“INDIA: ON THE PATH TO DISASTER RESILIENCE”

BY

BRIG (DR) BK KHANNA,SM,VSM

FORMER SENIOR SPECIALIST,

NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY, GoI

QUOTE

CONTENTS1. Theory of Disasters in various Religions

2. Modern Understanding of Disasters

3. Disasters Trend.

4. International Strategy

5. Vulnerability Profile of India

6. Institutionalizing DM in India

7. Disaster Management Act & Provisions

8. National Vision and Strategy..

9. NDRF.

10.Accomplishments of NDMA

11. Conclusion.

DISASTER THEORY IN VARIOUS RELIGIONS

What is disaster ?

DIS (bad) + ASTER (star)

Disasters are predestined.

There are very little that can be done to prevent or mitigate disaster

Fatalism

Theory of Anger of God

“God causes earthquake, especially when he is angry….He causes the mountains to be thrown down and the valleys to fill…God controls the rain, lightning, thunder, snow, whirlwind, cold, frost, flood, clouds”.

Bible (Isa 2:19, 24:20), (Matt 5:45)

“And when the trumpet shall be blown with one blast, and the earth shall be borne away, and the mountains too, and both be crushed with one crushing; on that day shall the inevitable happen”

Koran Sura 69

In the Kali Yug world would be infested with impurities and vices. …. Floods and famine, war and crime, deceit and duplicity would characterize this age….. At the end of the Kali Yug, Lord Shiva shall destroy the universe and all the physical body would undergo a great transformation. After such dissolution, Lord Brahma would recreate the universe and mankind will become the 'Beings of Truth' once again.

Mahabharata

MODERN UNDERSTANDING OF DISASTERS

Disasterh = Hazards - Potentiality of a physical event that may cause loss of life or property v = Vulnerabilities - Factors or processes - physical, social, economic, and environmental - which increase susceptibility of an area or a community to impact of hazardsr = Risks - Probability of harmful consequences or losses c = Capacities - Strengths and resources available within a community, society or organization that can reduce the level of risk, or the effects of a disaster.

(h + v) x r ÷ c=

DISASTERS : TREND

NATURAL DISASTERS REPORTED: 1975-2012

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20128

050

100

150

200

300

350

250

400

450

500

550

DISASTER LOSSES IN THE RICHEST AND POOREST NATIONS (1985-99)

Source: UNISDR 2004, adapted from Munich Re 1999.

REASONS: INCREASING TRENDS OF DISASTERS

REASONS

1. Population Increase

2. Climate Change & Global Warming.

3. Mega Cities & Urbanization – Add to Multiple Problems.

4. Total Disregard of the Nature (Deforestation).

CHALLENGES

5. Unpredictability Factor – Very High.

6. Intensity and Severity – Much-Much Higher.

INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY

INTERNATIONAL STRATEGYHYOGO FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION 2005-2015

• Integrate Disaster Risk Reduction into Policies, Plans and Programmes of Sustainable Development and Poverty

Reduction.

• Member States, Regional Organisations, United Nations System, Financial Institutions and NGOs to Engage Fully in Supporting and Implementing International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, and Cooperate to Advance

Integrated Approaches to Building Disaster Resilient Nations and Communities.

• Focus on National Implementation, through bi-lateral, Regional and International Cooperation.

UN PRIORITIES FOR ACTION

1. Political Commitment and Institutional Aspects.

2. Risk Identification, Assessment, Monitoring and Early Warning.

3. Knowledge Management.

4. Reduction of Underlying Risk Factors (Environment, Social Development, Land Use).

5. Disaster Preparedness and Effective Response.

VULNERABILITY PROFILE OF INDIA

• India is vulnerable in varying degrees to a large number of natural as well as man-made disasters.

• Over 40 million hectares (12 per cent of land) is prone to floods and river erosion.

• 58.6 per cent of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of moderate to very high intensity.

• Of the 7,516 km long coastline, close to 5,700 km is prone to cyclones and tsunamis.

• 971 Blocks in 183 Districts covering an area of 74.6 million hectare identified as drought prone areas and hilly

areas are at risk from landslides and avalanches.

• Further, vulnerability to Nuclear, Biological and Chemical (NBC) disasters and terrorism has also increased.

• Road, Rail, Boat accidents Urban Fires, Bldg Collapse, riots, etc .

Vulnerability Profile of India

MAJOR DISASTERS IN INDIA : 1990 - 2014YEAR PLACES DISASTER LOSS OF LIVES (APPROX)

1991 Uttarkashi Earthquake 2000

1993 Latur Earthquake 9500

1997 Jabalpur Earthquake 200

1999 Chamoli Earthquake 2000

1999 Orissa S Cyclone 9887

2001 Bhuj Earthquake 14000

2004 SE India Tsunami 15000

2004 Assam & Bihar Floods 700

2005 J&K Avalanche 350

2005 Mah, Guj, HP, Karnataka, T’Nadu Floods 1569

2005 J&K Earthquakes 1336

2008 Bihar Floods (Kosi) 300

2009 West Bengal & Karnataka & AP Cyclone & Floods 464

2011 Sikkim Earthquake 111

201 3 Uttarakhand & Ordisha Cyclone Phailin Floods & Cyclone >6000 + 33

2013 Uttarakhand & Ordisha Cyclone Phailin Floods & Cyclone >7000 + 33

2014 J&K , AP , Odisha & UP 300 + 47

63722

Average Annual Loss in India Loss of human life: 7734 Crop area affected: 1.42 million hec.Houses damaged: 2.36 millionDirect loss: 2.25% of GDP* * Indirect psycho-social loss that can not be

quantifiedRevenue loss due to less industrial production:

12%*Expenses on relief & rehab Rs. 6000 croresExpenses on reconstruction: Rs. 3200 crorescrores

* World Bank, Financing Rapid Onset Natural Disaster Losses in India: A Risk Management Approach, August 2003.

INSTITUTIONALIZING DM IN INDIA

1. High Powered Committee under Chairmanship of Shri J C Pant – August 1999 (Prior to Orissa Super Cyclone).

• Major Recommendations –

• Ushering in a new culture of Disaster Management – Culture of Preparedness, Culture of Quick Response, Culture of Strategic Thinking and Culture of Prevention.

• Institutional Arrangements

• Constitutional Amendment to bring the subject of Disaster Management in Concurrent List.

2. All Party National Committee under the Chairmanship of Prime Minister – Feb 2001 (After Gujarat Earthquake).

Past Initiatives in India

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Until 2001 – Responsibility with Agriculture Ministry.

3. Major Recommendations of High Powered Committee .

• Paradigm shift from Disaster Relief to Disaster Prevention and Mitigation.

• Need for DM Framework at National, State, District and at Local Levels.

• Setting up a separate Ministry of Disaster Management.

• Streamline Response through coordination for optimal use of resources.

4. Until 2001 – Responsibility of managing Disaster with Agriculture Ministry. After HPC recommendations, it was transferred to MHA in June 2002 as an Interim Arrangement.

5. DM Act passed in December 2005

Past Initiatives in India

24

SALIENT FEATURES OF DM ACT 2005

National Level

NDMA set up as the Apex Body with Hon’ble PM as Chairperson.

DM Structure – At all three levels i.e. National, State and District.

National Executive Committee (NEC) - Secretaries of 14 Ministries and Chief of Staff of Integrated Defence Staff (CISC)Function as Executive Committee of NDMA.

Central Ministries will Continue with Nodal Responsibilities.

NDMA to Provide Guidance, Coordination and Synergy.

Salient Features – DM Act

DM Structure

26

State Level

SDMA at State Level, headed by Chief Minister.

State Executive Committee (SEC), headed by Chief Secretary, will coordinate and monitor implementation of National Policy, National Plan and State Plan.

District Level

DDMA headed by District Magistrate.

Chairperson of Zila Parishad as Co-Chairperson – interface between Govt. and Public.

Salient Features – DM Act -DM Structure

27

Others

National Disaster Response Force (NDRF).

National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM).

Disaster Response Fund – At the National, State and District level.

Disaster Response Fund at the National and State level has been constituted by merging NCCF and CRF respectively.

Disaster Mitigation Fund – At the National, State and District level - First Time

Chapter on Offences & Penalties

Salient Features – DM Act - DM Structure

28

1. After change in Govt in May 2014, Vice Chairman and all members were nudged to resign.

2. Vice Chairman and 7 Members resigned after that. Only one Member has refused to resign and still continuing.

3. Prime Minister is still the Chairperson of NDMA. Likely envisaged changes are as follows:

a) 4 Ministers (Home, Finance, Defence & Agriculture) ex-officio Members. 4 others (including Vice Chairman) experts. Secy NDMA ex-officio Member Secy. Status of Vice Chairman will be of Cabinet Secy rank status and 3 Members of Secy to Govt status.

b) NDMA will report to MoS in MHA responsible for DM.

c) Changes in the mandate and strategy likely to emerge.

Likely Changes in NDMA?

29

MANDATE FOR NDMA

Mandate of NDMA

• Policies on disaster management;

• Guidelines for preparation of plans by Ministries/ Departments and States;

• Approve the National Plan;

• Approve plans prepared by the Ministries or Departments;

• Coordinate enforcement & implementation of policy and plan;

• Rceommend funds for mitigation;

• Provide support to other countries;

• Take measures for prevention, mitigation, preparedness and capacity building;

• Policies and guidelines for the NIDM.31

1. Terrorism (Counter-Insurgency).

2. Law and Order Situation.

3. Serial Bomb Blasts.

4. Hijacking.

5. Air accidents.

6. Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) Weapon Systems.

7. Mine Disasters.

8. Ports and Harbour Emergencies.

9. Forest Fires.

10. Oil Spills. 11. Oil Field Fires

Emergencies to be Dealt With by Extant Mechanism

All Cross Cutting Themes will be handled by the NDMA. 32

(i) Drought - Ministry of Agriculture.

(ii) Epidemics & Biological Disaster- Ministry of Health.

(iii) Chemical Disaster - Ministry of Environment.

(iv) Nuclear Accidents & Leakages- Dept. of Atomic Energy.

(v) Railway Accidents - Ministry of Railways.

(vi) Air Accidents - Ministry of Civil Aviation.

(vii)Natural Disasters ,Civil Strife - Ministry of Home Affairs.

Terrorist related disasters

ROLE OF NODAL MINISTRIES

Cross Cutting ThemesTo be Handled by the NDMA

• Medical Preparedness,

• Psycho-Social Support,

• Community Based Disaster Management (CBDM),

• Incident Response System, (IRS)

• Minimum Standards of Relief,

• Information & Communication Technology, etc. for natural and manmade disasters

34

NATIONAL VISION & STRATEGY

NATIONAL VISION AND STRATEGYVISION

“To build A SAFE AND DISASTER RESILIENT INDIA by developing a holistic, proactive, multi-disaster and technology-driven strategy through a culture of prevention, mitigation, preparedness and efficient response.”

STRATEGY A multi-dimensional Strategy, focusing on – Pre-disaster Phase:

1. Prevention.

2. Mitigation.

3. Preparedness.

4. Capacity Building (NDRF, SDRF, CD, NCC, NYKS etc).

5. Community based Disaster Management (including Public Awareness). Post-disaster Phase:

6. Prompt and Efficient Response – Proactive.

7. Reconstruction and Recovery (Building back better).

NATIONAL INITIATIVES

1. Earthquakes;

2. Tsunami;

3. Cyclones;

4. Floods;

5. Urban Flooding;

6. Drought;

7. Landslides & Snow Avalanches;

8. Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies (Unclassified) - I);

9. Chemical (Industrial) Disasters;

Guidelines Issued

38

10. Chemical (Terrorism) Disaster;

11. Biological Disasters;

12. Medical Preparedness and Mass Casualty Management;

13. Psycho-Social and Mental Health Care;

14. Formulation of State Disaster Management Plans;

15. Incident Response System;

16. IT and Communication.

17. Scaling, Type of Equipment and Training of Fire Services.

Guidelines Issued

39

1. Revamping of Civil Defence;

2. Guidelines for National Institute of Disaster Management;

3. Pandemic Preparedness beyond Health;

4. Guidelines for Disaster Response Training for NDRF & SDRFs;

5. Strengthening of Safety and Security for Transportation of POL Tankers;

6. Threats to Municipal Water Supply and Water Reservoirs;

7. Mechanism to Detect, Prevent and Respond to Radiological Emergencies in India;

Other Reports Prepared

40

8. Management of the Dead in the Aftermath of Disaster;

9. Minimum Standards of Relief;

10. Food in Relief Camps;

11. Sanitation & Hygiene in Disaster Relief;

12. Water Supply in Relief Camps;

13. Medical Cover in Relief Camps;

14. Role of NGOs in Disaster Management;

15. Training and Capacity Building of Civil Defence and Sister Organizations.

Other Reports Prepared

41

Mainstreaming Disaster Management into Developmental Plans

42

Mainstreaming DM into Developmental Plans

1. All new Projects/ Programmes to mandatorily have DM resilience features inbuilt at the time of conceptualization.

2. Planning Commission and the Ministry of Finance to give approval to the projects only if disaster resilience self certification is provided.

3. Ongoing Projects to be revisited for disaster resilience audit.

4. RBI Guidelines on the Bank loans on the Building Sector issued. Guidelines for the Infrastructure Sector still under preparation.

5. Existing Lifeline Projects to be selectively revisited and retrofitted.

43

MPLADS – Utilization of Funds

• An innovative Schemes for MPs to take up development projects in their constituencies.

• As per extant guidelines funds could be allocated only for relief during natural calamities.

• NDMA suggested the shift of approach from the relief centric to proactive utilization of funds for preparedness and mitigation.

• Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation agreed to NDMA’s suggestions and issued Reform

Circular No. 12 on 23 November 2011.

• Funding of disaster management interventions for natural as well as man-made disasters.

• Modified guidelines permit undertaking works for Early Warning Systems and effective disaster mitigation. 44

CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES

KOSI FLOODSAUGUST 08

LANDSLIDE RESCUE, DARJEELING, JUN 09

AP & KARNATAKA FLOODSOCT 09

SAR OPERATION AT BELLARY,

KARNATAKA,JANUARY 2010

NDRF in Action - >200 times

URBAN FIRE – SHIMLA, 24 May 2010

EARTHQUAKE – SRINAGAR,16 March 2010

Mock Exercises > 641 incl 3 multi state/district

CHEMICAL – CHEMBUR, 13 May 08

: CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES

FLOODS – CHHATISGARH, 29 June 09

MOCK EXERCISES IN SCHOOLS IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE COUNTRY

Amity International School, GURGAON, 29 Apr 09

Govt. Boys Hr. Sec. Institute, BARAMULLA, 18 March 2010

Govt. Inter College, Dhela, Ramnagar, UTTARAKHAND

09 Apr 09

JVM School, Bellary, KARNATAKA, 17 Jun 09

Mata Jai Kaur Public School, NEW DELHI, 05 May 09

School Safety in > 230 schools

CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES

Awareness Generation Films * Earthquakes.

• Cyclones.• Floods.• Paradigm Shift.• Asha ki Kiran

Posters. Leaflets in different languages. Advertisements in print and electronic media

CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES: Awareness Programs

NDRF

NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE

Disaster Management Act 2005 :

National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)• Section 44 (1) : There shall be constituted a National Disaster Response Force for the purpose of specialist response to a threatening disaster situation or disaster.• Section 44 (2) : Subject to the provisions of this Act, the Force shall be constituted in such manner and, the conditions of service of the members of the Force, including disciplinary provisions therefore, be such as may be prescribed.• Section 45 : The general superintendence, direction and control of the Force shall be vested and exercised by the National Authority and the command and supervision of the Force shall vest in an officer to be appointed by the Central Government as the Director General of the National Disaster Response Force.

TEAM COMPOSITION Organization: 10 Bns x 18 teams of 45 men each Including Technicians,

= 180 Doctors, Trauma Specialists = 8100 personnel and Dog

Squads.• Each Bn to have 1149 personnel.

• Each Bn to have 18 specialist teams of 45 members to handle natural & NBC disasters.

• Each team of 45 to have 2 Engineers, 2 Paramedics, 1 Technician, 1 Electrician & 1 Dog Squad.

Total no. – 18 teams x10 Bn = 180 teams. Two more Bns sanctioned, one each to be located at Haridwar and Silchar.

NDRF BNS – LOCATIONS

BHATINDA

GHAZIABAD

VADODARA

PUNE (Talegaon)

BHUBANESHWAR(Mundali)

KOLKATA

GUWAHATI

PATNA

CHENNAI (Arakkonam)

LEGEND BNs

CBRN BNs

New Raisings

VIJAYAWADA

• Two more coming up at Haridwar & Silchar.

ACCOMPLISHMENTS AT A GLANCE1. National Policy on DM.

2. National DM Plan in pipeline.

3. Guidelines on management of various disasters and cross cutting issued - 27. 9 in pipeline.

4. Mock Exercises on all perceived disasters in all 35 States/ UTs (incl 3 Multi district/state on Earthquake)– 641, in 219 districts, 196 MAH industries and 236 schools, covering over 35 lac population

5. NDRF deployed for assistance to States over 200 times.

6. DM Plans completed by 8 Ministries and 35 States.

7. Mitigation Projects – DRR with UNDP, NCRMP with World Bank, NERMP and School Safety Program.

NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY

CONCLUSION

• India’s approach has been of Transition from Linear and Incremental Improvements to a Regime of Structural Reforms and Systemic Changes.

• Plant has taken deep roots. Needs careful nurturing for over 5 - 10 Years.

• The substantial initial momentum gained must be sustained and for that the support of the State Govts and Districts is key to its success.

CONCLUSION

NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY

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