individual behavior and learning.ppt

7/29/2019 INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR and LEARNING.ppt

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Foundations of

Individual Behavior

and Learning


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Biographical Characteristics

Biographical CharacteristicsPersonal characteristicssuch as age, gender,and marital statusthat are objective andeasily obtained from personnel records.


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Ability, Intellect, and Intelligence

AbilityAn individuals capacity to performthe various tasks in a job.

Intellectual Ability

The capacity to do mental activities.

Multiple IntelligencesIntelligence contains four subparts:cognitive, social, emotional, and cultural.


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Physical Abilities

Physical Abilities

The capacity to do tasksdemanding stamina, dexterity,strength, and similar

characteristics.


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Ability-JobFit

The Ability-Job Fit

EmployeesAbilities

Jobs AbilityRequirements


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Learning

Learning

Involves change

Is relatively permanent Is acquired through experience

LearningAny relatively permanent change in behaviorthat occurs as a result of experience.


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Theories of Learning

Key Concepts

Unconditioned stimulus

Unconditioned response

Conditioned stimulus

Conditioned response

Classical ConditioningA type of conditioning in which an individualresponds to some stimulus that would notordinarily produce such a response.


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Classical Conditioning


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Theories of Learning (contd)

Key Concepts

Reflexive (unlearned) behavior

Conditioned (learned) behavior

Reinforcement

Operant Conditioning

A type of conditioning in which desired voluntarybehavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment.


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Skinner showed howpositive reinforcementworked by placing a hungry

rat in his Skinner box. Thebox contained a lever in theside and as the rat movedabout the box it wouldaccidentally knock thelever. Immediately it did so a

food pellet would drop into acontainer next to the lever.The rats quickly learned to gostraight to the lever after afew times of being put in thebox. The consequence of

receiving food if they pressedthe lever ensured that theywould repeat the action againand again.


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Neutral operants: responses from the environmentthat neither increase nor decrease the probability ofa behavior being repeated.

Reinforcers: Responses from the environment thatincrease the probability of a behavior beingrepeated. Reinforcers can be either positive ornegative.

Punishers: Response from the environment thatdecrease the likelihood of a behavior beingrepeated. Punishment weakens behavior.

Skinner identified three types of responses or

operant that can follow behavior:


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COGNITIVE THEORY

Given by Edward Tolman

Cognition refers to an individual thoughts,

knowledge, interpretations, understanding or

ideas about himself and his environment.


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Theories of Learning (contd)

Attention processes (Attention to critical features)

Retention processes (extent to which one focuses on others action

Motor reproduction processes (matching behavior with model)

Reinforcement processes (extent to which one repeats behavior)

Social-Learning TheoryPeople can learn through observationand direct experience.


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Types of Reinforcement

Positive reinforcement

Providing a reward for a desired behavior.

Negative reinforcement

Removing an unpleasant consequence when the

desired behavior occurs.

Punishment

Applying an undesirable condition to eliminate an

undesirable behavior.

Extinction Withholding reinforcement of a behavior to cause its

cessation (discontinuance).


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Schedules of Reinforcement

Continuous Reinforcement

A desired behavior is reinforcedeach time it is demonstrated.

Intermittent Reinforcement

A desired behavior is reinforced

often enough to make thebehavior worth repeating but notevery time it is demonstrated.


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Schedules of Reinforcement (contd)

Fixed-Interval Schedule

Rewards are spaced atuniform time intervals.

Variable-Interval Schedule

Rewards are initiated after afixed or constant number of

responses.


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Schedules of Reinforcement (contd)

Fixed-ratio

E X H I B I T 24


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Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement

E X H I B I T 25


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Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement (contd)

E X H I B I T 25 (contd)


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Behavior Modification

Five Step Problem-Solving Model

1. Identify critical behaviors

2. Develop baseline data

3. Identify behavioral consequences

4. Develop and apply intervention

5. Evaluate performance improvement

OB Mod

The application of reinforcement conceptsto individuals in the work setting.


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OB MOD Organizational Applications

Well Pay versus Sick Pay

Reduces absenteeism by rewarding attendance,

not absence.

Employee Discipline

The use of punishment can be counter-productive.

Developing Training Programs

OB MOD methods improve training effectiveness.

Self-management Reduces the need for external management

control.

individual behavior and learning.ppt

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