INDEX

abrupt exit 516 accidental spills 577 acid-base properties 291 acid rain 379 acid-site density 76 acid strength 61,76,86 acidic catalysts 73 acidic sites 294, 427 acidity 57, 290 activated soda 467 activation energies 111 activation energy for the n-hexadecane

ultrapyrolysis 336 active sites 86 active zeolite 51 additives 2 additives in FCC 40 adiabatic fixed bed 169 adiabatic pre-reforming 249, 264 adiabatic reformer 251 adiponitrile synthesis 353 Adler and Enig criterion 446 advanced cracking reactor 341 advanced energy transfer systems 252 advanced reforming 273 advanced riser separators 39 aeration 23, 28, 46 Ahlstrom license systems 515 Ahlstrom Pyroflow CFB combus-

tor 396 air 2,7 air compressors 382 air-lift fermentors 359 air pollutant emissions 404 air pollution 13 Al28 538 alcohol 2,9 alcohols and ethers 7 alkyl aromatics 74 alkyl phenols 585

625

alkylate 40,65, 147, 153 alkylation 19,21, 166 alkylation agents 209 alkylation with unsaturated hydrocar­

bons 206 ALKYMAX 159 Alternative Fluorocarbon Environmen-

tal Acceptability Study 622 alternatives to steam reforming 274 alumina calciners 537 aluminium chloride 17 aluminum 53 aluminum acid sites 54 aluminum sites 52 ammonia 268 ammonia injection 389 ammonia production 252 ammonium ion 51,53 anatase 578 andalusite 56 Anderson-Flory-Schulz 230 anionic vacancies 295 annulus 538 Antarctic continent 617 anthracite coal 397 antimony 72 apparent densities 29 apparent effective hydrogen dif­

fusivity 238 approach to equilibrium at reformer

outlet 251 aquatic environment contamina-

tion 577 arc 329 ARCa 305 ARCa process 228, 311 aromatic 9 aromatics 2,40, 148 aromatization selectivities 156 Asahi Glass Japanese 621

626

ash 380 ash agglomeration 386 asphalt residual treating process 341 ASVAHL 432 asymptotic Sherwood and Nusselt

numbers 562 atmospheric distillation 18 atmospheric fluidized bed boiler 382 atmospheric gas oil 328 atomization 500 atomizing nozzles 32 atrazine 587 attrition 66, 80, 385 Auto/Oil Air Improvement Research

Program 147 automobile emission control 547 automotive catalysts 547 automotive pollution control 547 autothermal reformer 251,267 autothermal reforming 249,267 Average Bulk Density 52 averaged suspended solids den-

sity 511 axial dispersion 355 axial dispersion coefficient 355 axial normal stresses 368 azimuthal velocity 367

backmixing of the liquid phase 353 baffles 33,354 ballistic separator 21 BASF process 201 batch reactors 328 bed density 33 bed dynamics 143 bed pressure drop 141 Benesi method 290 Benson process 190 bentazon 586 benzene 2,148,582 benzene alkylation 159 benzene concentration 147 Bernoulli equation 137 Berty reactors 93

Berty-type reactors 262 bifunctional mechanism of hydrocrack-

ing 427 bifurcation point 449 binder 51 Bintula 284 Bintulu project 245 biological waste water treatment 353 bismuth 72 bituminous coal 397 blowing agents 619 boiling range of gasoline (T90) 151 bond 427 bond angle 56 Boolean matrix 415 Boolean relation matrices 409 Boudouard reaction 262 bromination 189 Bronsted acid sites 75,418 Brown coal 403 bubble assemblage model 308 bubble coaslescence 356 bubble column 233 bubble column modeling 354 bubble column reactors 353 bubble wake 360 bubbles 27,353 bubbling 28 bubbling bed combustor 399 bubbling bed combustors 383 bubbling fluidized bed combus-

tors 507 bublbing regime 27 bullet shaped bubbles 357 burning coal 379 burning coal particles 511 burning natural gas 379 butane 2, 15, 147 butanes 77 butenes 75 butylenes 19

c/o 77 C-efficiencies 212

C-efficiency 203 C-H bond rupture 301 C2H4 oligomerization 196 C2H4 selectivities 197 C3H6 formation 207 C2+ selectivity 306, 317 Cl-chemistry 249 calcination 58 calcium limestone (CaC03) 386 calcium oxide 292, 467 calcium sulfite 380, 467 CANMET hydrocracking 436 CaO-Ce02 mixed oxides 294 CaO lattice 297 capacitance probes 358,512 capillary condensation 233 capture of S02 468 capture polluting gases 380 carbenium ion mechanisms 409,418 carbenium ions 74 carbocations 74 carbon 262 carbon dioxide 379,582 carbon dioxide emissions 380 carbon formation 201, 262 carbon forming reactions 251 carbon left on regenerated catalyst

(CORC) 33 carbon limit diagram 265 carbonium ions 74, 75 CARPT 360 CaS03 500 CaSO/CaS04 500 CaS04 400, 500 cat-to-oil coke 76 catalyst activity decay functions 85 catalyst coolers 46, 72 catalyst flux 23 catalyst immobilization 597 catalyst preparation 51 catalyst residence time 34 catalyst steaming 79 catalyst time-on-stream 85 catalysts 51,237

catalysts for hydrotreating 428 catalytic cracking 71 catalytic fluidized-bed reactor 306 catalytic hydrocracking 409,417 catalytic OCM reaction 300 catalytic oxidative coupling of

methane 286 cationic surfactants 609 catlytic cracking 409 CATOFIN process 173 catstill process 160 CBr4 188 CCl4 188 CCR (conradson carbon) 42 CCR moving bed 173 CDBACl 609 CDTECH 159 Ce02 556 ceramic monoliths 548 cetane index 147 cetane number 431 cety ldimethy lbenzy lammonium

chloride 609 cetylpyridinium cloride 609 CF3CHFCI 619 CFB 537 CFBC 507 CFC-1l3 617,619 CFC-1l4 617 CFC-1l5 617 CFC-12 617,619 CFC substitutes 619 CFCs-ll 617 CHzBrz 188 CHzClz 188 CH3Br 188 CH3CI 188 CHpH 184 CHpH synthesis 220 CH3 species 300 CH4 alkylation 209 CH4 pyrolysis 205 chain-length-independent growth

process 240

627

628

chain transfer 75 changes of surface tension 612 channel Reynolds number 551 channelling 134 char 403 char combustion 384, 385 charge distribution 56 CHBr3 188 CHCL3 188 chemical feedstocks 283 chemisorption of methane on

nickel 258 chlorination 353 chlorofluorcarbon (CFC) 617 chum turbulent bubble columns 355 chum-turbulent flow 356 circulating fluidized bed 537 circulating fluidized bed boilers 379 circulating fluidized bed combustors

(CFBC) 379,507 circulation flux of solids 513 Cl2 188 clay 51 clean air act 380 clean fuels 147 Clean Air Act Amendments 147 cleaning agents 619 closed cyclones 164 cluster analysis 84 clustering 519 clusters 27, 529 clusters of particles 519 Co 430 Co-Mo on alumina 438 Co-Mo-S phase 176 CO 2,11,44,63,64, 118, 147, 151,

549 CO/C02 ratios 45 CO nonattainment areas 149 CO oxidation 564 CO-rich gases 271 CO2 44, 118,249,549 CO2-reforming 249,265 coal 4, 185,210,381

coal combustion 379 coal combustion technologies 380 coal combustors 537 coal-fired utility plants 379 coal particle fragmentation 385 coal reserves 227,228 coalescence-redispersion 356 cobalt 428 cofeed method 290 cofeed mode 305 coke 21,33,59,75,325,430 coking reactions 327 collection efficiency 36 column compartments 368 combustion 4, 7 combustion efficiencies 381,508 combustion efficiency 386 combustion of a bituminous high

sulphur Eastern Canadian coal 532 combustion of high sulfur fossil

fuels 467 combustion of single carbon par-

ticles 385 combustion pilot plant 510 combustion process 379 combustion promoters 72 commercial risers 84 commercial unit 77 compressed natural gas 227 computer aided tracking of a single

radioactive particle (CARPT) 353 computer-generation of reaction

schemes 415 concentration measurements 144 configurational diffusion 79 configurations of reformer fur-

nace 253 conradson coke 76 contaminant coke 76 convection 357 convective dispersion 359 conventional fluidized bed

boilers 381 conversion of petroleum residues 353

copper-based 270 copper-promoted shift catalysts 270 core-annular flow patterns 519 core-annular solids transfer 530 core region 538 counter-current backmixing

model 307 COx 187,300 CPCl 609 cracking 4 cracking catalysts 77 cracking of pure compounds 108 creep rupture strength 253 crude lumped reaction schemes 418 crude oil 7, 17,227,283 cryovortactor 341 crystalline pore structure 393 CSIROIBHP process 310 CuCIKC1/LaCI3 catalyst 188 CuO catalyst supported on "(-

alumina 454 Curie Point Pyrolyser 330 Curie Point temperature 333 cyclohexene 61 cyclone efficiency 36 cyclone performance 36 cyclones 24,33,36,52,381,508,538 cyclopropane 61 cyclopropene 61 cylindrical monoliths 552

Davison Circulating Riser (DCR) 91 DDT 586 de-alkylation 74 deactivation constant ~ 477 deactivation models 476 dealuminated zeolites 54 dealumination 52 DEALY 51 decay functions 82, 97 defluidization 233 dehydrogenation 14,171 dehydrogenation of ethane 304 denitrogenation 426

dense fluidized beds 72 design procedures 354 desulfurization 426 desulfurization chemistry 177 desulfurization processes 499 desulphurization 252 detergent additives 148 detoxification of waste water 610 devolatilization 383 devolatilization process 403 dibenzothiophenes 178 diesel fuels 147, 184 diesel oil 425 diffusion 78 diffusion limitations 238, 565 diffusion mechanism 239 diffusion through the product

layer 480 diolefins 168 direct conversion 274 direct conversion to CzHz 199 direct methane conversion 183 direct partial oxidation to

methanol 183 disengagement zone 356 disengaging height 23 disposal 430 distillate hydrotreating 439 distribution 230 distributor plate 431 distributor region 355, 364 DME 170 dolomite (CaC03 MgC03) 386 dolomite 380, 508 doping reducible metal oxides 290 downward flux 542 DPOM processes 218 DPOM reactor 214 drinking water 577 dry flue gas desulphurization

processes 500 dry processes 467 dry processes for SOz removal 492 Du Pont 621

629

630

dust collectors 388 DyP3 318 dysprosium oxide for oxidative

coupling of methane 317

ebullating fluid 435 ebullating reactors 435 ecosystem 1 eddy viscosity 363 effcts of coal composition 397 effect of oxygen-ion conductivity 294 effect of oxygen on the yield

of C2+ 321 effect of temperature on C2+ selec­

tivity 299 effect of temperature on selectivity

of C2+ 321 effect of Zn2+ cations 296 effective pore diffusion coefficient of

S02 478 effective residence times 338 Effective Residence Time 337 effectiveness factor 259,562 effects 32 effects of exit geometry 515 effects of sorbent type 392 elastomers 9 electric arc 185 electricity 4, 379 electrochemical processes 602 electroconductivity 359 electron/hole recombination 581 electrons 613 electrostatic precipitator 21 electrostatic precipitators 388 Eley-Rideal-mechanism 303 elliptical monoliths 552 embrittlement 9 emission 7 emission 11 emission 537 emission control strategies 379 emission standards 547 emissions 1

emissions 151 energy efficiency 622 energy resources 325 enhancing effect on reactor

runaway 451 ensemble averaged velocity 360 ensemble control 266 entrainment 359 entrainment region 342 entrance 32 entrance and exit effect 329 environmental 1 EPA regulations 147 equivalent reaction time 329 equivalent reactor volume con-

cept 329 Equivalent Reaction Time 337 erosion of the tube surfaces 507 ethanol 7,8, 13, 150 etherification chemistry 168 ethers 2, 8, 13 ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE) 7,

14, 150 ethylene 159 Eulerian fluctuating velocities 368 evaporation of solid pellets 133 excited-state electron 609 exit 32 exit effects 514 expanded beds 169 expansion turbines 382 explosion limits for a hydrogen-

oxygen mixture 456 explosive systems 443 exponential decay function 85 exponential decay model 110 extra particle mass-transfer limita-

tions 239 Exxon Donor Solvent coalliquefac­

tion process 354

fabric filters 388 fast pyrolytic processes 326 faujasite 51,53, 162

FCC 51,133,147,217 FCC catalyst 71 FCC cycle oils 175 FCC hardware 164 FCC Naphtha 176 FCCU additives 63 Fe 430 Fe-Ni-Cr alloys 264 feed injection 31 feed nozzles 31 feed point location 384 feed riser 31 feedstock crackability 82 fennentation 353 ferric

ariacety lacetonate/triethy laluminum catalyst 208

FeS04 503 fibre (whisker) 262 fibre optic 134 fibre optic probe 139 fibre optic sensors 518 fibre optic techniques 133 field ionization mass spectrometry

(FIMS) 179 filament pyrolyzers 329 fines 52 Fischer-Tropsch (FT) 218,283,353 Fischer Tropsch ARGE process 277 Fischer-Tropsch synthesis 227,441 Fischer-Tropsch waxes 227 fixed bed 14,305 fixed inventory system 512 flow instabilities 346 flow reactors 329 flow sheeting 305 flue gas desulfurization 353, 467 flue gas desulphurization 499 fluid bed 233 fluid bed boilers 380 fluid-bed MTG process 221 fluid-bed processes 233 fluidizability of various catalysts 306 fluidization 17,27,52, 133

fluidized bed 278, 367 fluidized bed combustors 467 fluidized-bed operation 196 fluidized bed reactors 87 fluidized-bed reactors 305 fluidized beds 353,360 fluidized regime 143,234 Fluidized Catalytic Cracking

(FCC) 17 fluorophenols 584 2-fluorophenol 583 fly ash 388 fly ash addition 500 folded riser reactors 91 fonnation of big bubbles 239 fossil fuels 507 framework 54 free nickel site 258 free radical 74 free-radical mechanism 327 freeboard 34 freeboard region 364,511 fuel blending 150 fuel cells 252, 270 fuels 1, 17

gamma rays 538 gas and liquid velocity distribu-

tion 356 gas backmixing 515 gas bubble fonnation 356 gas compression duty 212 gas distributor 353 gas expansion duty 212 gas-filled pores 238 gas holdup 356 gas-liquid mass transfer 356 gas mixing 133 gas oil 71, 82,327 gas-solid reaction kinetics 133 gas sparged bubble columns 353 gas velocity measurements 136 gaseous fuels 227 gasoline 1,7, 12, 13, 17,20,42,52,

631

632

72,75,147,184 gasoline octane 178 gasoline yields 102 GC-MS 107,421 GC-RON 104 general dispersion model 355 generalized criterion for parametric

sensitivity 446 generalized sensitivity criterion 444 generating heat 379 geothermal 379 global warming 379 Graetz-Nusselt model 554 grain models 474 grain models neglecting pore diffu-

sion 470 greenhouse 4 greenhouse effect 47 grid pressure drop 24 groundwater 577 group A particles 521 group B particles 521 gulf streaming 357 GX-30 109,117 GX-30 catlysts 100 gypsum 380

H-Oil 354, 435 H2 549 HiCO ratio 249 Hp 549 HP2 503,601 H2S 431 halocarbon global warming potential

(GWP) 618 halogens 188 HBr 189 HCFC-22 617,619 HCHO 186 HCl 191 HCO 107 HCON process 432 HDA 428 HDN 428

HDS 428 heat conduction 556 heat conductivity 552 heat exchange reformer 249,255,269 heat of reaction parameter 447 heat pulse-probe 359 heat transfer 380 heat-transfer duty 212 heat transfer in circulating fluidised

bed 524 heat transfer surfaces 515 heat transfer surfaces in industrial

circulating fluidised bed 524 heat transfer to immersed tubes 357 heating of the coal particles 383 heating rates 326 heavy (resid) 17 heavy hydrocarbon pyrolysis 348 heavy metals 148 heavy metals content 325 heavy oil pyrolysis mechanisms 326 heavy oil ultrapyrolysis 338 heavy paraffin conversion 229 heavy paraffin synthesis 229,233 heavy polynuclear aromatics 438 heptene 60 herbicides 582 herbicides and pesticides 585 heterogeneous photocatalysis 578 heterogeneous photocatalyst 579 heterogeneous photocatalytic degrada-

tion 609 HFC-152a 619 high alloy tubes 252 high performance chromatographic

separations 178 high performance liquid chromatog-

raphy (HPLC) 179 highest steady state 556 highway diesel fuel 149 holdup 355 hole pairs 609 holes (h+) 279 homogeneous bubble flow 356

honey-comb catalysts 260 hoppers 23, 29, 538 hot film sensor 135 hot spots 260, 262, 386, 444 hot wire anemometry 133, 358 Houdry's CATADIENE 172 HPLC 421 Huels Arc Process 199 HY 78 hydro-dehydrogenating sites 427 hydrocarbon formation 301 hydrocarbon recombination reac-

tions 327 hydrocol 234 hydrocracking 242, 426, 427 hydrocracking process 240, 425 hydrocraking 252 hydrodesulfurization 425 hydrodesulphurization 268 hydroelectric sources 379 hydrogen 1,8,270 hydrogen-deficient feedstocks 341 hydrogen on coke 44 hydrogen peroxide 579 hydrogen transfer 51,54,59,71,75 hydrogenation 426 hydrogenation of coal 227 hydrogenation on Pt 419 hydroisomerization of n-paraffins 241 hydroprocessing 175, 270 hydrotreating 4, 353,426 hydrotreating processes 425 hydroxyl radicals 579 Hyvahl-F process 433 HYVAHL 432 HZSM-556

ICFB 346 ICI process 220 IFP process for the oxypyro1ysis of

natural gas 311 ignited zone 552 ignition 449 impeller rotational speed 134

impeller speed 143 impinging horizontal jets of

solids 347 in-situ velocity 144 incipient wetness 233 incremental energy of vaporiza-

tion 234 indirect conversion process 221 indirect liquefaction of coal 228 indirect processes 227 industrial pyrolysis reactors for

olefins 340 inhibitors 4 instantaneous suspension density 518 intensity of turbulence 363 inter-cell interaction 358 intermediate geometry exit 517 intermittency index 519 internal recycle reactors 92 internally circulating fluidized

bed 346 International Ozone Trends Panel

Report 618 intraparticle diffusion 429 intrapartic1e diffusion limitations 235,

239 intrenal recycle reactors 134 inviscid models 357 iron 426 irradiation time 611 iso-amylene 14 iso-butane 14 iso-butylene 14,38 iso-o1efins 13 isobutane 19, 66 isobutylene 169 isomerate 153 isomerization 14,61, 74, 158 isooctane 9 isoolefins 62 3-isopropy 1-2,1 ,3-benzo-thiadiazin-4-

one-2,2-dioxide 586 isotropic turbulence assumption 356

633

634

jet fuel 425

k-e turbulence model 356 Kellogg orthoflow F 22 kinetic energy of turbulence 363 kinetic modeling 71, 4lO, 417 kinetic modeling of catalytic crack-

ing 81 kinetic parameters for pure hydrocar­

bons 112 kinetic parameters for the 8-lump

model 115 kinetic parameters in the riser

simulator 109 kinetic reaction scheme 308 Knudsen diffusion 239,563

L~03-CaO 293 Lagrangian fluctuating velocity 364 Lagrangian integral time scale 364,

368 landfill hazardous waste sites 577 Langmuir adsorption isotherm 589 Langmuir-Hinshel-wood-type

adsorption 301 laser 329 Laser Doppler Velocimetry 358,537 lateral mixing of solids 508 LC-Fining process 354,435 LCO 27,47,66, lO7, 162, 176 lead 2,7,72, 148 Lewis acid fluorides 195 Lewis acid sites 74 Lewis number 570 Li/MgO 318 light-off 549,566 light-off temperature 549 light olefin condensation reactor 216 light olefins 38 lime slurry in a spray dryer 499 limestone 380,389,395,508 limestone attrition 402 limestone retention time 40 I liquid additives 63

liquid fuels 283 liquid holdup 362 liquid hydrodynamics in bubble

colums 356 liquid recirculation 357,364 liquid transportation fuels 228 liquified petroleum gas 227 local ignition process 552 local instantaneous velocities 360 local mixing 355, 356 local sensitivity 449 low sulfur/high quality distillate 174 low uniform combustion tempera-

tures 507 low volatile fuels 399 Lowenstein's Rule 58 LPG 249 lumped models 4lO 3-lump model 98 8-lump model 98, 117 lO-lump model 98 lumped schemes 417 lumping strategy 81 Lurgi process 220

M-forming 157, 160 macroscale hydrodynamics of

circulating fluidised beds 511 manganese 148 27 Al MASNMR 55 MAT 88,93 matrix 51 maximum allowable tube

diameter 277 maximum basicity 294 maximum conversion of calcium

oxide 484 maximum spoutable height 345 mechanism of the photocatalytic

process 579 mechanistic modelling of CFB 530 MeOH synthesis 275 mesopores 52, 55 mesoporosity 51, 54

metal complexes 185,209 metal deposit 432 metal dusting corrosion 263 metal oxide 289 metal oxides 185,196,209 metallic monolith 553 metallic monoliths 548 methane activation 209 methane reforming reaction 250 methanol 4,8, 14,38,252 methanol fuels 150 methanol/gasoline mixtures 150 methanol plant 271 methanol/synfuels 270 methanol synthesis 277,353 methyl radical formation 300 methyl radicals 286, 289 methyl species 300 methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) 7,

147 micro-catalytic-fixed-bed reactor 300 micro-selectivity test 89 microactivity test reactor 87 micromixing 368 microstructure of circulating fluidised

bed 517 mid-distillate 20, 27 mild hydrocracking 438 mineralization of the pollutants 609 minimization of maximum vor-

ticity 357 minimum fluidization 142 minimum fluidization velocity 367 minimum particle size 235 mixing 359 mixing cells-slug exchange

model 355 mixing patterns 133 mixing time 137 Mn-Mg oxide 196 Mo 430 Mobil MTG 271 Mobil MTG-process 275 model of Davidson and Hanison 307

model of Kunii and Levenspiel 307 modeling 255, 553 modeling catalytic monoliths 547 modeling of the OCM fluidized-

bed 307 modelling and kinetic equations in the

riser simulator 95 models considering pore diffu­

sion 473 modification of basic catalytic

solids 294 MOG 171 MOGD (Mobil Olefin to Gasoline

Plus Distillate) 154, 174 molecular models 410 molecular sieves 158 molten-salt reactor 196 molybdenum 428 MON 77 monolith boundary 553 monolith ignition 552 monolithic catalytic converter 553 Monte Carlo method 537 Monte-Carlo simulation 537 Montedison 621 Mo03-Crp/Si02 catalyst 186 Motor Octane Number 9 moving bed processes 432 moving bed reactors 87 MTBE (Methyl Tertiary Butyl

Ether) 12, 14, 15,38,52,62,66, 150, 169

MTBEffAME 153 MTG (Methanol-To-Gasoline) 283 MTO (Methanol-To-Olefins) 283 muffler geometry 552 multi-ring polyaromatic com-

ponents 327 multi-tube furnaces 340 multicylones 386 multiple beds 159 multiple circulation cells 364 multiple nozzle feed injection 72 multiple recirculation cells 358

635

636

multitubular fixed bed 233

n-butane 40, 75 n-d-M method 83 n-decane disappearance 412 N-butane 14 N-hexadecane ultrapyrolysis 333 Nz 549 NzO 187,395 NaI scintillator detectors 538 naphtha 40,147,264,327 naphtha cracking 409 naphtha pyrolysis 328 naphtha reforming 409 naphthalene 133 naphthenes 74 narrow-pore catalysts 237 natural gas 4, 228, 283 natural gas reserves 325 natural gas to methanol via steam

reforming 220 natural gas-to-methanol via steam

reforming process 183 needle capacitance probe 518 NH3 431 NH4N03 187 Ni 430 NiIHzS-chemisorption 262 nickel 43, 72, 78, 426, 428 nickel-molybdenum 429 nickel-tungsten 429 NiMo-Alz03 175 nitrogen 168 nitrogen oxides emissions 387,380 nitrogen removal 426 nitrous oxide 187 noble metals 64, 429 Nomex (nylon) 388 non-catalytic homogeneous gas-phase

reaction 286 non-conventional reactor technol-

ogy 341 non-explosive behavior 458 nonadiabatic nonisothermal tubular

reactors 443 nonframework alumina 52, 54 nonframework tetrahedral alumina

(NFTA) 57 nonporous draft tube 342 normalized objective sensitivity 460 normalized Thiele modulus 448 novel riser simulator 133 NOx 2, 11, 19,21,42,47, 118, 151,

244,253,391,404,507,532,549, 570

nozzle pressure drop 34 nozzles 34 nuclear plants 379 number of lumps 84 Nykoping Sweden 400

03IHzOZ 579 OCE reactor 217 OCM 284 OCR (onstream catalyst replacement)

process 434 octacat 100, 109, 117 octane 8,52,59, 147 octane additives 65 octane-enhancers 2 octane number 2, 76, 77 octanes 162 OH radical desorption 589 oil refractoriness 82 oil reserves 227 olefin 59 olefin 66 olefin polymerization 74 olefin production plants 325 olefins 40, 62, 73, 264 a-olefins 75 oligomerization 207 one dimensional turbulence inten-

sities 369 optical fibre probes 537 optical probes 359 overall thermal efficiency 252 Oxco process 277

oxidative coupling 195 oxidative coupling of methane 133,

228,275,283 oxidative coupling to ethylene 183 oxidative degradation techniques 601 oxides of nitrogen 379 oxidizable contaminants 579 oxidized intermediates 582 oxidizing converter 569 oxidizing inorganic species 591 oxo-alcoho1s 252 oxychlorination 192 oxygen atoms 53 oxygen bridges 53 oxygen content 11,38, 148 oxygen plant 270 oxygenate 2, 7 oxygenates 1,13,61,147, 149 ozone 38,148,149,579 ozone decomposition 601 ozone depletion 617 ozone depletion potential (ODP) 618 ozone-forming constituents 149

paired sites 60 palladium 547 paraffin ring closure 154 paraffins 73 parametric sensitivity 456 parametric sensitivity criteria 444 parametric sensitivity of a CSTR 454 parametric sensitivity of catalytic

tubular reactors 448 parametric sensitivity region boun-

daries 445 partial oxidation 273 partial oxidation processes 251 particle agglomeration 233 particle cloud 360 particle fluidization experiments 139 particle mixing 381 particle-particle collision

mechanism 530 particles transfer 537

particulate emissions 388 PbO/yAIP3 catalyst 302 PCBs 590 PCE 590 pentacoordinated species 57 perchloroethylene (PCE) 582 percolation mechanism 386 percolation of gas 342 perforated plates 354 peroxycompounds 591 petroleum 379 petroleum coke 403 Phillips ' STAR process 173 photo-oxidation processes 579 photocatalytic processes 577 photocatalyzed degradations 582 photoexcited electrons (e-) 579 photogenerated charge carriers 613 photogeneration of holes 613 photomineralization process 581 photooxidation 577 photoreactor design 596 pilot plant 77, 84 pilot plants units 90 PIONA-analysis 410 plant solar system 599 plasma jet pyrolyzers 329 platinum 64,72,547 platinum-rhodium 550 pneumatic conveying 28 pneumatic transport 73 pneumatic transport reactor 521 poisoning 556 poisoning mechanism 556 pollutant profiles 532 pollutants 569 pollutants emissions 379,384 pollutants released in the atmos-

phere 548 pollution abatement 381 polycyclic aromatic rings 76 polyester urethane 10 polymerization 353 polymethylene 240

637

638

pore diffusion resistence 468 pore models 475 pore mouth closure 468 pore-mouth plugging 79 post riser cracking 32 power law function 111 power recovery 21 pressure drop 143 pressure swing adsorption 270 pressurized fluid bed combustors

(PCFBs) 404 pressurized fluidized bed boiler 382 primary and secondary reforming 268 primary photochemical act 580 probability of chain growth 232 process of decrepitation 387 process scheme 309 processes 234 production of ethylene 309 production of polyolefins 353 Programs for Alternative Fluorocar-

bon Testing 622 promoters 556 propane ultrapyrolysis 333 propylenes 19, 75, 159 pseudo-adiabatic region 462 pseudo-pure compound 328 pseudo-steady-state approxima-

tion 414 Pt on chlorinated alumina 159 Pt on mordenite 159 pulse-microcatalytic reactor 89 pulse-mode units 329 pyrolysis of heavy hydrocarbon

mixtures 327 pyrolysis of hydrocarbons 325 pyrolysis of mixtures 325 pyrolysis of recycled ethane 278 pyrolysis of volatile matter 383 pyrolysis processes 326 pyrolytic reaction pathway 326

quick contact 47 quick contact reaction system 341

race-track monoliths 552 radial density distribution 542 radial gas holdup profile 358 radical mechanisms 410 radicals 409 ~-radicals 411 ~-radicals 414 radioactive particle 360 radioactive stand 538 rare earth 51 rare earth exchange 54 rare earth exchanged zeolite 74 reaction network 409 reactivity of n-paraffins 243 reactor design 305 reactor performance 354 reactors for FCC studies 87 reactors for kinetic studies 325,328 recirculating fluidised bed combus-

tion 507 recycle fluidized batch reactor 133 recycle ratio on NOx 395 recycle reactors 92 redox potential 581 reduced metal oxide 289 reduction in nitrous oxide emis-

sions 403 reduction of the number of

parameters 412 refinery 19 refinery configuration 155 refining 1, 5 refining industry 425 reflection factor 530 reformate 40 reformer optimization 254 reformer outlet temperature 272 reformer pressure 272 reformers 154,225 reforming 4 reforming of higher hydrocarbons 264 reforming process 154 reformulated gasolines 38,53,147,

153

refonnulation of gasoline 38 refrigerants 619 regeneration 430 regenerator 21,24,28 regenerator pipe grid 35 regenerator temperature 45 regenerators 45 regions of multiplicity 456 regulations 5 REHY 76 Reid Vapor Pressure 2,8,11,147 removal of S02 499 research octane 174 Research Octane Number 9 reserves of oil and gas 284 resid 43 resid catalytic cracking 72 resid cracking 42, 55 residFCC 19 residence time distribution (RTD) 552 residue hydrotreating 432, 440 REY 76,78,117 rhodium 547 riser 21,28,39,72,162,508,543 riser catalytic crackers 537 riser diameter 346 riser fluidizing velocity 346 riser simulator for catalyst testing 99 riser velocities 31 Riser Simulator 92 rising gas bubbles 353 road octane 150 RON 65,77 RON 77 RTDs 537 runaway 443 runaway phenomenon 449 runaway region boundaries 444 RVP 38,150

s-triazine herbicides 586 saturation of fatty acids 353 scale-down 354 scale-up 354

scission of a C-C-bond 419 scission of a carbon-carbon 427 ~ scission 75,241,421 scrubbing processes 380 seals 9 secondary cells 372 selective hydrocracking 243 selective oxidation of methane to

synthesis gas 267 selective production of hydrocarbons

of a specific carbon number range 240

selectivity 52 self-condensation reaction 209 Semenov number 447 Semenov problem 443 shale 185 shale 210 shape of catalyst particles 429 shedding of the liquid in the

wakes 359 Shell gasification process 232 Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis

(SMDS) 227 shock-tube reactors 329 short circuiting 134 SijAI ratio 59 Si-O-Al-bonds 58 Si28 358 side-by-side FCC 22 side-chain scission 74 signal frequency 141 silica-alumina 429 silica-alumina matrix 71 silica-oxygen-alumina bonds 80 silicon hexafluoride 54 simulated RTD curves 543 single event rate coefficients 420 single liquid recirculation 353 single pellet dynamic technique 467 single pellet moment method 491 single step hydrocracking 437 sintering 468 site isolation 54, 60

639

640

sites 54 six-lump model 84 size of catalyst particles 429 slide valves 21 slip velocities in a CFB 519 slip velocity 73,381 slotted pipes 34 slug-cell exchange coefficient 355 slug flow 357 slurry phase operation 437 slurry process 239 slurry reactors 235,353 Smp3 318 SMDS process 227 smooth exit 516 SOi 389,401,467,508 S02-activated soda reaction 468 S02-limestone reaction

mechanism 468 S02 remoal efficiency 499 S02 scrubbing 500 S03 508 sodium 51,53,292 sodium dispersed on CaO 292 solar energy 252 solar photochemical reactors 591 Solarbox simulator 594 solid catalytic additives 63 solid flow pattern visualization 537 solids circulation rate 343 solids velocity profiles in circulating

fluidised beds 523 solubility limit 294 sorbent injection 389 SOx 19,21,42,47,63,65,118,244 SP ARG-process 265, 272 spectrophotometry 359 spectroscopic techniques 178 spout-fluid bed with draft tube 345 spout gas bypassing 345 spout nozzle velocity 343 spouted bed with draft tube 342 spray drier absorption 499 spray drier scrubbers 499, 500

stable operation 354 staged combustion 391,399 standpipes 28, 52 steady state multiplicity 566 steam reformer 220 steam reforming 249 steam reforming catalyst 258, 260 steam reforming of methane 231 Stratospheric Ozone 622 strippers 24, 28, 33, 46 structural parameters 486 structure 51 Studsvik Energy 515 sulfate ions 467 sulfided Co-Mo-AIP3 175 sulfonated acidic resin catalysts 169 sulfur 40, 150, 168 sulfur capture 401 sulfur capturing capabilities 392 sulfur content 147 sulfur dioxide 379,467 sulfur dioxide-activated soda reac­

tion 489 sulfur dioxide emissions 380 sulfur dioxide-limestone reaction

kinetics 468 sulfur dioxide scrubbing 499 sulfur emissions 386 sulfur retention 401 sulfuric acid 467 sulfuric acid alkylation 167 sulphor passivated reforming 266 sulphur 325 sulphur oxides 507 sulphur poisoning 262 super-acid catalyst 195 super-acids 184 superficial velocity 33 supported lead oxide 290 surface area 80 surface basicity 291 surface lattice oxygen 295 surface Na content 292 suspension density 512

swelling 9 swing reactor 432 swirl-tube separator 72 synfuels 228 syngas chemistry 227 syngas manufacturing 229 synthol 234 systematic reduction of the number of

species 413

t-plot 55 tailpipe 11 TAME 14,40,62,162,169 Tammann temperature 258 TDH 511 Teflon coated fiberglass 388 temperatur rise time 333 temperature-conversion phase

plane 444 temperature profiles 443 Temperature Rise Time 337 ten-lump model 83 terrace wall fired reformers 261 tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME) 7 tertiary butyl alcohol 7 tetrahedral coordination 56 tetrahedral silicon 53 thermal boundary layers 525, 529 thermal coal conversion 383 thermal cracking 77,165,409 thermal efficiency 184,212,382,404 thermal efficiency of the bed 381 thermal energy losses 214 thermal explosion 443 thermal runaway 443 thermal sensitivity 443 thermal steam cracking 328 thermalpyrolysis 185 thermodynamic-equilibrium yields of

ethane and ethylene 285 thermolytic pyrolysis processes 326 thermovortactor 341 Thiele modulus 238,477,563 three lump model 81, 109

three-phase fluidized 233 three phase fluidized bed 354 three-way converters 550, 570 time averaging 356 Ti02 577, 609 Ti02 particles with Pt 609 TiO/Pt 609 toluene 582 toluene/xylene 40 topping/reforming 18 Topsoe Monotube Steam Reformer

Pilot 259 Topsoe process 267 Topsoe R-67-7HR 260 Topsoe reformer furnace 254 Topsoe TIGAS process 271,275 tortuosity 238 total aromatic 147 total organic carbon (TOC) 582 total reaction time 339 Total Ozone Mapping

Spectrometer 618 toxic chemicals 609 trace emissions 388 tracer simulations 542 tracer studies 358 transient response techniques l34 transportation fuels 147,227 trichloroethylene (TeE) 582 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy-acetic

acid 585 2,2,4 trimethylpentane 9 trickle-bed reactor 431 trickle flow hydrocracking

process 244 trona (natural soda) 500 tube lifetime 254 tubular fixed bed reactors 87 tubular reformer 249,251 tungsten oxides on alumina 428 turbulence models 358 turbulence parameters 367 turbulent eddies 359 turndown 508

641

642

two direct conversion processes 211 two step reforming 271

U.S. gasoline pool 147 ultrapyrolysis of heavy oils 325 ultrapyrolysis of steam atomized

Alberta heavy oil 344 ultrapyrolysis reaction kinetic

studies 333 ultrasonic Doppler technique 358 under co-feed mode 317 unit cell 53, 60 unit cell size 55, 80, 104 University of Calgary microreactor

system 330 unleaded 7 unreacted core model 469 UOP high efficiency 22 UOP's OLEFLEX 172 upward flux 542 USY 41,51,56,78 USY/ZSM-5 41

V 430 VPs 503 vacuum gas oils (VGO) 17, 19,327 vanadium 43, 72, 78, 426, 428 vapor pressure 61 variable inventory system 512 VEBA combi-cracking process-

ing 436 VGO 42,45 vinyl acetate synthesis reaction 452

vis breaking 409 VOC 149 voidage profile 514 volatile combustion 384 volatile organic compounds 149 volatility 1, 2

W 430 wall-layer disturbance factor 530 wall-to-core flux coefficient 530 wash-coat 564 waste waters 244,609,577 water 9 water gas shift reaction 250 wet gas compressor limit 165 wet processes 467 whisker carbon 265 whisker mechanism 264 wide pore 237 x-ray absorption fine structure 176 XRD 55 xylenes 582

Y-type 78 Y zeolites 17,429

zeolite lattice 55 zeolite particle size 55 zeolite surface area 54 zeolites 17, 71 ZMS-5 159 ZnO 591 ZSM-5 40,52,59, 79, 163, 174,429