indigenous technology of water management
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INDIGENOUS TECHNOLOGYOF WATER MANAGEMENT INTHE HISTORIC SETTLEMENTOF BHAKTAPUR CITY
DIPENDRA GAUTAMTRI-CHANDRA CAMPUS
TU (370361) MA ANTHROPOLOGY
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OUTLINES
INTRODUCTION
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
INDIGENOUS TECHNOLOGY OF WATER
MANAGEEMNT AT BHAKTAPUR CITY
JUXTAPOSITION WITH SCIENTIFIC ASPECTS
CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS6/24/2014 [email protected] 2
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INTRODUCTION
INDIGENOUS TECHNOLOGY (IT)Practiced by the men and women indigenous to a
particular geography
Continuous trial and error
Developed as a culture
Adopted and transferred into pedigree as culture
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INTRODUCTION
RELEVANCE OF IT
Rational
Cheap
Transferred through cultural practices
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
FIELD WORK
KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEW
ARCHIVE STUDY
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INDIGENOUS TECHNOLOGY OFWATER MANAGEMENT
RAJ KULO
HITI
TUN
PUKHU
CULTURAL PRACTICES
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RAJ KULO (1678-1683)
About 6 km lengthGravity flowMost of the people were peasants so asto irrigate the land and enhance cropyield
The guiding factor of economy wasagriculture so Raj Kulo has beenconstructed
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RAJ KULO
By Jitamitra MallaFunctional until 1934 earthquakeFresh water canal for integrated use ofwater supply and irrigationThough there was not proper formulationof scientific methods of gravity flowdeterminationRaj Kulo- Major source of Hiti supply too
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TUNS
Freshwater supplyEvery morning should start withworshipping the god with fresh water Beside every Nani,Liwi,and ChowkNaags (Baasi) are established for thecontinuous supply of water Tuns are always located beside God’splace
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TUNS
Overflow is sent to HitisOldest supply
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HITI
Natural as well as the Raj Kulo fed hitisFreshwater supplyBasi, Bhagirathko moorti, and Shiva lingaare establishedUttarabhimukh Hitis are not foundHiti porch in provided upto 3m below
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PUKHU
The water from Hitis is sent to Pukhus forinferior quality water use
For feeding cattle, sanitation,professional use e.g. PrajapatisFarming culture so as to supply for
farmlandsBeauty of city
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SANITATIONSithi Nakha:Salli, Pala, Gapacha and Vingat layerhas been imposed within the TunEvery year it is cleaned by dischargingout the water before the monsoon startsByancha Ja Nakegu for the precipitationworshippingBy establishing God’s place beside thewater bodies
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Raj Kulo was conducted by Guthi forefficient functioning
Water is necessary but should be scaredof it.So Newari settlements are beside the
rivers however in uprising terrainUse of Lapte during feasting
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DRAINAGE
Drainage through the burnt clay sewernetworks then ultimately discharged to
Hanumante and Khasang Khusing riversThe surface flow is prevented fromentering to the freshwater bodies by
using parapet
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JUXTAPOSITION WITHMODERN ASPECTS
Recharge : Brick pavementSurface water stored in PukhusWell connection between Tuns andPukhus and Tuns and Hitis and Pukhusfor surplus water
For worshipping Taleju Bhawani, the RajKulo has been sent first to Durbar squarethen it facilitated the gravity supply
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Contd…
Prajapatis manufacture large water potsfor water storage…(like in Rajsthan)
Good implication of hydrogeologyWater is associated to their culture sothey have developed the techniques of
sustainable use of water The Tantric construction: longer period ofaeration and baffling….
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Contd…
Construction of Hitis in depth: facilitatethe water table dynamics to well account
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PRESENT SCENARIO
Severe water scarce area due to failureof indigenous water management system
due to anthropogenic activities andnatural eventsNegligence in maintenance
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CONCLUSIONS
The indigenous technology of watermanagement has been found to be
guided by the cultural practicesThe practices were scientific tooWell accounting of the consideration like
modern technologies have been usedThe revitalization may induce the watermanagement efficiency
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RECOMMENDATIONS
Back to Indigenous technology, due tocheap, efficient, and rational approach
The culture professions are under threatdue to lack of water like worshippingTaleju, traditional farming technologies,The city networking of water supply anddrainage is still in good condition so RajKulo revitalization may uphold theculture.
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND
PRESENCE……
IF ANY QUERIES??????????
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