INDEXSr. No. Title Author Subject Page No.

1 The Balanced Scorecard: As A Performance Measurement System

Dr. Vinod K. Ramani Accountancy 1-2

2 Corporate Mergers and Acquisitions: Legal, Accounting and Strategic Issues

Mira J. Bhanderi Accountancy 3-4

3 Morphometric analysis of the Sisi river basin, North-East India and some geo-environmental implications

Dr. Uttam Goswami Applied Geology

5-6

4 Careful Evaluation of CARE’s Performance Dr. Bheemanagouda Commerce 7-8

5 Advertisements on Passenger Cars - An Innovative Idea for Outdoor Advertising

Dr. Sangapa Rampure Commerce 9-10

6 Knowledge Management And Knowledge Process Outsourcing

Dr.Santos Singh Bais Commerce 11-13

7 A Study on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, Using Sms Marketing as a Tool

Dr.S P. Mathiraj, Mr Anil B. Malali

Commerce 14-16

8 Economic Value Added Dr. Kishor V. Bhesaniya Commerce 17-20

9 CHALLENGES IN COMMERCE DUE TO GLOBALIZATION

Mr. T. Kalimuthu, Dr. R. Ganapathi

Commerce 21-23

10 Estimating Reliability of Component Based Software Using Artificial Neural Network

Mr. Harish Rathod , Mr. Mahesh Parmar, Miss. Rekha Teraiya

Computer Science

24-26

11 Foreign Direct Investment (Fdi), Special Economic Zones (Sezs) And Economic Developments In India: An Empirical Study

M. Marimuthu Economics 27-29

12 Environmental Impact On Agriculture: WTO And Indian Economic Reforms

Dr.Shivasharanappa Dhaba

Economics 30-31

13 Study of regional rural water supply scheme-Kutch Niketa Patel Economics 32-34

14 An Overview of Indian economy of Unemployment in Depression

Dr. Dilip Arjune, Dr. Pawar Ashok S.

Economics 35-37

15 Kendriya Aarthsankalp 2011-12 and 2012-13 ke Tulnatmak Adhayan

Dr. Pawar Ashok S., Dr. Sunita J. Rathod, Shri. Budhwant R.G.

Economics 38-42

16 ADEPTS: Innovative Self-Evaluation Technique for Teachers

Dr. Pawar Ashok S., Dr. Vishal Tayade,Dr. Sunita Rathod

Economics 43-44

17 Bharatiya thet parikiy gunvantkiye dhoran Dr. Pawar Ashok S. Economics 45-48

18 European Euro Sankat and Vyaparchakrache Jagtik Parinam

Dr. Pawar Ashok S., Dr. Sunita J. Rathod, Umare Vilas Devchand

Economics 49-52

19 Higher Education in India: An Appraisal Dr. Sukhwinder Singh jolly

Education 53-56

20 An Investigation on test Anxiety In L2 Learners S. Gandhimathi , Dr. R. Ganesan

Education 57-58

21 Organizational Commitment and Self esteem of Faculty Members of Secondary Level Teacher Training Programme in Mysore

Mr. Moslem Cherabin, Dr. Praveena K. B.

Education 59-61

22 Comparative Analysis on Various Coded Cooperaative Networks

Pallavi Ingle Electronics and Communication

62-64

23 Effect of Plasma Arc Cutting Speed-voltage On the Unevenness of Hardox-400 Material

A. A. Darji, S. P. Patel, J.V.Desai

Engineering 65-67

24 Design and Simulation of High Speed,Low power Preamplifier Based CMOS Comparator

Gireeja Amin Engineering 68-70

25 Analysis of box culvert considering soil structure interaction

M.G. Kalyanshetti,S.V. Malkhare

Engineering 71-74

26 Soil erosion & Advance Techniques of Soil Conservation Manish Gujarati,Prof. H. M. Gandhi

Engineering 75-77

27 Cotton Crop Performance and Economics under Drip Irrigation at Various Water Application Levels

Jignesh. A. Shah Engineering 78-80

28 Cotton Crop Response to Thermal Regimes under Surface Irrigation at Stress Free Water Application Level

Jignesh A.Shah Engineering 81-82

29 Simulation of Line and Phase Voltages of Inverter Using Switching Function Concept

Prachi M. Palpankar, A.Y.Fadnis

Engineering 83-85

30 Microgrid : A Planning Based on Renewable Sources In Amravati District

Shweta. L. Tiwari, Dr.R.M. Moharil

Engineering 86-89

31 “Phenomenological Modeling of Four Stroke Compression Ignition Engine Processes”

V. M. Makwana Engineering 90-94

32 Designing Aspects of Cryogenic Attachment For Uv/Visible Spectrophotomer

Yagnesh B. Chauhan, Hardik B. Patel, J.M.Patel, Dr. U.S.Joshi

Engineering 95-98

33 Comparison Of Conventional 60/70 grade of Bitumen with CRMB60 for Roads

Zala Kartik S., Mandowara Nirajkumar P., Prof. C.B.Mishra, Dr. F.S.Umrigar

Engineering 99-100

34 Modelling And Analysis of Faults In Wind Based Doubly-Fed Induction Generator

K. Keerthi Deepika,A. Srinivasa Rao

Engineering 101-104

35 Multipoint Hand Gesture Recognition Using Robotic Arm Control

Nishant Madhukar Labhane, Prashant Harsh, Meghan Kulkarni

Engineering 105-107

36 Assessment of Sediment Distribution Hiral Shah, N. N. Borad, R. K. Jain

Engineering 108-111

37 Review and Analysis of Drought Monitoring and Management

Patel Jaydeepkumar J., Prof. G.V.Dihora

Engineering 112-114

38 Flow Forecasting of Tapi River At Mandvi Station By ANN Gajjar Kamleshkumar Hasmukhbhai,Prof. H.M.Gandhi

Engineering 115-118

39 Implementation of Digital Watermarking by Combined Transform Domain Algorithm for Copyright Authentication using Matlab

Raval Keta J., Mrs. Sameena Zafar

Engineering 119-121

40 Use of Rubber Dam In Tapi River Front Development At Surat City

Sagar D Patel, Kiran R.Shah, PROF.R.B.Khasiya

Engineering 122-124

41 Mahatma Gandhi's Ultimate to the Globalization Dr. Ashok Shankarrao Pawar

Engineering 125-129

42 Determination of Reservoir Operating Rules for A Single Reservoir - A case study (March 2012)

J.C.Solanki,B. K.P.Sthar, C. Prof.A.T.Motiai

Engineering 130-132

43 Flow Equation For Elliptical Weir Jigar H. Gamit Engineering 133-135

44 Reducing the Effect of Flood through River Training Work on Shedhi River at Khumarvada Village of Kheda District, Gujarat

Suthar Kandarp kumar P. , Solanki Jitendrasinh C.

Engineering 136-138

45 Case Studies in Community Initiated Rainwater Harvesting Dr Mahalaxmi Krishnan Environment 139-140

46 Impact of Human Activities on Mangroves Ecosystem Arvind A. Dhond Environment 141-143

47 Equator Principles an Innovative Tool for Environmental and Social Sustainability

Ashok R. Bantwa Finance 144-146

48 Investor Activism – The Icahn Effect Ch. Chaitanya Finance 147-149

49 Dividend policy – A fundamental signal Krunal K Bhuva, Dr. Vijay Vyas

Finance 150-151

50 Infrastructure Creation And Utilisation In Railways Mrs. K. Revathi,Dr. R. Ganapathi

General Management

152-154

51 Impact of Environmental Parameters on the Worker’s Work Capacity Involved in Organized Poultry Farm

Tulika Srivastava,Dr. Aditi Vats

Home Science 155-156

52 Impact of Electronic Communication Media on Consumers Sandhya Rani,Dr. Chhaya Shukla

Home Science 157-159

53 A Study On Employee’s Performance Appraisal With Reference To Mitsubishi Heavy Industry Tools Limited.

S.Ragothaman, D.Yuvaraj, S.Sridhar

Human Resource Management

160-162

54 Roles of the Expatriate Kapil Dev Upadhyay, Dr. (Prof.) Vijay Kumar Soni

Human Resource Management

163-164

55 English in Multicultural Society of Asia Bhaveshkumar Rana Literature 165-167

56 Need to Reform General English Syllabus at UG Level in the Affiliate Colleges of the University of Jammu: An Experimental Study

Dr. Wajahat Hussain Literature 168-169

57 A Study On Employee Retention for Sustaining the Talented Employees in Health Care Industry in a Private Multi-Speciality Organization

Dr C Swarnalatha,TS Prasanna

Management 170-172

58 Present Status Of Women Self Hep Groups In Tamilnadu M.Gurusamy, P.Uma Maheswari, C.Sangeetha

Management 173-175

59 Volatility In Indian Stock Markets Mr. Santanu Kumar Das

Management 176-180

60 Women Entrepreneurs: Role, Development and Contribution in Indian Economy

Siddharth Raval, Yupal Shukla

Management 181-182

61 Talent Management: A Bird Eye View Kalaspathi Vishwakarma

Management 183-184

62 Efficient Positioning For Sustained Leadership Ms.Asha Anotny , Ms.S.Anbu Selvi

Management 185-188

63 “An Imperical Study on Women’s Approach Towards Equity Market”

Ritesh Hasmukhlal Amarsela

Management 189-193

64 A Study on the Role of Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) Towards Insider Trading Practices in Indian Capital Market

V. Arockia Jerold Management 194-197

65 Profitability Of Commercial Banks With Special Reference To Indian Overseas Bank

Ms. R. Gokilavani,Dr. R. Ganapathi

Management 198-200

66 Brand Preference For Mineral Water With Reference To Pollachi

Dr. R. Ganapathi,G. Murali Manokari

Management 201-205

67 “ISO 9000 - Impact of Quality Systems on Business Performance”

Manisha Paliwal Management 206-207

68 Perceived Satisfaction of Mobile Prepaid Users and demographic factors

Dr. J. M. Badiyani Management 208-209

69 STUDY ON NPAs IN SBI WITH REFERENCE TO COIMBATORE

Ms. R. Gokilavani,Dr. R. Ganapathi

Management 210-213

70 Consumer Protection – Issues and Impediments In Rural Areas

Mrs. K. Revathi,Dr. R. Ganapathi

Management 214-216

71 Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction in Telecommunication Companies

Mr. Akshay Arora,Ms. Sujitha R

Management 217-219

72 To Study The Organizational Stress It’s Causes, Effects And Remedies of Private Banks At Bhavnagar Region

Mr. Vimal P. Jagad,Mr Mukesh .C Ajmera

Management 220-222

73 Case Study on Utilisation of ATM - With Reference To Erode Town

R. Gokilavani,Dr. R. Ganapathi

Management 223-226

74 Case Study Method – An Ideal Tool of Learning Mr. T. Kalimuthu,Dr. R. Ganapathi

Management 227-229

75 Ethics & Marketing: A Deep Connection Ashish Nathwani Marketing 230-232

76 The Emerging Role of HR in India Axaybharti N Goswami Marketing 233-234

77 Marketing Of Diamond Jewellery In Coimbatore – An Opinion Survey

Dr. R. Ganapathi, G. Murali Manokari

Marketing 235-237

78 A Study On Customer Satisfaction Towards Cable TV Services With Special Reference To Thirumangalam, Madurai District

K. Navarathinam,S. Anbu selvi

Marketing 238-240

79 Changing Consumer Behavior towards IPL Nirav R. Vyas,Dr. Vijay Vyas

Marketing 241-242

80 Q-Level Subnearring Of Q-Intuitionistic L-Fuzzy Subnearrings

M.M.Shanmugapriya, K.Arjunan

Mathematics 243-246

81 Effect of Selected Yogic, Aerobic Exercises and Combined Yogic and Aerobic Practices on Resting Pulse Rate

Dr. Shivarama Reddy. M , Dr. Manjappa. P

Physical Education

247-250

82 Analysis of Long Jump Performance T.Christopher Nallarasu Dr.V.Mahadevan

Physical Education

251-252

83 Panchayats and Women Self Help Groups: (A Study With Special Reference to Gulbarga District of Karnataka)

Dr. Pralhad Chengte Political Science

253-254

84 The Frustration among T.B.Patients-A Psychological study Dr.Kishor N. Mehta Psychology 255-256

85 Voice Activation Detection Algorithm for Estimating the Noise From Human Speech Signal

Kanu Patel,Sameena Zafar

Science 257-269

86 An Analysis of Changing Socio-Cultural Practices Among The Lambadas Of Andhra Pradesh

Dr. M. Sreedevi Xavier Sociology 260-262

87 Sociology of Art: A Theoretical Exploration Dr. Poonam Gandhi-Moirangthem

Sociology 263-265

88 Dalit Nari : Sthan, Paristithi avam Samsya Dr. H.L. Chavda Sociology 266-269

89 Ansuchit jatiyan me lagan sansthan bhal achal - jilla ahmedabad gujarat rajya ke vanshis sandarbhme

Dr. H.L. Chavda Sociology 270-272

90 Techniques of Steganography and Steganalysis Bhavsar Jaimin H, Imran Khan

Technology 273-276

91 Contributions of Tourism – An Analysis Dr. Bheemanagouda Tourism 277-278

Volume : 1 | Issue : 4 | April 2012 ISSN - 2250-1991

PARIPEX - INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH X 139

Research Paper

* Associate Professor of Commerce, K J Somaiya College of Arts and Commerce, Mumbai

Keywords : Rainwater harvesting, Water resource management, Ecological Conservation, Rooftop runoff, Groundwater recharge

Environment

Case Studies in Community Initiated Rainwater Harvesting

* Dr Mahalaxmi Krishnan

Water Harvesting and conservation plays an important role in the economic development of the country. Along side government initiatives, there is need for people participation in augmenting water resources through rainwater harvesting. This research paper examines some successful community based initiatives in rainwater harvesting.

ABSTRACT

1. IntroductionIndia’s past investments in large water infrastructure have yielded spectacular results with enormous gains in food se-curity and in the reduction of poverty. However, this is far too inadequate vis-à-vis the demand. Inadequate financing have led to an enormous backlog of maintenance. Much of the in-vestments in irrigation or municipal water supply are in fact belated attempts to revitalize the degenerating infrastructure.

Several parts of the country are already in crisis situations due to acute water shortages hindering economic progress. These include the most populated and economically produc-tive parts of the country. By 2020, it is estimated that the country’s demand for water will exceed all sources of sup-ply. Notwithstanding the ruinous consequences of arbitrary pumping of groundwater, government actions – including the provision of free power – have further aggravated the situa-tion rather than addressing the issue.

2. Rationale for the Present StudyRainwater harvesting is an alternate cost effective system for cities and rural areas to increase water supplies. Traditional water harvesting systems should be revived as a practical so-lution for drought proofing affected areas. This research pa-per explores some recent community initiatives in rainwater harvesting.

3. Objectives of the Study1. Study rainwater harvesting and its benefits2. Study the traditional practices of rainwater harvesting3. Case studies of community initiated water management

4. Research MethodologyThis study is confined to examining cooperative rainwater har-vesting initiatives by means of case studies for overcoming water crisis. Data and information for the research study were collected and analyzed from secondary published sources viz., books, newspapers, web sites and research studies.

5. Findings of the Study5.1 Rainwater Harvesting

Rainwater Harvesting is a method of collecting rainwater dur-ing rainy season from the roofs or from surface catchments, storing above ground or charge the underground for later use. Water is generally stored in rainwater reservoirs or tanks or directed into mechanisms which recharge groundwater. This is appropriate in many parts where there is enough rain for collection and conventional water resources either do not exist or are at risk of being over-used to supply a large population.

Rainwater harvesting happens naturally in open rural areas. But in congested, over-paved metropolitan cities, we need to create methods to capture the rain water. Rainwater harvest-ing can provide lifeline water for human consumption, reduce water bills and the need to build reservoirs which may require the use of valuable land.

Traditionally, rainwater harvesting has been practiced in arid and semi-arid areas, and has provided drinking water, do-mestic water, water for livestock, small irrigation and a way to replenish ground water levels.

5.2 Benefits of Rainwater HarvestingRainwater harvesting can have manifold benefits for users in urban and rural areas. It is a source of soft, high quality water, reduces dependence on wells and other sources, and is cost effective. Rainwater harvesting system can range in size from a simple PVC tank to a contractor designed and built sump. Rainwater systems are inherently simple in form. Harvesting rainwater is not only water conserving, it is also energy saving as the energy required to operate a centralized water system can be eliminated.

At a household level, harvested rainwater can be used for flushing toilets, washing laundry, showering or bathing. The treated harvested rainwater can be used for drinking pur-poses, and reuse water (i.e. treated wastewater) for all other household water applications including toilet flushing, bath-ing, showers, laundry, and garden irrigation.

There are many types of systems to harvest rainwater. The type used depends on physical and human considerations. In India, reservoirs called tankas were used to store water; typically they were shallow with mud walls. Ancient tankas still exist in some places.

Rainwater may also be used for groundwater recharge, where the runoff on the ground is collected and allowed to be absorbed, adding to the groundwater. In US, rooftop rain-water is collected and stored in sump. In India this includes Bawdis and johads, or ponds which collect the run-off from small streams in wide area.

5.3 Traditional Practices of Rainwater Harvesting in IndiaRainwater collection, management and conveyance system has been in vogue in India since time immemorial. Hundreds of years ago, rulers in princely states had created scores of traditional water storage systems so that rainwater could be harvested and it could be put to use all through the year. It

Volume : 1 | Issue : 4 | April 2012 ISSN - 2250-1991

140 X PARIPEX - INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH

also helped to recharge groundwater channels. These have evolved specific to the eco-regions and culture. Kings of an-cient kingdoms built temples with tanks in or around the tem-ples. Tanks were built in and around the palaces so that the large contingent of staff in the palace had continuous sup-ply of water all through the year. Ancient rulers harvested the raindrop directly or from rooftops and stored them in tanks built in their courtyards. Ancient temple tanks are essentially aquifers, which recharge the ground table. Rainwater was collected in open community lands and stored in artificial wells. Water from swollen streams and flooding rivers dur-ing the monsoon season were collected and stored in various forms of water bodies.

5.4 Community Based Water Management Initiatives – Case StudiesTraditionally water management was largely community based. Communities in the face of adversity set up new avenues of conserving water. The irrigation tanks (earthen bounded reservoirs constructed across slopes by taking ad-vantage of local depressions and mounds) of South India are symbols of an ancient and rich tradition of harnessing local rainfall and stream flow for agriculture. The advent of large-scale water storage and energized systems may have left these exemplary examples of local efforts and community management somewhere along the way.

However, we see the revival of traditional water harvesting systems in various ecological zones of India. They have made checkdams, johads, rooftop runoffs and other struc-tures to harvest rainwater.

5.4.1 Case Study 1 - “Amritham Jalam” (Rajasthan)Kings built several bawris in Rajasthan. These are veritable architectural wonders built by the best artisans reflecting the glorious heritage of the princely state. Some of the structures were between 150 and 1,000 years old. During the middle age, individual houses in desert areas like Jaisalmer and Jaipur used to ensure that every drop of rainwater on their rooftop and around was harvested and used all through the year.

Over the years these traditional water harvesting and storing systems were ignored or put to disuse or misuse (dumping garbage) with people relying on depleting groundwater. The drought prone Rajasthan became a water-deficient state with an alarmingly low rainfall averaging 20 cm for about 15 days in a year.

Rajasthan Patrika, the largest daily of Rajasthan felt that if rainwater is harvested as much as possible then it can be stored to meet the entire year’s needs. It came up with an idea of involving the people of Rajasthan to resurrect the dead ponds, tanks and wells across the state. It started a daily campaign in the paper called Amritham Jalam (Water is Nectar) urging people to come forward and clean up all tradi-tional water harvesting systems that were lying dead and un-used. Rajasthan Patrika had no idea that its campaign would become such a hit, a mass movement. Soon, people from all age groups joined the campaign, were at work — desilt-ing tanks, restoring traditional wells. In the scorching sun, thousands of people in every district moved out into the open cleaning up traditional water storages. As many as 1,46,000 joined the movement. They cleaned up 385 discarded tradi-tional ponds, wells and water storages. When rains came, these ponds, wells, etc. started filling up. After decades, the erstwhile dead bawris and stepwells again started showing signs of life.

The Amritam Jalam campaign was an eye-opener. Thou-sands of volunteers learnt the importance of respecting tra-ditional wisdom. It broke down caste and communal barriers that are so strong in Rajasthan. Many of the reservoirs that were desilted like the Jaganathsagar in Jaipur were lying un-used for over 20 years. When the rains came, the first signs of magic appeared. Water slowly started trickling into the res-ervoirs and wells. If the story is inspiring, it is because it has shown us that people can successfully take the initiative with-out waiting for the government to act.

5.4.2 Case Study 2 - “Pala Thulli” (Many Drops) (Kerala)Kerala was reeling under severe drought in 2004, the fourth year in succession. To meet the unprecedented challenge posed by the trail of destruction and misery wrought by the unrelenting drought of 2004, Malayala Manorama started a multi-pronged campaign called “Pala Thuli” (Many Drops), the two words culled from a Malayalam proverb which says “del-uges are made of many drops”.

The Pala Thulli project was initiated with a front page editorial in the Malayala Manorama daily on May 23, 2004, promis-ing the people that Manorama will join hands with them to collectively implement various projects which would enable people of Kerala to collect all the water they need throughout the year from the bounteous rainfall. The editorial said “We have 45 lakh wells. Forty four rivers which criss-crossed the landscape and an average rainfall of 3000 millimeters were the extra blessings. Still, all our storages go dry within months of the receding of the Monsoon”. Manorama’s effort success-fully inculcated a new water culture in the people which would prevent Kerala’s plentiful water from going to waste without properly using it.

5.4.3 Case Study 3 - “Jal Hai, Tho Kal Hai” “If you have water, you have tomorrow”

When UNICEF initiated rainwater harvesting projects in se-lected schools of rural India, no one realized far reaching ef-fects of this step. These schools had little water. Hygiene and sanitation worsened and daily routine suffered. As Chinchu, a 15 year girl from Baker Memorial Girls School, Kottayam, Kerala put it, “we often had to control natural urges as there was no water for urinals in schools.”

Many schools across Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Kerala im-plemented Rainwater harvesting systems in their schools. These had salutary effects on the children. Children were af-fected by excessive fluoride and water scarcity causing poor sanitation and health hazards like joint pains and yellowing of teeth, etc. Rainwater harvesting systems in schools not only ensured continuous availability of water but also better quality water for drinking and sanitation. The children of these schools went home, and explained rainwater harvesting to their parents and helped them install rainwater harvesting systems in their own homes as well.

6. ConclusionFrom the 19th century onward the colonial state centralized control over water resources. Post-independent India contin-ued the role as the sole provider of water. As a result, there is complete dependence on the State for any kind of water requirement. However, we see revival of traditional water harvesting systems in various ecological zones in India. Examples of significant rainwater harvest-ing installations can be seen in every State. But we need to strengthen these installations and take them across the vari-ous districts of the State.

REFERENCES

1. Water Harvesting.htm | 2. Web page of CSE | 3. http://www.thehindu.com/2003/03/06/stories/2003030602541300.htm The Hindu, “Quality of Water among the worst” 4. http://go.worldbank.org/JERBPC3AQ0; India – Water.htm | 5. Web sites of The Economic Times and Times of India on Water Management | 6. BMA Journals | 7. http://www.marinebuzz.com/marinebuzzuploads/groundwaterandrainwaterharvesting_9D25/Rainwater_Harvesting_...png

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