index [assets.cambridge.org]...index abdera flexuosa, 170 abies, 130, 288, 289 abies alba, 135 abies...

Index

Abdera flexuosa, 170Abies, 130, 288, 289Abies alba, 135Abies sibirica, 283abiotic environment, 194–201above-ground environments, 200–205

fungi, 203–205invertebrates, 201–203

Acanthocinus, 138Acanthocinus henschi, 4Acari, 2, 35, 173

associated species, 141bark-beetle association, 138, 141evolution, 229species diversity, 254substrates, 75, 157, 167, 173, 179

Acer, 375Acer platanoides, 155Achilidae, 181Acmaeops, 114adaptive management, 330,

411, 412Aedes geniculatus, 165Aesculus hippocastaneum, 102, 158agaric fungi, 2, 169

associated species, 181species diversity, 85

Agaricochara, 43Agathidium, 174, 182Agathidium pulchellum, 181Agathomyia wankowiczii, 44, 181Agnathosia mendicella, 174Agrilus, 167Agrilus angustulus, 202Agrilus obscuricollis, 202Agrilus planipennis, 187, 197Alaus, 42Aleurodiscus amorphus, 130Aleurodiscus disciformis, 130Allecula, 158

alluvial forests, 292Alnus, 96, 375, 386Alpha-taxonomy, 409–410ambrosia beetles, 32, 36, 39, 40, 45, 145,

226, 246, 273ambrosia fungi, 32, 145, 246Ampedus, 158Ampedus cardinalis, 163, 391Ampedus hjorti, 391Ampedus quadrisignatus, 4amphibians, 70, 165Amphicrossus, 153Amylocystis lapponica, 179Amylostereum, 41Amylostereum areolatum, 344Amylostereum chailletii, 27anaerobic conditions, 200Anaspidae, 167Anastrophyllum hellerianum, 77, 343ancient forest, 383–384, 388

species, 356, 357, 360, 383ancient tree, 161, 388, 390,

393, 395Aneides ferreus, 70Anisopodidae, 235Anisotoma, 174, 182Anitys rubens, 163Anobiidae, 26, 71, 154, 165, 170, 175,

244, 357Anobium nitidum, 154Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus, 66Anomaluridae, 67Anoplodera sexguttata, 102Anthaxia zuzannae, 36Anthomyiidae, 73Anthomyzidae, 76Anthrenus scrophulariae, 76Anthribidae, 167, 181, 182antifreeze proteins, 195Antrodia crassa, 119, 185, 379

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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-88873-8 - Biodiversity in Dead WoodJogeir N. Stokland, Juha Siitonen and Bengt Gunnar JonssonIndexMore information

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496 • Index

Antrodia infirma, 119, 197Antrodia primaeva, 54Antrodia serialis, 54, 347Antrodia sinuosa, 170, 181Antrodia xantha, 170, 181ants. See FormicidaeApidae, 70Apis mellifera, 73, 405Apomyelois bistriatella, 181Aradidae, 181Aradus erosus, 181Aranea, 158, 256Archaeopteris, 219Arhopalus, 114Arhopalus rusticus, 203Arion, 344Armillaria, 32, 168, 180, 206, 207,

209, 335Armillaria bulbosa, 103Armillaria mellea, 289Aromia moschata, 393Arthrobotrys, 48Arthrobotrys anchonia, 44, 48Arthrobotrys superba, 50Ascomycota, 2, 225

associated species, 181evolution, 224–226species diversity, 85, 252substrates, 166, 190, 191

ash. See FraxinusAsiliidae, 47aspen. See PopulusAspergillus, 140Asterodon ferruginosus, 347Asteroxylon, 223Athous mutilatus, 396Atomaria umbrina, 181Aulacigaster leucopeza, 37Auricularia auricula-judae, 181avenue, 390

bacteria, 23, 152, 200, 222, 243Actinobacteria, 23, 24as gut symbionts. See gut symbiontsfreshwater decomposition, 24marine decomposition, 24, 26nitrogen fixing, 125tunnelling bacteria, 23, 24

bacterial wetwood, 23Baranowskiella ehnstromi, 170, 173bark beetles. See Scolytinae

Basidiomycota, 2, 227evolution, 227–229species diversity, 84–85, 147, 251substrates, 185, 190, 191

bats, 67beech. See Fagusbeetles. See ColeopteraBetula, 104, 118, 132, 222, 375bioenergy, 304, 311, 364–365, 408biopulping, 404Biphyllidae, 182Bisporella citrina, 3Bjerkandera, 180Bjerkandera adusta, 53, 180Bjerkandera fumosa, 53Blepharostoma trichophyllum, 77Blera fallax, 377blue-stain fungi. See staining fungiBolitophagus reticulatus, 44, 170, 174, 341Bolitotherus cornutus, 174Bolopus furcatus, 181boreal forest, 278Boros schneideri, 359Bostrichidae, 26, 154Bothrideres contractus, 358Bothrideridae, 358Botryobasidium subcoronatum, 209Botryosphaeria, 116Brachyopa, 37, 153branches

associated species, 168dead attached, 165, 166, 191, 205on the ground, 167

Brenthidae, 71broadleaved trees

associated species, 84chemical and physical properties, 11, 12,

60, 96, 121, 131, 150, 151evolution, 94, 222species diversity, 91, 95

brown rot, 19, 20–21, 215evolution, 241

brown-rot fungi, 20, 28Bryophyta, 77–79, 144, 251, 253,

344, 372Bucephala clangula, 66Bucephala islandica, 66Buceros bicornis, 66Buprestidae, 38, 202

evolution, 233habitat preferences, 387




Index • 497

species diversity, 273substrates, 167, 187

Buprestis splendens, 346Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, 260, 409

Calicium denigratum, 119Calitys scabra, 170, 359Callicera, 164Callicera rufa, 378Callidiellum rufipenne, 199Callidium coriaceum, 118Calliphoridae, 76Callixylon, 220, 223Calocera, 32, 133, 228cambium. See wood anatomy, cambiumCamponotus, 71, 73, 74Camptodiplosis auriculariae, 181cankers, 150canopy fungi, 166, 204Carabidae, 76, 357Carphoborus, 118Carpinus, 375, 386Carpophilus, 153Carya, 104, 118Castor canadensis, 263Castor fiber, 263Castoroides ohioensis, 263cavities

associated species, 46, 58, 67, 73, 155, 158, 159, 162, 184, 256, 370, 389, 396, 405

availability, 61–62development, 60–61, 154–156hollow tree, 60, 121, 154, 155, 389, 390microclimatic conditions, 157nesting and roosting in, 58–59nests in, 165water-filled, 162wood mould, 154, 157–158

cavity use by mammals, 66–69cavity-nesting birds, 62–66, 314, 324, 325Cecidomyiidae, 167, 173, 181, 235cellulose, 11Cephalozia, 77Cerambycidae, 26, 71, 154, 167, 199, 202,

216, 410evolution, 240, 245habitat preferences, 360, 387species diversity, 273substrates, 105, 153, 167, 187

Cerambycomima, 245

Cerambyx cerdo, 118, 381Cerambyx scopolii, 202Ceratocystiopsis, 139Ceratocystis, 131, 139, 207, 226Ceratocystis platani, 395Ceratopogonidae, 164Cerotelion, 45Ceruchus chrysomelinus, 360Cetoniinae, 153, 158Chaenotheca, 79Chaenotheca ferruginea, 80Chaenothecopsis fennica, 119Chaetoderma luna, 119Chaetosphaeria myriocarpa, 34Chalara fraxinea, 395, 409Cheyletidae, 173Chilopoda, 158Chironomidae, 26, 28, 164, 210, 211, 244Chiroptera, 67Cholevinae, 74, 76Choristoneura fumiferana, 283, 289Christiansenia pallida, 52Chrysidae, 73, 74Chrysura radians, 74Chyromyidae, 76Cicadidae, 151Ciidae, 43, 170, 174, 175–177Cis bidentatus, 175Cis bilamellatus, 176Cis boleti, 176, 177Cis hispidus, 177Cis jaquemarti, 170, 178Cis nitidus, 176Cis punctulatus, 170Cis quadridens, 342Cistella hymeniophila, 54Cixidia confinis, 181Cladonia, 79Cleridae, 47Climacocystis borealis, 185climate

change, 407–408Clytus arietis, 202Cochliodon, 264cohort dynamics, 315Coleoptera

evolution, 232species diversity, 86, 106, 105, 256substrates, 157, 158, 169, 174, 179, 189,

203Collembola, 157, 167, 179, 259




498 • Index

colonization, 155, 168, 178, 188, 298, 343rate, 352, 367

Columnocystis abietina, 347Colydiidae, 46, 182competition, 65, 78, 277, 291–292, 339,

340self-thinning, 291

coniferous trees associated species, 84chemical and physical properties, 11, 12,

60, 96, 117, 292evolution, 92, 93, 220species diversity, 91, 92

connectivity, 316conservation, 161conservation management, 331, 352continuity, 353–355continuous-cover dynamics, 280, 286–292Convention on Biological Diversity, 331coppicing, 386Coriolus, 132Cornuvesica, 139Corticeus, 142Corticeus suturalis, 359corticioid fungi, 2

species diversity, 85substrates, 166

Corylus, 222, 375, 386Cossidae, 151, 240Cossonus, 163Cossus, 40Cossus cossus, 245Crepidoderus mutilatus, 389Crepidotus, 132Criorhina berberina, 209Crustacea, 165, 210, 213Cryphonectria [=Endothia] parasitica, 409Cryptarcha, 153Cryptocerus, 25, 238, 244Cryptophagidae, 74, 170, 174, 181, 182Cryptophagus corticinus, 181Cryptophagus micaceus, 74Ctenophora ornata, 162Cucujidae, 182Cucujus, 143Cucujus cinnaberinus, 359, 360Culicidae, 164cultural environments. See cultural

habitatscultural habitats, 161

alley, 390avenue, 390

hedgerow, 387parks, 154, 388–390threats, 393–396types, 380–382

Cupedidae, 244Curculionidae, 244Curtimorda maculosa, 170Cycadophyta, 87Cylindrosella, 173Cylister, 142Cyllodes ater, 180, 181Cyphelium pinicola, 119Cytospora, 116

Dacrymyces, 32, 133, 228Dacrymyces stillatus, 117Dactylopsila trivirgata, 263Daldinia, 33, 133Daldinia concentrica, 182Daldinia loculata, 115, 181, 182Dasyhelea, 165Daubentonia madagascariensis, 263dead wood

continuity, 307, 353diversity, 281, 299–301dynamics, 307, 327quality, 306–307spatial distribution, 286, 298, 299volume, 279, 293, 295–298, 302–306,

327decay rate, 200, 215, 296, 297

decay rate constant, 125, 296, 297decay resistance, 214, 215decay stages, 126–128decay succession, 168deciduous trees. See broadleaved treesdecomposition pathways, 121–122defoliators, 111, 283deforestation, 362Dendrocopos leucotus, 360, 369Dendroctonus, 284Dendroctonus brevicomis, 117Dendroctonus frontalis, 100, 117, 138, 141, 284Dendroctonus mexicanus, 284Dendroctonus micans, 136, 285Dendroctonus ponderosae, 100, 117, 140, 284Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, 112Dendroctonus rufipennis, 112, 285Dendroides, 143Dendrolimus sibiricus, 283Dendrophagus, 143Dermestes palmi, 74




Index • 499

Dermestidae, 73, 74, 75desiccation, 166, 185, 205detritivores, 35–41, 75, 158, 162, 164, 167,

169, 180evolution, 243inner bark consumers, 38, 143sap feeders, 37wood and fungus feeders, 40wood consumers, 39, 202, 211

diameter preferences of fungi, 185–186of invertebrates, 186–188

diameter, effects on species composition, 191species richness, 190, 193trunk properties, 184

Diaperis boleti, 170Diaporthales, 166Dicerca alni, 359Dichomitus squalens, 197Dicranum flagellare, 344Diplomitoporus lindbladi, 170Dipoides, 263Diptera

evolution, 234species diversity, 257substrates, 75, 153, 157, 158, 162, 169,

180, 189Dipteryx, 66Dipteryx micrantha, 66dispersal, 176

ability, 155, 159, 287, 341–343, 345, 350, 353

distance, 342, 343, 351rate, 190spore number, 345spore size, 342trade-off, 341vector, 344

disturbance beaver, 294drought, 290fire. See firefungi, 289–290insect, 289large-scale, 278, 285natural, 278regime, 315–316, 321, 353snow, 290stand-replacing, 286, 353wind, 281–282, 288

Dolichopodidae, 47, 153

Dorcatoma, 163, 172, 174, 175, 177–178Dorcatoma punctulata, 170Dorcatoma robusta, 170, 178Dreposcia umbrina, 76driftwood, 212Drosophila, 38, 241Drosophilidae, 153, 181drought, 216Dryocopus martius, 64, 66Dryocopus pileatus, 65, 66Dutch elm disease, 395

ecosystem change, 407function, 403services, 406

Ectemnius cavifrons, 72Ectemnius cephalotes nest, 71edge effects, 321Elater, 158Elater ferrugineus, 158, 163, 358, 369, 396Elateridae, 46, 47, 48, 358

evolution, 233substrates, 158, 163

Eledona agaricola, 170elm. See UlmusEndomychidae, 174Endophragmitella, 34energy wood harvesting. See bioenergyEnterobacter, 152Entomocorticium, 140enzymes

cellulose degradation, 14function, 13hemicellulose degradation, 15laccase, 16, 242lignin degradation, 15, 97lignin peroxidase, 15, 228, 241, 243wood-degrading, 197

Eocatops lapponicus, 74Epirrita autumnata, 283Episphaeria fraxinicola, 205epixylic. See also Bryophyta, lichensepixylic species, 6, 76, 182Erethizontidae, 67Ernobius explanatus, 118Ernobius nigrinus, 203Erotylidae, 43, 174, 180, 181establishment, 343–345eucalypt forests, 281Eucalyptus, 61Eucalyptus marginata, 62




500 • Index

Eucalyptus obliqua, 156Eucinetidae, 182Eucnemidae, 154, 357, 358Eucnemis capucina, 389Eumenidae, 70Euperipatoides rowelli, 199Euryusa coarctata, 74Eustalomyia, 73Eutriplax, 180Eutypa maura, 205Exidia, 132Exidia pithya, 112Exidia saccharina, 112Exocentrus, 167extinction

debt, 352, 369–371rate, 352, 406risk, 351threshold, 160, 352, 367–369

Fagus, 159, 210, 222, 375, 396Fagus sylvatica, 135, 155, 189Fannia, 164Fanniidae, 43, 76fibre saturation point, 198fire, 216, 276, 278–281, 287–288, 311

area burned, 280canopy, 279climatic conditions, 280ground, 279, 287hazards, 336regime, 278–281resistance, 288severity, 279, 280, 287size, 279wood consumption, 325

fire-associated species, 114, 115, 197, 198, 203, 285, 288, 324, 325, 341, 343, 357

firewood, 336, 396, 407fishes. See saproxylic, fishesFistulina hepatica, 103, 130fluvial processes, 276Fomes fomentarius, 18, 19, 131, 143, 170,

174, 176, 178, 341Fomitopsis cajanderi, 133Fomitopsis officinalis, 404Fomitopsis pinicola, 3, 21, 41, 133, 140, 143,

169, 170, 173, 174, 176, 214, 215, 342, 347

Fomitopsis rosea, 174, 185, 214, 215, 342, 345, 347

food web, 29

forest certification, 332–333, 335forest fire. See fireforest governance, 336forest health, 304, 335forest management, 215, 363

clear-cutting, 310–311, 315, 363continuous-cover forestry, 308, 310, 316economy, 309, 332, 333, 403monocultures, 306plantations, 314, 406regime, 308–314rotation times, 305salvage logging, 313, 314selective logging, 303, 310sustainable, 314, 321whole-tree harvesting, 311, 313

forest reserves, 319, 405Formica lemani, 74Formicidae, 70, 74, 153fragmentation, 160, 352

sensitivity, 342Fraxinus, 68, 375, 386Fraxinus excelsior, 155, 395freezing tolerance, 195–196freshwater fungi, 164, 211freshwater invertebrates, 28, 164, 211–212fruiting bodies

as a microhabitat, 168associated species, 170, 181, 182nitrogen content, 169of agarics, 180of annual polypores, 180of ascomycetes, 182of myxomycetes, 182of perennial polypores, 172–174, 179production, 190successional development, 172, 179surveys, 378

Funalia trogii, 170functional diversity, 409fungicolous fungi, 54fungivores, 41, 75, 143, 167, 168–182, 259

ambrosia feeders, 45fruiting-body feeders, 169, 174mycelium feeders, 169spore feeders, 169, 173, 174

Galerina, 133Ganoderma, 43, 155, 168Ganoderma applanatum, 20, 181Ganoderma lipsiense, 44, 155gap dynamics, 286, 288, 315, 353




Index • 501

gaseous regime, 200Ginkgo biloba, 92girdling, 322Globicornis marginata, 73Gloeophyllum carbonarium, 115Gloeophyllum odoratum, 113, 181Gloeophyllum protractum, 119, 197Gloeophyllum sepiarium, 113, 170, 204, 347Gloeophyllum trabeum, 215Gnathoncus, 76Gnorimus, 158goat willow. See Salix capreaGondwanamyces, 139Grammopterus, 167Graphium, 139Green-tree retention, 324. See tree

retentionGrifola frondosa, 103, 404Grosmannia, 139growth optima, 196gut symbionts

bacteria, 26, 125, 264evolution, 243ingested fungal enzymes, 27, 40, 41protozoa, 25yeasts, 26

Gyrophaena, 43, 173Gyrophaena boleti, 173

habitat dynamics, 349habitat loss, 406habitat suitability models, 329Hammerschmidtia ferruginea, 37, 378Haploglossa, 76Harminius undulatus, 329heart-rot fungi, 60, 103, 130, 155, 186,

289heartwood. See wood anatomy, heartwoodHeleomyzidae, 76hemicellulose, 11Hemiptera, 2, 45, 151, 181, 259Hemitrichia calyculata, 255hermit beetle. See Osmoderma eremitaHeterobasidion, 113, 168, 209, 290Heterobasidion annosum, 20, 130, 140,

206, 335Heterohyus nanus, 264hibernation in dead wood, 69, 76high stumps, 318Hippoboscidae, 75Hirtodrosophila lundstroemi, 181Hirtodrosophila trivittata, 181

Histeridae, 47, 76, 153Hohenbuhelia, 48hole-nesting birds. See cavity-nesting birdshollow tree. See cavityHolopsis, 43Homoptera, 181honey bee. See Apis melliferaHoplocephalus bungaroides, 69horse chestnut. See Aesculus hippocastanumhoverflies. See Syrphidaehumidity. See moistureHylastes, 209Hylecoetus dermestoides, 45Hylobius, 209Hylochares, 42Hylotrupes bajulus, 216, 346Hylurgopinus rufipes, 395Hymenochaetaceae, 166Hymenochaete rubiginosa, 102Hymenochaete ulmi, 130Hymenoptera, 50, 70, 74

evolution, 235nesting in dead wood, 73species diversity, 142, 258substrates, 157

hyperparasitoids, 49, 52Hyphoderma, 48Hyphodontia, 133Hypholoma, 54, 155Hypholoma fasciculare, 53, 207Hyphomycetes, 164Hypocenomyce, 343Hypocenomyce anthracophila, 115Hypocenomyce castaneocinerea, 115Hypoxylon, 33, 116, 117, 225

indicator species, 160indoor fungi, 216inner bark. See wood anatomy, inner barkinner bark consumers. See detritivoresInonotus, 32, 179Inonotus dryadeus, 103Inonotus radiatus, 170insect attacks, 216Ipidia binotata, 359Ips acuminatus, 39, 137, 285Ips cembrae, 285Ips sexdentatus, 39, 285Ips subelongatus, 285Ips typographus, 35, 100, 112, 117, 132, 136,

138, 285, 314, 335, 346associated species, 52




502 • Index

Ischnoderma resinosum, 186Ischnodes, 158Ischnodes sanguinicollis, 163Isopoda, 158Isoptera, 2, 25, 73, 217, 244, 261–262

associated species, 45cavity production by, 64evolution, 238habitat preferences, 60nesting in dead wood, 70species diversity, 261

Isorhipis marmottani, 358Isorhipis melasoides, 357

Jahnulales, 211jewel beetles. See Buprestidae

kairomones, 343kelo trees, 118Keroplatidae, 43Keroplatus, 45, 173Klebsiella, 152kleptoparasites, 73Kuehneromyces mutabilis, 181

Lachnellula subtilissima, 3Lacon conspersus, 359Laemophloeus, 143Laemophloeus muticus, 359Laetiporus sulphureus, 21, 130, 155, 158,

170, 179, 180, 404Lamia textor, 209Lamiinae, 167landscape scale, 276, 290, 299, 329, 330,

350, 352, 353Languridae, 73Larca lata, 256Larix, 92, 283Lasius brunneus, 74Lasius fuliginosus, 74latent fungal community, 167, 347Lathridiidae, 174, 182Laurilia sulcata, 185Leiodidae, 174, 181, 182Leiopus, 167Leiopus nebulosus, 203lemurs, 67, 263Lentinula edodes, 404Lenzites betulinus, 53, 132Lepidoptera, 2, 74, 151, 181, 245, 259Lepidozia reptans, 77Leptodontium, 34

Leptographium, 131, 139, 207Leptura revestita, 154Leptura thoracica, 359Lestremiinae, 173Letharia, 81lichens, 79–81, 251, 253, 372life-boating, 316, 322life-history strategies, 104, 339, 340

age of first reproduction, 345–348asexual diaspores, 146, 343

lifespan, 348lignin, 21, 32, 96, 132, 213, 218, 242, 404,

See enzymes, lignin degradation 12, 13lime. See TiliaLimnoria, 213Limoniidae, 211Limoniscus, 158Limoniscus violaceus, 163Liocola, 158liverworts. See BryophytaLonchaea, 37, 47, 142Lonchaea caucasica, 38Lonchaea corticis, 48Lonchaea fraxina, 38longhorn beetles. See CerambycidaeLophozia, 77Lordithon, 173Lordithon trimaculatus, 181Loricariidae, 264Lucanidae, 153, 244Lucanus cervus, 4, 209lumen. See wood anatomy, cell lumenLycogala epidendrum, 255Lyctidae, 154Lymexylidae, 246

Macrotermes natalensis, 27Magdalis, 203Magnolia, 222Mallophaga, 75Mallota, 164Malus, 375mangrove forests, 210, 212man-made constructions, 216marine, 210

driftwood, 295fungi, 210, 212invertebrates, 28, 212–213, 260

Marinosphaera mangrovei, 212marsupials, cavity use of, 67Mauritia, 66Medetera, 47, 142




Index • 503

Medetera apicalis, 342medicine, 404Megachilidae, 70, 72, 74Megacollybia, 180Megatoma undata, 73Melandrya dubia, 170Melandryidae, 170Melanophila acuminata, 114, 341Melyridae, 167Mesopolobus typographi, 52metapopulation, 160

capacity, 329dynamics, 348–353habitat-tracking, 160, 348, 349, 351mainland-island, 160model, 329–330patch-tracking, 348, 349, 351

Metriacnemus cavicola, 165microclimate, 166, 199Micrococcus luteus, 141microhabitats, 150, 151Milichia ludens, 74Milichidae, 74mites. See Acarimoisture, 123, 184, 197–199molluscs, 76Molorchus minor, 115monitoring, 330Monochamus, 138, 260Monochamus urussovii, 360Mordellidae, 170Morpholycus, 39mortality

natural background rates, 278pattern, 291, 292rate, 276–278, 291, 292, 296single tree, 286

mortality factors, 110–121, 276–278competition, 115cutting, 113drought, 115fire, 64, 113, 114other mortality factors, 119wind, 112

morticulture, 326–327Morus alba, 99mosses. See BryophytaMuscidae, 47, 164Myathropa florea, 164, 165mycelial cords, 207, 216, 290Mycena, 133Mycena corticola, 130

Mycetobiidae, 153Mycetochara, 158Mycetophagus fulvicollis, 359Mycetophagus quadripustulatus, 359Mycetophila finlandica, 181Mycetophilidae, 43, 173, 181, 182, 235,

372mycoparasites. See parasites, mycoparasitesmycorrhiza fungi, 53, 134Myolepta, 164Myotis californicus, 68Myotis sodalis, 68myxomycetes, 174, 181, 254

Nanacridae, 173Nanosella, 173Nanosellinae, 43, 173natural forests, 286, 297, 299, 320naturalness, 301nature conservation evaluation, 379Neatus picipes, 158Nectria cinabarina, 205Nemadus colonoides, 76Nematoda, 4, 48, 259

substrates, 158Nemosoma, 142Neopachygaster, 46Neossus nidicola, 76nests of insects

associated species, 75nests of vertebrates

associated species, 76niches, 300Niditinea truncicolella, 74Nitidulidae, 153, 174, 180, 181Nitschkia cupularis, 205Noctuidae, 153Nosodendridae, 153Nothofagus, 297, 298Notocupoides triassicus, 234Nycteribiidae, 75Nymphalidae, 153

oak. See Quercusoak dieback. See PhytophthoraObrium brunneum, 115Octotemnus, 177Octotemnus glabriculus, 175, 176Odiniidae, 47Odonata, 165Odonticium romellii, 119old-growth forest, 66, 174, 276, 360




504 • Index

Oligoporus, 179Omalus auratus, 74Omalus puncticollis, 74Onychophora, 199, 262Oomycetes, 150Ophiostoma, 131, 139, 226Ophiostoma canum, 137Ophiostoma minus, 141Ophiostoma nova-ulmi, 131, 395Ophiostoma ulmi, 131, 395, 409Opiliones, 158Oplocephala haemorrhoidalis, 341opossums, 67option value, 405Orbilia, 48, 224Orchesia fasciata, 359Orussidae, 237Oryctes nasicornis, 26Osmia leaiana, 74Osmoderma barnabita, 161Osmoderma cristinae, 161Osmoderma eremita, 158, 159–161, 163, 195,

196, 341, 369, 381, 396Osmoderma lassallei, 161Ostracoda, 213

Pachnocybe ferruginea, 227Pachygaster, 46Pachyta lamed, 209Pallopteridae, 47Panaque, 264Pandivirilia melaleuca, 162Panellus, 132Pantophthalmidae, 235Paranopleta inhabilis, 181parasites, 49

mycoparasites, 52parasitoids, 49, 50, 56, 75, 142,

153, 157parks. See cultural habitatsParus, 62Passalidae, 26, 244Passaloecus, 74pasture woodland, 385–386, 388Paxillus involutus, 53Peltis grossa, 41, 143, 170, 357Pemphredo, 74Peniophora, 52, 132, 140Peniophora quercina, 205Pentaphyllus testaceus, 170Perilampus, 52Periplaneta americana, 26

pest outbreaks, 335, 409Phaenops formanecki, 341Phallus impudicus, 207Phanerochaete, 133Phanerochaete chrysosporium, 15, 18, 96Phanerochaete cremea, 52Phanerochaete raduloides, 115Phanerochaete velutina, 132, 207, 208Phaonia, 164Phellinites digiustoi, 228Phellinus, 32Phellinus chrysoloma, 103, 130, 288, 289,

347Phellinus conchatus, 170, 173Phellinus contiguus, 205Phellinus ferrugineofuscus, 347Phellinus igniarius, 143Phellinus nigrolimitatus, 185, 347, 354Phellinus pini, 19, 20, 64, 103, 130Phellinus pomaceus, 103Phellinus tremulae, 65, 103Phellinus viticola, 347Phellinus weirii, 290phenolic compounds, 98, 99, 107, 214

polyphenolic parenchyma cells, 99pheromones, 159, 178, 284, 343Phlebia, 133Phlebia centrifuga, 185, 215, 342, 345, 347Phlebia radiata, 132Phlebia rufa, 132Phlebia tremellosa, 3Phlebiella vaga, 133Phlebiopsis gigantea, 113, 140Phloem. See wood anatomy, inner barkPhloeonomus, 142Phloeophagus, 163Phloeotribus spinulosus, 115Pholadidae, 26Pholiota, 32, 133, 155Phoridae, 43Phryganophilus ruficollis, 170Physarum polycephalum, 255Physisporinus rivulosus, 404Phytophthora, 150, 395Picea, 130, 283, 288

associated species, 78, 185, 375Picea abies, 78, 100, 129, 134, 136, 148,

204, 214, 347Picea glauca, 215Picidae, 62, 64, 325, 369Picoides borealis, 64Picoides tridactylus, 369




Index • 505

Piloderma fallax, 134Pinus, 53, 100, 103, 104, 132, 288

associated species, 187, 375life-history strategy, 118

Pinus contorta, 284Pinus echinata, 284Pinus jeffreyi, 281Pinus radiata, 344Pinus sibirica, 283Pinus sylvestris, 118, 204Pinus taeda, 284Piptoporus betulinus, 21, 54, 131, 170,

179, 180Piptoporus quercinus, 103Pissodes, 138Pityogenes bidentatus, 203Pityogenes chalcographus, 113Pityogenes quadridens, 113Pityophthorus, 167Placusa, 142Plagionotus arcuatus, 202Plagionotus detritus, 360Platanus orientalis, 395Platydema violacea, 181Platynus mannerheimii, 359Platypezidae, 43, 181Platyrhinus resinosus, 181, 359Platysoma, 142Platysoma deplanatum, 359Plegaderus, 142Pleurotus, 16, 20, 32, 48, 180,

181, 404Pleurotus ostreatus, 3, 404Pluteus, 133, 180Poecile, 62Poecilium, 167Pogonochaerus, 167pollarding, 385, 386, 387Polygraphus poligraphus, 289Polygraphus subopacus, 115polypores

annual, 169, 378associated species, 181definition, 2perennial, 169, 378species diversity, 84, 273substrates, 186

Polyporus, 179Polyporus betulinus, 175Polyporus squamosus, 155, 180, 181population

dynamics, 348

growth, 159, 346turnover, 350, 351

Populus, 37, 103, 104, 118, 132, 222, 375Populus tremula, 64Populus tremuloides, 64, 99Porophila, 173Porricondylinae, 173Postia, 179Postia lateritia, 119predators, 46, 71, 75, 142, 153, 158, 162,

163, 164facultative predators, 47predatory fungi, 48

primary cavity nesters, 58, 62primary parasitic fungi, 289primeval forest. See ancient forestPrionocyphon serricorne, 165Prionus coriarius, 209Prionychus, 158Procraerus tibialis, 163, 396Prostomidae, 357Prostomis mandibularis, 357Protocalliphora, 76Prunus, 103, 222Psathyrella, 133Pselaphidae, 158Pselaphys spadix, 213Pseudocistela, 158Pseudoscorpionida, 2, 158, 256Pseudotomentella, 134Pseudotsuga, 289, 292, 297Pseudotsuga menziesii, 68, 200Psocoptera, 179Pteryngium crenatum, 170Ptilidium pulcherrimum, 346Ptiliidae, 170, 173Ptinidae, 76public awareness, 335–336Pycnomerus terebrans, 357Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, 204Pyrochroa, 39, 48, 143Pytho, 39, 143Pytho kolwensis, 354, 359, 361

Quercus, 102, 103, 104, 118, 120, 151, 205, 222, 375, 395

associated species, 130, 152, 155, 159, 375

chemical and physical properties, 61, 154, 158

Quercus acutissima, 152Quercus robur, 61, 192




506 • Index

r- and K-selection strategies, 338Ramichloridium, 34Raphidioptera, 2, 47, 239, 259red-listed species. See threatened saproxy-

lic species321reduced impact logging, 310remnant dead wood, 303, 316, 318reptiles, use of dead wood, 69residual wood decayers. See wood-decay-

ing fungiresilience, 403resin, 97, 99, 102, 103, 107, 131

defence, 100, 284differences between coniferous trees,

100production, 216

restoration, 322–325Resupinatus, 133Rhinocladiella, 34rhizomorphs, 206Rhizophagidae, 47, 174Rhizophagus, 142Rhyncolus, 163Rhysodes sulcatus, 357, 358Rhysodidae, 357Rhyssa persuasoria, 51, 237Rigidoporus ulmarius, 103riparian forests, 294river morphology, 293Rodentia, 67rodents, cavity use of, 67roots

associated species, 168, 207, 209Ropalopus, 167rot position in tree

butt rot, 18, 155heart rot, 18, 184, 207, 292root rot, 18, 206–207top rot, 18, 155

rot types. See brown rot, white rot, soft rot

rot holes, 156ruderal area, wooded, 393ruderal species, 339, 346

Sacium pusillum, 359salamanders, 69, 260Salix, 222Salix caprea, 173, 393Salpingidae, 167, 182salvage logging, 363. See forest

management

sap exudation, 37, 153associated species, 152, 153causes, 151, 152

sap feeders. See detritivoressap run. See sap exudationsaprophages. See detritivoressaproxylic, 6

definition, 6dinosaurs, 264facultative, 241, 249, 253fishes, 264global species diversity, 274obligate, 106, 241, 244obligate, definition, 249species diversity hypotheses, 107, 109,

269saproxylic food web, 29, 54, 56, 409sapwood. See wood anatomy, sapwoodSavoryella lignicola, 212Scapania, 77Scarabaeidae, 26, 158, 233scavengers, 45, 75, 164Schizotus, 143Sciophila, 173Scirtidae, 164Sciuridae, 67Scolytinae, 38, 71, 138–141, 284, 314, 335

aggressive bark beetles, 35, 100, 136evolution, 240, 245non-aggressive bark beetles, 136species diversity, 273substrates, 105, 167, 186

Scolytus multistriatus, 395Scolytus ratzeburgi, 36Scolytus rugulosus, 137Scolytus scolytus, 395Scydmaenidae, 158Scydmaenus perrisi, 74secondary cavity nesters, 62, 65secondary cavity users, 58secondary substances, 213, 215, 216Semanotus bifasciatus, 199senescence, 117Sequoia, 104, 288Sericoda bogemanni, 357Serpula lacrymans, 198, 216Sesia melanocephala, 154Sesiidae, 154, 240, 245shipworms. See TeredinidaeSiphonaptera, 75Sirex, 344Sirex cyaneus, 27




Index • 507

Siricidae, 27, 41, 51, 236, 237, 244, 258

Sistotrema brinkmanni, 132Sitta, 62Skeletocutis odora, 185slime flux. See sap exudationslime moulds. See myxomycetessmall-scale disturbance, 289snags, 314, 318snakeflies. See Raphidiopterasoft rot, 19, 21–23soft-rot fungi, 21, 28, 200soil resources, 207, 208Solva, 143Sorbus, 222, 375Sordariomycetes, 166

evolution, 225–226species diversity, 225

Soronia, 153source–sink dynamics, 348, 349, 352species diversity, 300species–area relationship, 188, 367Sphaeritidae, 153Sphaeropsis, 116Sphecidae, 70, 71, 74Sphindidae, 182spiders. See Araneastag beetles. See LucanidaeStagetus borealis, 357staining fungi, 31, 39, 131, 145, 207

blue-stain fungi, 31, 139–140, 284evolution, 226, 246

stand development, 276stand development models, 327–329stand productivity, 296Staphylinidae, 74, 76, 153, 173, 181Steganosporium acerinum, 205stem-exclusion stage, 276Stemonitis, 255Stereaceae, 166Stereum, 41, 132Stereum gausapatum, 103Stereum hirsutum, 44, 52Stereum rameale, 205Stereum sanguinolentum, 52, 347sterols, 214Stictis, 79storm. See windthrowStratiomyidae, 235stress-tolerant species, 339Stropharia caerulea, 208structural enrichment, 316

structural wood decayers. See wood-decaying fungi

stump harvest, 312subfossil beetles, 357subterranean, 53, 135

fungi, 206, 207invertebrates, 209, 217

succession, 279, 285pathways, 285species, 339stages, 276, 278, 299, 303

sugar fermentation, 16, 153sugar fungi, 31Suillus variegatus, 53Sulcacis affinis, 177Sulcacis bidentulus, 170sun exposure, 159, 201–203

canopy, 202fungi, 204invertebrates, 201, 310

supercooled condition, 195, 196surveys of saproxylic species, 379, 398sycamore. See Acer platanoidesSylvacoleus sharovi, 234Sylvicola, 256Synanthedon myopaeformis, 154Syrphidae, 71, 209, 244

substrates, 153, 162, 164Systenus, 162

Trametes socotrana, 196tannins, 102Tarsonemus, 141Temnostoma, 144, 244temperature, 184, 195–197

lethal, 195, 197Tenebrio obscurus, 158Tenebrio opacus, 369, 391Tenebrionidae, 158, 170, 174, 181Tenomerga mucida, 234Teredinidae, 39, 212, 213, 260termites, 28. See IsopteraTermitomyces, 45Termopsitidae, 73terpenes, 98Tetraphis pellucida, 344Tetratoma fungorum, 170Tetropium, 289Thanasimus, 142Thanasimus formicarius, 44Thereva nobilitata, 162Therevidae, 162




508 • Index

Thiasophila inquilina, 74Thiasophila wockii, 74threatened saproxylic species, 356

assessing threat status, 372ecological traits, 376habitat requirements, 376IUCN criteria, 372–374regionally extinct species, 362

Thysanoptera, 2, 45, 167, 259Tilia, 155, 159, 375Tineidae, 43, 74, 76, 174, 240Tipulidae, 26, 162, 244Tomentella, 134Tomentella crinalis, 134Tomentellopsis submollis, 134Tomicobia seitneri, 52Tomicus minor, 137Tomicus piniperda, 137Tortricidae, 181Tragosoma depsarium, 187Trametes, 113, 132, 180Trametes cervina, 196Trametes cingulata, 196Trametes gibbosa, 53Trametes ochracea, 53Trametes versicolor, 18, 53, 175, 177, 215transition stage, 276Trechispora hymenocystis, 133tree

development, 184establishment stage, 276growth rate, 213–214senescence, 292

tree defence, 97wound repair, 97

tree growth rate, 184tree retention, 310, 316–319Tremella aurantia, 44, 52Tremella encephala, 52Tremella mesentrica, 52Tremellales, 181Trichaptum, 18, 20, 32, 112, 180Trichaptum abietinum, 170, 347Trichaptum fuscoviolaceum, 170Trichoderma, 140Trichoptera, 211Triplax, 180Triplax aenea, 181Triplax rufipes, 181Triplax russica, 42Trogossitidae, 170, 357

tropical forests, 20, 28, 60, 61, 62, 67, 109, 165, 196, 217, 239, 261, 272, 278, 288, 290, 295, 297, 298, 304, 310, 406, 410

Tropideres dorsalis, 359Trypodendron domesticum, 36Trypophloeus, 167Tsuga, 97, 289, 292, 297Tubulicrinis, 133Tylospora fibrillosa, 34

Ulmus, 68, 103, 155, 222, 375, 395Uloma culinaris, 158umbrella species, 160Upis ceramboides, 359urban forest, 392–393, 400Urocerus gigas, 4, 237

Velleius dilatatus, 74velvet worms. See OnychophoraVespa, 73Vespa crabro, 74Vespidae, 70, 73, 74, 153veteran tree, 390–392, 395

management, 400surveys, 397

volatile compounds, 343Volucella inflata, 4Vuilleminia comedens, 205

water stress. See mortality factors, droughtwetwood syndrome, 152white rot, 18–20, 215

evolution, 241white-rot fungi, 18, 28wind throw, 276, 278, 282, 288wood anatomy, 10

cambium, 37, 38, 92, 93, 153, 206, 288cell lumen, 13cork cambium, 98heartwood, 37, 103, 168, 184inner bark, 37, 99, 168, 243middle lamella, 13outer bark, 98, 168, 183primary cell wall, 12sapwood, 37, 101, 168secondary cell wall, 12

wood-boring species, 39. See detritivoreswood density, 184, 213, 214–215wood in soil, 206, 210wood in water, 210–213, 292–293




Index • 509

wood mould. See cavities, wood mouldwood pasture, 383. See

pasture woodlandwood-decaying fungi

residual wood decayers, 33–35, 133residual wood decayers (definition), 33structural wood decayers, 32–33, 54,

133structural wood decayers (definition),

32wooded meadow, 387woodland key habitats, 321woodpeckers. See Picidaewoodwasps. See Siricidaewoody material

definition, 6wounds, 121, 131, 150, 152, 153, 155

Xerocomus, 133Xiphydria prolongata, 393Xiphydriidae, 236Xorides stigmapterus, 44Xylaria, 33, 133, 225Xylaria hypoxylon, 3Xylariales, 166Xyleborus, 45Xylechinus pilosus, 115Xylita livida, 170

xylobiont, 5Xylobolus frustulatus, 20Xylocopidae, 70Xylomya maculata, 162xylomycetophagous, 40. See detrivoresXylomyidae, 162, 235Xylophaga, 26, 213Xylophagidae, 47, 235xylophagous, 39. See detritivoresXylophagus, 143Xylota sylvarum, 210

yeasts, 2as morphological group, 31as taxonomic group, 31evolution, 224, 228gut symbiont, 26sap fermentation, 17species diversity, 147substrates, 152xylan decomposition, 26

Zabrachia, 46Zavaljus brunneus, 73Zilora ferruginea, 359Zopheridae, 357Zoraptera, 2, 239, 262Zyras funestus, 74




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