Company Index

Dipl.-Ing. Wolfgang Barth

Dr. Hans Wienhoit

Dipl-Ing. Dipl.-Wirtseh.-Ing. August Achleitner

Dipl.-lng. Wolfgang Baierl Dr. Werner Poechrnuller Dipl.-Ing. Stephan Rehiich

Dipl-Ing. Gerald Spreitz

Dr, WolfgangPfaff Dr.-Ing. Michael Walther

Dr. Wolfgang Strauss

Dipl-Ing. Herwig Leinfellner Ing. Karl Friedrich

Dipt-Ing. Hetibert Lanzer

Dr. Burkhard Leie Dr. Heinz Mankau Dr. Karl-Heinz Neumann Dr. Hans-Joachim Oberg

Dr. Klaus-Peter Schindler

Dipl-Ing. Winfried Bunsmann Dr. Werner Gausmann Dr. Peter Kalinke Siegfried Lieber

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ulrich Seiffert

Dr.Peter Kopf

Dr. Gerhard Wagner

Keyword Index

A-arm. 446, 448 Abbreviated injury Scale (A1S), 367,

3681 ABC (active body control), 459, 459/ ABO (automatic brake differential).

256,257,257/ Abdomen Performance Criterion

(APF), 369, 370/ ABS (antilock brake system),

256-257,2581; 267,414,414[, 415f, 415-417, 416f, 417j, 4"

AC (alternating current), 521 AC inverters, 104 AC motors, 103, 105/ ACC (adaptive cruise control), 262[,

262-263,263[,407 Acceleration, 37, 12K,24l Acceleration drag, 216 Acceleration resistance, 35 Acceleration sensor, 413 Acceleration slip regulation (ASR),

257 Acceleration switch, 413 Accelerometer G sensor, 413 Accident prevention innovations, 365f Accident statistics, 365, 366j, 367/ Aceidenrs, 5, 5f Accumulator injection system, J9J,

191/ ACE (active cornering enhancement),

459-460,460/ ArEA (Association des Constructeurs

Europeensd'Automobiles), 13 ACEA Fuel Charter, 201-202 Acetylene, 183 Acetylenegas, 501 Ackermann angle, 38 Ackermanncondition, 439. 465/ Ackermann function, 466, 467f Acoustic design, 136 Acoustic qnalificarion, 61-77 Acoustic simulation, 591 Acoustic target, 58--{>1, 59}: 60/ Acoustic testing, 6!HS9, 69, 71-73 Acoustics, 58-77 Activated charcoal filters, 357, 359 Aetive body control (ABC), 459, 459f Active boosters, 407, 419 Active cornering enhancement (ACE),

459-460,460/ Active front-wheel steering, 476---480 Active Hydro-Moe, 562-563, 563f Active parking brake, 42J Active tear-wheel steering, 479[, 480[,

480-482, 481/ Active springs, 458-459 Active stabilizers, 458-460 Active steering systems, 391, 476---482 Active wheel speed sensors, 412[,

412-413 Actuator functions, 329-330 Actuators. 244-245, 511-512,

514-515

ADAC (Allgemeiner Deutscher Automobil Club), 532

Adaptive cruise control (ACC), 262j, ::262-263, 263j, 407

Adaptive FrontlightingSystem (AFS), '10

Adaptronics, 265-266, 267/ Additive energy, 2\J Adhesion, 4.10 Adhesive bonding, 332, 334, 560j,

560---561 Adhesives, 296, 309, 3341 ADI (austemperedductile iron), 545 Adiahatic process, 178 Advancedtechnology partial zero

emissions vehicles (AT-PZFVs). 102

Aeroacoustics, 69-71. 70j, 7V; 283-284, 284f

Aerodynamic coefficients, 40 Aerodynamie drag, ll- [2, 12j, 34{.

35,39-43,45, 97 Aerodynamic lin forces, 393 Aerodynamics, 39/: 39--47,283-284,

284f ' AFS (Adapti \IeFrontlighting System),

510 Aimers,504 Air conditioning, 50, 51[, 53-57, 55/ Air cooling, 149 Air filters, 357, 358f. 359 Air mass flow sensor, l54 Air spring rate, 457 Air springs, 456-457. 456[, 457/ Air suspension, 456 Air-assisted injection, 162-163 Airbags. 29. 376, 377f, 3i8, 379[,

379/,381/ Airflow, 43-47, 51, 52j, i0J, 70---71

interior. 355-357, 356j, 359 Airflow rate, 359, 359f Air-fuel mixture, 139-140, 140f.177 Air/fuel ratio, 140, 140[, 145f, 177,

1MO,199,208,277,277/ Air-guided combustion systems, 155,

158[, 158-160, 159j Air-shrouded fuel injectors, 139 Air-side temperature control, 356-357 AIS (Abbreviated Injury Scale), 367,

368t Alfa Romeo, 168 ALIAS model, J42-343 Aligning moment, 43], 432f Alkaline batteries, 116 Alley lights, 508 Allgemeiner Deutscher Automobil

Club (AOAC), 532 All-wheel drive, 92, 218, 237,

248-264, 250J, 257f, 392, 413, 456,463

Alpha machines, 118 Alpina wheel, 82

Alternating eurrent (AC), 103, 1051, 521

Alternative energy, 29 Alternative fuels, 277[, 278-281,

495-496 Alternator, 521f, 521-523, 522f Alternator excitation, 527 Altitude, 125,246 Aluminium RheinfeldenGmbH, 545.

546 Aluminizing, 557 Aluminum, 403, 539, 542, 557

body construction. 314, 314f, 316J~

320,327[, 541,54V hybrid construction, 305, 306, 308[,

309/ space frames, 292-293, 291(,

294-296, 297f, 299[, Aluminum alloys. 13lr137, 138,

294-295,305,314,310,322, 323[,403, 545-547

Aluminum Association 365.1, 546 Aluminum foam, 323, 32&f,549 AM (amplircde-rnodulated).531 Ammonia, 199 Analog broadcast system, 531-532 Analog signals, 516-517 Angular velocity. 38 Annealing,544f Anodizing. 557 Antennas, 46 Antidive,438 Antifreeze, 48 Anrilock brake system (ABS), 20,

256-257, 258j, 267, 414. 414f, 415f, 415-417, ~16f, 417[, 418

Antiroll bar, 453 Antislip control (ASC). 417--418 Antislip regulation (ASR), 417--418 Anrisway bar, 453 Antitheft device, 25 APF (Abdomen Performance

Criterion), 369, 370( A-pillar, 287-288, 288/, -289, 289J,

302 Apollo space program, lO9 Approach angles, 97 Aramid, 551 Arbeitsgemeinschart der

RundfunkanstalterrDeutsehlands (ARD),532

ARD (Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Rundtunkansreken Deutschlands),532

ARJ (auto radio information), 532 Articulated shafts, 218 Artificial aging, 320 ASAM (Association for

Standardization of Automation and Measuring Systems), 602

ASC (antislip control), 417-418 ASe (automatic stability control),

257,258,258/

620 Keyword Index Keyword Index

Asea Brown Boveri, 212 Axial sleeve spring, 457, 45~r Bonanza effect, 74, 74/ Bu Ib shields. 503 C, ASF~ (Audi spaee frame), 293-299. Axle load, 37, 3~l Bonded joints, 296. 561, 561/ Bulbs, 505-506 C,

294f, 3l0j; 3l9-320, 32l( Bonding, 332, 334, 560j, 560-561 Bulk molding compound (BMC), ASR (acceleration slip regulation). SA (brake assistant), 41 ~f, 419--421 Booming, 46 326-327 C,

257 Backlight. 303 Boost pressure eontrol, 149 Bumper. 286, 290 C, ASR (antishp regulation). 417--418 Backrest, 340 Borgward, 1761 Bundesverkehrsministerium, 605 ASR (automatic stability regulation), Backup lamp, 502, 508, 509 Borg-Warner system, 226 BurmeisterjWain, 1751

4l7-4l8 Bake hardening, 317 Boseh. 176t, 189, 52lj, 534 Bus systems, 517. 527/, 527-.528, C, Assembly line, 99, 289. 290, 291/ Bake hardening steels, 543 Bottom feed injectors, 139 ;2~(, 535, 535J, 536 C, Assembly process. 99, 290, 33V Balance shafts. 61j Bowden cable. 235, 421 Buses. 33, 112-113, 120 Ca Association des Constructeurs Ball joints, 440, 441, 445 Boxer engines, 126. t2~( C!

Europeens d"Automobiles Ballard Power Systems, 109 B-pillar. 288, 289J, 302 C· value, 398. 398J, 399,400,403 (ACEA), l3, 20l-202 Barenyi, Bela, 362 Brake actuation system, 404-409 CA (computer assisted) methodology. C<

Association for Standardization of Barometric pressure, 125 Brake antislip regulation (BASR), 30,30( C< Automation and Measuring Barrier impaet, 372. 372J; 373,37&( 4l7-418 Cabriolels,300 C[ Systems (ASAM), 602 Base statiou controllers. 350, 3501 Brake assistant (BA), 419--421 CAD (computer-assisted design), 86, CI

Aston Martin DB4 QT, 293 Base transceiver stations, 350, 350j Brake boosters, 405--408, 406j 89,95, lOl, 341,383(,384,503 C! Asynchronous motors, 103, 105, BASR (brake antislip regulation), Brake control units, 414-415 CAE (computer-aided engineering), Ce

105t 417--418 Brake disc, 400-40 I. 402 585 Ce ATE power disc, 400-401 Batteries, 105-107, 106t, 116, 116f Brake drums, 399, 399j Caesar, Julius, 5 Ce Atomization models. 200-201 Battery, 523j, 523-525, 524f Brake fluid. 409 California Air Resources Board Ce AT-PZEVs (advanced technology Battery chargers. 107 Brake fluid reservoir, 405 ICARB), l07, 489

pallial zero emissions vehicles), Battery charging, 524 Brake foree distribution, 396-397, California emissions regulations, 10, Ce 102 Battery costs, 106, 106t 397[ 11,102, l84,489 Ce

Attached parts, 289-290 Audi, 12(, 306J, 307J, 448

Battery life, 106, 1061 BBC Brown Boveri, 212

Brake heating, 397 Brake hoses, 408

Calipers. 400, 401--403, 401j, 4021: 403,403[

Ce Ceo

A2,54l Beacon communications, 351 Brake lamps. 509 CAM (computer-aided CF A3,292 Beam axles, 445, 4461, 446J, 446-447 Brake linings, 398, 403--404, 539 manufaeruring), 585 A4, 981,308j; 4621, 490[ Bearings. 120 Brake mean effective pressure (brnep), Cam lift, 133,169 Ch A6, 92J, 566, 567( Belt pressure, 241 l26, l34-l35.l35J, l71[ Cam lobe profile, 133 A8, 294(, 298J, 299J, 326[, 5401 Belts, 153, 153j Brake pads, 400. 403--404 Cam shells, 169 Ch; 10001, 1761 Bend lights, 510 Brake pistons, 400, 403, 403j Cam timing, 133, 168j, 16&-169 Cit Quattro Spyder, 310j Bentley, 80 Brake pressure limiters. 408 Cam-actuated systems, 168-169 Cit TT Roadster Quartro. 10j Beta machines, 118 Brake pressure sensor. 261, 414 Camber angle, 39, 437, 484f Ch, V8, l34(, l5.( Bevel gear differentials. 217 Brake proportioning valve. 408, 408j Camber loss. 444 Chi

Audi EDL (electronic differential Biodiesel,495 Brake rotors, 400 Camshaft. 133, 138, 149, 138, 152, 168 traetion control), 256 Biofidelic Rear Impaet Dummy Brake shoes, 398, 399--400 CAN (eontroller area network), 242, Chi

Audi exhaust system, 321j (BioRIO), 370 Brake slip, 409, 410j, 411J, 415j 243,268[,269, 5l7, 527-530, CH Audi space frame (ASF~), 293-299, Biofuels, 277J; 279 Brake travel sensor, 413 527j; 528(, 529[, 530(, 535

294f, 3l0(, 3l9-320, 321/ Biomcchanies,367-368 Brake tubing, 408 Canada, 508 Ch, Audi V6 TOI engine. 208, 209j BioRIO (Biofidelic Rear Impaet Brake-by-wire, 259--260, 525 Capacitor discharge ignition, 140--141 Cm Audio, 53 t-.534 Dummy),370 Brakes, 394-424 CARE (California Air Resources Cm Austempered ductile iron (ADI), 545 Bitwise arbitration, 528 fuel consumption, 126, 140j Board), 107,489 Cir, Austenite, 317 Hi-xenon systems, 507 system regulations, 20 Carbon, 317 Austria. 36q(, 50g Blaupunkr, 532, 534 systems, 394-396, 395j Carbon dioxide (CO,), 11,25,107, Cir Auto radio information (ARI), 532 Blow molding, 492 testing. 20, 21 t 110,264 CI~

Autobahn. 43 Blower, 355, 356. 359, 3.59j Braking, 255-256. 256J, 430t, diesel engines, 183. 198,206, 206j CitJ Autoigniticn, 123, 177, 181j, 193 BMC (bulk molding compound). 430-43l, 43lj; 443 gas turbines, 119 Ci~ Autoliv, 370 326-327 Braking control, 256-263 Otto-cycle engines, 43, 144, 145 Cia Automatic brake differential (ABO). bmep (brake mean effective pressure). Braking distance, 20, 396j Carbon monoxide (CO), 10,23,24/, Cia

256,257, 257j l26, l34-135, 135[, 171[ Braking force, 391, 392, 3941: 25, l07, llO Cia Automatic clutch actuation, 222-223, BMW, 1761,447(,4791; 495, 496 394--395,4lO( diesel engines, 192, 195, 196, 198, Cia

228, 229j 3-series, 92j. 44&j, 4621, 490J, 495j Braking force coefficient, 409--410, 203[ Automatic stability control (ASC), 5-serics, 98t. 448, 44~f, 449j, 49V 4l0[, 41lJ, 4l5[ gas turbines, 119 Cia

257, 258,258[ 7-serics. 266, 267j Braking phases, 396 Stirling engines, 118 Cia Automatic stability regulation (ASR), Bobillier, 468 Brand image, 80 Cardan jointsZl S Cle

417-4l8 Body. 283-386 Brazing. 558 Camet cycle. II?, 172 Cle Automatic transmission. 215t, 217j, Body design, 40-47, 100 Breakerless scmieonductor ignition, CAS (computer-assisted styling), CW

228-237, 230[ Body materials, 290, 313-330, 539, l4l,14lj 342--343 Automatic transmission fluid (ATF), 54l British Morgan Pierce rivet, 296,296j. CASE (computer aided software CliJ

227-228,233 metal, 314-324 305,3ll/ engineering), 29 Automatically shifted manual nonmetal, 324-330 Broadcast systems, 531-534 Cast iron, 136, 137, 138,539,545 c

transmission, 228. 22Q( smart, 329-330 Brundtland Commission. 606 Caster angle. 439, 4621 eliJ Auto-Union. 540t Body pretreatment, 334-335 Brushless motors, 103, 104 Caster axis, 438j, 439 eli] Auxiliary vessel, 610 Body shell, 285-290. 30Dj, 300-30 I Biichi,Alfred, 175/, t95 Casteroffset, 439, 443---444,4621,463, Availability conversion efficiency, 125 Body stiffness, 290-292, 291J, 301 Bucket tappets, 132J, 133 464( Clu Axial brakes, 400 Body structure, II, 33j Budd, Edward G" 539 Casting, 137. 137j, 322, 323j, 329j, Axial plunger pumps, 186-187 Body vibration, 65---68 Bugatti, 80, 82, 8~1' 539,546, 563-564,584( Clu

621

Bulbshields, 503 Bulbs,505-506 Bulkmolding compound (BMC),

326-327 Bumper, 286, 290 Bundesverkehrsminisrerium, 605 BurmeisterjWain, 1751 Bussystems, 517, 527I, 527-528,

528j, 535,5351: 536 Buses, 33, 112-113, 120

C'" value, 398, 398f, 399, 400, 403 CA(computcr assisted) methodology,

30,30/ Cabriolets, 300 CAD(computer-assisted design), 86,

89,95, 101,341, 383j, 384, 503 CAE(computer-aided engineering),

585 Caesar, Julius, 5 California Air Resources Board

(CARB), 107,489 California emissions regulations, 10,

11, 102, l84,489 Calipers, 400. 401--403, 40lj; 402J,

403,403/ CAM (computer-aided

manufacturing), 585 Cam lift, 133, 169 Cam lobe profile, 133 Cam shells, 169 Cam timing, 133, 168/, 168-169 Cam-actuated systems, 168-169 Camber angle. 39, 437, 484/ Camber loss, 444 Camshaft, 133, 138, 149, 138, 152, 168 CAN (controller area network), 242,

243, 268j, 269, 517, 527-530, 527j, 528j, 529j, 530j, 535

Canada, 508 Capacitor discharge ignition, 140-141 CARB (California Air Resources

Board), 107, 489 Carbon, 317 Carbon dioxide (CO,), 11.25, 107,

110,264 . diesel engines, 183, 198,206, 206j gas turbines, 119 Otto-cycle engines. 43. 144, 145

Carbon monoxide (CO), 10,23, 24t, 25, 107,110

diesel engines, 192, 195, 196, 198. 203/

gas turbines, 119 Stirling engines, 118

Cardan joints, 218 Camet cycle, 117, 172 CAS (computer-assisted styling),

342-343 CASE (computer aided software

engineering), 29 Cast iron, 136, 137, 138,539,545 Caster angle, 439, 4621 Caster axis. 4381.439 Caster offset, 439, 443--444, 462t, 463,

464f Casting, 137, 137j, 322, 323j, 329j,

539, 546,563-564,584f

CAT (computer-aided testing), Catalog of requirements, 83, 88, 283,

283t Catalysts, 145, 198-200 Catalytic converter. 10, 136, 140,

145-147. 146j, 164, 196. 198-200,203/

Cataphoretic dip, 335, 335I, 551 Caulking, 332 Cavity sealing, 336 CBC (cornering brake control, 258,

259, 260j, 417 CC (compact cassette), 531,532 CCA (cold cranking amps), 523 CD (compact disc), 532 CD player, 348 CELIS, 510 Cell phones, 350-351 Center differential, 250, 251 Central link rear suspension, 448j Central valve tandem master cylinder,

404-405,405/ Ceramic valves, 138 Ceramics, 556 Certification marks, 501 Cetane. 202, 202t CFD (computational fluid dynamics),

158, 159j, 359-360 Chalmers University of Technology,

370 Charcoal canisters, 97 Charge motion, 156-157, 158,161 Charge-air coolers, 208 Chassis, 38 Child-restraint systems, 375-376,

376/ Chip tuning, 149 CHMSL (center high mounted stop

lamp), 508 Chopper, 103 Chromium, 334,545,557 Chrysler, 539 Circle of optimum adaptation, 338,

339/ Circumferential force, 399I, 399-400 CISPR,537t Citroen, 476 City cars, 7 Cladding, 97, 309, 310/ Clamped wheel system (CWS), 446 Clamping force. 398, 400, 403 Classic design proeess, 83-85, 84I,

86/ Claw pole alternator, 52 II, 521-523 Clay model, 84j Clear coat, 335 Clearance and sidemarker lamps, 508 Climate control, 45, 51-58, 52J,

353-361, 354{,361j, 519, 519/ Climate control unit, 355I, 355-361,

357/ controls, 360-361, 361j

Climate seats, 340 Clinching, 296, 296j, 3 iz, 320, 559I,

559-560, 560/ Clutch, 210, 219-223, 220I, 223I,

224-225,239 Clutch pressure, 219,245

CNG (eompressed natural gas), 277f 278.281,496,614

CO eonversion rate, 203j Cal budget, 571 Coastdown time, 221 Cockpit assembly, 99j Coded orthogonal frequeney division

multiplexing (COFDM), 533 Coefficient of adhesion, 20 Coextrusion blow molding, 492, 492j COFDM (coded orthogonal frequeney

division multiplexing), 533 Coil ignition, 140 Cold cranking amps (CCA), 523 Cold joints, 296 Cold start, 140 Cold work, 319, 319j, 321/ Cold-start emissions, 1t Collision, 286, 292, 302, 365, 3661,

367j, 382, 389/ Color coat, 335 Color design, 82 Color pigments. 335, 336 Color sensitivity, 501 Combined sliding caliper, 403, 403j Combustion, t43-144, 159j

diesel engine, 179-185, 181/, t82I, 183/

Combustion chamber, 119, 141I, 155, 156,158

diesel engine, 194-195 Combustion chamber recirculation,

166 Combustion engines, 173, 176, 176I,

177,1771 Combustion knock, 144 Combustion simulation, 200-20 I,

2011 Combusiion system, 155-160

diesel engine, 192-196, 196t Comfort models, 593 Commercial transportation, 4 Commercial vehicles, 33 Common envelope strategies, 586 Common rail injection system, 191,

191/ Communications centers, 347 Communications network, 350j Communications systems, 347I,

347-351 Commutator, 103 Compact cassette (CC), 531, 532 Compaet class, 981. 98t Compact disc (CD), 532 Compatibility,380-382 Complex phase steels, 543, 544, 544j Component analysis, 317, 318j Component elasticity, 44D-441 Compound axles, 446t Compound suspension, 445, 448--450,

449/ Compressed air, 1to Compressed natural gas (CNG), 277I,

278,281,496.614 Compression ratio. 123, 172-173,

vru. 174,271 Compressor, 53, 55-56, 63, 110,

212-213

--622

Compressor efficiency, 208 Comprex supercharger, (95,209,

2101. 212, 212/ Computational fluid dynamics (CFD),

158,1591. 359-360 Computational methods. 382-386 Computer design process, 85-87, 86j,

341-343,343/ Computer-aided engineering (CAE),

585 Computer-aided manufacturing

(CAM),585 Computer-aided processes (CAx),

587 Computer-aided software engineering

(CASE),29 Computer-aided tesring(CAT), 71-73,

721. 731' Computer-assisted design (CAD), 86.

89.95. 101, 341. 383J: 384. 503 Computer-assisted (CA)

methodology, 30, 30/ Computer-assisted styling (CAS),

342-343 Computer-controlled rear axle

steering, 391 Concept design, 82 -83 Condenser, 54, 55f Cone angle, 162 Congestion recognition systems, 611 Conicity, 433f Coning, 40 l. 401/ Connecting rod force, 129 Connecting rod materials, 137-138 Connectors. 516 Constant velocity (CV) joints. 218,

218/ Constant volume-constant pressure

process. 178, 178/ Constant-pressure cycle, 178. 178/ Constant-voltage inverter, 104f,

10"-105,105/ Consumption of natural resources, 5f,

5-6 Contact pateh, 431, 43 II Conti CWS, 446 Continuously regenerating trap

(CRT). 197-198. 1981. 205 Continuously variable transmission

(CVT), 117. 215t, 223. 237-242, 2391;2401. 247, 614

Control elements, 343, 346-346 Control systems, 14, 15f, 139.

147-149,148;: 409-419. 411(, 518,518/

Controlled collapse force, 384 Controlled-slip clutch, 225 Controlled-slip torque converter,

225 Controller area network (CAN). 242,

243,2681. 517. 527-530, 527j; 5281. 529j; 5301. 535

Conversion rare, 145 Convertible hardtops, 328, 329/ Convertible top, 302-303, 303/ Convertibles, 2R8, 300j. 300-303.

303/ Coolant, 49, 49t, 53, 150

Coolant pump, 51, IS0-15! Cooling, 45, 47-51, 53-57 Cooling module, 48, 50, 51/, 7~r

Cooling systems, 149-151 Coordinate system, 4Q/; 484/ Copper, 314f, 31~f; 557 Copper losses, 522, 522[ Cornering, 486-487, 487/ Cornering brake control, 258,259,

2601. 417 Cornering force, 395 Corporate structure, 586 Corrosion, 330-331. 331/ Corrosion protection, 556-558 Corrosion tests, 60 I Counterflow gas exchange, 134 Coupling points, 291 Couplings, 251-255 Cranial fractures, 368 Crank angle, 128. 129f Crank radius, 128 Crank train, 128-131, 12~/; 172, 173f,

194.194f Crankcase emissions, 23 Crankcase materials, 136-137 Crankpin radial force, 129 Crankpin tangential force, 129 Crankshaft, 152 Crankshaft rotation, 128 Crash behavior, 255, 297. 297/ Crash simulation, 591-592 Crash tests, 489 Crash-EXPERT module, 383f, 384 Crash-OPT module, 38~r. 384 Crash-TEST module, 383/ Crevice corrosion, 330-331 Crosley Hotshot, 540t Crossflow gas exchange, 134 Crosswind sensitivity, 43 Crosswind lest, 485, 485/ CRT (continuously regenerati ng trap),

197-198,1981.205 Crude oil, 278 Cruise control, 246, 262 Cryogenic storage, 109 Cryopump, 489/ Cryotank, 496, 498f, 498-499 Current controL 105 Customer expectations, 6, 6/; 9f. 9-10,

14 Customer perceptions, 14,285 Customer satisfaction. 577 Customer service, 99 CV (constant velocity) joints, 218,

218/ CVT (continuously variable

transmission), 117, 2151, 223, 237-242,2391. 240/; 247. 614

CWS (Clamped wheel system), 446 Cylinder bore distortion, 273 Cylinder filling, 207 Cylinder head. 138, 194--195, 539 Cylinder inlet flow simulation, 594,

594f Cylinder numbering convention, 126 Cylinder pressure, 167f. 16~/

Cylinder pressure trace, 143-144, 144f

Keyword Index

DAB (digital auto broadcasting), 349, 351,533,534, 534f

Dacromet" coating, 294 Daimler-Benz, Ill, 119j; 1761 Daimler-Chrysler, 108, 137, 231, 448,

4591. 4781. 547 Damper constants, 452/ Damper foree, 455/ Darnperspecd,455! Dampers, 451j; 454f, 454--461 Damping, 441, 441j, 442, 454--461,

455f Damping factors, 455/ Damping forces, 392 Damping rate, 456 Danner, Max, 365 DARC (data radio channel), 349, 349t,

351 Dashboard,539 Data radio channel (DARC), 349,

349t, 351 Daytime running lamps, 508 D2B optical bus system, 536 DC (direct current) chopper converter,

104,104/ DC motors, 102-103, 105, 1051 DC-W5AI80 transmission, 232f 2-D/3-D seam welding, 491,

492/ DE. 503 De Dion suspension, 447 Dead pedal, 398 Deep drawing, 329[, 562 Deep drawing simulation, 592,

592/ Deformation forces, 372-373 Degreasing, 334 Degree of damping, 454--455 Del.orean Motor Company, 5401 Denitrogenation, 198-200 DeNOx, 19R-200 Departure angles, 97 Design, 79-121, 283, 305/ Design brief, 83. 85 Design catalog, 83, 88, 283, 2831 Design for Recycling (DFR). 571 Design goals, 79f, 81, 283 Design model, 84f, 84-85, 85-86, 86j;

341-344.3431; 344/ Design ofexperiment (DOE) concept,

595 Design philosophies, 610 Design process, 83-87, 305f. 345,

345/ Design templates, 338-340 Designers, 79, 81-82, 283, 342 Detail optimization, 41 Deutz diesel engine, 175t, 1761 Deutz Gas Engine Works, 123 Development processes, 575-587,

5771. 578/ DFR (Design for Recycling), 571 DI (direer injection) gasoline engine,

156--157.1571. 203.204 Diagnostics, 247 Diagonal brake split, 395-396 Diaphragm spring, 219 Die casting, 539, 546

I Key

Dies

Dies

Dies Dies

Diffi

Diff Digi Digi

Digi

Digi Digi Digi Digi Digi

Digi Digi Digi DIN

DIN Dio( Dip Dip Dire Dire

Dire di

g'

Din Disl DiS( Disl Disl Disl

Dis Dis Div OM

OM D~

DO

Do: DO

Do Do Do Do Do Do Do Do

623 Keyword Index

Diesel, Rudolf. 174(. 174-176, 189, 195

Diesel engine, 48, 49l, 50, 62,113, 1131, 123, 173-206, 1771, 177" 192

Diesel engine development, 174-176 Diesel fuel, 201-204, 2021, 203j, 277/,

278 Differential, 217-218, 218j, 25QI:

250-251,2511, 392, 447 Diffusionbarriers, 492 Digiceiver, 532 Digital auto broadcasting (DAB), 533,

534,534[ Digital broadcast system, 532-534,

533/ Digital car, 30, 601 Digital design process, 85~87, 86f Digital mockup, 101 Digital modeler, 87 Digital multimedia broadeasting

(DMB),533 Digital radio mondiale (DRM), 534 Digital transmission system, 349 Digital vema tile disc (DVD), 532 DIN (Dcursches Institut fur Normungj

standards, 126, 139,339.429 DIN/ISO, 125, 331 Diode losses, 522f Dip primer, 335, 335/ Dip tank, 335 Direct current (DC), 52\ Direct current (DC) rnorors, 102-103,

105, 1051 Direct injection (Dl]. 155-166

diesel engine, 174, 174( 179-182, 1801, 1821, 188, 19,-193, 195, 196,

gasoline engine, 156-157, 157/; 203,204

Direct-actuated systems, 169-171 Disc brake, 398j, 399, 400-403, 404 Discrete-gear transmissions, 237, 239 Displaeer, 212 Display screens, 343, 346-347 Distributor injection pump, 185-187,

186f Disrributorless electronic ignition. 141 Disturbing force moment arm, 463 Divided-chamber diesel engines, \95 DMB (digital multimedia

broadcasting),533 DMC,540' Dodge, 539 DOE (Design ofExperiment) concept,

595 Dog clutch, 226 DOHC (double overhead camshafts),

156. 168 Door glass, 28~/, 302 Door hinge, 289f Door intrusion test, 371, 371r Door lock design, 374 . Door sealing system, 70, 70J, 289/ Doors, 43--44, 302 Doppler anemomerry, 601 Double A-arm suspension, 444, 444{,

448

Double elutch transmission, 231 Double lateral link suspension, 447 Double overhead camshafts (DOHC),

156,168 Double wishbone suspension, 440 Downshift, 236, 246 Downsizing, 171-173 Drageoefficient, 11-12, 35, 39-42,

4lj; 421, 284 Drag force. 40[ Drag link steering, 466-467 Drag torque. 221 Drive force, 394[ Drive ratio, 216 Drive slip, 409 Drive torqne, 464 Driveline. 63--65, 64f Driven beam axles, 446, 447 Driver assistance systems, 613 Driver information systems, 352-353,

353f Driver seat, 34Q-341, 340[, 341[ Driver wants, 6, 6/ Drivers, 582 Driveshafts, 218 Drivetrain, 29, 96-97,102,102/.

215-248,518f Drivetrain configurations, 217, 217/ Drivetrain drag, 35 Drivetrain improvements, 13 Drivetrain materials, 542 Drivetrain mounts, 63--65, 64l Drivetrain vibration, 218-219 Driving comparisons, 58-59 Driving equation, 216 Driving program eontrol, 241, 241[ Driving resistance, 34{, 34-35, 37,246 Dri ving resistance curve, 171, 171[ DRM (digital radio mondiale). 534 Drum brakes, 398j, 39&-400, 3991,

404 Dry machining, 587 Dry-sump lubrication system, 152 DSC (dynamic stability control), 259,

2591, 260;:261 Du Pont Duco. 540r Dual battery system, 524. 524[ Dual cycle process, 178, n8/ Dual link strut suspension, 448f Dual phase steels, 543, 544, 544l Dual-mass flywheel, 221-222, 222f Dual-phase sreels, 317, 31~l

Dual-spring nozzle holder, 188--189, 190r

Dual-voltage electrieal system, 524-527,525f

Dummies in the loop, 598[ Dunlop, John Boyd, 424 Duo servo drum brake. 398[, 399. 399j" Duplex drum brake, 39~1: 399 Durrkopp, 540t Dust flows, 43--44 Duty cycling, 56 DVD (digital versatile disc), 351, 532 Dyckhoff l75t DYNA3D,384 Dynamic forces, 37, 390-393,

409-411

Dynamic leveling, 505 Dynamic sensitivity, 391 Dynamics simulation, 591 Dynamometers, 598f. 599

E/E (electrical/electronic) system, 511-512,512/

Earl, Harley. 79 Eaton Corporation. 212 EBD (electronic brake force

distribution), 258, 397, 408, 417, 418

ECE (Economic Commission for Europe) regulations, 17'-181. 19-27,489,501,504,505,507, 508

ECrE (European Car Manufacturers Information Exchange Group), 90,901, 91f

E-coat,335 Economic incentives, 608 ECT (electrically controlled

transmissions), 234, 235, 236 EDC (eleetronic damping control),

458 EEC (European Economic

Community) regulations, 16-27. 17'-181,18f

EEVC (European Enhanced Vehicle Safety Committee), 21-22

Effieiency map, 214/ E-gas, 164 EGR (exhaust gas recirculation), 160,

166,167f EHB (clcctrohydraulic brakes), 259.

260, 261f, 267, 421--423, 422/ Eight-cylinder engines, 126, 1271,

128, 1311, 132f Bighteen-eylinder engines, 126 Elasticity, 440-441 Elastokinemancs, 440-445, 595 Elastomeric mounts, 440, 441-442 Elastomers. 441J. 539. 5411, 553 Electric drive, IOl-107. 238, 247 Elcerric fuel pump, 493--494 Electric motors, 102-105, 105t, 515,

5151,613 Electrie parking brake, 421, 421/ Electric steering assisr, 474-475 Electric vehicles, 101-102, 102l Electrical eonsumcrs, 264{, 264-265 Electrical consumption, 33 Electrieal demands, 524-525, 525/ Electrical efficiency, 266-268 Electrical energy management.

267-269, ,68f Eleetrical generation. 265/ 265-266,

266f Electrical systems, 14, 14j, 27, 28.

520-530 Electrical/electronic (EIE) system,

511-512,512f Electrically assisted turbochargers,

212 Electrically controlled transmissions

(ECT), CJ4, 235, 236 Electrification, 170.614 Electrocoar, 335

624

Electrohydraulic brakes (EHB), 259, 260, 26lf: 267, 421-423, 422f

Electrohydraulic steering, 474, 474/; 478/: 482

Electrolysis, 109 Electromagnetic compatibility

(EMC), 25, 536-538, 5371, 594 Electromechanical brakes, 259. 260,

261J, 267, 268J, 423f, 423--424 Electromechanical steering, 47&1 Electromechanical valve actuation

(EMV), 170, 170(, 171, 171/ Electronic brake assist, 407,419 Electronic brake control systems,

409-419.411/ Electronic brake force distribution

(EBD), 258, 397,408,417,418 Electronic control unit. 147-149,

414-415 Electronic damping control (EDC), 458 Electronic engine controls, 139 Electronic ignition, 141,f, 141-142 Electronic stability braking system

(ESBS),417 Electronic stability program (ESP),

259,267,407.413,414,418-419 Electronic systems. !4.14f, 15J,27.29 Electronic transmission controls,

242-247,243/ Blccrrophorectic dip priming. 335 Electroplating, 557 Electrostatic rotary atomizers, 336 Elk test, 488 Ellipsoid reflector, 502--503 Elongation. 54Qf, 547/ ELR (emergency locking retractor)

systems, 375 EMB (electromechanical brakes), 259,

260,261(, 267, 268(, 423f, 423-424

EMC (electromagnetic compatibility), 536--538, 537t, 594

Emergency brake system, 395 Emergency locking retractor (ELR)

systems, 375 Emissions. 5, ~/: 10,97,107,113,

113f, 118, 119,613 reduction, 10--11. 201-202, 20~/:

2021,205f regulations, 9-11. Illl8t, 22-25,

102 testing, 22-25, 24f. 24t, 489 See also Exhaust emissions; Noise

emissions Emissions canisters, 97 EMT (extended mobility technology).

446 EMV (electromechanical valve

actuation), 170, 17Qf, 171, 171/ Energy absorption, 297, 297J, 327l Energy budget. 299, 2991: 57 [ Energy carriers, 275-28 I, 277f Energy conservation, 264 Energy consumption, 107, 112J,20~f,

206,299, 329f auxiliary devices, 264/; 264-265,

265f materials. ]14, 314J, 31Qr

Energy eon version, 176, 176/ Energy demand, 28Qf Energy density, 106, 106r Energy management, 526-527 Engine braking, 418 Engine compartment. 96 Engine configurations, 126-128,

127( Engine control systems, 139.

147-149, 148f, 517f Engine cooling systems, 149-151 Engine drag torque, 258, 418 Engine drag torque control (MSR),

258,418 Engine durability, 273 Engine efficiency, [[8,124-125,125/;

126, 126f, 179, 1791. 192 Engine location, 91-94 Enginclubrication, 151./: l51-153 Engine map, 207J, 217f, 241, 602 Engine materials, 136--139 Engine mounts, 62, 73-75 Engine noise, 61---63, 63l Engine output, 126 . Engine package, [53-154,274-275 Engine power, 26--27,125-126 Engine startup, 246 Engineering, 33J, 575--587 England. 533 Environmental compatibility.

567-571,569t Environmental impact, ~f, 5--6 EPEFE, 20 I, 2021. 2021 Epoxy, 296, 3341 EPROM (parameter memory), 149,

243 Ergonomics, ]]8-347, 397 ESBS (electronic stability braking

system), 417 ESP (electronic stability program),

259.267,407,413,414,418--419 ESV conferences, 10 Ethanol, 277f, 279 Ethyne. 183, 184f ETRTO (European Tire and Rim

Technical Organization), 429 ETSI (European Telecommunications

Standards institute), 533 Eureka 147 DAB project, 533 Buro I, II, 1971 Euro2,!1,197/ Euro 3,11,23,197/ Euro 4, II, 197f, 204f, 20~l

Euro NCAP (New Car Assessment Program), 21-22

Europe. 14~(, 215t, 237. 458, 502, 505,509, 533

emissions reduction, 10, II, III MVEG A driving cycle, 146f

European beam patterns, 502 European Car Manufacturers

Information Exchange Group (EClE), 90, 90f, 91f

European Community directives, 3631

European Economic Community (EEC) regulations, 16--27, 17t-18/, [~r

Keyword Index Ke) -

European Enhanced Vehiele Safety Fail Committee IEEVC), 21-22 Fail

European impact protection criteria, 368-369, 369f, 370f Fan

European New Car Assessment Fast Program (Buro NC AP), Fasl 21-22 Fasl

European Telecommunications Fall: Standards Institute (ETSI), Fati 533 Fau

EuroSID (European side impact Fan dummy), 370, 3701. 371f, Fed 380

Evaluation, 482--488 Evaporative emissions, 23, 25, 26{ Fed Evaporator, 54, 5~(

Excitation current, 521 Fee' Excitation frequency, 441 FEI Exciter winding, 104 Exergy.275-276 Exhaust aftertreatment, 164-166, FE'

196--200,204-205 Fen Exhaust coolers, 48, 50 Fen Exbausr cmissions. 7,10--11, ll.f,

I Fen

23-25 FE' diesel eugine, 23, 25, 183-185, FFl

201-202, 202f, 204f Fiat Otto-cycle engine, 140,143, Fia\

144-147, 145f, 146f, 1471, 158, Fibl 160,164-166 Fibl

standards, 145. 147, 147/ Fibl testing, 23. 146(, 147 Fibl two-stroke engine, 271

Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), 145, 160,166,167f Fib

Exhaust gas turbocharger, 195, 208f, 208-209,2091. 210-211, 212f, FIC 215 Fiel

Exhaust manifold, 135-136, 13Ql Fill Exhaust module, 153-154 Fin Exhaust odors, 195 Fin Exhaust port recirculation, 166 Fin Exhaust system, 28, 62, 63J, 96, Fin

133-136, 134f, 1361. 166-168, 167f

Exhaust tips, 43 Exhaust train, 43 Fin Exhaust valve train, 134f Fir. Experience mobility. 4, 4f Fir. Extended mobility technology (EMT), Fi;

446 Fis Exterior contours, 283-284. 284{ Fiv Exterior design, 81 Fiv Exterior dimensions, 9Qf, 9\J: 981,

284,2841: 2851 Fi\ Exterior flow simulation, 593 Exterior noise, 7~f, 75-76, 7~l Fi\ Exterior vehiele loads, 597, 597{ Fi~

External effects, 5 FK External ignition. 123 Fl~

External injuries, 367-368 FI~

External ratio, 404 Fil Externally excited DC machine, 104, Fb

104f Fl~

Externally excited synchronous Fil motors, 103, 1051 F1,

Extrusion, 295, 329/ F1, Extrusion blow molding, 492 F1,

625 Keyword Index

Fail-safequality, 317, 318/ Failure mode and effect analysis

(FMEA),583 Fans, 50, 51, 5lj Fas{ fourier transforms (FFn, 533 Fast information channel (FIC), 533 Fastback, 39, 4~l

Fatalities, I Of.365, 36q/; 389/ Fatigue curve, 590 Fault codes, [49 Fault management, 581/ Federal Motor Vehicle Safety

Standards (FMVSS), 10,21, 362t, 3631, 489

Federal Test Procedure 75 (FTP75, US).146[

Feedback systems, 14, 151,518 FEM (finite element methods) model,

383/c385(, 384, 385, 434, 435J, 440, 440}, 583, 589-590. 589[

FEM-Crash module, 383/ Femur force, 369, 369/ Fenders, 287, 287}; 290 Ferrite. 317 FEVMotorentechnik, 158. 161 FFT (fast fourier transforms), 533 Fiat, 93, 1761 Fiat Multipla Bipower, 496. 497/ Fiber composites. 327, 328;; 541 Fiber optics, 28 Fiber-reinforced, 314, 326, 542, 570f Fiber-reinforced composite (FRC), .

305,305-306,314(,316/: 326(,327,541 ...

Fiber-reinforced thermoplastics, 5511, 551-552

FIC (fast information channel), 533 Field of vision. 20-21 Filter regeneration, 196-198 Final drive, 217, 218t Final drive ratio, 217 Finger Followers, 132/ 133, 169 Finite element methods (FEM) model,

383J, 384, 384(, 385, 385J, 434, 435(,440, 440}: 583, 589-590, 589[

Fire ring, 194 Firewall, 287 FireWire, 536 Firing order, 126 Fischer-Tropsch,278 Five-cylinder engines, 126, 1271. BOt Five-speed automatic transmission,

217J, 231[ Five-speed manual transmission,

228/ Five-speed transmissions, 237 Fixed calipers. 400, 400j, 401 FKT guideline, 489 Flame port. 192 Flange seal, 3341 flash memory, 532 Flash to pass, 502 Flat engines, 126, 127f Flat-tube heat exchanger, 49-50, 50f Flex lines, 408 Flexible disc joints, 218 Floating calipers, 400, 401f

Floating frame calipers, 401j, 401-402

Hoorpan, 42, 286-287. 286j, 287j, 288J, 301, 332[

Flow calculation. 592-594 Flow losses. 210 Fluorination, 492 Fluorine gas, 492 Flux, 103 Flywheels, 116, 1I6J, 120, (2Qf,

221-222, 222f FM (frequency-modulated), 531, 532 FM receivers, 348, 348/ FMEA (Failure mode and effect

analysis), 583 FMVSS (Federal Motor Vebicle

Safety Standards), 10, 21, 362t, 3631,489

Foam barriers, 71/ Foams, 327, 328/ Fog lamps, 502, 508, 509 Force transfer, 429 Force vector, 38 Ford, 80, 108,540 Ford, Henry, 539 Ford Focus, 447 Ford Thunderbird, 302 Forging. 329;: 564-565 Form drag, 39 Formula I, 93 Four-cylinder engines, 126. 127/, 128,

1301, 132f Four-headlamp system, 502 Four-speed transmissions, 237 Four-stroke cycle. 124, 124(, 178-179,

179[ Four-stroke engine, 269. 270f 272,

272J, 273, 273J, 274f Four-valve technology, 192, [92f Four-wheel drive, 248-264. 250j, 257f Frame hom. 287 Frame rails. 286 France, 366;: 505, 533, 539 FRC (fiber-reinforced composite).

305,305-306,314(, 316J, 326}, 327,541

Free fluoride, 334 Free inertia Forces, 1301, 13lt Free inertia moments, 1301, BIt Free-form reflector, 503, 503f Freight traffic, 4, 5, 5f . Frequency, 221, 221j, 222, 291, 301,

302J, 309. 427, 427J, 450, 452J, 458

Frequency ratio, 441/ Frequency targets, 65--66, 66f Fresnel lenses, 509 Friction brakes, 398 Friction cake, 432f Friction clutch, 226 Friction coefficient, 217-218, 219,

249,251(,400,403, 431J, 432J, 462

Friction differential, 218 Friction drag, 39 Friction lining, 219. 221,233 Friction mean effective pressure, 133,

134{

Front axle, 438f Front suspension mounts, 286 Front/rear brake split, 395 Frontal collision. 286, 302 Frontal impact, 21. 22, 3721,372-373,

374{ Frontal impact protection criteria,

368-369, 369[ Front-mounted engine, 91-93, 92j,

94(,951,237 Front-wheel drive, 91-93, 92f, 94f.

951,218, 218J, 237, 237J, 448, 463,464,467,468

Front-wheel steering, 476-480 FTP75 (Federal Test Procedure 75,

U.S.),146[ Fuchs wheels, 82 Fuel cell batteries, 266, 267/ Fuel cell efficiency, 107, 109. IJ 0,

112, 113 Fuel cell propulsion, 107-1 t 3, 1081.

109J, Fuel cells, 29, 107-113,278,614 Fuel consumption. 25, 36, 40, 4 If.

56-57,119,126, 140J,237, 238J, 241, 264J, 272(, 272-273, 426): 429, 429J, 524(, 613

diesel engine, 192, 193, 195 Fuel economy, 11-14, 35,113,171,

172. 172(, 173, 203. 204/: 206 Fuel filters. 494 Fuel hoses, 553 Fuel injection, 10, 11,28,29,139,

179-180 Fuel injection systems. 155-166 Fucllines, 97, 489 Fuel mixture, 139--140, 140;; 177 Fuel pressure regulator, 139 Fuel pump, 267,493 Fuel rails, 139 Fuel spray simulation, 200-201, 20lj Fuel system, 488--499 Fuel system venting, 490;; 490-491 Fuelmnk,97.149,489,490,490j,

491J, 491-492, 495, 496, 496(, 498.498/ .

Fuel transfer, 493--494 Fuel volume measurement. 494--495 Fuel/air injector, 163 Fuels, 275-281, 277f Functional build, 58-0

G switeh. 413 Galilee. I Galvanic corrosion, 330, 331 Galvanizing, 331 Gamma machines. 118 Gang injection, 139 Gap dimensions, 290 Gas exchange, 123, 124(, 133-136,

166,166[ Gas flows, 43, 43/ Gas force, 132/ Gas injection technique (GIn, 566,

566/: 5661.567[ Gas spring rate, 457 Gas turbines, 118-119, 119/ Gasmotorenfabrik Deurz, 123, 1751

626

Gasoline, 203-204, 277j, 278 Gasoline direct injection (GDI)

engine, 156--157, IS7/, 203 GDI (gasoline direct injection) engine,

[56-157, 157}; 203 Gear changes, 229-230 Gear noise, 226 Gear ratio, 216, 217,226, 231-232 Gear selector lever, 234-235, 23~l

Gear selector sensor, 244 Gears, 226, 230-232 Gel cells, 116 Gemini space program, 109 General Motors, 108,539 General Use Permit, 16 Generator, 63, 265, 265f, 266/ German Federal Traffic

Administration, 605 Germany, If. 2/; 3, 3f, 95, 341, 349,

429, 429};488, 489, 502,507,533 aeeidcnts, 10, 10f, 365, 366f, 389/ regulations, 16--27, 17t, 181, 18f,

505,508,509,538,582,605 vehicles, I L 13. 13f, 215t, 294,

300 Gcrodise" coupling. 252 Geromatic'" eoupling, 251-253, 253/ GIT (gas injection technique), 566,

566/: 566/, 5671' GKN Powrlock" differential, 251 GKN Viscolok coupling, 252, 254 Glare, 501 Glas.5401 Glass, 554-555 Glass fiber, 305-306, 314f, 3161, 551 Glass-mar-reinforced thermoplastic

(GMT), 551 Glazing, 305. 554-555 GLD (gas discharge lamps), 506 Global positioning system (GPS), 348,

3~1

Global sysrem for mobile communications (GSM), 348, 349-350,533,534

GM Corvette. 5401 GMR (yaw moment control), 418 GMT (glass-mat-reinforced

thermoplastic). 551 Gold, 551, 557 Goodyear, Charles. 424 GPS (global positioning system). 348.

351 Grade resistance, 34j, 35 Graphite cast iron, 136, 138 Great Britain, 366f, 502 Greenhouse effect, 144 Gregoire AF. 540t Ground elearence, 97 Gs discharge lamps (GDL), 506 GSM (global system for mobile

communications), 348, 349-350, 533,534

Guard rail frame, 382/ Guldner, Hugo, 1751

Haldex'" coupling, 254f, 254-255 Halfshafts. 218, 218/ Hall effect sensors, 244, 260. 261

Halogen bulbs, 505, 506, 506j, 507, 509

Halogen beadlamps, 501 Halogen lights, 506, 507/ Handicapped persons, 7 Handling properties, 482-488 Hanomag, 1761 Hard point package, 88 Hardware in the loop,S 18,594, 598j,

601,603/ H-arm suspension, 449, 449( Hatchback, 39, 42j, 43/ HDPE (high density polyethylene),

492 Head injuries, 368 Head Injury Criterion (HIC), ]68, 369/ Head Protection Criterion (HPe). 369,

369/ Head restraints, 376--377, 377 Headlamp cleaning system, 504, 505/ Headlamp lenses, 504. 555 Headlamp range adjustment, 505 Headlarnps.cul-cu? Headlight mounting points. 287 Headlights, 28, 29 Headroom, 9~. 98t Heat engines, 116 Heal exchanger, 150/ Heat exchangers. 48, 119 Heat pump, 541 Heat transfer, 47-57 Heat treatment, 320 Heated element welding, 492 Heater, 51. 52f, 52-53, 53f. 541 Heating, 45, 51-53 Helium, 117 Heraclitus, 591 Hcrcules/McLarenILolUs,5401 Hexaffuorozirconic acid, 334 HIC (Head Injury Criterion), 368,

369/ HID (high intensity discharge) lamps.

506 Hierarchy of needs, 354, 354f High beams, 502, 503, 504, 508 High density polyethylene (HDPE),

492 High intensity discharge (HID) lamps,

506 High-frequency welding, 558-559 High-pressure liquid fuel injection,

[61-162,162/ Hindenburg, 176t Hip point, 285. 285f, 340 Hole-type nozzle, 188, 188f Homogeneous mixtures, 163, 163f Honda, 108, 4Tlf

Prelude, 480 Honda VTEC engine, 169, 169/ Hood,187 Hooke joints, 218, 469, 469}:470/ Horizontally opposed engines, 126,

127f, 130" 131, Hot butyl, 3341 HPC (Head Proteetion Criterion), 369,

369/ H-point, 21. 21[ 285, 285[ 340 Hcpoint template, 338-339, 340/

Keyword Index Key -

Hub,445 [HF Human models, 341-342, 342f,

344-346, 346f IIIw Humidity, l25 111m Hybrid bus, ll2-113, 120 Illw Hybrid construction. 304-313, 306f. IMI

J09f, 3lOf im~ Hybrid drives, 114-121 IM[ Hybrid drivetrains, 29, 247 Iron Hybrid filters, 359 Imp Hybrid III dummy, 370, 370/ Hybrid propulsion concepts, 114f, Imp

114-116 Hybrid technology, 566--567, 567[, Imp

5681' Imp Hydraulic actuation, 222, 222/ Inc, Hydraulic brake assistant, 419-421, Incl

420f Indo Hydraulic brake boosters, 407-408 Hydraulic compensating elements, Indi

1JJ Indi Hydraulie control unit (brakes), 414 IndJ Hydraulic mount, 442( Indr Hydraulic power steering, 470f, 471j, Indr

472f, 473-474 Indi Hydraulic slip conrrol, 2~7. 258/ Indi Hydraulic telescoping dampers, 455 Ind Hydraulic transmission controls, 234.

234f Iner Hydraulic valve control, 169f, Inei

169-170 In. Hydrocarbons (HC), 10,23-25, 24t,

25,97 Ine diesel engines, 183. 184/, 192, 195, Infl

196, 198, 206, 206/ fuel cell propulsion, 107 In! gas turbines. 119 Inj1 Otto-cycle engines, 140, 143, 145. Inj

145f, 158 In} Stirling engines, 118 two-stroke engines, 271 In}

Hydrodynamie clutch, 224 Inj Hydrodynamic torque converter, 223(,

223-226,224/: 229 Inj Hydrogen, 117. 277f, 280[ 281,496, Inj

498 Inj generation, 109, 113 Inl storage, 109-110 [nl

Hydrogen embrittlemcnt, 557 Inl Hydrogen fuel cells, 107-113. 108f, ln

[J Of, 113/ In. Hydromechanieal forming. 562 [ru

Hydroplaning, 426f, 426/, 486---487 In Hydropneumatie active spring, 458. In

459/ Hydropneumatic suspension, 458 In

In Ideal gas. 178 Ideation, 83. 85 In Idle speed control, 148 In IF (interstitial free) steels. 543 In Ignition coil, 142-143, 14V In Ignition delay, 159, 180-182, 18l.f; In

I,182f; 185 Ignition system, 140-143 I, Ignition timing maps, 14 I}: 142 lr Ignition timing, 140f, 141f 141-142, u

144,246

627 Keyword Index

IHF (internal hydroforming), 319J, 319-320, 562J, 562-565

Illuminance, 501, 506/ Illumination, 501-510 Illumination intensity, 501 IMO (in-mold decoration), 565, 565/ imep,166/ IML (in-mold lamination), 565 Immobilizer, 25 Impact dynamies, 372j;372-374, 377,

3781; 379J, 380, 380J, 381f Impact protection criteria, 368-369,

369J, 370f Impact simulation, 369-370 Impeller, 356 Incandescent bulbs. 505, 506, 509 Inclination angle. 439 Independent suspension, 438, 445,

446t,447--448 Indicated efficiency, 125 Indium, 165 Individual fuel injection, 139 Induction module, 153-154 Induction runner shutoff, 161 Induction system materials, 138-139 Induction welding, 491, 492/ Inductive wheel speed sensors, 412,

412( Inert gas welding, 492/ Inertia, 37 Inertia forces, 128-131, 129j; BOt,

131t, I 32j; 394f Inertia moments. 130t, Bit Informationnetwork interfaees, 514,

515,516 Infrared, 510, 554-555 Injection, 179-180, 185/ Injection molded plastics, 403 Injection molding, 325, 329j: 565,

566-567,569 Injection pump, 185-187, 186J; 187/ Injection system, 185-192, 186J, 191,

191f Injector. 188-191, 190/ Injector nozzle, 187-189 Injury mitigation, 21-22 Inline engines, 126, 127j, 130t Inline injection pump, 187, 187/ Inline pumps, 493 In-mold decoration (JMO), 565, 565/ In-mold lamination (lMLj, 565 Innovation, 9-16, 27-31. 281, 30/ Innovation waves, 15! Institute filr Fahrzeugtechnik (Institute

for Automotive Technology). 362 Intake runners, 193 Intake system, 133-136, 134J, 135J,

166-168, 167( Intake valve train,'134J, 167, 16~( In-lank pumps. 493 Integral suspension. 449/ Intelligent technical systems, 27, 28/ Intelligent tools, 586 Interface protocol. 149 Interfaces, 514-516 Interior design, 82, 338-347 lntcrior dimensions, 901, 98t, 285,

285J, 2851

Interior flow simulation, 593-594 Interior layout, 338-344 Interior lighting, 510 Interior surfaces, 72/ Interior vehicle loads, 597, 597f Internal combustion, 123 Internal hydroforming (IHF), 319j,

319-320, 562J, 562-565 Internal injuries, 368 International Research Council on the

Biomechanics of Impacts (IRCOBI), 367

International Telecommunications Union (ITU), 533

Internet, 347 Interstitial free (IF) steels. 543 Inverters, 104-105 Ion current detector. 142 IRCOBI (lntemational Research

Council on the Biomechanics of Impacts), 367

Ireland. 502 Iridium, 551 Iron, 541J, 542 Iron losses, 522, 522f ISAD (integrated starter alternator

damper) system, 265, 266/ ISO, 37, 75, 126,537, lsocaudcla, 501 Isochors.117,117f Isolux. 50 I Isotherms, 117, 117/ Isotropic steels, 543 Italy. 366/ ITU (International

Telecommunications Union), 533

Jacking, 439 Jaguar, 80, 448 Japan, 156, 157. 215t, 391, 458, 459,

482,502, 504 Jaw clutch, 226 Jet pump, 494, 494f Jet ring fans, 50 Jewel look, 510 Joining element dimensioning, 590 Joining methods, 290, 295-296, 309,

311J, 312, 3121;313/. 550, 558-561

Joints, 218. 319-320, 320f, 322f, 332/ Jounce, 437,439,447 Journal bcarings. 210 Juddcr, 40 I Junkers Motorenbau GmbH, 176t

Kamm's friction circle. 410(, 411, 431 Kiel dummy, 339 . Kinematics, 437--439, 462--470 Kinetic energy, 120 Kingpin axis, 43&/; 439. 443-444,

445,462,4621,464,465(: 466/ Kingpin inclination, 462t Kingpin offset. 439, 462t, 462--463,

463f. 464f K-Line,527 Knee displacement, 369, 369/ Knock, 144, l72 Knock control, 148

Knoekback, 400 Koessler, 362 Koyo Seiko, 478f Krupp,539

Lamborghini, 80, 293 Laminated safety glass, 554-555 Laminating, 565, 565/ Laneia Lambda, 539 Land Rover Discovery II, 459, 46Qf Lap belt. 377-378 Laser measurement technology,

600-<;01 Laser welding. 296. 320. 491, 492,

492J, 558 Late intake opening, 167, 168/ Lateral acceleration, 486, 486j; 487/ Lateral acceleration sensors, 260,

262J,413,413f Lateral force, 40, 392, 394f. 41 OJ, 431,

4321; 433J, 444, 445f Lateral force coefficient, 410, 41Qf.

41lJ, 415f Lattice Boltzmann method. 593 Lauster, Imanuel, 1751 Layered fiber composites, 327, 328( Lead, 557 Lead-acid battery, 106, 106/, 116,

523/. 523-524 Lead/gel battery, ll6 Leaf springs, 446 Leak detection pump, 519, 519/ Leather, 553-554, 554f LEOs (light emitting diodes), 507, 509 Left-hand traffic, 502 Legroom, 95, 98/, 285 Leisure travel, 3, 3/ Lenses, 504, 555 Lever ann sender, 495, 495j' Lexus GS300. 481 ' LFT (long-fiber thermoplastics). 5521.

552-553 License plate, 25 License plate lamps, 509 Lift coefficient, 43 Lift force, 40, 40/ Light emitting diodes lLEDs), 507,

509 Lighting, 501-510 Lighting equipment. 2 L 22/ Lighting tests, 508 Lighrweight construction, 292-296,

293J, 304-313, 314-324, 315f Limited slip, 251, 256 Limited-pressure process, 178, 178/ Limited-slip differential, 218, 447 Linear motion, 37 Liquefied natural gas (LNG), 277J,

278,281,496,498 Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), 277j;

278,281 Liquid cooling, 149-150, 150/ Liquid hydrogen, 27~f. 28Q/; 281,496,

498 Lithium battery, 116 Lithium-ion battery, 106, 1061 Lithium-polymer battery, 106, )06/,

107

--628

Live axle, 446, 446J,447 Lloyd 300, 5401 LNG (liquefied natural gas), 277/,

278,281,496,498 Load dumping, 523 Load leveling, 456, 45~r

Load simulation, 601, 60 lJ Load-carrying behavior, 429--430 Load-carrying structure, 96 Load-change bucking, 74, 74J Load-change vibrations, 74j, 74-75 Loads, 597, 597./ Locking differential, 218 Lockup clutch, 224-225, 225/ Lockup torque converters, 224-225,

225j Lokasil. 237, 137J,555-556 Longevity, 195 Long-fiber thermoplastics (LFT),

5521,552-553 Longitudinal aeeeleration sensor, 413 Longitudinal dynamics, 3901,

391-392 Longitudinal engine, 217 Longitudinal force, 38 Longitudinal friction force, 433/ Longitudinal member, 384, 384/ Longitudinal mounting, 91, 92-94,

92/: 93!, 94(, 153( Longitudinal suspension forces,

391-392 Longitudinal tractive forces, 409-410,

411 Long-stroke engines, 194 L'Orange, 1751 Lotus Elite Coupe, 540t Low beams, 501, 503j, 504. 508 LPG (liquefied petroleum gas), 277J,

278,281 Lubricant, 227-228 Lubrication, 151J, 151-153,273 Luggage compartment, 96, 98t Luminous intensity, 501, 50~f

Luxury ear, 57/

M diesel engine. 174, 174f, 1751, 193 Maeh number, 40 Machining, 329/ MADYMO.385 Magnesium, 138, 305, 306J, 314, 314j,

316J,558 Magnesium alloys, 320, 322, 32~/;

541,547-548,548' Magnesium aluminum silicate, 556 Magnetoresisrive wheel speed

sensors, 4l2J, 412-413 Magsimal-59, 545-546, 546J, 5461 MAN, 175/, l76t Man in the loop, 598/ MAN M diesel engine, 174. 174j,

l75t,193 Manganese, 334, 546-547 Manual design process, 83-85, 84j,

86j Manual steering, 472 Manual transmission, 215t, 219,

226-228, 226J, 227/; 228j Manufacturer's plate, 26

Manufacturing strategy. 582-583 Map-controlled dampers, 458 Marker lamps, 509 Marketing, 80-81 Marque, 293 Maschinenfabrik Augsburg, 1751 Maserati 3500 GT, 293 Maslow, 354, 354/ MASR (motor antisJipregulation),

417,418 Mass airflow, 513f, 513-514, 514f Master cyl inder, 404-405 Materials, 539-573 Maximum ozone formation potential,

184 Maybach/Daimler, 5401 Mazda, 209, 210/ MB A-class, 462/ MBS (multi-body systems), 383J, 384,

385.434. 435j MeKechnie, 1761 McPherson suspension, 448 MD (mini disc), 532 MEA (membrane electrode

assembly), 108 Measurement chain principle, 600/ Measurement technology, 596J, 599,

600r Mechanical brake assistant, 419, 420/ Mechanical control, 391 Mechanical efficiency, 125 Mechanical losses, 522, 522/ Mechanical supercharging system,

209-210, 210j, 215 Membrane electrode assembly

(MEA). 108 Memory, 243 Mercedes ABD (automatic brake

differential),256 Mercedes-Benz, 458

0405. 109 A-class, 83, 94J, 111,205,490 C-class hybrid, 115/ Bclass, 449J, 570/ G-model,44t!f 4matic, 250, 251/ MBIOO, III Scclass. 9, 9J, 98t, 459, 4621,553,

554, 554t SLK.302 Smart, 9, 9f Type 260 D, 1761 Y12, 142 V-class, 109, III

Mercedes-Benz five-speed Type SO 150 transmission, 228, 228/

Mercedes-Benz Mill engine, 210, 211J, 212, 213j

Mereury switches, 413 Metal foams, 548-549, 549f Metal forming simulation, 592, 592/ Metal inert gas (MJG) welding, 296,

313(.320, 320j Metal matrix composites (MMC),

555-556 Metal oxide coatings, 554 Metal/plastic composites, 566-567,

567J,568j

Keyword Index KeY'

Methane, 184,277/, 280 Mull Methanol, 277J, 279, 495 Mull Methanol fuel cells, 107, l l O, llQf, Mull

IlL 113j Mull Methanol production, 110. 113 MUD Michelin, 5401 MYI Michelin PAX, 446 Microalloyed steels, 543 Nad. Microprocessor self-diagnostics, 149 Nati Mid-mounted engine, 93-94, 94/,951 Mid-range class, 98f, 981 Nan Mini disc (MD), 532 Nan Minivans, 490 Mirror mounts, 44 Nav Mirrors, 46-47 Nav Misfires, 149 Misfiring, 144 Neb Misuse tests, 598J, 599 Mitsubishi.481 Nee Mitsubishi GDI engine, 156. 157 Mitsubishi MIVEC engine, 169 Nee Mixed hybrids, 116 Nee Mixed-material construction, NEI

304-313. 306J,309J,310j Mixture formation. 179-180, 185 NEl MKS-Crash module, 38~f Net MMC (metal matrix composites), Net

555-556 Nee Mobil Oil, 278 Ne, Mobile stations. 350, 350/ Mobile switching centers, 350, 350/ N", Mobility,I-7 NE Mobility centers, 611 Mobility model, 606, 60~r NIt Modifieation freedom, 578-579, 57~f. Nic

582 Nic Modular construction, 99, 100,

289-290, 307/ Ni, Mold casting, 323/ Moment vector, 38 Ni~

Moments. 465, 469 Nil Moose test, 488 Nis MOST (media oriented systems Nh

transpon),536 Ni! Motion, I Ni: Motor antislip regulation (MASR),

4l7,418 Ni Motor Vehiele EMC Directive, 537 Ni Motorcycles, 33 Ni Motorization. ~(, 2 Motorola, 532 Ni Motronic engine rnanagemcnt system, Ni

148j Mounting elements, Tlf. 73-74 Ni MP3,532 MPX-S (multiplex signal), 348 MSR (engine drag torque control),

258,418 MTU.1761 Mudflaps,44 Muffler support, 286 Muffler volumes, 96 N Multi-body systems (MBS), 383J,384. N

385, 434, 435F NIMultifunction displays, 343 N Multilink suspension, 449/ Multimedia networking, 534-536 Multimedia systems, 531-538

Package, 88-101,284-285, 304, 338 Package database, 89-90 Paint. 3]1, 331/ Paint baking, 317 Painting, 306-307, 3311, 335-336,

557-558 Palladium, 551 Palm oil, 279 PAMCrash, 384, 385 Panhard Dyna 54, 540t Panhard rod, 446 Paper lining. 233 Paraboloid reflector, 502, 503l Parallel hybrids, 114-115, 116 Parameter memory (EPROM). 149,

243 Parameter optimization. 590 Park gear, 235 Park pawl, 235 Parked vehicles, 75 Parking brake, 20, 395, 398, 399, 39~t:

421 Parking lamps. 509 Parking space, 4, 7, 14 Partial zero emissions vehicles

(PZEV'),102 Particle size. 196-197, 197f Particulate filters, 196--198, 197f, 357,

3581. 359 Particulates, 10,23,24/, 145

diesel engines, 183-185, 185[, 192, 196-198,197(.1981. 205, 206, 206/

Pascal, 1, II7, 117f Passenger cabin, 45 Passenger eomfort. 45 Passenger compartment, 52, 53 Passenger traffic, lj; 3f Passenger-kilometers, If, 2, 3l Passive suspensions, 391 Passive vehicle safety, 21, 22f Passive wheel speed sensors, 4 I2,

412/ Patrick. Lawrence M., 367

Optimization, 590--591, 602 Orbital Engine Corporation. 163 Organometals, 551 ORVR (onboard refueling vapor

recovery),491 Oscillating inertia forces. 128-129,

129/ Osmium, 551 Otto, Nicolaus August, 123 Otto-cycle engines, 123, 123-173,

195-196, 196/ Output, 126 Overall Abbreviated Injury Scale

(OAIS),367 Overdrive factor, 216. 217f Overflow container, 490j; 49Q-49! Overhead camshaft, 131, 132{ Overhead valves 131, 132/ Overlap shift, 230 Overpressure, 45, 46r 355 Oversteer, 418 Overvolrage, 522-523 Oxidation, 184

629

OAIS (Overall Abbreviated Injury Scale),367

OBD (onboard diagnostics), 23, 25, 149,519-520

OBD 11, 489, 519/ Objective evaluation, 483-488 OBU (on board unit), 351 Occupant protection, 374-379 Occupant simulation, 385-386 Off-road driving, 459 Off-road vehicles, 7, 97-98, 447 Oil,47-48, 151,210--211 Oil change, 152-153 Oil cooler, 50, 50[, 152 Oil filter, 152, 152( Oil pan, 152 . Oil pressure, 151 Oil pump, 151-152,233-234 Oil sump, 152 Oil temperature sensor, 244 On board unit (OBU), 351 Onboard diagnostics (OBD), 23, 25,

149,519-520 Onboard electrieal system, 266, 267f Onboard refueling vapor recovery

(ORVR),491 One-eylinder engines. 126, 132f One-shot technology, 565, 565f On/offboosler.419 Opel,540t Opel Ecotec diesel engine, 1761 Operating conditions, 596f, 597 Operating point, 207f, 207-208 Operating point shift, 17 If, 171-172 Optical recognition, 247

simulation, 65. 651 testing, 22-23, 23/ transmission, 71[, 71-73

Noise emissions, 7, 11.22-23,23('62, 75f; 75-76, 761. 192, 193, 214, 227,272,272/

Noise regulations, 23, 75, 96 Nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC),

184 Nonmethane organic gases (NMOG),

184 Nonselective catalytic reaction

(NSCR),198' North America, 215t Norway, 502 Notchback, 41,44/; 284 NO, (nitrogen oxides) adsorber; 164,

165,165/ NO, conversion rate, 204, 204f NO, selectivity, 164-165 NO. sensor, 164 NO. storage catalytic converter, 1991

199-200,200/ Nozzle, 187-189, 193 Nozzle geometry, 188, 189f Nozzle holder, 188-189, 190/ Nozzle holes, 188, 189j; 192 Nozzle needles, 188, 188/ Nozzle valves, 188 NSCR (nonselective catalytic

reaction), 198 Numerical simulation, 158-159

Keyword Index

Multiphase steels, 543-544 MuItiplate cluteh, 232-233, 233/ Multiplex signal (MPX-S), 348 Multipoint injection, lJ9, 139/ Munich Technical University, 346 MVEG A driving eycle (Europe), 146/

Nader, Ralph, 10, 362 National Highway Traffic Safety

Administration (NHTSA), 362 Natural fibers, 569l, 570/ Natural gas, 277j; 279-281, 496, 496j;

497j; 498 Navier-Stokes equations. 592, 593 Navigation systems, 34], 347,

351-352,531 Nebus (New Electric Bus), 109, 11 1,

112j; lilt, 112-Ill Necar (New Electric Car), 109, 111.

1111. 111/, 112, 112( Neck injuries, 368 Neck Injury Criterion (NIC). 369, 369j NEDC (Ncw European Driving

Cycle), 1tl, 165 NEO Di engine, 158 Net brake power, 126 Netherlands traffie fatalities, 366/ Neural networks, 595 New European Driving Cycle

(NEDC), III, 165 New vehicle program, 577 NExT (Nissen Exquisitely Tuned

Combustion), 158 NIC (Neck Injury Criterion), 369. 369/ Nickel, 334, 557 Nickel-cadmium battery, 106, 106l,

116 Nickel-metal hydride battery, 106,

106/,116 Night driving, 501 Night vision, 510 Nissen. 108,458 Nissen Active Brake limited slip, 256 Nissen ETS eoupling, 255. 255f Nissan Exquisitely Tuned Combustion

(NExT), 158 Nissan NEO Di engine, 157-158 Nitrate stability, 165 Nitric oxide (NO), 145, 145/; 183,

198,201 Nitrogen, 117, 144 Nitrogen dioxide (N02)' 145, 165,

166,198,199 Nitrogen oxides (NO,), 10, 24t. 107

diesel engines, 183, 192, 195, 196, 198, 198f: 199f

gas turbines, 119 Otto-cycle engines, 143, 145, 160,

164-166 Stirling engines, 118 two-stroke engines, 271

Nobium,317 Noble metals, 551 Noble-metal catalytic converters, 164 Noise,5S-77,119,613

frequency, 65-67, 66f interior, 45--47, 58 level" 58f, 59(. 60f, 66/

Methane, 184,277(.280 Methanol, 277[, 279, 495 Methanol fuel cells, 107, 110,110/;

111, l1Jf Methanol production, 110, 113 Michelin, 540/ Michelin PAX, 446 Microalloyed steels, 543 Microprocessor self-diagnostics, 149 Mid-mounted engine, 93~94, 94j; 95t Mid-range class, 98[, 98t Mini disc (MD), 532 Minivans, 490 Mirror mounts, 44 Mirrors, 46-47 Misfires, 149 Misfiring, 144 Misuse tests, 598[, 599 Mitsubishi, 481 Mizsubishi GDl engine, 156, 157 Mitsubishi MIVEC engine, 169 Mixed hybrids, 116 Mixed-material construction,

304-313, 306f; 309f; 31Of Mixture formation, 179-180, 185 MKS-Crash module. 383/ MMC (metal matrix composites),

555-556 Mobil Oil, 278 Mobile stations, 350. 350/ Mobile switching centers, 350, 350/ Mobility, 1-7 Mobility centers, 611 Mobility model. 606, 606{ Modification freedom, 578- 579,579/:

582 Modular construction. 99, 100,

289-29O,307f Mold casting, 32Jf Moment vector, 38 Moments, 465, 469 Moose test, 488 MOST (media oriented systems

transport), 536 Motion, 1 Motor antislip regnlation (MASR),

417,418 Motor Vehicle EMC Directive, 537 Motorcycles, 33 Motorization, 2[, 2 Motorola. 532 Motronic engine management system,

148/ Mounting elements, 73[, 73-74 MP3,532 MPX-S (multiplex signal), 348 \ofSR (engine drag torque control),

258,418 \.ITU, 1761 \ofudftaps,44 Muffler support, 286 \ofuffier volumes, 96 \ofulti-body systems (MBS), 383f, 3 84,

385,434,435/ \otullifunction displays, 343 \..fultilink suspension, 449f \ofultimedia networking, 534-536 I.ofultimedia systems, 531-538

Keyword Index

630

Patrick eurve, 368,3681 Pawl,235 Pcconvcrgence. 590 POM (product data management), 90 Pedal feel, 397-398 Pedestrian collision, 367f, 382, 383/ Pedestrian impact, 21 Pedestrian traffic, 3, 3/ PEM (polymer electrolyte membrane)

fuel cell, I08-I09.109L, ItO Permanent magnet excited

synchronous motors. 103. 105. 105t

Permanent magnet motors, 103 Petit Pierre, 1751 Peugeot, 176t Philips, 532 Phosphating, 331t, 334-335 Phosphorus, 317 Phosphorus-based microalloys, J 17 Photometric units, 50 I f

Physical ignition delay, 180 Physics, 33-77 Pierce riveting, 296, 296J; 305, 309.

311/312, 312/ 313/ 320, 559, 559f

Pillars, 287-288,288/,2891" Pilot injection, 185· . Pintle nozzle, 188, 188!" Piston acceleration, 12S Piston bowl, 156, IS7/, 157, 158, 160,

175f Piston compressor, 163 Piston cooling, 152 Piston force, 130, 1321 Piston side thrust, 129 Piston travel, 128 Piston velocity, 128 Pistons, 138, 194, 194(.539 Pitch acceleration, 38 Pitch angle, 37 Pitch moment, 38, 401 Pitch motion, 452f Pitch velocity. 38 Pitman arm, '466-467,4671: 471 Planar independent suspension. 447,

447f Planet gear carrier, 231-232 Planetary automatic transmissions.

230-232 Planetary differential. 250, 2501 Planetary gear train. 230-232, 2321 Planetary rransmisison. 477f Plastic engine components, [38-139 Plastic foams, 327, 328f Plastic lenses, 504 Plastic molding, 3291 Plastics, 305-306, 314, 314/: 316f,

325,540,541, 54lf, 542, 551-553

Plastisols.Bj-tr Platform development, 100, 1001 Platform strategies, 586 Plating, 557 Platinum, 551 Plunger tandem master cylinder, 405,

405f Pneumatic rrail, 463

Poisson's equation, 178 Polar moment of inertia, 394{ Polimotor Research Inc., 5401 Polyamide, 551 Polyearbonate, 504, 555 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,

183,1841 Polyester, 551 Polyester resins, 326 Polyglyco,409 Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM)

fuel cell. 108-109, 109t, 110 Polymer matrices, 569, 569t Polvmcrs. 325, 404, 565-567 Polypropylene, 551 Polyurethane, 325, 327-328, 32~{

Poly-V belts, 153, 1531 Pontiac, 539 Pcrsche, 82, 99f, 540t, 547

904 GTS, 5401 910/8,540t 911,93/ 97f, 547, 448 917, 540t 928. 448 Boxstcr,94f, 137f, 462t, 547 Carrera 4, 392{

Porsche ABO (automatic brake differential). 256

Powder paints, 336 Power brakes, 259 Power curves, 10~1: 207. 20~r

Power density, 106, 1061 Power pack, 474 Power split hybrid, 116 Power steering, 266, 470j, 471,1; 472f,

473/473-475,476 Power steering pump, 63 Power supply, 514 PPS (product program submission), 83 Prechamber diesel engine, 174. 174{:

175/; 188, 192, 195. 196/ Precoating, 3J I Preforms, 555, 5551 Prepreg, 325f, 551!, 551-552 Pressed glass, 504 Pressure check valve, 493 Pressure drag, 39 Pressure limiter, 493 Pressure lubrication system, 151f,

151-152 Pressnre plate, 219, 2201 Pressure regulator, 244, 2441 Pressure sensor, 414 Pressure trace, 143-144, 1441 Pressure wave supercharger, 195,209,

209/21O/212,212f Prerensioners, 375 Primer, 335-336 Process planning, 578f, 578-582, 5801 Product creation, 575--604 Product data management (POM). 90 Product description. 83, 88 Product program submission (PPS),

83 Production volume. 582 Program checkpoints, 576f, 5801 Program planning, 575-578 Project organization, 584, 584f

PROMETHEUS, 7/ 29, 29f, 607, 607/608f .

Props hafts, 2[8 Propulsion forces, 391 Propulsion systems, 101-121 Propulsion unit, 61--63 Prototypes, 580, 585, 601--602 PSPF (Pubic Symphysis Peak Force),

369,370f Psychoaeoustic evaluation, 136 PTFE (polytetrafluorethylene), 408 Pubic Symphysis Peak Force (PSPF),

369, 370f Publie transportation, If, 2f, 3f, 3-4,

4f, 14 Pulley sets, 240-241 Pulse-width-modulated signals, 516 Purchasing planning, 578 Push belt, 239, 239f, 242 PWM valves, 245 PZEVs (partial zero emissions

vehicles), 102

Quality assurance, 77, 603--604 Quality circle, 604f Queen Elizabeth Il, 175t Quench motion, 180

Rack and pinion steering, 466, 467, 471/471-472, 472f, 474f

Radial blower, 51, 521 Radial brakes, 398 Radial plunger pumps, 186-187 Radial tires, 424-425 Radial turbine wheel, 211-212 Radiated immunity, 536-537 Radiated noise, 591 Radiator, 45, 48-50, 49f, 501 Radio, 348f, 348-349 Radio data system (RDS), 348-349,

3491,532 Radio reception, 537 Radiophones, 351 Rag joint, 469 Rain. 44 Ramp angles, 97 Ramped excitation, 527 RAMS1S, 95. 341-342. 342f, 346.

346f . Range extender concept. II 5-116 Rapeseed oil, 279 Rapeseed oil methyl ester (R..\1E),495 Ravigneaux gear trains. 23 l , 232 RBCe coupling, 25~/; 254 RDS (radio data system), 348-349,

532 Reach envelope, 343, 343f Reactants. 108-109 Rear axle svsrem. 72f Rear collision, 286 Rear impact, 373-374 Rear position lamps, 508 Rear subframe, 4401 Rear suspension crossmember,

286-287 Rear-mounted engine, 93, 93f, 94, 94f,

951 Rear-seat passengers, 347

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631 Keyword Index

Rear-wheel drive, 91, 93, 93J, 94, 94J, 951,218, 218J, 230, 237, 401,411

Rear-wheel steering, 479j; 480J, 48l}-482,481/

Rebound, 437,439 Recapped tires, 429 Receiver-drier, 53, 54 Receivers, 532 Reciprocating-piston combustion

engines. 123 Recirculating ball steering. 470J,

470--471 Rectifier, 521 Recycling, 42~f, 569-571, 570J, 571f Reference holes, 295 Reflectance. 504/ Reflection, 441-442, 442f Reflectivity, 504 Reflectors, 502-504 Reformer, 110 Refrigerant, 53-55, 55f Refrigerant cycle, 55f Regulations, 16-27,75,96,98,102,

489,501,504 tire, 429

Relative tip clearance, 210 Release bearing, 220f Release duration, 396 Release pressure, 219 Release time, 396 Reliability tests, 601 Renault, 93 Renewable resources, 568-569. 569( Repairs, 99, 297, 298f Resin transfer molding, 327 Resonant frequency, 221, 221J, 222,

291,301,309,450,453,456/ Resource profiles, 581 Restraint systems, 375-377 Reverse tumble, 157, 157f Reynolds number, 40, 593 Rhodium,55l Ride comfort, 427, 427f Ride steer, 437 Right-hand traffic, 502 Rigid-axle suspension, 445 Ring gear, 231-232 Ring winding, 103 Rio de Janeiro, 606 Rio Principle, 606 Riveting. See Pierce riveting RME (rapeseed oil methyl ester).

495-496 Road pricing, 608 Road testing, 598f Roadster, 300 RobCAD/man, 346 Robert Boseh GmbH, 189 Robots, 336 Rocker arms. 132/; 133, 169 Roll aceeleranon, 38 Roll angle, 37, 453, 486f Roll axis, 439 Roll bar, 302 Roll eenter, 438--439 Roll moment, 38, 40f, 453 Roll oscillations, 453, 454.( Roll steer, 437

Roll stiffness, 392 Roll velocity, 38 Rollback,400 Roller followers, 133, 134f Rolling noise, 71f Rolling radius. 39 Rolling resistance, 34{, 34--35, 35J,

426/,428--429, 430{, 430t Rolling resistance coeffi-cient, 12,35,

35/ Rollover, 302, 374, 374.( Roll-up sleeve effect, 326f Roof, 288J, 288-289 Roof crush resistance, 371 Roots supercharger, 212, 213f Rotary piston, 212 Rotary vane eompressor, 55 Rotational force, 130, 132f Rotor, 212, 212J, 521 Rover, 169 Rover ETC (electronie traction

control), 256 Rubber behavior, 433--434, 434{, 553 Rubber mounts, 73J, 440, 445 Run-flat tire systems, 436 Running lamps, 508 Ruthenium, 551 Rzeppa, Hans, 218

Saab, 142,370, 377f Sac-hole nozzle, 188 SAE (Society of Automotive

Engineers), 90, 125, 126, 139, 501

SAE H-point template, 338-339, 340f Safe life quality, 317, 318f Safety, 297,302,362-386,364/ Safety belt testing, 602f Safety belts, 375 Safety glass, 554-555 Safety regulations, 10,17/, 2Qf.20-22,

362,3621,3631 Safety Stutz, 5401 Safety testing, 591-592 Sand casting, 539 Sandwich composites, 550J, 550-551 Sandwieh structures, 323-324, 324(,

327-328,328/ Sauter mean diameter (SMD), 162 Seandinavia, 504, 508, 533 Scavenging, 271, 271f Schedule, 58 If Scissors effect, 183, 183f SCR (selective catalytie reaction),

198,199 SCR (selective catalytic reduction),

165 Screw pumps, 493 Scroll compressor, 55, 212-213, 213f,

2141 Scrub radius, 462 SEA (statistical energy analysis), 591 Sealant, 334, 334t Sealed beam headlamps, 501, 504 Sealing, 332, 334, 334t Sealing wax, 336, 336t Searehlamps. 508 Seat adjustment, 34Q{, 340-341, 341f

Seat belts, 375, 376, 377J, 377-378 anchorage, 370-371, 375, 375f

Seat crossmember, 286, 286f Seat dimensions, 341f Seat location, 452 Seat tests, 370-371 Seat-belt retraetors, 286 Seating, 95-96, 98(, 302 Seating buck, 95-96, 343, 344.( Seating position, 285, 285f Searing reference point, 21, 285, 285J,

340 Seating surface, 340-341 Secondary air injection, 147 Seiliger process, 178, 178f Selandia. 175/ Selective catalytic reaction (SCR),

198. 199 Selective catalytic reduetion (SCR),

165 Self-diagnosis. 526, 526f Self-diagnostics, 149 Self-learning, 149 Self-supporting tire carcass, 436 Self-supporting tires, 446 Semiconductor ignition, 141 Semiconductor switches, 265, 525 Semirrailing arm suspension, 447,

447J, 449 Semi trailing link suspension, 448 Senior citizens, 7 Sensor failure, 149 Sensor functions, 329-330 Scnsors, 244, 260-261, 262(,

411-414,458, 511-514, 512J, 513t

Sequential injection, 139 Serial hybrids, I I Sf, 115-/16 Service brake system, 395 Serviee life tests, 60 [ Service properties. 425--429, 426j.

4261 Servotronic, 473--474, 474(, 475,475f,

476 SgRP,21 Shape factor, 120 Shape optimization, 41,43, 590 SHED test (sealed housing

evaporative determination), 489 Sheet metal, 293, 294--295, 306, 306f,

308j, 317, 331, 539 Sheet molding compound (SMC),

306, 307J, 326-327, 551 Shift, 226, 230 Shifl eomponenrs, 232-233 Shift meehanism, 227J, 228 Shift programs, 246-247 Shift quality. 235-236, 241, 246 Shift schedule, 236. 236( Shifting lever. 234--235: 235f Shock absorber. 440 Shock absorber forees, 392 Shoek absorber friction, 448 Shock absorbers. See dampers Short-fiber thermoplastics, 552t Shoulder room, 97, 98t Shredder light fraction (SLF), 569,

571

632 Keyword Index

51 (spark ignition) engine, 123 Sickle link, 448 SID (side impact dummy), 370, 370/;

3711, 380, 381/ Side force, 40j, 390. 39l, 392. 433f Side impact, 21, 22, 2~8, 302. 373,

379-380, 3801,381/ Side impact dummy (SID), 370, 370/;

3711, 380, 381/ Side impact protection criteria, 369,

370(.371 Side panel assembly, 287-288, 288! Side pinions, 217 Sideslip. 410 Sideslip angle, 38 Siemens Automotive, 163 Sight angles, 95 Signal lamps, 508-510 Signal processing, 516-517 Signaling headlamps, 502 Silafont 36, 546. 547{; 5471 Silencer volumes. 96 Silicate technology, 430 Silicon, 136-137, 137J, 555-556 Silicon nitride valves, 556 Silicone, 409 Silver, 551, 557 Simplex drum brake, 398, 398/ Simpson gear trains, 231,232 Simulation. 583, 584{ Simulation technology, 587-595, 588t Simultaneous engineering, 575f,

575-587 Single point injection, 139 Sintered metals, 38 Sintered rods, 138 Sintcring, 329{ Sinusoidal input, 488 Six-cylinder engines, 126, 127J, 128,

130t, 1311, 13~r Skeleton construction, 293 Ski sack. 490 Skin, 283-284, 284f Skin drag, 39 Skyhook prineiple, 458 Slalom tests, 488 Sleeve stiffening, 457 SLF (shredder light fraction ), 569,

571 Sliding calipers, 402J, 402--403, 403f Sliding frame eatipers, 402--403, 403{ Sliding speeds, 430 Sliding zones, 43 J. 431f Slip, 223, 410 Slip angle, 39, 390, 391, 410,410/:

431, 432f, 486{ Slip-ring rotor, 103 Sloan, Alfred P., 79 Small car segment, IO{ Smart. 9, 9/: 10(, 94{ Smart card systems, 611 Smart materials, 329-330 Smart power, 525 Smart power switch. 265 SMC (sheet molding eompound), 306,

3071, 326-327, 551 SMD (Sauter mean diameter), 162 SMG Engineering GmbH, 562

Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE).501

Sodium-filled exhaust valves, 138 Sodium-nickel chloride battery, 106,

1061. ll6 Sodium-sulfur battery, 106 Soft combustion, 192, 193 Software in the loop, 518, 594, 601 Soiling, 43--44, 284 Soldering, 491, 492f Solenoid valve, 244J, 244-245, 257,

258/ Solvent emissions, 337( Soot, 183-184. 184[, 184t, 192, 196 Sound. See Noise Sound insulation, 67J, 67--68,681; 4421 Sound pressure distribution. 591 SP programs, 236, 236f Space cams, 169 Space frame, 293-299, 294/; 31Of.

3 I (}--320,321f Space shuttle, 109 Spare tire, 97, 446 Spare tire well, 287 Spark duration, 142 Spark energy, 142 Spark ignition (SI) engine, 123 Spark ping, 142, 14~r

Spatial geometry, 338, 339f Spatial independent suspension, 448,

448(,449/ Spatial perception, 285 Spatial suspensions, 468 Specific mass, 126 Speech recognition, 353 Speed control, 246, 262 Speed-sensitive power steering.

473--474 Spherical independent suspension,

447-448, 448/ Spider gears, 217 Spindle, 445 Split brake systems, 395-396 Sport mode, 236, 236j" Sport utility vehicles (SUVs), 97-98 Sports car, 44J, 456 Spot welding, 290, 295, 3l2J, 313/;

317,539,558 Spray booths, 336 Spray models, 162, 163J, 594, 594/ Spray propagation, 180 Spray-guided combustion systems,

155-156,156/: 1591, 159-160 Spring constants, 45~r

Spring forces, 392 Spring rate, 441 Spring stiffness, 452{ Spring surface stiffness, 457 Springing, 450--461. 451/; 455f Springs. 446, 450-453, 451J, 452J,

453(,456-459.4561, 457{ Spyder,300 Sqneeze casting, 137, 137/; 323/; 546,

563,563/ Squirrel-cage motor, 103 Stability systems, 257-259, 259/, 261 Stabilizer, 451J, 453--454, 458-460 Stabilizer bar, 453

Staged combustion, 195 Staged release, 585 Stainless steel, 540, 545 Standardization, 530, 530t, 602 Stapp, John, 367 Stapp Car Crash Conferences, 367 Starch, 279 Starter, 153 Starter battery, 523 Starter/generator units, 170 Static compression, 450 Static toe-in. 38 Stationary traffic, 4 Statistical energy analysis (SEA), 591 Stator winding, 104 Steady-state cornering. 486, 48~(

Steel, 293, 299, 314, 314/. 316/: 317, 3191, 403, 539, 541. 5411, 542-545,564

Steel foam, 328{ Steer angles, 437 Steer-by-wire, 391, 476, 47~f,

478-480,525 Steering, 38.390-391 Steering angle, 390-391,444,445,

463,464, 464/: 4651:467, 468-469

Steering angle map, 48Q{ Steering angle sensors, 260-261,

26~(

Steering assist, 472--475 Steering axis. See Kingpin axis Steering box, 466-467, 470--472 Steering gear, 466-467 Steering impulse test, 486 Steering kinematics, 439, 462--470 Steering knuckle, 445 Steering linkage, 466-467, 467j" Steering ratio. 38, 469, 474 Steering shaft, 469 Steering system, 68-69, 69,

461--782 Steering wheel angle, 38, 486{ Steering wheel angle sensor, 413 Srecring wheel moment, 38 Steering wheel movement. 369 Step steer, 487, 488 Stiction,448 Stiffness,3lQf Stiffness simulation, 589 Stirling engines, I [~(, 117-118, 118{ Storage chips, 532 Straight-line motion, 484-486 Strain limits. 317 Strassenverkehrs-Zulassungs-Drdnu

ng (StYZO), 16, 171-181. 181, 4R9.538

Stratified charge, 163, 163{ Strength modeling, 589-590 Structural optimization, 590-591 Structure-borne noise, 591 Strut, 459{ Strut suspension, 440, 44~(, 444, 445/;

466,467, 468( Strut towers, 287 . Strut-type suspension, 448 Stud welding, 296 Studio engineer, 81

KeYWOl

SlVZO (St Or, 531

Subfran Subject Success Sugar, 2 Sulfur,

19 Sulfur d

19' Sulzer t Summe Sun gca Sunbee Sunroo1 Superce Supercl

20 Supetle Superp. Suppler Supple Surface Surface Surface Suspen

kine! layer ""Ie

Suspen Sustain Sustain SUVs( Swash] Swayt Swede! SWIFl

In Tt

Swirl, Swirl c

I: Swirlc Swirl (

I: Swirl I Swirl I Switct

II Switel Switze Svnch Svneh Synerj Synthr Syster

F (:

Taillal Tailli~ Taikm Tande Tande Tange

4

Keyword Index

taged combustion, j 95 zaged release, 585 tainless steel, 540, 545 tandardizatjon, 530. 530/, 602 .tapp,John, 367 lappCar Crash Conferences, 367 :tan;h,279 tarter, 153 tarter battery, 523 tarter/generator units, 170 tatic compression, 450 .tatic toe-in, 38 aationary traffic. 4 tatistical energy analysis (SEA), 59 L zatorwinding, 104 ready-stare cornering, 486, 487/ reel, 293, 299, 314, 314f, 316/317,

319/:403, 539,541. 541f, 542-';45,564

teel foam, 328f teer angles, 437 teer-by-wire, 391, 476, 478/;

478-480,525 . eeering, 38, 39a-391 teering angle, 39a-39 L 444, 445,

%3.•64. 464f, 465f. 467, 468-469

teenng angle map, 480f ISteering angle sensors, 260-261,

262/ teering assist, 472-475

Steering axis. See Kingpin axis Steering box, 466--467, 47Q--472 Steering gear, 466-467 Steering impulse test, 486 Steering kinematics, 439, 462-470 Steering knuckle, 445 Steering linkage, 466-467, 467f Steering ratio, 38, 469, 474 ' Steering shaft, 469 Steering system, 68--69, 69,

461-782 Steering wheel angle, 38, 48~/

Steering wheel angle sensor, 413 Steering wheel moment, 38 Steering wheel movement, 369 Step steer, 487, 488 Stiction,448 Stiffness, 316f Stiffness simulation. 589 Stirling engines, 117f; 117-11 R, 118f Storage chips, 532 Straight-line motion. 484--486 Strain limits, 317 Strassenverkehnl-lulassungs--0rdnu

ng(S'VZO), 16, 17/-18/, 18/; 489.538 '

Stratified charge, Hi], 16~f

Strength modeling, 589-590 Structural optimization, 590-591 Structure-borne noise, 591 Strut, 459f Strut suspension, 440, 443[, 444, 445j,

466, 467, 468[ Strut towers, 287 Strut-type suspension, 448 Stud welding. 296 Studio engineer, 81

Keyword Index 633

SIYZO (Strass~nverkdlrS-Zulassungs­

Ordnung), 16, 17t-18r, l~f;489,

538 Subframe design, 74f Subjective evaluation, 482-483, 483( Successor model development, 89, 8'~( Sugar, 279 Sulfur, 144, 16.>-166, 198, 198j, 199,

/99f, 202, 202/ Sulfur dioxide (S02)' (83, 198, 19~/;

199,206,206/ Sulzer brothers, 175/, 176t Summer tire, 432( Sun gear, 231-232 Sunbeam vcncziu, 293 Sunroof, 46, 289, 289f Supercepacirors, 116, llt?( Supercharging, 171-173, 195,

207-215 Supetleggera,293 Superposition steering, 476-477,477( Supplemental brake system, 395 Suppliers, 578, 582 Surface corrosion, 330 Surface gap spark plug, 142, l4~1 Surface protection, 33U-338 Suspension, 286--287, 389-499

kinematics, 437-439 layout. 451.1; 452 materials, 541

Suspension upright, 445 Sustainable development, 606 Sustainable mobility, 6, 607/; 609 SUVs (sport utility vehicles), 97-98 Swashplate compressor, 55-56 Sway bar, 453 Sweden, 370 SWIFT (System for Wireless

Infotainment Forwarding and Teledtstribuuon), 349

Swirl, 180, 193 Swirl chamber diesel engine, 174,

174j; 188. 192. 195, 1961 Swirl charge motion, 156, 158, J61 Swirl combustion system, 157, 157/;

158 Swirl port, 179-180, 18W Swirl pot, 494 Switched reluctance motors, 103, 104,

105, lOSt Switches, 265 Switzerland, 366/; 502 Synchromesh systems, 226, 227f Synchronous motors, 103 Synerject LLC, 163 Synthesis gas, 278 System for Wireless Infotainment

Forwarding and Teledistribution (SWIFT), 349

Taillamps, 509 Taillight openings, 288 Tailored blanks, 28, 306. 308/, 558 Tandem brake boosters, 407, 407( Tandem master cylinder, 404-40'5 Tangential force, 40(, 391-392. 398,

431,433/ .

Tape drawing, 84, 84;; 85, 86, 87 Target catalog, 83, 88, 283. 2R3t 145,

345/ Taxis, 7' TCC (Thorax Compression Criterion).

369, 369J TCFC (Tibia Compressive Force

Criterion, 369, 369( TeU (transmission control unit),

242-244, 243[ Technology advancements, 9-16,

27-31, 28f. 30/ Teflon, 408 Telematics,28, 247, 347, 352,610,

613 Telephony, 349-351, 350/ Temper. 546, 546j, 547, 547t, 5481 Temperature, 56, 57/. 354-355, 430t Tempered safety glass, 554-555 Ten-eylinder engines, 126 Tensile strength, 317, 543, 544(, 545,

546, 5461; 547, 547/; 548, Terminal velocity. 2 16 Test conditions, 597, 598( Test dummy, 36~j; 370, j70/3711

380,381/; 601 TeSL locutions, 599, 600( Test maneuvers, 485 . Testing technology, 595-603, 59~(,

5971; 598[ TEVES, 401/, 402, 413, 414, 416/ Textiles. 553, 553/, 5541 . Thermal comfon, 353-355, 355/ Thermal efficiency, 124, 12~( . Thermal losses, 273 Thermodynamics, 123, 178-179, 1791 Thermoplastic elastomers (TPE), 553 Thermoplastics, 305-306, 324-325,

325f. 327, 551-553, 5S1/; 5521; 5521 . .

Thermosetting plastics, 324-325 Thermostat, 51, 150 Thin-gauge steel, 317, 319, 542-545 Thixocasting, 322, 32~/; 563-564,

564/ Thomson, Robert William, 424 Thoracie Trauma Index (TTII. 369,

370/ Thorax Compression Criterion (TCC),

369,369{ Three-cylinder engines, 126,128,

BUt. 132I Three-dimensional combustion

models, 200 Three-dimensional computational

model, 188, 189( Three-dimensional modeling, 84-85,

85-86,95 Three-liter car, 205[, 206, 2~(, 541 Three-point belts, 375, 376, 377/;

377-378, 378[ Throttle, J64,210,258 Throttle body injection, 139 Throttle losses, 167 Throttle-free load control, 166-168 Throttling, 154-155, 166, 177,

214--215 Throwout bearing, 22Qf

Thrust hyperbola, 237, 23~f

Thyristor ignition, 140-14\ Tibia Compressive Force Criterion

(TCFC), 369,369/ Tibia Index (TI), 369,369/ Tie rods, 466, 46?1; 46~/; 471 Tier 2 standards (U.S.), 205, 205f Tie-rod-actuated brake boosters.au? Tin, 557 Tire aspect ratios, 424--425 Tire earcass, 425, 425f Tire chains, 21 Tire noise, 75, 76, 436 Tire normal force, 394, 394( Tire/road noise, 4261, 427, 428/ Tire-roadway force transfer, 429-431 Tires. 39, 424--436

construerion, 424--425, 425{ evaluation criteria, 427( . mileage, 426[. 426t . models, 434-435 regulations. 429 simulation, 434{ standardization, 429

Titanium, 314, 314/; 3 I6/; 317 Titanium alloys, S4W; 549-550, 5501 Titanium phosphate, 334 TMC (traffic message channel), 349,

351,532 Toe angle, 437, 443 Toe Changes, 391 Toe-in, 437, 443.443j, 444, 445j, 484f Toe-out, 437, 443, 444 Tolerance, 290 Top feed injectors, 139, 13~{

Topology optimization, 590-591 Toroidal transmissions, 238-239 Torque. 126, 135, 14q/; \64, 16·Y;219,

220/; 221, 230 Torque bias ratio, 251 Torque control. 105. 518!' Torque converter, 223}, 223-226,

224/; 229, 238 Torque converter pressure, 245f Torque curve, 102/. 119 Torque distribution, 250 Torque hump phenomenon, 252 Torque-sensing locking differential.

25] Torscn differential. 251, 25 If Torsion damper, 221, 22lJ; 223f Torsional stiffness, 290 292,291/;

301 .

Total quality management (TQM), 603--604

Tourism, 3 Towing. 27, 33 Towing eye, 286 Toyota. 108, 157, 458

Aristo,481 Prius, 115[, 116 Soarer, 4591

Toyota RBC"" coupling, 25~f; 254 TPE (thermoplastic elastomers), 553 TQM (total quality management),

603--604 Track,38 Traction, 246, 42~/; 426t. 43~f

I

634 Keyword Index

Traction batteries, 102, 105-107 Traction behavior, 429--432, 430t,

431[. 432J Traction coefficient, 29, 409 Traction control, 256--263 Traction diagram, 249, 249f Traction force radius, 464--465 Tractive force, 35, 361,392J, 409--410 Tractive power, 35, 36/ Tractors, 33 Traffic, I}: 2, 605--611

information.Ta problems, 5, Sf, 9 technology, 609--6l 0, 61 Of

Traffic fatalities, lO/. 365, 366J, 389J Traffic management, 6, 609, 6101, 611,

611J Traffic message channel (TMC), 349,

351,532 Trailers, 19[. 27, 33 Trailing arm suspension, 447 Trailing arms, 446 Transfer case, 218 Transformation-induced plasticity

(TRlP),543-544,544f Transistorized ignition, 140 Transmission, 12-13, 116-117,

215-248 noise, 61--63, 69/ types, 21St wiring, 245

Transmission angle, 468 Transmission control unit (TCU),

242-244, 243J Transmission mounts, 62, 73-75 Transmission pressure control, 245.

246 Transmission ratio range, 216 Transmitted torque, 219, 221 Transom, 287. 287/ Transport protection, 331,337, 337/ Transportation mileage, 3, 3/ Transportation systems, 2, 2[, 4{, 5/ Transverse dynamics, 3901, 390-391,

483-488,484f Transverse engine, 217 Transverse flux motors, 103-104, 105.

105t Transverse force, 38,431 Transverse front drive, 237 Transverse mounting, 91, 92f 94{,

153f 237, 237J Transverse suspension forces,

390-391 Transverse tractive forces, 410. 411 Travel information, 14 Tread. 425, 425/ Tread wear indicators (TWl), 429 Trend research, 81 Trim design, 82 TRIP (transformation-induced

plasticity), 543-544, 544{ Truck/car collisions, 382 Trucb,33 Trunk volume, 98f, 98t TTl (Thoracic Trauma Index). 369,

370J Tube-type sender, 495. 495/

Tubular cam shaft, 138 Tumble charge motion. 156-157,

157f 161, 161J Tunnel reinforcement, 286, 286/ Turbine efficiency, 208 Turbine equation, 223 Turbocharged engines, 96 Turbocharger, 195,208-209, 214--215 Tum, 443 Tum signal lamps, 508--509 Twelve-cylinder engines, 126, 128,

1311. 132J TWI (tread wear indicators), 429 Twist beam suspension, 449f, 449-450 Two-cylinder engines. 126, 132/ Two-dimensional modeling, 95 Two-dimensional templates. 338-340 Two-headlamp system, 502 Two-speed automatic transmission,

230J Two-stroke engine, 269-275, 270/.

rtu: nu. 273f 274/ Type 1emissions test, 23, 2~/; 241,

25 Type II emissions test, 23 Type III emissions test, 23 Type IV emissions test, 23-25 Type V emissions lest, 23, 25 Type VI emissions test, 23, 25

ULSAB.550 Ultimate strain, 317 Ultrasonic welding, 492 Ultraviolet (UV), 335, 510 Underbody, 96-97,971, 284,

33"-337 Underbody cover, 97 Undercoating, 336-337, 337/ Underfloor engine. 94, 94[ Underpressure, 45, 46/ Understeer, 418 Undriven axles, 447 Unit injector, 189-191, 190/ United Nations Conference on

Environment and Development (1992), 606

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE). I7t-181, 19-27,489,501,504, 505,507,508

United States. 366f, 502, 504, 505, 507,508,539

impact protection criteria, 368-369, 369f 370J

regulations, 9--10 United States National Highway

Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA),362

Universal joints, 218 Unregulated exhaust components, 185 Upper range class, 98f, 98t Upshift, 230, 230f 236, 246, 246J Uptime, 582 Urban vehicle concepts. 7 Urea, 165, 199 US-SID (U.S. side impact dummy),

370, )70[. 371J UV (ultraviolet), 335,510

V engines, 126-127, 127/, 131/ Vacuum brake boosters, 405--407, 406/ Vacuum die casting, 323f, 564 Vacuum power brake boosters,

405-407,406J Vacuum pump, 407 Vacuum solenoids, 361 Valve actuanon, 168-171, 168j, 169J,

170[.I7lJ Valve deactivation, 161 Valve lash, 1]J Valve lift, 133, 167[, 167-168, 169 Valve materials, 138 Valve recession. 133 Valve timing, 160, 166-171, 1671 Valve train, 61---62,131, 132j, 133,

134f Valve-covered nrificc (VeO) nozzle,

188 VAN (vehicle area network), 517 Van Doome"s Transmissions (VDT),

239 Vans, 44J, 95, 98j, 98/ Vapor cooling systems, 15 ( Vapor emissions, 10 Variable compression ratio, 172-173,

vru. 173J Variable damping systems, 458 Variable turbine geometry (VTG),

195f 210, 212J Variable valve lift, 167-l68 Variable valve timing, 166-171, 167f VC (Viscous Criterion), 369, 369J,

370J VCO (valve-covered orifice) nozzle,

188 VDA (Verband der

Automobilindustrie), 139.571 VDA test, 488 VDl (Vercin Deutscher lngenieure),

605 VDT push belt, 239, 2391, 242 VE pump, 185-187, 186/ Vehicle area network (VAN). 517 Vehicle categories. 19f, 33-34 Vehiele classes, 97-98, 98/, 98/ Vehicle concept, 88-101 Vehicle concept process, 89f, 89-90 Vehicle concepts, 6J, 6-7, 7/ Vehicle control points, 575-576, 576/ Vehicle dimensions, 27, 90, 90f 9lj;

97-98,981,2841:284-285 Vehicle dynamic handling controls,

393J Vehicle dynamics, 390--393, 393/ Vehicle dynamics sensor, 262/ Vehicle identification number, 26 Vehicle kilometers, 2 vehicle package. See Package Vehicle platform, 100 Vehicle sensitive retractor, 375 vehicle stability systems, 257-259,

259J Vehicle support systems. 12/ Vehicle variants, 100, 100/ Velocity, 37, 38 Vent port tandem master cylinder, 404.

404J

Keywoi

ventilat Ventilat Vents, 3 Venturi verband

(VI Verein I

6{)~

Veremig Vertical Vertical VerticlII Vertical Vertical Vibe's L Vibratto.

119 suspe

458 Vibrauc vibrauoi Vibratior Vibratic Vibratior Vibranor Vibratia Vibratior Vibratio. Virtual Ii Virtual p Virtual p Virtual p Virtual r, Virtual \I Visrolok viscoma Viscous Viscous Visual ai Visual 0'

Visual n Voice rei Volkswa

m Beetle G-La(

21; Golf, Golf' Golfl Lupo, Lupc Polo: Shara Three

635 Keyword Index

Ventilated disc brakes, 400 Ventilation, 45, 355-357, 3561, 358/ Vents, 357, 358/ Venturi pump, 494, 494[ Verband der Automobilindustne

(VDA), 139,571 Verein Deutscher Ingerueure(VOl),

605 Vereinigte ZiindholzfabrikenAG, 1751 Vertical dynamics, 390t, 392-393 Vertical dynamics systems, 456-460 Vertical force. 38 vertical motion, 452/ Vertical wheel motion, 437-439 Vibe's Law, 593 Vibration, 11. 59}; 601, 61--{i1. 65--{i8,

119,218-219,221,40 I, 441-442 suspension, 452j; 453, 454j; 456,

458 vibration amplitude, 218-219, 301 Vibration comfort, 73-75 Vibration damper, 301-302, 302/ vibration damping, 221j; 221-222 Vibration equations, 452j; 454{ Vibration frequency, 65--{i7, 66/ Vibration seats, 340 Vibration simulation, 591 Vibration welding. 492 Virtual laboratory, 10I Virtual product clinics, 101 Virtual product development, 101 Virtual prototypes, 30, 598/ Virtual reality, 30 Virtual wind tunnel, 593 Visco10k coupling, 252, 254 Viscomatic'" coupling, 254 Viscous couplings, 251-252, 252/ Viscous Criterion (VC), 369. 369j; 370/ Visual aiming. 504 Visual obstructions, 342/ Visual range, 50 I Voice recognition, 28, 353 Volkswagen (VW). 121, 79, 80, 80j;

176t, 189, 191, 376j; 540t Beetle, 93, 547 G-Ladcr engine, 209, 21 OJ;

212-213,214 Golf, 921. 292, 293} Golf 4, 98t. 449/ Golf Cabriolet, 3o<l/ Lupo.204.206,550 LupoiAudi AL2, 13, 13/ Polo 3. 98/ Sharan,98t Three Liter Car, 137

Volkswagen TDI engine, 1811, 194f Voltage, 521,522-525,5231, 525f Volumetric efficiency, 133 Volvo, 370, 496, 497/ VR engines, 127[ 128 VTG (variable turbine geometry),

1951.210, 212} 42-V/14-V electrical system,

524-527, 525} V-VR engines, 12':Y; 128

Wengines, 126, 127/ Wall-guided combustion systems.

155,156-158, 157J; 159J, 159-160

Warm-up, 246 Warning light, 149,343 Water flows. 44 Water pump, 53, 63.151 Water separator, 356 Water-side temperature control,

356 Wax coatings, 332 Wax sealing, 336 Wayne State University Concussion

Tolerance Curve, 368 Wear protection, 555-556 Weave test, 485 Webbing clamping devices, 375 Webbing grabbers, 375 Webbing sensitive retractor, 375 Weight. 27. 204f, 205, 292-293, 293j;

297, 305, 306, 309, 309} Weight reduction, 613--{i14 Weight transfer, 391 weissach rear suspension. 448 Welded plates, 306, 308/ Welding, 290, 295-296, 305, 3081.

309, 312J; 313J, 317, 320, 320J; 491,492, 492J; 558-559

Wet traction, 430t wetting. 43-44, 284 Weymann body, 540t Wheel brakes, 398-404 Wheel bump travel, 437 Wheelcanrier,445 Wheel design, 81-82 Wheel dynamics, 409-411 Wheel load lever arm, 464, 464/ Wheel load OSCillation,4521, 454{ Wheel sensors, 411-413, 412/ Wheel slip, 431/ Wheel speed sensors, 260 Wheel travel angle, 438 Wheel vertical motion, 437-439

Wneel wells, 287,288 Wheelbase. 38 Wheels, 39, 284, 446 Wilson gear trains, 231, 232 Wind angle, 40/ Wind noise, 45-47, 69-71, 284 Wind runnels. 40, 599 Windows. 45, 46, 70, 2891, 302,

554-555 Windshield. 2891, 555 Winter tire. 432/ Wiper blades, 44 Wipers, 46 Wiring. 5151, 515-516 Wohler curve, 323j, 546J, 547j; 590 Wood, 539 Work hardening, 317. 3 19J, 321/ Work lamps, 508 World War II, 9

Xenon headlamps, 28, 501 Xenon lights, 505. 506--507, 507/

Yaw acceleration, 38 Yaw angle, 37 Yaw damping. 391. 486 Yaw moment control (GMR), 418 Yaw mte change, 486, 487, 487/ Yaw rate error. 485 Yaw rate sensor, 260, 413, 413/ Yaw velocity, 38

Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen (ZF). 112

Zeldovich mechanism, 201 Zener diodes, 523 Zeolites, 198, 198/ Zero emissions vehicles (ZEVs),

102 Zero-dimensional combustion models,

200 ZF (Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen)

Bcorronic transmission, 239j; 240}; 242

HAG 210, 218J; 473 Type S 5-39 transmission. 228, 229/ VTl transmission, 242/

ZF~4 HP 20 transmission, 237, 237/ ZF-5 HP 19 transmission. 23 Ij; 237,

238f Zinc. 317. 331. 3311, 334, 557 Zinc die casting, 539 Zinc-air battery, 105, 106/, 107 Zinc-bromine battery, 106 Zinc-nickel alloys, 331