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Indira Gandhi (1917-1984) was theonly child of Kamla and Jawaharlal Nehru. She spent part of her childhood in Allahabad,

where the Nehrus had their family residence, and part in Switzerland, where her mother

Kamla convalesced from her periodic illnesses. She received her college education atSomerville College, Oxford. A famous photograph from her childhood shows her sitting

by the bedside of Mahatma Gandhi, as he recovered from one of his fasts; and though she

was not actively involved in the freedom struggle, she came to know the entire Indianpolitical leadership. After India's attainment of independence, and the ascendancy of

Jawaharlal Nehru, now a widower, to the office of the Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi

managed the official residence of her father, and accompanied him on his numerousforeign trips. She had been married in 1942 to Feroze Gandhi, who rose to some

eminence as a parliamentarian and politician of integrity but found himself disliked by

his more famous father-in-law, but Feroze died in 1960 before he could consolidate his

own political forces.

Mrs. Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India, 1966-77 and 1980-84. She was assassinated

in 1984. In 1964, the year of her father's death, Indira Gandhi was for the first timeelected to Parliament, and she was Minister of Information and Broadcasting in the

government of Lal Bahadur Shastri, who died unexpectedly of a heart attack less than

two years after assuming office. The numerous contenders for the position of the PrimeMinistership, unable to agree among themselves, picked Indira Gandhi as a compromise

candidate, and each thought that she would be easily manipulable. But Indira Gandhi

showed extraordinary political skills and tenacity and elbowed the Congress dons --Kamaraj, Morarji Desai, and others -- out of power. She held the office of the Prime

Minister from 1966 to 1977. She was riding the crest of popularity after India's triumph

in the war of 1971 against Pakistan, and the explosion of a nuclear device in 1974 helped

to enhance her reputation among middle-class Indians as a tough and shrewd politicalleader. However, by 1973, Delhi and north India were rocked by demonstrations angry at

high inflation, the poor state of the economy, rampant corruption, and the poor standards

of living. In June 1975, the High Court of Allahabad found her guilty of using illegal

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practices during the last election campaign, and ordered her to vacate her seat. There

were demands for her resignation.

Mrs. Gandhi's response was to declare a state of emergency, under which her political

foes were imprisoned, constitutional rights abrogated, and the press placed under strict

censorship. Meanwhile, the eldest of her two sons, Sanjay Gandhi, started to run thecountry as though it were his personal fiefdom, and earned the fierce hatred of many

whom his policies had victimized. He ordered the removal of slum dwellings, and in an

attempt to curb India's growing population, initiated a highly resented program of forcedsterilization. In early 1977, confident that she had debilitated her opposition, Mrs. Gandhi

called for fresh elections, and found herself trounced by a newly formed coalition of

several political parties. Her Congress party lost badly at the polls. Many declared that

she was a spent force; but, three years later, she was to return as Prime Minister of India.The same year, however, her son Sanjay was killed in an airplane crash.

In the second, post-Emergency, period of her Prime Ministership, Indira Gandhi was

preoccupied by efforts to resolve the political problems in the state of Punjab. In herattempt to crush the secessionist movement of Sikh militants, led by Jarnail Singh

Bindranwale, she ordered an assault upon the holiest Sikh shrine in Amritsar, called the"Golden Temple". It is here that Bindranwale and his armed supporters had holed up, and

it is from the Golden Temple that they waged their campaign of terrorism not merely

against the Government, but against moderate Sikhs and Hindus. "Operation Bluestar",waged in June 1984, led to the death of Bindranwale, and the Golden Temple was

stripped clean of Sikh terrorists; however, the Golden Temple was damaged, and Mrs.

Gandhi earned the undying hatred of Sikhs who bitterly resented the desacralization of

their sacred space. In November of the same year, Mrs. Gandhi was assassinated, at herresidence, by two of her own Sikh bodyguards, who claimed to be avenging the insult

heaped upon the Sikh nation.

Mrs. Gandhi acquired a formidable international reputation as a "statesman", and there is

no doubt that she was extraordinarily skilled in politics. She was prone, like many other

politicians, to thrive on slogans, and one -- Garibi Hatao, "Remove Poverty" -- becamethe rallying cry for one of her election campaigns. She had an authoritarian streak, and

though a cultured woman, rarely tolerated dissent; and she did, in many respects,

irreparable harm to Indian democracy. Apart from her infamous imposition of the internal

emergency, the use of the army to resolve internal disputes greatly increased in her time;and she encouraged a culture of sycophancy and nepotism. At her death, her older son,

Rajiv Gandhi, was sworn in as head of the Congress party and Prime Minister.