indicators of child poverty and child well-being in the eu: suggestions for indicators and...
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Indicators of child poverty and child well-being in the EU:
Suggestions for indicators and monitoring
Child poverty and child well-being in Hungary and in the EUEU representation in Budapest
16 June, 2010
István György Tóth TARKI Social Research Institute
Outline
The project and its context
Domains of child poverty and well-being
Methods of exploring and selecting indicators
Suggestions: a new child indicator portfolio
Overview of child well-being in the EU: selected indicators
Conclusions
The „Study on child poverty” project
Commissioned by: DG Employment of the European Commission, Unit E2
Consortium: Tárki Social Research Institute, Budapest Applica sprl, Brussels
Steering Committe:
Terry Ward (chair) ApplicaMichael F. Förster OECDHugh Frazer National Univ. of IrelandPetra Hoelscher UNICEFEric Marlier CEPS/INSTEADHolly Sutherland University of EssexIstván György Tóth TÁRKI
Main tasks carried out within the project
Task 1. Empirical analysis of child poverty
Task 2. Assessment of the effectiveness of policies for combating child poverty
Task 3. Recommendations for a limited set of indicators most relevant from a child perspective
The EU policy context of the project
2005: March EU Presidency Conclusions and Luxembourg Presidency initiative on “Taking forward the EU Social Inclusion Process”
2006: Commission’s Communication ‘Towards an EU Strategy on the Rights of the Child, Communication from the Commission’
Since 2006: streamlining of Social OMC, more systematic attention to children and reports and recommendations on tackling child poverty and social exclusion produced under PROGRESS by independent experts and anti-poverty networks
2007: EU Task-Force on Child poverty and Child Well-Being 2008: formal adoption of the report and their incorporation into the EU
acquis, National Strategy Reports of child poverty 2009: „Study on child poverty and child well-being” 2010: planned publication of a Commission staff working paper on child
poverty.
Starting point: Related projects:
How does this project add to the process?
Contributes to developing tools to regularly monitor child poverty and child well-being in the Member StatesIt aims at filling in the Social OMC „reserved slot” for child well being indicator(s)Provides recommendations for improving data infrastructure
Domains of child poverty and well-being
(according to the EU Task-Force report)
A. Material well-being: factors relating to the material resources of the household that the child has access to or lacks during his/her development, which include indicators of
(A1) income, (A2) material deprivation, (A3) housing,(A4) labour market attachment.
B. Non-material dimensions of child well-being, which may reflect on both the
resources a child has access or lacks during his/her development and outcomes in different stages of this development:
(B1) education, (B2) health, (B3) exposure to risk and risk behaviour,(B4) social participation and relationships, family environment,(B5) local environment.
Selecting child well-being indicators
(a) To capture the essence of the problem, we need indicators reflecting
- well-being, predicting future prospects
- attention to life cycle elements and intergenerational aspects
- the level and distribution of well-being (social gap between the poorer
and the more well-off)
(b) be robust and statistically validated
- assessment of the statistical reliability (level of mesurement error)
- cross country variance
(c) provide a sufficient level of cross countries comparability,
- with use of internationally applied definitions and data collection standards
(d) be built on available underlying data, be timely and susceptible to revision
(e) should be responsive to policy interventions but not subject to manipulation
a broad based collection of potentially relevant indicators in each dimension
work on indicator development (customising the selection criteria)
suggestions for breakdowns wherever possible
to fill out an indicator fiche for each and every indicators (example)
statistical validation of all material indicators (where data allows)
identifying data gaps
formulating suggestions
In search of additional indicators: tasks completed within the project
Conclusions of the paper (1-3):
1: Various child ages need to be reflected
2: As an immediate action, new health, education and risk behaviour indicators be introduced
Conclusions (3) There is a need for a comprehensive set of indicators to monitor child poverty and well-being
The new set could:
reflect most of the child well-being dimensions as set out in the EU Task-Force report
incorporate OMC indicators already having a 0-17 age breakdown
include a few new material well-being indicators (educational deprivation and childcare)
include new breakdowns for the already existing indicators
a whole range of non-material indicators
This suggestion
could be well based on the existing indicator development work
would be timely in 2010 (European year against social exclusion)
Child age groups
Dimension 0-5 (0-2, 3-5) 6-11 12-17
A1: Income Poverty rate Poverty rate Poverty rate
Relative median poverty risk gapPersistent at-risk-of-poverty rate
Dispersion around the poverty threshold
A2: Material deprivation Primary deprivation Primary deprivationEducational deprivation
Primary deprivationEducational deprivation
Secondary deprivation
A3: Housing Housing costsOvercrowding
Housing costsOvercrowding
Housing costsOvercrowding
A4: Labour market attachment Living in low work intensity (including jobless) households
Child care
Living in low work intensity (including jobless) households
Child care
Living in low work intensity (including jobless) households
B1: Education Participation in pre-primary education
(Low) Reading literacy performance of pupils aged 10
(Low) Reading literacy performance of pupils aged 15
Early school-leavers (when 18-24)
B2: Health Infant mortality (by SES)Perinatal mortalityVaccinationLow birth weight Breastfeeding
OverweightFruit dailyBreakfast every school day
Self-perceived general healthPhysical activity
Life expectancy at birth (by SES)
B3: Exposure to risk and risk behaviour
Teenage birthsSmokingAlcohol consumptionDrug consumption
B4: Social participation and relationships, family environment
Share in single parent households
Share in single parent households Share in single parent households
B5: Local environment Crime in the area is a problemPollution or dirt is a problem in the area
The suggested full portfolio of child indicators and age breakdowns
At-risk-of-poverty rates – overall population and children (percentage below 60% of the national equivalised median income), EU-27, 2007
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
DK FI SI SE CY NL DE AT FR CZ BE SK EE HU MT IE LU LV PT LT UK EL PL ES IT BG RO
%
At-risk-of-poverty rate for children At-risk-of-poverty rate for overall population
EU-27 average for children
EU-27 average for overall population
Source: EUROSTAT.Notes: Countries are ranked by the at-risk-of-poverty rate of children. Confidence intervals are estimated for 24 countries only, since data on Bulgaria, Malta and Romania are not in the publicly available EU-SILC UDB 2007 (version 01.03.2009). Confidence intervals are provided for Germany, however the German sample is quota sample.
A1: jövedelemIndikátor: szegénységi ráta
Relative median poverty gap for total population and children, EU-27, 2007 (%)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
FI DK FR NL AT MT BE CZ IE LU SI SK EE CY HU SE IT UK DE ES PL PT LV EL LT BG RO
%
Overall population Children
EU-27 average for overall population
EU-27 average for children
Source: EUROSTAT.Note: Relative median poverty gap has been calculated as 60% of national equivalised median income. Countries are ranked by the relative median poverty gap for total population.
A1: jövedelemIndikátor: szegénységi ráta
Primary indicator of material deprivation among children (0–17), EU-25,* 2007
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
LU NL SE DK ES FI AT SI IE DE EE FR UK BE IT CZ EL PT CY LT SK PL HU LV
%
EU-25* average for children
Source: Own calculations based on EU-SILC 2007 (version 01.03.2009). Notes: *Excluding Malta. Confidence intervals are provided for Germany, however the German sample is quota sample.
A2: anyagi deprivációIndikátor: depriváltság a 0-17 évesek között
Housing costs overburden rate among children (aged 0–17), EU-25,* 2007
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
CY IE FR FI SI LU SE AT LT EE HU LV DK BE ES IT PL CZ PT UK NL DE EL SK
%
Source: Own calculations based on EU-SILC 2007 (version 01.03.2009).Note: *Excluding Malta.
A3: lakhatási költségekIndikátor: túlzott lakhatási költségek a 0-17 évesek között (népesség, %)
Overcrowding rate among children (aged 0–17), EU-25,* 2007
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
CY NL ES FI BE IE DE UK LU DK SE FR AT PT IT EL CZ SI SK EE HU PL LT LV
%
Source: Own calculations based on EU-SILC 2007 (version 01.03.2009). Note: *Excluding Malta
A3: lakhatási zsúfoltságIndikátor: túlzsúfolt lakásban élő gyermekek aránya
Difference in average reading literacy scores between pupils who have at least one parent who has completed tertiary education and pupils who have at least one parent with only lower secondary education (or below)
Source: OECD/PISA.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
SK BG PL HU DE BE SI LU AT DK UK FR EL PT NL IE RO SE IT ES FI
B1: oktatásIndikátor: írás/olvasás kompetencia társadalmi különbségei a szülő iskolázottsága szerint (15 évesek)
Difference in average reading literacy between 10-year-old pupils who have at least one parent who has completed tertiary education and pupils who have at least one parent with only lower secondary education (or below), 2006
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
SK
RO
HU SI
AT
BG PL
BE
(F
R)
FR
SE
LT
DE
BE
(F
lem
ish
)
LV
LU
ES
DK IT NL
Source: PIRLS.
B1: oktatásIndikátor: írás/olvasás kompetencia társadalmi különbségei a szülő iskolázottsága szerint (10 évesek)
Percentage of 4-year-olds who are enrolled in education-oriented pre-
primary institutions (2007)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
BE FR SE IT MT NL ES DK DE LU HU UK CZ EE AT SI PT RO LV CY SK BG LT EL FI IE PL
%
Source: Eurostat /LFS.
B1: oktatásIndikátor: 4 évesek beiskolázottsági rátája
Infant mortality rate, EU-
27, 2007
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
LU FI SE CY CZ PT SI AT MT EL IE DE DK ES FR BE IT EE NL EU-27
UK HU PL SK LT LV BG RO
Pe
r 1
,00
0 b
irth
s
2006 2007
Source: Data collected by Eurostat from the National Statistical Offices. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/population/data/database (17.08.2009).
B2: Egészségi állapotIndikátor: csecsemőhalandóság aránya
Low birth weight, EU-27,
2005
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
FI SE EE LT DK IE LU LV SI PL NL MT CZ IT AT DE FR ES SK PT UK BE HU RO EL BG
% o
f th
e t
ota
l liv
e b
irth
s
Source: OECD Family database, based on OECD Health Data 2007 and World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe (Health for All database).www.oecd.org/document/4/0,3343,en_2649_34819_37836996_1_1_1_1,00.html (13.08.2009).
B2: Egészségi állapotIndikátor: alacsony súllyal születettek aránya
11-year-olds who report being overweight or obese according to BMI,
EU-27, 2005/06
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
LT
LV
NL
BE
(F
lem
ish
)
SE
SK
AT
EE
BE
(F
ren
ch
)
BG
DE
PL
En
gla
nd
DK
FR
LU
SI
HU
IE
RO IT
Sc
otl
an
d
EL
FI
CZ
ES
Wa
les
PT
MT
%
Girls Boys
Source: HBSC 2005/06. www.hbsc.org/publications/reports.html (04.08.2009)
B2: Egészségi állapotIndikátor: túlsúlyosak aránya a 11 évesek között
Adolescent fertility rate,
EU-27, 2005
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
DK NL SE SI IT CY BE FI EL DE CZ ES FR LU AT PL IE LT PT HU SK LV EE MT UK BG
Nu
mb
er
of
live
bir
ths
pe
r 1
,00
0 w
om
en
Source: OECD based on EUROSTAT data (Eurostat Demographic Data and United Nations Statistical Division). www.oecd.org/document/4/0,3343,en_2649_34819_37836996_1_1_1_1,00.html
B3: Kockázatos társadalmi viselkedésmintákIndikátor: fiatalkorúak termékenységi rátája
15-year-olds who smoke at least once a week, EU-27,
2005/2006
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
SE
PT
RO
PL
DK
SK
EL
SI
BE
(F
lem
ish
)
BE
(F
ren
ch
)
En
gla
nd
LT
EE
ES
IE
IT
FI
FR
HU
LU
NL
DE
CZ
LV
Sc
otl
an
d
Wa
les
MT
AT
BG
%
Girls Boys
Source: HBSC 2005/06. www.hbsc.org/publications/reports.html
B3: Kockázatos társadalmi viselkedésmintákIndikátor: legalább hetente dohányzó 15 évesek aránya
15-year-olds who have been drunk at least twice,
EU-27, 2005/06
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
MT
EL
FR
IT
PT
RO
LU
BE
(F
ren
ch
)
NL
BE
(F
lem
ish
)
SE
PL
SI
DE
CZ
IE
SK
HU
ES
AT
LV
BG
EE
FI
Sc
otl
an
d
En
gla
nd
LT
Wa
les
DK
%
Girls Boys
Source: HBSC 2005/06. www.hbsc.org/publications/reports.html
B3: Kockázatos társadalmi viselkedésmintákIndikátor: „legalább kétszer volt már részeg” 15 évesek aránya
15-year-olds who have ever used cannabis in their
lives, EU-27, 2005/06
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
EL
RO
SE
FI
PT
HU
LT
MT
AT
DK
PL
DE
SI
SK
LV
BE
(F
lem
ish
)
IT
BG
EE
BE
(F
ren
ch
)
IE
LU
CZ
NL
En
gla
nd
FR
Sc
otl
an
d
ES
Wa
les
%
Girls Boys
Source: HBSC 2005/06. www.hbsc.org/publications/reports.htm
B3: Kockázatos társadalmi viselkedésmintákIndikátor: már legalább egyszer cannabist használó 15 évesek aránya
Context information is needed on child and family related social expenditures, within the OMC reporting routines
Further work on statistical validation necessitates opening up microdata access to some core datasets on non-material dimensions
Incentives to support substitute or alternative datasets in national contexts is needed
Conclusions (4-6) There is a need to develop data infrastructure
… to monitor the social situation of the children of - migrants- Roma
… to further investigate the potential for utilising national administrative datasets
… to invest in panel surveys (national or EU level) to facilitate exploring causal relationships
… to involve researchers in questionnaire development
Conclusions (7-11): Further attempts to improve data situation are needed …
Conclusions:
- The Hungarian EU Presidency could take on the initiative promote extending Social OMC with indicatorsto monitor child well being
- professional backing: the Tarki study
- political backing: - commitment of DG EMPL- continued interest of Belgian Pres.
Final report is available at:
www.tarki.hu