Islam &India

Muhammad

Became the

Prophet of Islam

Muhammad said he heard the angel Gabriel calling him to be the messenger of God.

Muhammad devoted his life to spreading Islam.

Muhammad made a journey from Mecca to Medina, where he was welcomed by Muslim converts.

This was a turning point for Islam.

Muhammad returned to Mecca and worked to unite Arabs under Islam.

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The Teachings of Islam

Islam is monotheistic, based on the belief in one God. ALLAH

Islam arose in the Arabian Peninsula and became one of the world’s major religions.

Muslims believe that the Quran/Koran contains the sacred word of God and is the final authority on all matters.

All Muslims accept five duties, known as the Five Pillars of Islam:• faith• daily prayer• charity• fasting during Ramadan• hajj, or pilgrimage to Mecca

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There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is His prophet.

Hinduism and

Islam Clash and Blend

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Safavid Persia

Shah Abbas ruled from 1588-1629. Allied with English who seized port of Hormuz. Set up Isfahan as his magnificent city. Persian language spread. Urdu, Pakistani language is based on it.

In the 1500s, Shiite leader Ismail broke away and started the Safavid dynasty. Persia was ONLY Shiia, not Sunni!

Several lousy rulers, but finally in 1736, Nader Shah came to power and expanded empire to max, but he was assassinated and it fell apart.

In the late 1700s the Qajars, Another Turkic group seized the throne and began a new dynasty in Tehran. Qajars rule until 1925.

The Delhi Sultanate

and Mughal Empire

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• In the 1100s, Muslim invaders entered northern India and organized a sultanate, or land ruled by a sultan.

• Sultans introduced Muslim traditions of government to India.

• Many Turks, Persians, and Arabs migrated to India to serve as soldiers or officials.

• Trade between India and the Muslim world increased.

• During the Mongol raids, many scholars fled from Baghdad to India, bringing Persian and Greek learning.

Babur Founds an Empire In 1494

In 1494, an 11-year-old boy named Babur inheriteda kingdom in the area that is now Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. It was only a tiny kingdom, and his elders soon took it away and drove him south. But Babur built up an army. In the years that followed, he swept down into India and laid the foundation for the vast Mughal Empire.Babur was a brilliant general. In 1526, for example, he led 12,000 troops to victory against an army of 100,000 commanded by a sultan of Delhi. A year later, Babur also defeated a massive rajput army. After Babur’s death, his incompetent son, Humayun, lost most of the territory Babur had gained. Babur’s 13-year-old grandson took over the throne after Humayun’s death.

Akbar the Great

Akbar accomplished the following:

• Implemented policy of religious toleration• Employed paid officials, instead of hereditary

officeholders• Modernized the army• Encouraged international trade• Standardized weights and measures• Introduced land reforms

During his long reign, Akbar strengthened Mughal India.

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With Akbar’s death in 1605, the Mughal court changed to deal with the changingtimes. The next three emperors each left his mark on the Mughal Empire.

Jahangir and Nur Jahan Akbar’s son called himself Jahangir

(juh•hahn•GEER) —“Grasper of the World.” And he certainly did hold India in a powerful grasp. It was not his hand in the iron glove, however. For most of his reign, he left the affairs of state to his wife.Jahangir’s wife was the Persian princess Nur Jahan. She was a brilliant politician who perfectly understood the use of power. As the real ruler of India, she installed her father as prime minister in the Mughal court. She saw Jahangir’s son Khusrau as her ticket to future power. But when Khusrau rebelled against his father, Nur Jahan removed him. She then shifted her favor to another son.This rejection of Khusrau affected more than the political future of the empire. It was also the basis of a long and bitter religious conflict. Jahangir tried to promote Islam in the Mughal state, but was tolerant of other religions.

When Khusrau rebelled, he turned to the Sikhs. This was a nonviolent religious group whose doctrines blended Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sufism (Islamic mysticism). Their leader, Guru Arjun, sheltered Khusrau and defended him. In response, the Mughal rulers had Arjun arrested and tortured to death. The Sikhs became the target of the Mughals’ particular hatred.Shah Jahan Jahangir’s son and successor, Shah Jahan, could not tolerate competition and secured his throne by assassinating all his possible rivals. He had a great passion for two things: beautiful buildings and his wife Mumtaz Mahal. Nur Jahan had arranged this marriage between Jahangir’s son and her niece for political reasons. Shah Jahan, however, fell genuinely in love with his Persian princess. In 1631, Mumtaz Mahal died at age 39 while giving birth to her 14th child.

As one enters through Taj Mahal Gate, the calligraphy reads "O Soul, thou art at rest. Return to the Lord at peace with Him, and He at peace with you."

The tombs of the Shah and his beloved wife.

The Mosque at the Taj Mahal

The Mosque at the Taj Mahal

The Taj Mahal ---- Hindi: ता�ज महल; Persian/Urdu: محل (تاج

• The Taj Mahal ---- Hindi: ता�ज महल; Persian/Urdu: محل is a تاجmausoleum located in Agra, India, built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal.

• The Taj Mahal (also "the Taj") is considered the finest example of Mughal architecture, a style that combines elements from Persian, Ottoman, Indian, and Islamic architectural styles. In 1983, the Taj Mahal became a UNESCO World Heritage Site and was cited as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage."

• While the white domed marble mausoleum is its most familiar component, the Taj Mahal is actually an integrated complex of structures. Building began around 1632 and was completed around 1653, and employed thousands of artisans and craftsmen. The Persian architect, Ustad Ahmad Lahauri is generally considered to be the principal designer of the Taj Mahal.

Shah Jahan, who commissioned the Taj Mahal -"Shah jahan on a globe" from the Smithsonian Institution

Artistic depiction of Mumtaz Mahal

The base structure is a large, multi-chambered structure. The base is essentially a cube with chamferededges and is roughly 55 meters on each side (see floor plan, right). On the long sides, a massive pishtaq, or vaulted archway, frames the iwan with a similar arch-shaped balcony.On either side of the main arch, additional pishtaqs are stacked above and below. This motif of stacked pishtaqs is replicated on chamfered corner areas as well. The design is completely symmetrical on all sides of the building. Four minarets, one at each corner of the plinth, facing the chamfered corners, frame the tomb. The main chamber houses the false sarcophagi of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan; their actual graves are at a lower level.

Aurangzeb’s Reign

All was not well in the royal court either. When Shah Jahan became ill in 1657, his four sons scrambled for the throne. The third son, Aurangzeb (AWR•uhng•zehb), moved first and most decisively. In a bitter civil war, he executed his older brother, who was his most serious rival. Then he arrested his father and put him in prison, where he died several years later. After Shah Jahan’s death, a mirror was found in his room, angled so that he could look out at the reflection of the Taj Mahal.

A master at military strategy and an aggressive empire builder, Aurangzeb ruled from 1658 to 1707. He expanded the Mughal holdings to their greatest size. However, the power of the empire weakened during his reign.This loss of power was due largely to Aurangzeb’s oppression of the people. He rigidly enforced Islamic laws, outlawing drinking, gambling, and other activities viewed as vices. He appointed censors to police his subjects’ morals and make sure they prayed at the appointed times. He also tried to erase all the gains Hindus had made under Akbar. For example, he brought back the hated tax on non-Muslims and dismissed Hindus from high positions in his government. He banned the construction of new temples and had Hindu monuments destroyed. Not surprisingly, these actions outraged the Hindus.

By the end of Aurangzeb’s reign, he had drained the empire of its resources. Over 2 million people died in a famine while Aurangzeb was away waging war. Most of his subjects felt little or no loyalty to him.As the power of the central state weakened, the power of local lords grew. After Aurangzeb’s death, his sons fought a war of succession. In fact, three emperors reigned in the first 12 years after Aurangzeb died. By the end of this period, the Mughal emperor was nothing but a wealthy figurehead. He ruled not a united empire but a patchwork of independent states.

As the Mughal Empire rose and fell, Western traders slowly built their own power in the region. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach India. In fact, they arrived just before Babur did. Next came the Dutch, who in turn gave way to the French and the English. However, the great Mughal emperors did not feel threatened by the European traders. Shah Jahan let the English build a fortified trading post at Madras. In 1661, Aurangzeb casually handed them the port ofBombay. Aurangzeb had no idea that he had given India’s next conquerors their first foothold in a future empire.