indirect speech acts
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Indirect Speech Acts. Lenny Shedletsky. Nofsinger. R., Everyday Conversation , Sage, 1991. Getting Meaning Out of A Conversation. I N T E R P R E T A T I O N. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Indirect Speech Acts
Nofsinger. R., Everyday Conversation, Sage, 1991
Lenny Shedletsky
Getting Meaning Out of A Conversation
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In talking to one another and deriving meaning from the talk, we rely upon a great deal of information besides the utterance itself.
Speakers communicate meanings beyond the
literal meanings of their words.
Can we be sure that what the speaker meant is what is understood?
No
Meaning is Constructed in a Variety of Ways
Propositional or linguistic meaning
Speech Act meaning
Indirect Meaning
Meaning that Goes Beyond
Communicators often fill in or expand on what was said
Indirect meaning makes use of situations
Hence, context requires our consideration
How do we explain how communicators derive indirect meaning?
Conversational Implicature
• Conversational Implicature is a theory about how we infer meanings from talk
• The speaker’s utterance implies some meaning
• The hearer infers the meaning• What is said and what is understood as the
meaning may be very far apart• The “surface” speech act and the understood
speech act may have an indirect connection--hence, an indirect speech act
Constructing Inferences
Grice proposed that we operate on a general principle called the cooperative principle
The cooperative principle proposes that we operate as if we are trying to cooperate with our conversational partners
We follow maxims or rules to cooperate
Maxims Constitute theThe Cooperative Principle
Maxim of strength:
Say enough!
Maxim of Parsimony:
Say no more than is necessary!
Maxim of Truth
Do not say anything that you believe to be false (don’t lie)!
Maxim of Evidence
Do not say anything for which you lack
adequate evidence!
Maxim of Relevance
Be relevant!
Maxim of Clarity
Avoid language that is unfamiliar to the recipient(s)!
From the Hearer’s Perspective
We generally assume that the speaker is trying to cooperate unless we have repeated evidence to the contrary
What Happens When the Speaker Violates a Maxim?
The recipient will attempt to interpret the utterance so as to have it meet the requirement of the maxim
And, at the same time, the speaker has constructed the utterance with the idea that the hearer can figure out (infer) the intended meaning
This is more than I can eat.It’s huge. Do you like Lobster, John?
Thanks. I’m full.
Indirect Speech Act
Context
How does the immediately surrounding talk influence the meaning of an utterance?
What happens to the lobster offer if we take out part of the utterance?
It’s huge.
Yes, it is.
Indirect Speech Act