Simon 57

Al-Tabari, on the sacking of Damietta(853) 45

talmid hakham 85Talmudic academies 18Tam, Rabbenu

praise of rabbinical academies in Oria andOtranto 83

on Puglian rabbinical academies 81Tangheroni, Marco

on Italian city-states’ trading role 192on Jews’ trading role 197

tanning industry 11, 138, 153Byzantine-Jewish role 207Chonai 166Jewish and Venetian interests in 198Jews’ involvement 154, 166, 168market in hides 66pollution from 166, 167

Taranto, wine industry 122tax farming, Byzantine Jews as tax farmers 144taxation 20, 79, 86, 97, 129, 130, 131, 132,

147, 211implications for religious discrimination 132irregular enforcement on Jews 146Jewish tax policy not dominated by religious

rivalry 135Jewish taxation

collective 135, 143fines 145, 147on individuals 143internal taxes 145and religious discrimination 141remitted to Nea Mone monastery (Chios)

140, 141, 142, 143in kind 143, 163Middle Byzantine period, Jewish tax status 135poll tax 132and the textile industry 175, 179

Tcherikover, V., on Jews’ interest in the dyeingindustry 164

Teall, J. L., on grain supply in Byzantium 123Temple Mount 98Tertullian, Apologeticum, references to

Judaism 12textile industry 11, 79, 129, 130, 178Byzantine-Jewish role 207Jewish and Venetian interests in 198Jews’ role 20, 154, 163, 166, 168and taxation 175, 179

Thebes 166Jewish purple dyers 166rabbinic academies 85, 94silk industry 166, 198, 207tanning and textile industries 199

theme system 135, 136Theodore (Christian merchant) 161Theodosius II (Roman emperor)termination of Jewish Patriarchate 13, 86see also Codex Theodosianus

Theon (Egyptian Jew) 132Theophaneson anti-Jewishness 43Chronographia 32

Jews’ expulsion from Jerusalem 35on persecution of the Jews 37, 42

on registration of the newborn 133

Index 283






Theophilus, iconoclastic emperor (842) 47Theophilus (apostate in Attaleia) 100Theophylaktos (Chimaria [Shemariah])

(Tarantan landowner) 122Thomas, N.

on Jewish involvement in the silk industry 169on the Radhanites 195

Tiberias, Jewish community 39titles, honorific titles 98Tobias b. Eliezer 201Tobias b. Moses 57, 59, 60, 70

on numerical ranks among synagogaloffices 99

Palestinian academies’ influence overKaraites 92

pilgrimages 125translation of Karaite religious literature 116

Toch, M., on Jews’ role in the slave trade 192Toubert, P., on agricultural and demographic

growth in Byzantium 181Toynbee, A., on the silk industry 153trade 77

Byzantine economy 26Italian city-states’ involvement 188Jews’ role 1, 214trade goods 2trading systems 11

trade routes, as evidenced by Benjamin ofTudela’s Itinerary 202

trades 210those not followed by Byzantine Jews 211, 213see also dyeing industry; hides industry;leather industry; silk industry; tanningindustry; textile industry; weaving industry;wine industry

Trani, records of donations to the synagogue 97transnationality 27Treadgold, W., on Byzantine expansion (tenth

century) 47Tripoli 67True Cross 36

Urim 82usury 212

prohibition on 150

Van Ess, J., on Al-Hakim’s persecution of theJews 52

Vasiliev, A. A., on Byzantine expansion (tenthcentury) 47

Venice 77authorities acknowledge importance of

Jews 27and Byzantine success in the Commercial

Revolution 184

conquest of Greek islands 29economic role 191influence on Byzantine Jews 207influence on Jewish trade 22, 190,

197, 198guaranteed access to Byzantine markets 205interest in Theban silk industry 166Jewish possessorship 172Jews excluded from Venetian shipping

155, 157Jews as Venetian nationals 162Levantine trade 181logging and mining trades 212mercantile standing 182shipping 158takes advantage of Spanish Jews’ expulsion

from Spain 28trade with Byzantium 178trading practices 203trading role 22, 192

Venosa (southern Italy)Byzantine epitaphs 87catacombs 82epigraphy 174epitaphs 42rabbinic academies 83

Vision of DanielByzantine-Jewish demography 50on Iconoclasm 137interculturalization in 6Jewish settlements possibly mentioned 25on Leo VI’s Jewish policies 138

Walter, G., on Jewish integration in the urbaneconomy of Byzantium 9

waw 220weaving industry, women of 155Western Europe

Jews’ trading role 191usury 213

Willibald, on the Jews in Tiberias 39wills 111

identification of 112wine industry 122

exports from Byzantium 122women

divorce initiated by 109, 110imperial weaving industry 155intermarriage with Jews 164

problems with immigration 68rebellious wives 109women bakers’ riot (Chronicle of

Ahima‘az) 88Worrell, W.H., on numerical ranks among

synagogal offices 99

284 Index






Yehudai, R. (Gaon of the Baghdad academy ofSura)

on persecution of the Jews in the Holy Land 41responsa 39, 41

Yeshua‘ ha-Kohen (pilgrim) 125Yibqi b. ’Abu Razin (pirate) 218yod 220‘yprpyr 146

Zadokites 57Zoë (daughter of Maliha),

T-S 13 J 11.4 215Zonaras, J.on Jews and the capitation

tax 133on Leo III’s taxation system 137

Zunz, L., on Pesikta Rabbati 46

Index 285






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